Grouping of artificial intelligence machine learning models by similarity

Abstract

Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a determination that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce, output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges. Various actions may then be performed based on the AIML model similarity group determination. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as more efficient AIML model training or inferencing or switching or monitoring (e.g., by validating / invalidating AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, training AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, switching between AIML models in the same group, maintaining AIML model monitoring session continuity, achieving AIML model diversity, etc.)

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO GROUPING OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE MACHINE LEARNING MODELS BY SIMILARITY TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] Aspects of the disclosure relate generally to wireless technologies. BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems have developed through various generations, including a first-generation analog wireless phone service (1G), a second-generation (2G) digital wireless phone service (including interim 2.5G and 2.75G networks), a third-generation (3G) high speed data, Internet-capable wireless service and a fourth-generation (4G) service (e.g., Long Term Evolution (LTE) or WiMax). There are presently many different types of wireless communication systems in use, including cellular and personal communications service (PCS) systems. Examples of known cellular systems include the cellular analog advanced mobile phone system (AMPS), and digital cellular systems based on code division multiple access (CDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), the Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), etc.

[0003] A fifth generation (5G) wireless standard, referred to as New Radio (NR), enables higher data transfer speeds, greater numbers of connections, and better coverage, among other improvements. The 5G standard, according to the Next Generation Mobile Networks Alliance, is designed to provide higher data rates as compared to previous standards, more accurate positioning (e.g., based on reference signals for positioning (RS-P), such as downlink, uplink, or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS)), radio frequency (RF) sensing, and other technical enhancements. These enhancements, as well as the use of higher frequency bands, advances in PRS processes and technology, and high-density deployments for 5G, enable highly accurate 5G-based sensing and positioning. SUMMARY

[0004] The following presents a simplified summary relating to one or more aspects disclosed herein. Thus, the following summary should not be considered an extensive overview relating to all contemplated aspects, nor should the following summary be considered to 1 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO identify key or critical elements relating to all contemplated aspects or to delineate the scope associated with any particular aspect. Accordingly, the following summary has the sole purpose to present certain concepts relating to one or more aspects relating to the mechanisms disclosed herein in a simplified form to precede the detailed description presented below.

[0005] In an aspect, a method of operating a communications device includes determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0006] In an aspect, a communications device includes one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0007] In an aspect, a communications device includes means for determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and means for performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0008] In an aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a communications device, cause the communications device to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0009] Other objects and advantages associated with the aspects disclosed herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art based on the accompanying drawings and detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0010] The accompanying drawings are presented to aid in the description of various aspects of the disclosure and are provided solely for illustration of the aspects and not limitation thereof.

[0011] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless communications system, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0012] FIGS.2A, 2B, and 2C illustrate example wireless network structures, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0013] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C are simplified block diagrams of several sample aspects of components that may be employed in a user equipment (UE), a base station, and a network entity, respectively, and configured to support communications as taught herein.

[0014] FIGS.4A and 4B illustrate different types of wireless sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0015] FIGS. 5A to 5F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0016] FIG.6 illustrates examples of various positioning methods supported in New Radio (NR), according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0017] FIG.7 illustrates an example neural network, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0018] FIG. 8A is a diagram illustrating an example of direct artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0019] FIG.8B is a diagram illustrating an example of AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure.

[0020] FIG. 8C illustrates various AIML positioning and / or sensing scenarios, according to aspects of the disclosure. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0021] FIG.9 illustrates an exemplary process of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0022] Aspects of the disclosure are provided in the following description and related drawings directed to various examples provided for illustration purposes. Alternate aspects may be devised without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Additionally, well-known elements of the disclosure will not be described in detail or will be omitted so as not to obscure the relevant details of the disclosure.

[0023] Various aspects relate generally to grouping of artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) models by similarity.

[0024] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a determination that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce, output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges. Various actions may then be performed based on the AIML model similarity group determination. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as more efficient AIML model training or inferencing or switching or monitoring (e.g., by validating / invalidating AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, training AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, switching between AIML models in the same group, maintaining AIML model monitoring session continuity, achieving AIML model diversity, etc.)

[0025] The words “exemplary” and / or “example” are used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration.” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” and / or “example” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Likewise, the term “aspects of the disclosure” does not require that all aspects of the disclosure include the discussed feature, advantage or mode of operation.

[0026] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that the information and signals described below may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that 4 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO may be referenced throughout the description below may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof, depending in part on the particular application, in part on the desired design, in part on the corresponding technology, etc.

[0027] Further, many aspects are described in terms of sequences of actions to be performed by, for example, elements of a computing device. It will be recognized that various actions described herein can be performed by specific circuits (e.g., application specific integrated circuits (ASICs)), by program instructions being executed by one or more processors, or by a combination of both. Additionally, the sequence(s) of actions described herein can be considered to be embodied entirely within any form of non- transitory computer-readable storage medium having stored therein a corresponding set of computer instructions that, upon execution, would cause or instruct an associated processor of a device to perform the functionality described herein. Thus, the various aspects of the disclosure may be embodied in a number of different forms, all of which have been contemplated to be within the scope of the claimed subject matter. In addition, for each of the aspects described herein, the corresponding form of any such aspects may be described herein as, for example, “logic configured to” perform the described action.

[0028] As used herein, the terms “user equipment” (UE) and “base station” are not intended to be specific or otherwise limited to any particular radio access technology (RAT), unless otherwise noted. In general, a UE may be any wireless communication device (e.g., a mobile phone, router, tablet computer, laptop computer, consumer asset locating device, wearable (e.g., smartwatch, glasses, augmented reality (AR) / virtual reality (VR) headset, etc.), vehicle (e.g., automobile, motorcycle, bicycle, etc.), Internet of Things (IoT) device, etc.) used by a user to communicate over a wireless communications network. A UE may be mobile or may (e.g., at certain times) be stationary, and may communicate with a radio access network (RAN). As used herein, the term “UE” may be referred to interchangeably as an “access terminal” or “AT,” a “client device,” a “wireless device,” a “subscriber device,” a “subscriber terminal,” a “subscriber station,” a “user terminal” or “UT,” a “mobile device,” a “mobile terminal,” a “mobile station,” or variations thereof. Generally, UEs can communicate with a core network via a RAN, and through the core network the UEs can be connected with external networks such as the Internet and with other UEs. Of course, other mechanisms of connecting to the core network and / or the Internet are also QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO possible for the UEs, such as over wired access networks, wireless local area network (WLAN) networks (e.g., based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 specification, etc.) and so on.

[0029] A base station may operate according to one of several RATs in communication with UEs depending on the network in which it is deployed, and may be alternatively referred to as an access point (AP), a network node, a NodeB, an evolved NodeB (eNB), a next generation eNB (ng-eNB), a New Radio (NR) Node B (also referred to as a gNB or gNodeB), etc. A base station may be used primarily to support wireless access by UEs, including supporting data, voice, and / or signaling connections for the supported UEs. In some systems a base station may provide purely edge node signaling functions while in other systems it may provide additional control and / or network management functions. A communication link through which UEs can send signals to a base station is called an uplink (UL) channel (e.g., a reverse traffic channel, a reverse control channel, an access channel, etc.). A communication link through which the base station can send signals to UEs is called a downlink (DL) or forward link channel (e.g., a paging channel, a control channel, a broadcast channel, a forward traffic channel, etc.). As used herein the term traffic channel (TCH) can refer to either an uplink / reverse or downlink / forward traffic channel.

[0030] The term “base station” may refer to a single physical transmission-reception point (TRP) or to multiple physical TRPs that may or may not be co-located. For example, where the term “base station” refers to a single physical TRP, the physical TRP may be an antenna of the base station corresponding to a cell (or several cell sectors) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be an array of antennas (e.g., as in a multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) system or where the base station employs beamforming) of the base station. Where the term “base station” refers to multiple non-co-located physical TRPs, the physical TRPs may be a distributed antenna system (DAS) (a network of spatially separated antennas connected to a common source via a transport medium) or a remote radio head (RRH) (a remote base station connected to a serving base station). Alternatively, the non-co-located physical TRPs may be the serving base station receiving the measurement report from the UE and a neighbor base station whose reference radio frequency (RF) signals the UE is measuring. Because a TRP is the point from which a base station transmits and receives 6 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO wireless signals, as used herein, references to transmission from or reception at a base station are to be understood as referring to a particular TRP of the base station.

[0031] In some implementations that support positioning of UEs, a base station may not support wireless access by UEs (e.g., may not support data, voice, and / or signaling connections for UEs), but may instead transmit reference signals to UEs to be measured by the UEs, and / or may receive and measure signals transmitted by the UEs. Such a base station may be referred to as a positioning beacon (e.g., when transmitting signals to UEs) and / or as a location measurement unit (e.g., when receiving and measuring signals from UEs).

[0032] An “RF signal” comprises an electromagnetic wave of a given frequency that transports information through the space between a transmitter and a receiver. As used herein, a transmitter may transmit a single “RF signal” or multiple “RF signals” to a receiver. However, the receiver may receive multiple “RF signals” corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. The same transmitted RF signal on different paths between the transmitter and receiver may be referred to as a “multipath” RF signal. As used herein, an RF signal may also be referred to as a “wireless signal” or simply a “signal” where it is clear from the context that the term “signal” refers to a wireless signal or an RF signal.

[0033] FIG.1 illustrates an example wireless communications system 100, according to aspects of the disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 (which may also be referred to as a wireless wide area network (WWAN)) may include various base stations 102 (labeled “BS”) and various UEs 104. The base stations 102 may include macro cell base stations (high power cellular base stations) and / or small cell base stations (low power cellular base stations). In an aspect, the macro cell base stations may include eNBs and / or ng-eNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to an LTE network, or gNBs where the wireless communications system 100 corresponds to a NR network, or a combination of both, and the small cell base stations may include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc.

[0034] The base stations 102 may collectively form a RAN and interface with a core network 170 (e.g., an evolved packet core (EPC) or a 5G core (5GC)) through backhaul links 122, and through the core network 170 to one or more location servers 172 (e.g., a location management function (LMF) or a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP)). The location server(s) 172 may be part of core network 170 or may be external to QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO core network 170. A location server 172 may be integrated with a base station 102. A UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 104 may communicate with a location server 172 via the base station 102 that is currently serving that UE 104. A UE 104 may also communicate with a location server 172 through another path, such as via an application server (not shown), via another network, such as via a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) (e.g., AP 150 described below), and so on. For signaling purposes, communication between a UE 104 and a location server 172 may be represented as an indirect connection (e.g., through the core network 170, etc.) or a direct connection (e.g., as shown via direct connection 128), with the intervening nodes (if any) omitted from a signaling diagram for clarity.

[0035] In addition to other functions, the base stations 102 may perform functions that relate to one or more of transferring user data, radio channel ciphering and deciphering, integrity protection, header compression, mobility control functions (e.g., handover, dual connectivity), inter-cell interference coordination, connection setup and release, load balancing, distribution for non-access stratum (NAS) messages, NAS node selection, synchronization, RAN sharing, multimedia broadcast multicast service (MBMS), subscriber and equipment trace, RAN information management (RIM), paging, positioning, and delivery of warning messages. The base stations 102 may communicate with each other directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC / 5GC) over backhaul links 134, which may be wired or wireless.

[0036] The base stations 102 may wirelessly communicate with the UEs 104. Each of the base stations 102 may provide communication coverage for a respective geographic coverage area 110. In an aspect, one or more cells may be supported by a base station 102 in each geographic coverage area 110. A “cell” is a logical communication entity used for communication with a base station (e.g., over some frequency resource, referred to as a carrier frequency, component carrier, carrier, band, or the like), and may be associated with an identifier (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCI), an enhanced cell identifier (ECI), a virtual cell identifier (VCI), a cell global identifier (CGI), etc.) for distinguishing cells operating via the same or a different carrier frequency. In some cases, different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., machine-type communication (MTC), narrowband IoT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), or others) that may provide access for different types of UEs. Because a cell is supported by a specific 8 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO base station, the term “cell” may refer to either or both of the logical communication entity and the base station that supports it, depending on the context. In addition, because a TRP is typically the physical transmission point of a cell, the terms “cell” and “TRP” may be used interchangeably. In some cases, the term “cell” may also refer to a geographic coverage area of a base station (e.g., a sector), insofar as a carrier frequency can be detected and used for communication within some portion of geographic coverage areas 110.

[0037] While neighboring macro cell base station 102 geographic coverage areas 110 may partially overlap (e.g., in a handover region), some of the geographic coverage areas 110 may be substantially overlapped by a larger geographic coverage area 110. For example, a small cell base station 102' (labeled “SC” for “small cell”) may have a geographic coverage area 110' that substantially overlaps with the geographic coverage area 110 of one or more macro cell base stations 102. A network that includes both small cell and macro cell base stations may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include home eNBs (HeNBs), which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG).

[0038] The communication links 120 between the base stations 102 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a base station 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a base station 102 to a UE 104. The communication links 120 may use MIMO antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links 120 may be through one or more carrier frequencies. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to downlink and uplink (e.g., more or less carriers may be allocated for downlink than for uplink).

[0039] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a wireless local area network (WLAN) access point (AP) 150 in communication with WLAN stations (STAs) 152 via communication links 154 in an unlicensed frequency spectrum (e.g., 5 GHz). When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the WLAN STAs 152 and / or the WLAN AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) or listen before talk (LBT) procedure prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available. 9 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0040] The small cell base station 102' may operate in a licensed and / or an unlicensed frequency spectrum. When operating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the small cell base station 102' may employ LTE or NR technology and use the same 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum as used by the WLAN AP 150. The small cell base station 102', employing LTE / 5G in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, may boost coverage to and / or increase capacity of the access network. NR in unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as NR-U. LTE in an unlicensed spectrum may be referred to as LTE-U, licensed assisted access (LAA), or MULTEFIRE®.

[0041] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a millimeter wave (mmW) base station 180 that may operate in mmW frequencies and / or near mmW frequencies in communication with a UE 182. Extremely high frequency (EHF) is part of the RF in the electromagnetic spectrum. EHF has a range of 30 GHz to 300 GHz and a wavelength between 1 millimeter and 10 millimeters. Radio waves in this band may be referred to as a millimeter wave. Near mmW may extend down to a frequency of 3 GHz with a wavelength of 100 millimeters. The super high frequency (SHF) band extends between 3 GHz and 30 GHz, also referred to as centimeter wave. Communications using the mmW / near mmW radio frequency band have high path loss and a relatively short range. The mmW base station 180 and the UE 182 may utilize beamforming (transmit and / or receive) over a mmW communication link 184 to compensate for the extremely high path loss and short range. Further, it will be appreciated that in alternative configurations, one or more base stations 102 may also transmit using mmW or near mmW and beamforming. Accordingly, it will be appreciated that the foregoing illustrations are merely examples and should not be construed to limit the various aspects disclosed herein.

[0042] Transmit beamforming is a technique for focusing an RF signal in a specific direction. Traditionally, when a network node (e.g., a base station) broadcasts an RF signal, it broadcasts the signal in all directions (omni-directionally). With transmit beamforming, the network node determines where a given target device (e.g., a UE) is located (relative to the transmitting network node) and projects a stronger downlink RF signal in that specific direction, thereby providing a faster (in terms of data rate) and stronger RF signal for the receiving device(s). To change the directionality of the RF signal when transmitting, a network node can control the phase and relative amplitude of the RF signal at each of the one or more transmitters that are broadcasting the RF signal. For example, QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO a network node may use an array of antennas (referred to as a “phased array” or an “antenna array”) that creates a beam of RF waves that can be “steered” to point in different directions, without actually moving the antennas. Specifically, the RF current from the transmitter is fed to the individual antennas with the correct phase relationship so that the radio waves from the separate antennas add together to increase the radiation in a desired direction, while cancelling to suppress radiation in undesired directions.

[0043] Transmit beams may be quasi-co-located, meaning that they appear to the receiver (e.g., a UE) as having the same parameters, regardless of whether or not the transmitting antennas of the network node themselves are physically co-located. In NR, there are four types of quasi-co-location (QCL) relations. Specifically, a QCL relation of a given type means that certain parameters about a second reference RF signal on a second beam can be derived from information about a source reference RF signal on a source beam. Thus, if the source reference RF signal is QCL Type A, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift, Doppler spread, average delay, and delay spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type B, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and Doppler spread of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type C, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the Doppler shift and average delay of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel. If the source reference RF signal is QCL Type D, the receiver can use the source reference RF signal to estimate the spatial receive parameter of a second reference RF signal transmitted on the same channel.

[0044] In receive beamforming, the receiver uses a receive beam to amplify RF signals detected on a given channel. For example, the receiver can increase the gain setting and / or adjust the phase setting of an array of antennas in a particular direction to amplify (e.g., to increase the gain level of) the RF signals received from that direction. Thus, when a receiver is said to beamform in a certain direction, it means the beam gain in that direction is high relative to the beam gain along other directions, or the beam gain in that direction is the highest compared to the beam gain in that direction of all other receive beams available to the receiver. This results in a stronger received signal strength (e.g., reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), etc.) of the RF signals received from that direction. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0045] Transmit and receive beams may be spatially related. A spatial relation means that parameters for a second beam (e.g., a transmit or receive beam) for a second reference signal can be derived from information about a first beam (e.g., a receive beam or a transmit beam) for a first reference signal. For example, a UE may use a particular receive beam to receive a reference downlink reference signal (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB)) from a base station. The UE can then form a transmit beam for sending an uplink reference signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to that base station based on the parameters of the receive beam.

[0046] Note that a “downlink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the downlink beam to transmit a reference signal to a UE, the downlink beam is a transmit beam. If the UE is forming the downlink beam, however, it is a receive beam to receive the downlink reference signal. Similarly, an “uplink” beam may be either a transmit beam or a receive beam, depending on the entity forming it. For example, if a base station is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink receive beam, and if a UE is forming the uplink beam, it is an uplink transmit beam.

[0047] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz – 7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz – 52.6 GHz). It should be understood that although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz – 300 GHz) which is identified by the INTERNATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION UNION® as a “millimeter wave” band.

[0048] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz – 24.25 GHz). Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz – 71 GHz), FR4 (52.6 GHz – 114.25 GHz), and FR5 (114.25 GHz – 300 GHz). Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.

[0049] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, it should be understood that the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.

[0050] In a multi-carrier system, such as 5G, one of the carrier frequencies is referred to as the “primary carrier” or “anchor carrier” or “primary serving cell” or “PCell,” and the remaining carrier frequencies are referred to as “secondary carriers” or “secondary serving cells” or “SCells.” In carrier aggregation, the anchor carrier is the carrier operating on the primary frequency (e.g., FR1) utilized by a UE 104 / 182 and the cell in which the UE 104 / 182 either performs the initial radio resource control (RRC) connection establishment procedure or initiates the RRC connection re-establishment procedure. The primary carrier carries all common and UE-specific control channels, and may be a carrier in a licensed frequency (however, this is not always the case). A secondary carrier is a carrier operating on a second frequency (e.g., FR2) that may be configured once the RRC connection is established between the UE 104 and the anchor carrier and that may be used to provide additional radio resources. In some cases, the secondary carrier may be a carrier in an unlicensed frequency. The secondary carrier may contain only necessary signaling information and signals, for example, those that are UE-specific may not be present in the secondary carrier, since both primary uplink and downlink carriers are typically UE- specific. This means that different UEs 104 / 182 in a cell may have different downlink primary carriers. The same is true for the uplink primary carriers. The network is able to change the primary carrier of any UE 104 / 182 at any time. This is done, for example, to balance the load on different carriers. Because a “serving cell” (whether a PCell or an SCell) corresponds to a carrier frequency / component carrier over which some base QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO station is communicating, the term “cell,” “serving cell,” “component carrier,” “carrier frequency,” and the like can be used interchangeably.

[0051] For example, still referring to FIG. 1, one of the frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 may be an anchor carrier (or “PCell”) and other frequencies utilized by the macro cell base stations 102 and / or the mmW base station 180 may be secondary carriers (“SCells”). The simultaneous transmission and / or reception of multiple carriers enables the UE 104 / 182 to significantly increase its data transmission and / or reception rates. For example, two 20 MHz aggregated carriers in a multi-carrier system would theoretically lead to a two-fold increase in data rate (i.e., 40 MHz), compared to that attained by a single 20 MHz carrier.

[0052] The wireless communications system 100 may further include a UE 164 that may communicate with a macro cell base station 102 over a communication link 120 and / or the mmW base station 180 over a mmW communication link 184. For example, the macro cell base station 102 may support a PCell and one or more SCells for the UE 164 and the mmW base station 180 may support one or more SCells for the UE 164.

[0053] In some cases, the UE 164 and the UE 182 may be capable of sidelink communication. Sidelink-capable UEs (SL-UEs) may communicate with base stations 102 over communication links 120 using the Uu interface (i.e., the air interface between a UE and a base station). SL-UEs (e.g., UE 164, UE 182) may also communicate directly with each other over a wireless sidelink 160 using the PC5 interface (i.e., the air interface between sidelink-capable UEs). A wireless sidelink (or just “sidelink”) is an adaptation of the core cellular (e.g., LTE, NR) standard that allows direct communication between two or more UEs without the communication needing to go through a base station. Sidelink communication may be unicast or multicast, and may be used for device-to-device (D2D) media-sharing, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication (e.g., cellular V2X (cV2X) communication, enhanced V2X (eV2X) communication, etc.), emergency rescue applications, etc. One or more of a group of SL- UEs utilizing sidelink communications may be within the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102. Other SL-UEs in such a group may be outside the geographic coverage area 110 of a base station 102 or be otherwise unable to receive transmissions from a base station 102. In some cases, groups of SL-UEs communicating via sidelink communications may utilize a one-to-many (1:M) system in which each SL-UE transmits QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO to every other SL-UE in the group. In some cases, a base station 102 facilitates the scheduling of resources for sidelink communications. In other cases, sidelink communications are carried out between SL-UEs without the involvement of a base station 102.

[0054] In an aspect, the sidelink 160 may operate over a wireless communication medium of interest, which may be shared with other wireless communications between other vehicles and / or infrastructure access points, as well as other RATs. A “medium” may be composed of one or more time, frequency, and / or space communication resources (e.g., encompassing one or more channels across one or more carriers) associated with wireless communication between one or more transmitter / receiver pairs. In an aspect, the medium of interest may correspond to at least a portion of an unlicensed frequency band shared among various RATs. Although different licensed frequency bands have been reserved for certain communication systems (e.g., by a government entity such as the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in the United States), these systems, in particular those employing small cell access points, have recently extended operation into unlicensed frequency bands such as the Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) band used by wireless local area network (WLAN) technologies, most notably IEEE 802.11x WLAN technologies generally referred to as “Wi-Fi.” Example systems of this type include different variants of CDMA systems, TDMA systems, FDMA systems, orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA) systems, and so on.

[0055] Note that although FIG. 1 only illustrates two of the UEs as SL-UEs (i.e., UEs 164 and 182), any of the illustrated UEs may be SL-UEs. Further, although only UE 182 was described as being capable of beamforming, any of the illustrated UEs, including UE 164, may be capable of beamforming. Where SL-UEs are capable of beamforming, they may beamform towards each other (i.e., towards other SL-UEs), towards other UEs (e.g., UEs 104), towards base stations (e.g., base stations 102, 180, small cell 102’, access point 150), etc. Thus, in some cases, UEs 164 and 182 may utilize beamforming over sidelink 160.

[0056] In the example of FIG.1, any of the illustrated UEs (shown in FIG.1 as a single UE 104 for simplicity) may receive signals 124 from one or more Earth orbiting space vehicles (SVs) 112 (e.g., satellites). In an aspect, the SVs 112 may be part of a satellite positioning QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO system that a UE 104 can use as an independent source of location information. A satellite positioning system typically includes a system of transmitters (e.g., SVs 112) positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 104) to determine their location on or above the Earth based, at least in part, on positioning signals (e.g., signals 124) received from the transmitters. Such a transmitter typically transmits a signal marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set number of chips. While typically located in SVs 112, transmitters may sometimes be located on ground-based control stations, base stations 102, and / or other UEs 104. A UE 104 may include one or more dedicated receivers specifically designed to receive signals 124 for deriving geo location information from the SVs 112.

[0057] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 124 can be augmented by various satellite-based augmentation systems (SBAS) that may be associated with or otherwise enabled for use with one or more global and / or regional navigation satellite systems. For example an SBAS may include an augmentation system(s) that provides integrity information, differential corrections, etc., such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi- functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), the Global Positioning System (GPS) Aided Geo Augmented Navigation or GPS and Geo Augmented Navigation system (GAGAN), and / or the like. Thus, as used herein, a satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global and / or regional navigation satellites associated with such one or more satellite positioning systems.

[0058] In an aspect, SVs 112 may additionally or alternatively be part of one or more non- terrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, an SV 112 is connected to an earth station (also referred to as a ground station, NTN gateway, or gateway), which in turn is connected to an element in a 5G network, such as a modified base station 102 (without a terrestrial antenna) or a network node in a 5GC. This element would in turn provide access to other elements in the 5G network and ultimately to entities external to the 5G network, such as Internet web servers and other user devices. In that way, a UE 104 may receive communication signals (e.g., signals 124) from an SV 112 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial base station 102.

[0059] The wireless communications system 100 may further include one or more UEs, such as UE 190, that connects indirectly to one or more communication networks via one or more device-to-device (D2D) peer-to-peer (P2P) links (referred to as “sidelinks”). In the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO example of FIG. 1, UE 190 has a D2D P2P link 192 with one of the UEs 104 connected to one of the base stations 102 (e.g., through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain cellular connectivity) and a D2D P2P link 194 with WLAN STA 152 connected to the WLAN AP 150 (through which UE 190 may indirectly obtain WLAN-based Internet connectivity). In an example, the D2D P2P links 192 and 194 may be supported with any well-known D2D RAT, such as LTE Direct (LTE-D), WI-FI DIRECT®, BLUETOOTH®, and so on.

[0060] FIG.2A illustrates an example wireless network structure 200. For example, a 5GC 210 (also referred to as a Next Generation Core (NGC)) can be viewed functionally as control plane (C-plane) functions 214 (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, gateway selection, etc.) and user plane (U-plane) functions 212, (e.g., UE gateway function, access to data networks, IP routing, etc.) which operate cooperatively to form the core network. User plane interface (NG-U) 213 and control plane interface (NG-C) 215 connect the gNB 222 to the 5GC 210 and specifically to the user plane functions 212 and control plane functions 214, respectively. In an additional configuration, an ng-eNB 224 may also be connected to the 5GC 210 via NG-C 215 to the control plane functions 214 and NG-U 213 to user plane functions 212. Further, ng-eNB 224 may directly communicate with gNB 222 via a backhaul connection 223. In some configurations, a Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) 220 may have one or more gNBs 222, while other configurations include one or more of both ng-eNBs 224 and gNBs 222. Either (or both) gNB 222 or ng-eNB 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein).

[0061] Another optional aspect may include a location server 230, which may be in communication with the 5GC 210 to provide location assistance for UE(s) 204. The location server 230 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The location server 230 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the location server 230 via the core network, 5GC 210, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). Further, the location server 230 may be integrated into a component of the core network, or alternatively may be QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO external to the core network (e.g., a third party server, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or service server).

[0062] FIG. 2B illustrates another example wireless network structure 240. A 5GC 260 (which may correspond to 5GC 210 in FIG. 2A) can be viewed functionally as control plane functions, provided by an access and mobility management function (AMF) 264, and user plane functions, provided by a user plane function (UPF) 262, which operate cooperatively to form the core network (i.e., 5GC 260). The functions of the AMF 264 include registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 204 (e.g., any of the UEs described herein) and a session management function (SMF) 266, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 204 and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown), and security anchor functionality (SEAF). The AMF 264 also interacts with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown) and the UE 204, and receives the intermediate key that was established as a result of the UE 204 authentication process. In the case of authentication based on a UMTS (universal mobile telecommunications system) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 264 retrieves the security material from the AUSF. The functions of the AMF 264 also include security context management (SCM). The SCM receives a key from the SEAF that it uses to derive access-network specific keys. The functionality of the AMF 264 also includes location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 204 and a location management function (LMF) 270 (which acts as a location server 230), transport for location services messages between the NG-RAN 220 and the LMF 270, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, and UE 204 mobility event notification. In addition, the AMF 264 also supports functionalities for non-3GPP® (Third Generation Partnership Project) access networks.

[0063] Functions of the UPF 262 include acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility (when applicable), acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnect to a data network (not shown), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, traffic QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO steering), lawful interception (user plane collection), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the user plane (e.g., uplink / downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping), transport level packet marking in the uplink and downlink, downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering, and sending and forwarding of one or more “end markers” to the source RAN node. The UPF 262 may also support transfer of location services messages over a user plane between the UE 204 and a location server, such as an SLP 272.

[0064] The functions of the SMF 266 include session management, UE Internet protocol (IP) address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 262 to route traffic to the proper destination, control of part of policy enforcement and QoS, and downlink data notification. The interface over which the SMF 266 communicates with the AMF 264 is referred to as the N11 interface.

[0065] Another optional aspect may include an LMF 270, which may be in communication with the 5GC 260 to provide location assistance for UEs 204. The LMF 270 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server. The LMF 270 can be configured to support one or more location services for UEs 204 that can connect to the LMF 270 via the core network, 5GC 260, and / or via the Internet (not illustrated). The SLP 272 may support similar functions to the LMF 270, but whereas the LMF 270 may communicate with the AMF 264, NG-RAN 220, and UEs 204 over a control plane (e.g., using interfaces and protocols intended to convey signaling messages and not voice or data), the SLP 272 may communicate with UEs 204 and external clients (e.g., third-party server 274) over a user plane (e.g., using protocols intended to carry voice and / or data like the transmission control protocol (TCP) and / or IP).

[0066] Yet another optional aspect may include a third-party server 274, which may be in communication with the LMF 270, the SLP 272, the 5GC 260 (e.g., via the AMF 264 and / or the UPF 262), the NG-RAN 220, and / or the UE 204 to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 204. As such, in some cases, the third-party server 274 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The third- QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 20 party server 274 can be implemented as a plurality of separate servers (e.g., physically separate servers, different software modules on a single server, different software modules spread across multiple physical servers, etc.), or alternately may each correspond to a single server.

[0067] User plane interface 263 and control plane interface 265 connect the 5GC 260, and specifically the UPF 262 and AMF 264, respectively, to one or more gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 in the NG-RAN 220. The interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the AMF 264 is referred to as the “N2” interface, and the interface between gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 and the UPF 262 is referred to as the “N3” interface. The gNB(s) 222 and / or ng-eNB(s) 224 of the NG-RAN 220 may communicate directly with each other via backhaul connections 223, referred to as the “Xn-C” interface. One or more of gNBs 222 and / or ng-eNBs 224 may communicate with one or more UEs 204 over a wireless interface, referred to as the “Uu” interface.

[0068] The functionality of a gNB 222 may be divided between a gNB central unit (gNB-CU) 226, one or more gNB distributed units (gNB-DUs) 228, and one or more gNB radio units (gNB-RUs) 229. A gNB-CU 226 is a logical node that includes the base station functions of transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, and the like, except for those functions allocated exclusively to the gNB-DU(s) 228. More specifically, the gNB-CU 226 generally host the radio resource control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) protocols of the gNB 222. A gNB-DU 228 is a logical node that generally hosts the radio link control (RLC) and medium access control (MAC) layer of the gNB 222. Its operation is controlled by the gNB-CU 226. One gNB-DU 228 can support one or more cells, and one cell is supported by only one gNB-DU 228. The interface 232 between the gNB-CU 226 and the one or more gNB-DUs 228 is referred to as the “F1” interface. The physical (PHY) layer functionality of a gNB 222 is generally hosted by one or more standalone gNB-RUs 229 that perform functions such as power amplification and signal transmission / reception. The interface between a gNB-DU 228 and a gNB-RU 229 is referred to as the “Fx” interface. Thus, a UE 204 communicates with the gNB-CU 226 via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a gNB-DU 228 via the RLC and MAC layers, and with a gNB-RU 229 via the PHY layer. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0069] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a RAN node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station, or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a base station (such as a Node B (NB), evolved NB (eNB), NR base station, 5G NB, AP, TRP, cell, etc.) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone base station or a monolithic base station) or a disaggregated base station.

[0070] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs), one or more distributed units (DUs), or one or more radio units (RUs)). In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU also can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual radio unit (VRU).

[0071] Base station-type operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN ALLIANCE®)), or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C- RAN)). Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.

[0072] FIG. 2C illustrates an example disaggregated base station architecture 250, according to aspects of the disclosure. The disaggregated base station architecture 250 may include one or more central units (CUs) 280 (e.g., gNB-CU 226) that can communicate directly QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO with a core network 267 (e.g., 5GC 210, 5GC 260) via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 267 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 259 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 257 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 255, or both). A CU 280 may communicate with one or more DUs 285 (e.g., gNB-DUs 228) via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 285 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 287 (e.g., gNB-RUs 229) via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 287 may communicate with respective UEs 204 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 204 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 287.

[0073] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 280, the DUs 285, the RUs 287, as well as the Near-RT RICs 259, the Non-RT RICs 257 and the SMO Framework 255, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a RF transceiver), configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.

[0074] In some aspects, the CU 280 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include RRC, PDCP, service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 280. The CU 280 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – User Plane (CU- UP)), control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit – Control Plane (CU-CP)), or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 280 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 23 implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 280 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 285, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0075] The DU 285 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 287. In some aspects, the DU 285 may host one or more of a RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more high PHY layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP®). In some aspects, the DU 285 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 285, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 280.

[0076] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 287. In some deployments, an RU 287, controlled by a DU 285, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU(s) 287 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 204. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 287 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 285. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU(s) 285 and the CU 280 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0077] The SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface). For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 255 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 269) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 24 elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface). Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 280, DUs 285, RUs 287 and Near-RT RICs 259. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 261, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 255 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 287 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 255 also may include a Non-RT RIC 257 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 255.

[0078] The Non-RT RIC 257 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non- real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 259. The Non-RT RIC 257 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near- RT RIC 259. The Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 280, one or more DUs 285, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 259.

[0079] In some implementations, to generate AIML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 259, the Non-RT RIC 257 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 259 and may be received at the SMO Framework 255 or the Non-RT RIC 257 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 257 or the Near-RT RIC 259 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 257 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AIML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 255 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies).

[0080] FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C illustrate several example components (represented by corresponding blocks) that may be incorporated into a UE 302 (which may correspond to any of the UEs described herein), a base station 304 (which may correspond to any of the base stations described herein), and a network entity 306 (which may correspond to or QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO embody any of the network functions described herein, including the location server 230 and the LMF 270, or alternatively may be independent from the NG-RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260 infrastructure depicted in FIGS. 2A and 2B, such as a private network) to support the operations described herein. It will be appreciated that these components may be implemented in different types of apparatuses in different implementations (e.g., in an ASIC, in a system-on-chip (SoC), etc.). The illustrated components may also be incorporated into other apparatuses in a communication system. For example, other apparatuses in a system may include components similar to those described to provide similar functionality. Also, a given apparatus may contain one or more of the components. For example, an apparatus may include multiple transceiver components that enable the apparatus to operate on multiple carriers and / or communicate via different technologies.

[0081] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers 310 and 350, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) via one or more wireless communication networks (not shown), such as an NR network, an LTE network, a GSM network, and / or the like. The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may each be connected to one or more antennas 316 and 356, respectively, for communicating with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, GSM, etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest (e.g., some set of time / frequency resources in a particular frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the WWAN transceivers 310 and 350 include one or more transmitters 314 and 354, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 318 and 358, respectively, and one or more receivers 312 and 352, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 318 and 358, respectively.

[0082] The UE 302 and the base station 304 each also include, at least in some cases, one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360, respectively. The short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be connected to one or more antennas 326 and QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 366, respectively, and provide means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, means for measuring, means for tuning, means for refraining from transmitting, etc.) with other network nodes, such as other UEs, access points, base stations, etc., via at least one designated RAT (e.g., Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), ultra- wideband (UWB), etc.) over a wireless communication medium of interest. The short- range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be variously configured for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, and so on), respectively, and, conversely, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368 (e.g., messages, indications, information, pilots, and so on), respectively, in accordance with the designated RAT. Specifically, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 include one or more transmitters 324 and 364, respectively, for transmitting and encoding signals 328 and 368, respectively, and one or more receivers 322 and 362, respectively, for receiving and decoding signals 328 and 368, respectively. As specific examples, the short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360 may be Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® and / or Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, or vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and / or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers.

[0083] The UE 302 and the base station 304 also include, at least in some cases, satellite signal interfaces 330 and 370, which each include one or more satellite signal receivers 332 and 372, respectively, and may optionally include one or more satellite signal transmitters 334 and 374, respectively. In some cases, the base station 304 may be a terrestrial base station that may communicate with space vehicles (e.g., space vehicles 112) via the satellite signal interface 370. In other cases, the base station 304 may be a space vehicle (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite signal interface 370 to communicate with terrestrial networks and / or other space vehicles.

[0084] The satellite signal receivers 332 and 372 may be connected to one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for receiving and / or measuring satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are satellite positioning system receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be global positioning system (GPS) QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 27 signals, global navigation satellite system (GLONASS) signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, etc. Where the satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 are non- terrestrial network (NTN) receivers, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for receiving and processing satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal receiver(s) 332 and 372 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems, and, at least in some cases, perform calculations to determine locations of the UE 302 and the base station 304, respectively, using measurements obtained by any suitable satellite positioning system algorithm.

[0085] The optional satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374, when present, may be connected to the one or more antennas 336 and 376, respectively, and may provide means for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 374 are satellite positioning system transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 378 may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, Beidou signals, NAVIC, QZSS signals, etc. Where the satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 are NTN transmitters, the satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378 may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control and / or user data) originating from a 5G network. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may comprise any suitable hardware and / or software for transmitting satellite positioning / communication signals 338 and 378, respectively. The satellite signal transmitter(s) 334 and 374 may request information and operations as appropriate from the other systems.

[0086] The base station 304 and the network entity 306 each include one or more network transceivers 380 and 390, respectively, providing means for communicating (e.g., means for transmitting, means for receiving, etc.) with other network entities (e.g., other base stations 304, other network entities 306). For example, the base station 304 may employ the one or more network transceivers 380 to communicate with other base stations 304 or network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links. As another example, the network entity 306 may employ the one or more network transceivers 390 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 28 to communicate with one or more base station 304 over one or more wired or wireless backhaul links, or with other network entities 306 over one or more wired or wireless core network interfaces.

[0087] A transceiver may be configured to communicate over a wired or wireless link. A transceiver (whether a wired transceiver or a wireless transceiver) includes transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) and receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362). A transceiver may be an integrated device (e.g., embodying transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry in a single device) in some implementations, may comprise separate transmitter circuitry and separate receiver circuitry in some implementations, or may be embodied in other ways in other implementations. The transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry of a wired transceiver (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may be coupled to one or more wired network interface ports. Wireless transmitter circuitry (e.g., transmitters 314, 324, 354, 364) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform transmit “beamforming,” as described herein. Similarly, wireless receiver circuitry (e.g., receivers 312, 322, 352, 362) may include or be coupled to a plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such as an antenna array, that permits the respective apparatus (e.g., UE 302, base station 304) to perform receive beamforming, as described herein. In an aspect, the transmitter circuitry and receiver circuitry may share the same plurality of antennas (e.g., antennas 316, 326, 356, 366), such that the respective apparatus can only receive or transmit at a given time, not both at the same time. A wireless transceiver (e.g., WWAN transceivers 310 and 350, short-range wireless transceivers 320 and 360) may also include a network listen module (NLM) or the like for performing various measurements.

[0088] As used herein, the various wireless transceivers (e.g., transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, and network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) and wired transceivers (e.g., network transceivers 380 and 390 in some implementations) may generally be characterized as “a transceiver,” “at least one transceiver,” or “one or more transceivers.” As such, whether a particular transceiver is a wired or wireless transceiver may be inferred from the type of communication performed. For example, backhaul communication between network devices or servers will generally relate to signaling via QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO a wired transceiver, whereas wireless communication between a UE (e.g., UE 302) and a base station (e.g., base station 304) will generally relate to signaling via a wireless transceiver.

[0089] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 also include other components that may be used in conjunction with the operations as disclosed herein. The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include one or more processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, for providing functionality relating to, for example, wireless communication, and for providing other processing functionality. The processors 342, 384, and 394 may therefore provide means for processing, such as means for determining, means for calculating, means for receiving, means for transmitting, means for indicating, etc. In an aspect, the processors 342, 384, and 394 may include, for example, one or more general purpose processors, multi-core processors, central processing units (CPUs), ASICs, digital signal processors (DSPs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), other programmable logic devices or processing circuitry, or various combinations thereof.

[0090] The UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 include memory circuitry implementing memories 340, 386, and 396 (e.g., each including a memory device), respectively, for maintaining information (e.g., information indicative of reserved resources, thresholds, parameters, and so on). The memories 340, 386, and 396 may therefore provide means for storing, means for retrieving, means for maintaining, etc. In some cases, the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may include AIML model component 348, 388, and 398, respectively. The AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be hardware circuits that are part of or coupled to the processors 342, 384, and 394, respectively, that, when executed, cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. In other aspects, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be external to the processors 342, 384, and 394 (e.g., part of a modem processing system, integrated with another processing system, etc.). Alternatively, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398 may be memory modules stored in the memories 340, 386, and 396, respectively, that, when executed by the processors 342, 384, and 394 (or a modem processing system, another processing system, etc.), cause the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 to perform the functionality described herein. FIG. 3A illustrates possible QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO locations of the AIML model component 348, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the memory 340, the one or more processors 342, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3B illustrates possible locations of the AIML model component 388, which may be, for example, part of the one or more WWAN transceivers 350, the memory 386, the one or more processors 384, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component. FIG.3C illustrates possible locations of the AIML model component 398, which may be, for example, part of the one or more network transceivers 390, the memory 396, the one or more processors 394, or any combination thereof, or may be a standalone component.

[0091] The UE 302 may include one or more sensors 344 coupled to the one or more processors 342 to provide means for sensing or detecting movement and / or orientation information that is independent of motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers 310, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers 320, and / or the satellite signal interface 330. By way of example, the sensor(s) 344 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), and / or any other type of movement detection sensor. Moreover, the sensor(s) 344 may include a plurality of different types of devices and combine their outputs in order to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 344 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer and orientation sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) and / or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0092] In addition, the UE 302 includes a user interface 346 providing means for providing indications (e.g., audible and / or visual indications) to a user and / or for receiving user input (e.g., upon user actuation of a sensing device such a keypad, a touch screen, a microphone, and so on). Although not shown, the base station 304 and the network entity 306 may also include user interfaces.

[0093] Referring to the one or more processors 384 in more detail, in the downlink, IP packets from the network entity 306 may be provided to the processor 384. The one or more processors 384 may implement functionality for an RRC layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The one or more processors 384 may provide RRC layer functionality QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., master information block (MIB), system information blocks (SIBs)), RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release), inter-RAT mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification), and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through automatic repeat request (ARQ), concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs), re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, scheduling information reporting, error correction, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0094] The transmitter 354 and the receiver 352 may implement Layer-1 (L1) functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer-1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The transmitter 354 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK), M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK), M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM)). The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an inverse fast Fourier transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM symbol stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 302. Each spatial stream may then be provided to one or more different antennas 356. The QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO transmitter 354 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0095] At the UE 302, the receiver 312 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 316. The receiver 312 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 342. The transmitter 314 and the receiver 312 implement Layer-1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The receiver 312 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 302. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 302, they may be combined by the receiver 312 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The receiver 312 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a fast Fourier transform (FFT). The frequency domain signal comprises a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 304. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by a channel estimator. The soft decisions are then decoded and de-interleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 304 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the one or more processors 342, which implements Layer-3 (L3) and Layer-2 (L2) functionality.

[0096] In the downlink, the one or more processors 342 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets from the core network. The one or more processors 342 are also responsible for error detection.

[0097] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the downlink transmission by the base station 304, the one or more processors 342 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification); RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs), demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ), priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.

[0098] Channel estimates derived by the channel estimator from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 304 may be used by the transmitter 314 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the transmitter 314 may be provided to different antenna(s) 316. The transmitter 314 may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.

[0099] The uplink transmission is processed at the base station 304 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 302. The receiver 352 receives a signal through its respective antenna(s) 356. The receiver 352 recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the one or more processors 384.

[0100] In the uplink, the one or more processors 384 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets from the UE 302. IP packets from the one or more processors 384 may be provided to the core network. The one or more processors 384 are also responsible for error detection.

[0101] For convenience, the UE 302, the base station 304, and / or the network entity 306 are shown in FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C as including various components that may be configured according to the various examples described herein. It will be appreciated, however, that the illustrated components may have different functionality in different designs. In particular, various components in FIGS. 3A to 3C are optional in alternative configurations and the various aspects include configurations that may vary due to design choice, costs, use of the device, or other considerations. For example, in case of FIG.3A, a particular implementation of UE 302 may omit the WWAN transceiver(s) 310 (e.g., a wearable device or tablet computer or personal computer (PC) or laptop may have Wi-Fi and / or BLUETOOTH® capability without cellular capability), or may omit the short- range wireless transceiver(s) 320 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 330, or may omit the sensor(s) 344, and so on. In another example, in case of FIG. 3B, a particular implementation of the base station 304 may omit the WWAN QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO transceiver(s) 350 (e.g., a Wi-Fi “hotspot” access point without cellular capability), or may omit the short-range wireless transceiver(s) 360 (e.g., cellular-only, etc.), or may omit the satellite signal interface 370, and so on. For brevity, illustration of the various alternative configurations is not provided herein, but would be readily understandable to one skilled in the art.

[0102] The various components of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306 may be communicatively coupled to each other over data buses 308, 382, and 392, respectively. In an aspect, the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may form, or be part of, a communication interface of the UE 302, the base station 304, and the network entity 306, respectively. For example, where different logical entities are embodied in the same device (e.g., gNB and location server functionality incorporated into the same base station 304), the data buses 308, 382, and 392 may provide communication between them.

[0103] The components of FIGS.3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in various ways. In some implementations, the components of FIGS. 3A, 3B, and 3C may be implemented in one or more circuits such as, for example, one or more processors and / or one or more ASICs (which may include one or more processors). Here, each circuit may use and / or incorporate at least one memory component for storing information or executable code used by the circuit to provide this functionality. For example, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 310 to 346 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the UE 302 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Similarly, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 350 to 388 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the base station 304 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). Also, some or all of the functionality represented by blocks 390 to 398 may be implemented by processor and memory component(s) of the network entity 306 (e.g., by execution of appropriate code and / or by appropriate configuration of processor components). For simplicity, various operations, acts, and / or functions are described herein as being performed “by a UE,” “by a base station,” “by a network entity,” etc. However, as will be appreciated, such operations, acts, and / or functions may actually be performed by specific components or combinations of components of the UE 302, base station 304, network entity 306, etc., QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO such as the processors 342, 384, 394, the transceivers 310, 320, 350, and 360, the memories 340, 386, and 396, the AIML model component 348, 388, and 398, etc.

[0104] In some designs, the network entity 306 may be implemented as a core network component. In other designs, the network entity 306 may be distinct from a network operator or operation of the cellular network infrastructure (e.g., NG RAN 220 and / or 5GC 210 / 260). For example, the network entity 306 may be a component of a private network that may be configured to communicate with the UE 302 via the base station 304 or independently from the base station 304 (e.g., over a non-cellular communication link, such as Wi-Fi).

[0105] Wireless communication signals (e.g., radio frequency (RF) signals configured to carry orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols in accordance with a wireless communications standard, such as LTE, NR, etc.) transmitted between a UE and a base station can be used for environment sensing (also referred to as “RF sensing” or “wireless sensing”). Using wireless communication signals for environment sensing can be regarded as consumer-level wireless sensing with advanced detection capabilities that enable, among other things, touchless / device-free interaction with a device / system. The wireless communication signals may be cellular communication signals, such as LTE or NR signals, WLAN signals, such as Wi-Fi signals, etc. As a particular example, the wireless communication signals may be an OFDM waveform as utilized in LTE and NR. High-frequency communication signals, such as millimeter wave (mmW) RF signals, are especially beneficial to use as sensing signals because the higher frequency provides, at least, more accurate range (distance) detection.

[0106] Possible use cases of RF sensing include health monitoring use cases, such as heartbeat detection, respiration rate monitoring, and the like, gesture recognition use cases, such as human activity recognition, keystroke detection, sign language recognition, and the like, contextual information acquisition use cases, such as location detection / tracking, direction finding, range estimation, and the like, and automotive sensing use cases, such as smart cruise control, collision avoidance, and the like.

[0107] There are different types of sensing, including monostatic sensing (also referred to as “active sensing”) and bistatic sensing (also referred to as “passive sensing”). FIGS. 4A and 4B illustrate these different types of sensing. Specifically, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating a monostatic sensing scenario and FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating a QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO bistatic sensing scenario. In FIG.4A, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are co-located in the same sensing device 404 (e.g., a UE). The sensing device 404 transmits one or more RF sensing signals 434 (e.g., uplink or sidelink positioning reference signals (PRS) where the sensing device 404 is a UE), and some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406 (e.g., an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)). The sensing device 404 can measure various properties (e.g., times of arrival (ToAs), angles of arrival (AoAs), phase shift, etc.) of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 to determine characteristics of the target object 406 (e.g., size, shape, speed, motion state, etc.).

[0108] In FIG. 4B, the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) are not co-located, that is, they are separate devices (e.g., a UE and a base station). Note that while FIG.4B illustrates using a downlink RF signal as the RF sensing signal 432, uplink RF signals or sidelink RF signals can also be used as RF sensing signals 432. In a downlink scenario, as shown, the transmitter device 402 is a base station (e.g., a gNB) and the receiver device 408 is a UE (e.g., a mobile phone, a V2X-capable vehicle, a roadside unit (RSU), etc.), whereas in an uplink scenario, the transmitter device 402 is a UE and the receiver device 408 is a base station. Where the transmitter device 402 is a base station and the receiver device 408 a UE, the sensing is referred to as UE-assisted sensing. In UE-assisted sensing, the position of receiver device 408 should be known by the network (e.g., by GPS or other UE positioning method).

[0109] Referring to FIG. 4B in greater detail, the transmitter device 402 transmits RF sensing signals 432 and 434 (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) to the receiver device 408, but some of the RF sensing signals 434 reflect off a target object 406. The receiver device 408 (also referred to as the “sensing device”) can measure the times of arrival (ToAs) of the RF sensing signals 432 received directly from the transmitter device 402 and the ToAs of the reflections 436 of the RF sensing signals 434 reflected from the target object 406.

[0110] More specifically, as described above, a transmitter device (e.g., a base station) may transmit a single RF signal or multiple RF signals to a receiver device (e.g., a UE). However, the receiver may receive multiple RF signals corresponding to each transmitted RF signal due to the propagation characteristics of RF signals through multipath channels. Each path may be associated with a cluster of one or more channel taps. Generally, the time at which the receiver detects the first cluster of channel taps is considered the ToA of the RF signal on the line-of-site (LOS) path (i.e., the shortest path between the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO transmitter and the receiver). Later clusters of channel taps are considered to have reflected off objects between the transmitter and the receiver and therefore to have followed non-LOS (NLOS) paths between the transmitter and the receiver.

[0111] Thus, referring back to FIG. 4B, the RF sensing signals 432 followed the LOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver device 408, and the RF sensing signals 434 followed an NLOS path between the transmitter device 402 and the receiver device 408 due to reflecting off the target object 406. The transmitter device 402 may have transmitted multiple RF sensing signals 432, 434, some of which followed the LOS path and others of which followed the NLOS path. Alternatively, the transmitter device 402 may have transmitted a single RF sensing signal in a broad enough beam that a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the LOS path (RF sensing signal 432) and a portion of the RF sensing signal followed the NLOS path (RF sensing signal 434).

[0112] Based on the ToA of the LOS path, the ToA of the NLOS path, and the speed of light, the receiver device 408 can determine the distance to the target object(s). For example, the receiver device 408 can calculate the distance to the target object as the difference between the ToA of the LOS path and the ToA of the NLOS path multiplied by the speed of light. In addition, if the receiver device 408 is capable of receive beamforming, the receiver device 408 may be able to determine the general direction to a target object 406 as the direction (angle) of the receive beam on which the RF sensing signal following the NLOS path was received. That is, the receiver device 408 may determine the direction to the target object 406 as the AoA of the RF sensing signal, which is the angle of the receive beam used to receive the RF sensing signal. The receiver device 408 may then optionally report this information to the transmitter device 402, its serving base station, an application server associated with the core network, an external client, a third-party application, or some other sensing entity. Alternatively, the receiver device 408 may report the ToA measurements to the transmitter device 402, or other sensing entity (e.g., if the receiver device 408 does not have the processing capability to perform the calculations itself), and the transmitter device 402 may determine the distance and, optionally, the direction to the target object 406.

[0113] Note that if the RF sensing signals are uplink RF signals transmitted by a UE to a base station, the base station would perform object detection based on the uplink RF signals just like the UE does based on the downlink RF signals. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0114] Like conventional wireless sensing, wireless communication-based sensing signals can be used to estimate the range (distance), velocity (Doppler), and angle (AoA) of a target object. However, the performance (e.g., resolution and maximum values of range, velocity, and angle) may depend on the design of the reference signal.

[0115] FIGS. 5A to 5F illustrate various example monostatic and bistatic sensing use cases, according to aspects of the disclosure. In FIG. 5A, a gNB1-to-gNB1 monostatic sensing use case 500 is depicted. In FIG. 5B, a UE1-to-UE1 monostatic sensing use case 510 is depicted. In FIG.5C, a gNB1-to-gNB2 bistatic sensing use case 520 is depicted. In FIG. 5D, a gNB1-to-UE1 bistatic sensing use case 530 is depicted. In FIG.5E, a UE1-to-gNB1 bistatic sensing use case 540 is depicted. In FIG. 5F, a UE1-to-UE2 bistatic sensing use case 550 is depicted.

[0116] NR supports a number of cellular network-based positioning technologies, including downlink-based, uplink-based, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods. Downlink-based positioning methods include observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA) in LTE, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) in NR, and downlink angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) in NR. FIG. 6 illustrates examples of various positioning methods, according to aspects of the disclosure. In an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, illustrated by scenario 610, a UE measures the differences between the times of arrival (ToAs) of reference signals (e.g., positioning reference signals (PRS)) received from pairs of base stations, referred to as reference signal time difference (RSTD) or time difference of arrival (TDOA) measurements, and reports them to a positioning entity. More specifically, the UE receives the identifiers (IDs) of a reference base station (e.g., a serving base station) and multiple non-reference base stations in assistance data. The UE then measures the RSTD between the reference base station and each of the non-reference base stations. Based on the known locations of the involved base stations and the RSTD measurements, the positioning entity (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) can estimate the UE’s location.

[0117] For DL-AoD positioning, illustrated by scenario 620, the positioning entity uses a measurement report from the UE of received signal strength measurements of multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the transmitting base station(s). The positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the transmitting base station(s). QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0118] Uplink-based positioning methods include uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) and uplink angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA). UL-TDOA is similar to DL-TDOA, but is based on uplink reference signals (e.g., sounding reference signals (SRS)) transmitted by the UE to multiple base stations. Specifically, a UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference base station and a plurality of non-reference base stations. Each base station then reports the reception time (referred to as the relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning entity (e.g., a location server) that knows the locations and relative timing of the involved base stations. Based on the reception-to-reception (Rx-Rx) time difference between the reported RTOA of the reference base station and the reported RTOA of each non-reference base station, the known locations of the base stations, and their known timing offsets, the positioning entity can estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0119] For UL-AoA positioning, one or more base stations measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. The positioning entity uses the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the base station(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the known location(s) of the base station(s), the positioning entity can then estimate the location of the UE.

[0120] Downlink-and-uplink-based positioning methods include enhanced cell-ID (E-CID) positioning and multi-round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (also referred to as “multi-cell RTT” and “multi-RTT”). In an RTT procedure, a first entity (e.g., a base station or a UE) transmits a first RTT-related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second entity (e.g., a UE or base station), which transmits a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first entity. Each entity measures the time difference between the time of arrival (ToA) of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT- related signal. This time difference is referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. The Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be made, or may be adjusted, to include only a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. Both entities may then send their Rx-Tx time difference measurement to a location server (e.g., an LMF 270), which calculates the round trip propagation time (i.e., RTT) between the two entities from the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as the sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO Alternatively, one entity may send its Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other entity, which then calculates the RTT. The distance between the two entities can be determined from the RTT and the known signal speed (e.g., the speed of light). For multi- RTT positioning, illustrated by scenario 630, a first entity (e.g., a UE or base station) performs an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second entities (e.g., multiple base stations or UEs) to enable the location of the first entity to be determined (e.g., using multilateration) based on distances to, and the known locations of, the second entities. RTT and multi-RTT methods can be combined with other positioning techniques, such as UL-AoA and DL-AoD, to improve location accuracy, as illustrated by scenario 640.

[0121] The E-CID positioning method is based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, the UE reports the serving cell ID, the timing advance (TA), and the identifiers, estimated timing, and signal strength of detected neighbor base stations. The location of the UE is then estimated based on this information and the known locations of the base station(s).

[0122] To assist positioning operations, a location server (e.g., location server 230, LMF 270, SLP 272) may provide assistance data to the UE. For example, the assistance data may include identifiers of the base stations (or the cells / TRPs of the base stations) from which to measure reference signals, the reference signal configuration parameters (e.g., the number of consecutive slots including PRS, periodicity of the consecutive slots including PRS, muting sequence, frequency hopping sequence, reference signal identifier, reference signal bandwidth, etc.), and / or other parameters applicable to the particular positioning method. Alternatively, the assistance data may originate directly from the base stations themselves (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, etc.). In some cases, the UE may be able to detect neighbor network nodes itself without the use of assistance data.

[0123] In the case of an OTDOA or DL-TDOA positioning procedure, the assistance data may further include an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty, or search window, around the expected RSTD. In some cases, the value range of the expected RSTD may be + / - 500 microseconds (μs). In some cases, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement are in FR1, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 32 μs. In other cases, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in FR2, the value range for the uncertainty of the expected RSTD may be + / - 8 μs. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0124] A location estimate may be referred to by other names, such as a position estimate, location, position, position fix, fix, or the like. A location estimate may be geodetic and comprise coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude) or may be civic and comprise a street address, postal address, or some other verbal description of a location. A location estimate may further be defined relative to some other known location or defined in absolute terms (e.g., using latitude, longitude, and possibly altitude). A location estimate may include an expected error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location is expected to be included with some specified or default level of confidence).

[0125] Machine learning may be used to generate models that may be used to facilitate various aspects associated with processing of data. One specific application of machine learning relates to generation of measurement models for processing of reference signals for positioning (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS)), such as feature extraction, reporting of reference signal measurements (e.g., selecting which extracted features to report), and so on.

[0126] Machine learning models are generally categorized as either supervised or unsupervised. A supervised model may further be sub-categorized as either a regression or classification model. Supervised learning involves learning a function that maps an input to an output based on example input-output pairs. For example, given a training dataset with two variables of age (input) and height (output), a supervised learning model could be generated to predict the height of a person based on their age. In regression models, the output is continuous. One example of a regression model is a linear regression, which simply attempts to find a line that best fits the data. Extensions of linear regression include multiple linear regression (e.g., finding a plane of best fit) and polynomial regression (e.g., finding a curve of best fit).

[0127] Another example of a machine learning model is a decision tree model. In a decision tree model, a tree structure is defined with a plurality of nodes. Decisions are used to move from a root node at the top of the decision tree to a leaf node at the bottom of the decision tree (i.e., a node with no further child nodes). Generally, a higher number of nodes in the decision tree model is correlated with higher decision accuracy.

[0128] Another example of a machine learning model is a decision forest. Random forests are an ensemble learning technique that builds off of decision trees. Random forests involve 41 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO creating multiple decision trees using bootstrapped datasets of the original data and randomly selecting a subset of variables at each step of the decision tree. The model then selects the mode of all of the predictions of each decision tree. By relying on a “majority wins” model, the risk of error from an individual tree is reduced.

[0129] Another example of a machine learning model is a neural network (NN). A neural network is essentially a network of mathematical equations. Neural networks accept one or more input variables, and by going through a network of equations, result in one or more output variables. Put another way, a neural network takes in a vector of inputs and returns a vector of outputs.

[0130] FIG.7 illustrates an example neural network 700, according to aspects of the disclosure. The neural network 700 includes an input layer ‘i’ that receives ‘n’ (one or more) inputs (illustrated as “Input 1,” “Input 2,” and “Input n”), one or more hidden layers (illustrated as hidden layers ‘h1,’ ‘h2,’ and ‘h3’) for processing the inputs from the input layer, and an output layer ‘o’ that provides ‘m’ (one or more) outputs (labeled “Output 1” and “Output m”). The number of inputs ‘n,’ hidden layers ‘h,’ and outputs ‘m’ may be the same or different. In some designs, the hidden layers ‘h’ may include linear function(s) and / or activation function(s) that the nodes (illustrated as circles) of each successive hidden layer process from the nodes of the previous hidden layer.

[0131] In classification models, the output is discrete. One example of a classification model is logistic regression. Logistic regression is similar to linear regression but is used to model the probability of a finite number of outcomes, typically two. In essence, a logistic equation is created in such a way that the output values can only be between ‘0’ and ‘1.’ Another example of a classification model is a support vector machine. For example, for two classes of data, a support vector machine will find a hyperplane or a boundary between the two classes of data that maximizes the margin between the two classes. There are many planes that can separate the two classes, but only one plane can maximize the margin or distance between the classes. Another example of a classification model is Naïve Bayes, which is based on Bayes Theorem. Other examples of classification models include decision tree, random forest, and neural network, similar to the examples described above except that the output is discrete rather than continuous. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0132] Unlike supervised learning, unsupervised learning is used to draw inferences and find patterns from input data without references to labeled outcomes. Two examples of unsupervised learning models include clustering and dimensionality reduction.

[0133] Clustering is an unsupervised technique that involves the grouping, or clustering, of data points. Clustering is frequently used for customer segmentation, fraud detection, and document classification. Common clustering techniques include k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, mean shift clustering, and density-based clustering. Dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the number of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. In simpler terms, dimensionality reduction is the process of reducing the dimension of a feature set (in even simpler terms, reducing the number of features). Most dimensionality reduction techniques can be categorized as either feature elimination or feature extraction. One example of dimensionality reduction is called principal component analysis (PCA). In the simplest sense, PCA involves project higher dimensional data (e.g., three dimensions) to a smaller space (e.g., two dimensions). This results in a lower dimension of data (e.g., two dimensions instead of three dimensions) while keeping all original variables in the model.

[0134] Regardless of which machine learning model is used, at a high-level, a machine learning module (e.g., implemented by a processing system) may be configured to iteratively analyze training input data (e.g., measurements of reference signals to / from various target UEs) and to associate this training input data with an output data set (e.g., a set of possible or likely candidate locations of the various target UEs), thereby enabling later determination of the same output data set when presented with similar input data (e.g., from other target UEs at the same or similar location).

[0135] The artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) positioning and / or sensing provided by an AIML model may be “direct” AIML (denoted “D-AIML”) positioning and / or sensing or AIML “assisted” (denoted “A-AIML”) positioning and / or sensing. Note that, as used herein, an AIML model (whether an A-AIML model or a D-AIML model) may alternatively be referred to as an “ML model,” an “AI model,” an “ML-based model,” an “AI-based model,” and the like.

[0136] FIG. 8A is a diagram 810 illustrating an example of direct AIML positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8A, direct AIML QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO positioning and / or sensing is where the AIML model is trained to accept input features (e.g., downlink positioning reference signal (DL-PRS) measurements, sounding reference signal (SRS) measurements, sidelink positioning reference signal (SL-PRS) measurements, sensing signal measurements, beam measurements (e.g., synchronization signal block (SSB) measurements), channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) measurements, etc.) and output a final result (referred to as a “direct label”), such as a target location (e.g., a UE location for positioning or a target object location for sensing). The measurements of the reference signal(s) may include the channel energy response (CER), channel impulse response (CIR), channel frequency response (CFR), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received power (RSRP), path RSRP (RSRPP), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), time of arrival (ToA), relative ToA (RTOA), reference signal time difference (RSTD), angle of departure (AoD), angle of arrival (AoA), and / or the like of the reference signal(s).

[0137] FIG. 8B is a diagram 830 illustrating an example of AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8B, AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing is where an AIML model is trained to accept input features (e.g., DL-PRS measurements, SRS measurements, SL-PRS measurements, sensing signal measurements, beam measurements, CSI-RS measurements, etc.) and output one or more intermediate results (also referred to as “intermediate label(s)”). In a positioning context, generating the intermediate result may be referred to as “positioning feature extraction,” which may include determining timing / angle information, line of sight (LOS) identification, etc. The intermediate results may include the ToA, RTOA, RSTD, AoD, AoA, LOS indication, and / or the like. The intermediate result(s) may in turn be provided as an input to another AIML model or non-AIML model positioning and / or sensing technique (e.g., Chan’s algorithm, Kalman filtering, etc.) to determine a target location (e.g., a UE location for positioning or a target object location for sensing).

[0138] Note that as shown in FIG. 8B, the A-AIML model and the other model / technique may be implemented at the same entity (e.g., UE, base station, location server, sensing server, etc.) or at different entities. For example, for network-assisted positioning, the UE may apply the A-AIML model to compress the measurement data and then report the compressed data to the location server, which may then apply the other position estimation model / technique. As another example, for UE-based positioning, a network 44 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO component (e.g., a base station, location server, or another UE for sidelink positioning) may apply the A-AIML model to compress the measurement data and report the compressed data to the UE, which then applies the other position estimation model / technique.

[0139] FIG. 8C illustrates various AIML positioning and / or sensing scenarios, according to aspects of the disclosure. As shown in diagram 850, there are three AIML positioning and / or sensing deployment scenarios based on downlink reference signals (e.g., DL-PRS, CSI-RS, etc.). The first deployment scenario (labeled “Case 1”) is a UE-based positioning and / or sensing case with a UE-side D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model (labeled “D-AIML”). In this case, the UE applies the D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model (or simply “D-AIML model”) to the downlink reference signal measurements to determine a location of the UE or a target object and reports the target location to the network (e.g., LMF 270).

[0140] The second deployment scenario (labeled “Case 2a”) is UE-assisted / network-based positioning and / or sensing with a UE-side A-AIML positioning and / or sensing model that provides AIML-assisted positioning and / or sensing. That is, the UE inputs measurements of downlink reference signals (e.g., DL-PRS, CSI-RS) received from one or more TRPs into the A-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to obtain intermediate measurements (or quantities) of the downlink reference signals. The UE then reports the intermediate measurements to the network (e.g., LMF 270). The network entity may then apply an AIML model or a non-AIML model technique to the intermediate measurements to determine a target location (e.g., of the UE for positioning scenarios or a target object for sensing scenarios).

[0141] The third deployment scenario (labeled “Case 2b”) is UE-assisted / network-based positioning and / or sensing scenario with a network-side D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model. That is, the UE reports the measurements of the downlink reference signals received from one or more TRPs to the network (e.g., LMF 270). The network then applies the D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to the measurements to determine the location of the UE or a target object.

[0142] As shown in diagram 870, there are two AIML positioning and / or sensing deployment scenarios based on uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS). The first deployment scenario (labeled “Case 3a”) is RAN node-assisted positioning and / or sensing with a RAN-side QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO AIML model that provides AIML assisted positioning and / or sensing. In this case, the RAN node (e.g., a base station, TRP, or other base station component) applies an A-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to TRP measurements of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted by a UE to obtain intermediate measurements of the received uplink reference signal(s). The RAN node then reports the intermediate measurements to the core network (e.g., LMF 270), which can use them to locate the UE (for positioning) or a target object (for sensing).

[0143] The second deployment scenario (labeled “Case 3b”) is RAN node-assisted positioning and / or sensing with a network-side AIML positioning and / or sensing model that provides direct AIML positioning and / or sensing. In this case, the RAN node reports measurements of one or more uplink reference signals received from a UE to the core network (e.g., LMF 270). The core network then applies a D-AIML positioning and / or sensing model to the measurements of the uplink reference signal(s) to obtain a target location of the UE (for positioning) or a target object (for sensing).

[0144] Note that there may be other deployment scenarios in which the UE, RAN, or the core network use an AIML positioning and / or sensing model to compute or report a positioning and / or sensing estimate (target location), but these cases are implementation- specific and do not necessarily involve signaling between the UE, RAN, and / or the core network.

[0145] Further note that an AIML model may execute in a training mode or an inferencing mode. In the training mode, the AIML model is provided with pre-validated input data along with pre-validated output data to derive or modify weights of the AIML to increase the reliability of the AIML model to provide new (unvalidated) output data that is similar to the pre-validated output data in response to new (unvalidated) input data that is similar to the pre-validated input data. In the inferencing mode, the AIML model utilizes the weights determined during the training mode to process new (unvalidated) input data so as to generate new (unvalidated) output data (typically, without further adjusting the weights until / unless the AIML model returns to the training mode). The (unvalidated) output data may be characterized as an “inference.” Thus, the “final” positioning or sensing results described above with respect to FIGS.8A to 8C may correspond to AIML model weights or inferences depending on whether the respective AIML model is executing in the training mode or the inferencing mode. 46 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0146] User equipments (UEs) may support AIML models for positioning with different Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) (e.g., positioning / measurement accuracy) and / or model complexity / architecture. In an aspect, UEs may need to switch between these AIML models to maintain a targeted positioning KPI, maintain battery level and / or device durability, adapt to changes in the environment (e.g., change in clutter) and / or operating configurations (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS) bandwidth (BW) and / or center frequency, etc.). In some designs, a network component (e.g., a location management function (LMF)) may monitor AIML model performance based on AIML reports generated by a particular AIML model. In an aspect, when the UE switches from one AIML model to another, the network component may stop the monitoring session for the old AIML model and begin a new monitoring session for the new AIML model.

[0147] Aspects of the disclosure are directed to a determination that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce, output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges. Various actions may then be performed based on the AIML model similarity group determination. Such aspects may provide various technical advantages, such as more efficient AIML model training or inferencing or switching or monitoring (e.g., by validating / invalidating AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, training AIML models per group instead of per AIML model, switching between AIML models in the same group, maintaining AIML model monitoring session continuity, achieving AIML model diversity, etc.)

[0148] FIG.9 illustrates an exemplary process 900 of communications according to an aspect of the disclosure. The process 900 of FIG. 9 is performed by a communications device. In some designs, the communications device corresponds to a UE (e.g., UE 302) or a wireless network component (e.g., gNB / BS 304 or RSU or O-RAN component such as RU, etc.) or another network component (e.g., network entity 306). In an aspect, with respect to AIML models for positioning, the communications device may correspond to a position estimation entity (e.g., UE or LMF). In an aspect, with respect to AIML models for sensing, the communications device may correspond to a sensing server or sensing management function (SnMF). Note that in case of positioning, the AIML models QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO discussed below with respect to FIG. 9 may correspond to any of the cases discussed above with respect to FIGS.8A-8C (e.g., case 1, 2a, 2b, 3a or 3b)

[0149] Referring to FIG. 9, at 910, the communications device (e.g., processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, AIML model component 348 or 388 or 398, etc.) determines that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges. In an aspect, the output value range may be defined in various ways (e.g., absolute ranges with upper / lower bounds, relative ranges such as output values being within a threshold from each other, etc.). In some designs, a means for performing the determination of 910 includes processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, AIML model component 348 or 388 or 398, etc., of FIGS. 3A-3C.

[0150] Referring to FIG. 9, at 920, the communications device (e.g., receiver 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, transmitter 314 or 324 or 354 or 364, network transceiver(s) 380 or 390, processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, AIML model component 348 or 388 or 398, etc.) performs one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination. In some designs, a means for performing the transmission of 920 includes receiver 312 or 322 or 352 or 362, transmitter 314 or 324 or 354 or 364, network transceiver(s) 380 or 390, processor(s) 342 or 384 or 394, AIML model component 348 or 388 or 398, etc., of FIGS.3A-3C.

[0151] Referring to FIG.9, in some designs, the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure. In an aspect, the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0152] Referring to FIG. 9, in some designs, the one or more actions comprise, e.g.: receiving one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges, and validating or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values. In an aspect, the communications device further validates the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values, generates or updates a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model, detects a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model, and continues to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition. In an aspect, the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution (e.g., a probability distribution of historical output values), outlier rejection, or any combination thereof. In an aspect, the communications device further generates or updates a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group.

[0153] Referring to FIG.9, in some designs, the one or more actions comprise, e.g.: determining one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model, and applying, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

[0154] Referring to FIG.9, in some designs, the communications device further determines that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

[0155] Referring to FIG.9, in some designs, the communications device further determines that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

[0156] Referring to FIG.9, in some designs, the one or more actions comprise, e.g.: transmitting, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO associated with the AIML model similarity group. In an aspect, the one or more actions comprise, e.g.: transmitting, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or transmitting, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

[0157] Referring to FIG. 9, in some designs, the one or more actions comprise, e.g.: executing the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing. In an aspect, the communications device further executes the first AIML model for inferencing, receives a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model, selects the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group, and executing the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection. In an aspect, the communications device further receives the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or receives the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA). In an aspect, the communications device further executes the first AIML model for inferencing, transitions from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing, and transmits an AIML model transition notification to another communications device.

[0158] Referring to FIG. 9, in some designs, the communications device further receives a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter, selects, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group, and executes the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection. In an aspect, the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group. In an aspect, the communications device further generates combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter produced by the second respective AIML model, and transmits the combined output information to another communications device. In an aspect, the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO communications device further receives the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or receives the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or receives the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models. In an aspect, the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information.

[0159] Referring to FIG. 9, in some designs, the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE). In an aspect, the UE further transmits AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or transmits first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmits second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof. In an aspect, the UE further transmits the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or transmits the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmits the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0160] Referring to FIG. 9, in some designs, the communications device corresponds to a network component. In an aspect, the network component further receives AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or receives first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receives second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE- specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof. In an aspect, the network component further receives the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or receives the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receives the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO thereof. In an aspect, the network component corresponds to a sensing management function (SnMF), a location management function (LMF), a wireless network component, a server user equipment (UE), or a combination thereof.

[0161] Referring to FIG.9, in a specific example for AIML models for positioning, by knowing if two or more models are similar, the LMF can decide whether to maintain or reset a monitoring session once UE switches between AIML models in the same similarity group. In an aspect, the LMF treats these AIML models as a single logical model. By contrast, for AIML models that are dissimilar (i.e., not in same AIML model similarity group), the LMF can initiate a new monitoring session for the second model when switching happens. In an aspect, if two or more AIML models are known to be different (i.e., not in same AIML model similarity group), the two or more AIML models can be used to diversify AIML positioning measurements and / or location estimation. For example, UE can have two implementations for AIML positioning models that differ in their generalizability and accuracy by combining results from the two different models the LMF can obtain more robust positioning outcomes.

[0162] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example related to AIML models for positioning, the output parameter(s) by which AIML models are grouped may be any positioning measurement (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, RSRPP, RSCP, RSCPD, AoD, AoA, location estimate, LOS / NLOS flag, etc.). In an aspect, the model difference could be derived as sum (|measurement_1 – measurement_2|), mean square error (MSE), across all the measurements and a specific set of inputs. In an aspect, the inputs / outputs combinations that will be used to determine whether two (or more) AIML models are similar or not can be specified in 3GPP (e.g. requirements), or can be configured to the device (e.g. configurable range and inputs in order to decide when 2 models are considered similar). In an aspect, the AIML model grouping may be implemented similarly to transmission error groups (TEGs) or phase error groups (PEGs) in 3GPP, with grouped AIML models understood to have input / output attributes falling inside certain ranges.

[0163] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example, a AIML model similarity ID may be defined. In an aspect, to define the model Similarity ID, two measurements, each one derived using a different model, can be associated with the same model similarity ID. In an aspect, a device, gNB may associate each measurement with a given model similarity ID. In an aspect, the “AIML model similarity group” could also be referred to as, e.g.: “AIML QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO model group”, “Model Error group”, “Model similarity group”, “AIML similarity group”. In an aspect, the difference margin threshold may be configured to the UE, or may be specified as a requirement in 3GPP.

[0164] Referring to FIG.9, in a specific example, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) may report a first set of measurements derived using a first model, and a network component (e.g., LMF or SnMF) creates or builds up a likelihood / error distribution with that first one. Then, the device changes the model and starts reporting measurements with a second model in the same AIML model similarity group. Then, the network component may continue to use and build the same likelihood / error distribution function model (despite the AIML model having been switched).

[0165] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) may be requested / configured to report periodicity (or on demand) the model similarity ID associated with a measurement that has already occurred, or a measurement that will occur. In an aspect, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) may be requested / configured to change an existing model, to a new model that is within the same similarity group as the previous model. In an aspect, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) may be requested / configured to change an existing model, to a new model that is not within the same similarity group as the previous model.

[0166] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) reports multiple measurements associated with two or more dissimilar AIML models (i.e., not in same AIML model similarity group). In an aspect, a device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) reports weighted average / aggregation of multiple measurements associated with two or more dissimilar AIML models (i.e., not in same AIML model similarity group). In an aspect, the LMF can configure the aggregation criteria / weighting that the device (e.g., UE, gNB, PRU, etc.) may consider to combine results from dissimilar AIML models. In an aspect, this provides measurement diversity at a positioning calculation entity.

[0167] Referring to FIG.9, in a specific example, the LMF may configure / request a positioning procedure with multiple AIML models in different AIML model similarity groups. In an aspect, the LMF may request / configure the device to use a specific number (or specific similarity groups) for UE to measure and report. In an aspect, the UE may provide the measurement results with indications of the respective AIML model similarity group associated with each measurement, or a collection of multiple measurements may be QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO associated with the same AIML model similarity group. In an aspect, LMF / gNB may have capability to activate an AIML model based on the AIML model similarity group ID. In an aspect, LMF / gNB may define the priority based on the AIML model similarity group ID. For example, assume the LMF configures 8 AIML model similarity groups with respective AIML model similarity group IDs, and the UE capability indicates a capability to report 3 AIML model measurements. In this case, the LMF / gNB may select 3 AIML models from the 3 different AIML model similarity groups (e.g., based on the AIML model similarity group priority provided by the LMF).

[0168] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example, the device can report measurements with multiple models with same “Model Similarity ID”. In an aspect, the LMF / gNB may configure multiple positioning AIML model with same “Model Similarity ID”. In an aspect, the multiple positioning AIML models configured for the UE may be up to UE capability, a maximum number of model UE can measure with same “Model Similarity ID”, and / or other criteria. In an aspect, the position estimation entity (e.g., UE, LMF, etc.) may utilize the measurements each of the multiple AIML models to perform various actions, such as deriving a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, and / or performing outlier rejection (e.g., rejecting measurements that are inconsistent with other measurements).

[0169] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example, the device (e.g., UE, LMF, gNB, etc.) may switch between AIML models having the same “Model Similarity ID”. In an aspect, the AIML model switch may be implemented in lower layers (e.g., DCI or MAC-CE). Alternatively, in another aspect, the switch may be implemented at the UE without notifying the LMF and / or gNB. In an aspect, to switch between AIML models having different “Model Similarity IDs”, UE may inform the LMF and / or gNB (e.g., via RRC signaling).

[0170] Referring to FIG.9, in a specific example, if the UE is switching between AIML models having the same “Model Similarity ID”, UE may reduce or skip the training phase for the AIML model, and LMF and / or UE may use a delta change of the trained model (i.e., the previous AIML model before the switch) to update the weights of the remaining AIML models of the same AIML model similarity group. In another aspect, if the UE is switching between AIML models having different “Model Similarity IDs”, the UE may QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO perform training and / or inference with respect to the new AIML model independently of any training / inference performed for the previous AIML model.

[0171] Referring to FIG.9, in a specific example, various new device capabilities may be defined to support AIML model similarity groups, including but not limited to device capabilities, e.g., to support the maximum number of the AIML Similarity IDs, to support the maximum number of the AIML Similarity IDs per measurement technique (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, etc.), and / or to support the maximum number of the AIML Similarity IDs per positioning technique (e.g., TDOA, RTT, AoA / AoD, etc.).

[0172] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example related to AIML models for positioning, the UE can indicate to LMF if similar models are global or local; in other words, whether AIML models in a AIML model similarity group are expected to maintain their similarity everywhere or over a given validity area. Accordingly, different AIML model similarity groups (which may be alternatively characterized as a Similarity ID) may have different levels of “uniqueness” (e.g., Similarity ID is unique everywhere, Similarity ID is unique over consentient / country / state / province / county / neighborhood / cell, Similarity ID is unique for models within the same report, etc.). In an example where the Similarity ID is unique for models within the same report, a first report may be based on AIML models 1 and 2 corresponding to Similarity ID 1, a first report may be based on AIML models 3 and 4 corresponding to Similarity ID 2, and so on. In an aspect, AIML models 1-4 are not similar just because they have been associated with the same Similarity ID, but rather because they are associated with the same report. Hence, if a third report is associated with AIML model 1 but not AIML model 2, AIML model 2 is not considered part of the AIML model similarity group at least with respect to the information reported in the third report.

[0173] Referring to FIG. 9, in a specific example related to AIML models for positioning, the UE can indicate whether the similar models are UE-specific or UE-group specific. In an aspect, for UE-specific AIML model similarity groups, similar models are only specific to the UE indicating the capability (e.g., the same AIML models for other UEs are not necessarily part of the same AIML model similarity group). In an aspect, for UE-group specific AIML model similarity groups, similar models are applicable to a group of UEs (e.g., UEs from vendor A, UEs running chip from vendor B, etc.). In an aspect, UE-group QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO specific AIML model similarity groups may provide various technical advantages, such as reducing signaling associated with AIML model similarity groups.

[0174] In the detailed description above it can be seen that different features are grouped together in examples. This manner of disclosure should not be understood as an intention that the example clauses have more features than are explicitly mentioned in each clause. Rather, the various aspects of the disclosure may include fewer than all features of an individual example clause disclosed. Therefore, the following clauses should hereby be deemed to be incorporated in the description, wherein each clause by itself can stand as a separate example. Although each dependent clause can refer in the clauses to a specific combination with one of the other clauses, the aspect(s) of that dependent clause are not limited to the specific combination. It will be appreciated that other example clauses can also include a combination of the dependent clause aspect(s) with the subject matter of any other dependent clause or independent clause or a combination of any feature with other dependent and independent clauses. The various aspects disclosed herein expressly include these combinations, unless it is explicitly expressed or can be readily inferred that a specific combination is not intended (e.g., contradictory aspects, such as defining an element as both an electrical insulator and an electrical conductor). Furthermore, it is also intended that aspects of a clause can be included in any other independent clause, even if the clause is not directly dependent on the independent clause.

[0175] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:

[0176] Clause 1. A method of operating a communications device, comprising: determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0177] Clause 2. The method of clause 1, wherein the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure.

[0178] Clause 3. The method of clause 2, wherein the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof.

[0179] Clause 4. The method of any of clauses 1 to 3, wherein the one or more actions comprise: receiving one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges; and validating or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values.

[0180] Clause 5. The method of clause 4, further comprising: validating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values; generating or updating a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model; detecting a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model; and continuing to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition.

[0181] Clause 6. The method of clause 5, wherein the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, outlier rejection, or any combination thereof.

[0182] Clause 7. The method of clause 6, further comprising: generating or updating a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group.

[0183] Clause 8. The method of any of clauses 1 to 7, wherein the one or more actions comprise: determining one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model; and applying, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

[0184] Clause 9. The method of any of clauses 1 to 8, further comprising: determining that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

[0185] Clause 10. The method of any of clauses 1 to 9, further comprising: determining that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

[0186] Clause 11. The method of any of clauses 1 to 10, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmitting, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information associated with the AIML model similarity group.

[0187] Clause 12. The method of clause 11, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmitting, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or transmitting, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

[0188] Clause 13. The method of any of clauses 1 to 12, wherein the one or more actions comprise: executing the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing.

[0189] Clause 14. The method of clause 13, further comprising: executing the first AIML model for inferencing; receiving a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model; selecting the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group; and executing the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0190] Clause 15. The method of clause 14, further comprising: receiving the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or receiving the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA).

[0191] Clause 16. The method of any of clauses 13 to 15, further comprising: executing the first AIML model for inferencing; transitioning from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing; and transmitting an AIML model transition notification to another communications device. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0192] Clause 17. The method of any of clauses 13 to 16, further comprising: receiving a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter; selecting, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group; and executing the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0193] Clause 18. The method of clause 17, wherein the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group.

[0194] Clause 19. The method of any of clauses 17 to 18, further comprising: generating combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter produced by the second respective AIML model; and transmitting the combined output information to another communications device.

[0195] Clause 20. The method of any of clauses 17 to 19, further comprising: receiving the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or receiving the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or receiving the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models.

[0196] Clause 21. The method of any of clauses 17 to 20, wherein the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information.

[0197] Clause 22. The method of any of clauses 1 to 21, wherein the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE).

[0198] Clause 23. The method of clause 22, further comprising: transmitting AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or transmitting first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmitting second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0199] Clause 24. The method of clause 23, further comprising: transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or transmitting the AIML QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0200] Clause 25. The method of any of clauses 1 to 24, wherein the communications device corresponds to a network component.

[0201] Clause 26. The method of clause 25, further comprising: receiving AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or receiving first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receiving second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE- specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0202] Clause 27. The method of clause 26, further comprising: receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0203] Clause 28. The method of any of clauses 25 to 27, wherein the network component corresponds to a sensing management function (SnMF), a location management function (LMF), a wireless network component, a server user equipment (UE), or a combination thereof.

[0204] Clause 29. A communications device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0205] Clause 30. The communications device of clause 29, wherein the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure.

[0206] Clause 31. The communications device of clause 30, wherein the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof.

[0207] Clause 32. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 31, wherein the one or more actions comprise: receive, via the one or more transceivers, one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges; and validate or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values.

[0208] Clause 33. The communications device of clause 32, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: validate the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values; generate or updating a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model; detect a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model; and continue to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition.

[0209] Clause 34. The communications device of clause 33, wherein the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, outlier rejection, or any combination thereof.

[0210] Clause 35. The communications device of clause 34, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: generate or updating a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0211] Clause 36. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 35, wherein the one or more actions comprise: determine one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model; and apply, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

[0212] Clause 37. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 36, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: determine that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

[0213] Clause 38. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 37, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: determine that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

[0214] Clause 39. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 38, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information associated with the AIML model similarity group.

[0215] Clause 40. The communications device of clause 39, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

[0216] Clause 41. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 40, wherein the one or more actions comprise: execute the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0217] Clause 42. The communications device of clause 41, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model; select the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group; and execute the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0218] Clause 43. The communications device of clause 42, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA).

[0219] Clause 44. The communications device of any of clauses 41 to 43, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, an AIML model transition notification to another communications device.

[0220] Clause 45. The communications device of any of clauses 41 to 44, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter; select, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group; and execute the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0221] Clause 46. The communications device of clause 45, wherein the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group.

[0222] Clause 47. The communications device of any of clauses 45 to 46, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: generate combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO produced by the second respective AIML model; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the combined output information to another communications device.

[0223] Clause 48. The communications device of any of clauses 45 to 47, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models.

[0224] Clause 49. The communications device of any of clauses 45 to 48, wherein the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information.

[0225] Clause 50. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 49, wherein the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE).

[0226] Clause 51. The communications device of clause 50, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or transmit, via the one or more transceivers, first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmitting second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0227] Clause 52. The communications device of clause 51, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0228] Clause 53. The communications device of any of clauses 29 to 52, wherein the communications device corresponds to a network component.

[0229] Clause 54. The communications device of clause 53, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or receive, via the one or more transceivers, first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receiving second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0230] Clause 55. The communications device of clause 54, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0231] Clause 56. The communications device of any of clauses 53 to 55, wherein the network component corresponds to a sensing management function (SnMF), a location management function (LMF), a wireless network component, a server user equipment (UE), or a combination thereof.

[0232] Clause 57. A communications device, comprising: means for determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and means for performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0233] Clause 58. The communications device of clause 57, wherein the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure.

[0234] Clause 59. The communications device of clause 58, wherein the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof.

[0235] Clause 60. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 59, wherein the one or more actions comprise: means for receiving one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges; and means for validating or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values.

[0236] Clause 61. The communications device of clause 60, further comprising: means for validating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values; means for generating or updating a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model; means for detecting a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model; and means for continuing to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition.

[0237] Clause 62. The communications device of clause 61, wherein the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, outlier rejection, or any combination thereof.

[0238] Clause 63. The communications device of clause 62, further comprising: means for generating or updating a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group.

[0239] Clause 64. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 63, wherein the one or more actions comprise: means for determining one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model; and means for QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO applying, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

[0240] Clause 65. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 64, further comprising: means for determining that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

[0241] Clause 66. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 65, further comprising: means for determining that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

[0242] Clause 67. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 66, wherein the one or more actions comprise: means for transmitting, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information associated with the AIML model similarity group.

[0243] Clause 68. The communications device of clause 67, wherein the one or more actions comprise: means for transmitting, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or means for transmitting, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

[0244] Clause 69. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 68, wherein the one or more actions comprise: means for executing the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing.

[0245] Clause 70. The communications device of clause 69, further comprising: means for executing the first AIML model for inferencing; means for receiving a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model; means for selecting the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group; and means for executing the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0246] Clause 71. The communications device of clause 70, further comprising: means for receiving the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or means for receiving the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA).

[0247] Clause 72. The communications device of any of clauses 69 to 71, further comprising: means for executing the first AIML model for inferencing; means for transitioning from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing; and means for transmitting an AIML model transition notification to another communications device.

[0248] Clause 73. The communications device of any of clauses 69 to 72, further comprising: means for receiving a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter; means for selecting, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group; and means for executing the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0249] Clause 74. The communications device of clause 73, wherein the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group.

[0250] Clause 75. The communications device of any of clauses 73 to 74, further comprising: means for generating combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter produced by the second respective AIML model; and means for transmitting the combined output information to another communications device.

[0251] Clause 76. The communications device of any of clauses 73 to 75, further comprising: means for receiving the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or means for receiving the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or means for receiving the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0252] Clause 77. The communications device of any of clauses 73 to 76, wherein the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information.

[0253] Clause 78. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 77, wherein the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE).

[0254] Clause 79. The communications device of clause 78, further comprising: means for transmitting AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or means for transmitting first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmitting second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0255] Clause 80. The communications device of clause 79, further comprising: means for transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or means for transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0256] Clause 81. The communications device of any of clauses 57 to 80, wherein the communications device corresponds to a network component.

[0257] Clause 82. The communications device of clause 81, further comprising: means for receiving AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or means for receiving first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receiving second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0258] Clause 83. The communications device of clause 82, further comprising: means for receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or means for receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receiving the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0259] Clause 84. The communications device of any of clauses 81 to 83, wherein the network component corresponds to a sensing management function (SnMF), a location management function (LMF), a wireless network component, a server user equipment (UE), or a combination thereof.

[0260] Clause 85. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a communications device, cause the communications device to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

[0261] Clause 86. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 85, wherein the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure.

[0262] Clause 87. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 86, wherein the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof.

[0263] Clause 88. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 87, wherein the one or more actions comprise: receive one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges; and validate or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0264] Clause 89. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 88, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: validate the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values; generate or updating a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model; detect a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model; and continue to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition.

[0265] Clause 90. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 89, wherein the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, outlier rejection, or any combination thereof.

[0266] Clause 91. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 90, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: generate or updating a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group.

[0267] Clause 92. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 91, wherein the one or more actions comprise: determine one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model; and apply, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

[0268] Clause 93. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 92, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: determine that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

[0269] Clause 94. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 93, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: determine that the first QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

[0270] Clause 95. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 94, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information associated with the AIML model similarity group.

[0271] Clause 96. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 95, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or transmit, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

[0272] Clause 97. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 96, wherein the one or more actions comprise: execute the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing.

[0273] Clause 98. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 97, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; receive a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model; select the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group; and execute the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0274] Clause 99. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 98, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: receive the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or receive the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA).

[0275] Clause 100. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 97 to 99, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO communications device, cause the communications device to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing; and transmit an AIML model transition notification to another communications device.

[0276] Clause 101. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 97 to 100, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: receive a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter; select, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group; and execute the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection.

[0277] Clause 102. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 101, wherein the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group.

[0278] Clause 103. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 101 to 102, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: generate combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter produced by the second respective AIML model; and transmit the combined output information to another communications device.

[0279] Clause 104. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 101 to 103, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: receive the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or receive the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or receive the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models.

[0280] Clause 105. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 101 to 104, wherein the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO

[0281] Clause 106. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 105, wherein the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE).

[0282] Clause 107. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 106, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: transmit AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or transmit first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmitting second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0283] Clause 108. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 107, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: transmit the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or transmit the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0284] Clause 109. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 85 to 108, wherein the communications device corresponds to a network component.

[0285] Clause 110. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 109, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: receive AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or receive first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receiving second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

[0286] Clause 111. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of clause 110, further comprising computer-executable instructions that, when executed by the communications device, cause the communications device to: receive the AIML model similarity group QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or receive the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

[0287] Clause 112. The non-transitory computer-readable medium of any of clauses 109 to 111, wherein the network component corresponds to a sensing management function (SnMF), a location management function (LMF), a wireless network component, a server user equipment (UE), or a combination thereof.

[0288] Those of skill in the art will appreciate that information and signals may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the above description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.

[0289] Further, those of skill in the art will appreciate that the various illustrative logical blocks, modules, circuits, and algorithm steps described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented as electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations of both. To clearly illustrate this interchangeability of hardware and software, various illustrative components, blocks, modules, circuits, and steps have been described above generally in terms of their functionality. Whether such functionality is implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system. Skilled artisans may implement the described functionality in varying ways for each particular application, but such implementation decisions should not be interpreted as causing a departure from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0290] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules, and circuits described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), an ASIC, a field-programable gate array (FPGA), or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any conventional processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, for example, a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.

[0291] The methods, sequences and / or algorithms described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in random access memory (RAM), flash memory, read-only memory (ROM), erasable programmable ROM (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), registers, hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. An example storage medium is coupled to the processor such that the processor can read information from, and write information to, the storage medium. In the alternative, the storage medium may be integral to the processor. The processor and the storage medium may reside in an ASIC. The ASIC may reside in a user terminal (e.g., UE). In the alternative, the processor and the storage medium may reside as discrete components in a user terminal.

[0292] In one or more example aspects, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes both computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, and not limitation, such computer-readable media can comprise RAM, ROM, EEPROM, CD-ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium that can be used to carry or store desired program code in the form of instructions or data structures and that can be accessed by a computer. Also, any connection is properly termed a computer-readable medium. For example, if the software is transmitted from a website, server, or other remote source using a coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, digital subscriber line (DSL), or wireless technologies such as infrared, QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO radio, and microwave, then the coaxial cable, fiber optic cable, twisted pair, DSL, or wireless technologies such as infrared, radio, and microwave are included in the definition of medium. Disk and disc, as used herein, includes compact disc (CD), laser disc, optical disc, digital versatile disc (DVD), floppy disk and Blu-ray disc where disks usually reproduce data magnetically, while discs reproduce data optically with lasers. Combinations of the above should also be included within the scope of computer-readable media.

[0293] While the foregoing disclosure shows illustrative aspects of the disclosure, it should be noted that various changes and modifications could be made herein without departing from the scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims. For example, the functions, steps and / or actions of the method claims in accordance with the aspects of the disclosure described herein need not be performed in any particular order. Further, no component, function, action, or instruction described or claimed herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set,” “group,” and the like are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Also, as used herein, the terms “has,” “have,” “having,” “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” and the like does not preclude the presence of one or more additional elements (e.g., an element “having” A may also have B). Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based, at least in part, on” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or,” unless explicitly stated otherwise (e.g., if used in combination with “either” or “only one of”) or the alternatives are mutually exclusive (e.g., “one or more” should not be interpreted as “one and more”). Furthermore, although components, functions, actions, and instructions may be described or claimed in the singular, the plural is contemplated unless limitation to the singular is explicitly stated. Accordingly, as used herein, the articles “a,” “an,” “the,” and “said” are intended to include one or more of the stated elements. Additionally, as used herein, the terms “at least one” and “one or more” encompass “one” component, function, action, or instruction performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality and also “two or more” components, functions, actions, or instructions performing or capable of performing a described or claimed functionality in combination. QC2403136WO

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO [0294] CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A communications device, comprising: one or more memories; one or more transceivers; and one or more processors communicatively coupled to the one or more memories and the one or more transceivers, the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, configured to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

2. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the output parameter is associated with positioning of a user equipment (UE), sensing of a target object, a channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) procedure, or a beam management procedure.The communications device of claim 2, wherein the output parameter corresponds to a time of arrival (TOA) measurement, a reference signal timing difference (RSTD) measurement, a receive-transmit (Rx-Tx) measurement, a line of sight (LOS) probability, a reference signal received power (RSRP) measurement, a reference signal received path power (RSRPP) measurement, a received signal carrier phase (RSCP) measurement, a reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD) measurement, an angle of departure (AoD) measurement, an angle of arrival (AoA) measurement, a Doppler estimate, a velocity estimate, a location estimate or any combination thereof. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 4. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more actions comprise: receive, via the one or more transceivers, one or more output values for the output parameter that are produced by the first AIML model based on one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges; and validate or invalidating the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values.

5. The communications device of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: validate the AIML model similarity group based on the one or more output values; generate or updating a first metric based on first output values produced by the first AIML model; detect a transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model; and continue to generate or update the first metric based on second output values produced by the second AIML model after the transition.

6. The communications device of claim 5, wherein the first metric comprises a single likelihood distribution, an error distribution, a prior distribution, outlier rejection, or any combination thereof.

7. The communications device of claim 6, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: generate or updating a second likelihood or error distribution based on third output values produced by a third AIML model that does not belong to the AIML model similarity group.

8. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more actions comprise: determine one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model during a training phase of the first AIML model; and 79 QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO apply, to the second AIML model, the one or more weight adjustments for the first AIML model based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group.

9. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: determine that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group by inputting one or more input values for the set of input parameters in the set of input value ranges to the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, and determining that one or more corresponding output values for the output parameter are in the same output value range with at least a threshold probability.

10. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: determine that the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group based on at least one indication that is received from another communications device.

11. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to another communications device, at least one indication comprising information associated with the AIML model similarity group.

12. The communications device of claim 11, wherein the one or more actions comprise: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the another communications device, a first indication that indicates the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, belong to the AIML model similarity group, or QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO transmit, via the one or more transceivers, to the another communications device, a second indication that indicates an association between the AIML model similarity group and one or more measurements, or a combination thereof.

13. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the one or more actions comprise: execute the first AIML model, the second AIML model, or both, for inferencing.

14. The communications device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to transition from the first AIML model to a different AIML model; select the second AIML model in response to the request based on the first AIML model and the second AIML model belonging to the AIML model similarity group; and execute the second AIML model for inferencing in response to the selection.

15. The communications device of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request via downlink control information (DCI) or sidelink control information (SCI), or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request via medium access control command element (MAC-CE), or radio resource configuration (RRC), or Long Term Evolution (LTE) positioning protocol (LPP), or sidelink positioning protocol (SLPP) or New Radio Positioning Protocol A (NRPPA).

16. The communications device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: execute the first AIML model for inferencing; transition from the first AIML model to the second AIML model for inferencing; and QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO transmit, via the one or more transceivers, an AIML model transition notification to another communications device.

17. The communications device of claim 13, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, a request to execute multiple AIML models for inferencing in association with the same output parameter; select, in response to the request, a first respective AIML model from the AIML model similarity group and a second respective AIML model that is not in the AIML model similarity group; and execute the first and second respective AIML models for inferencing in response to the selection.

18. The communications device of claim 17, wherein the selecting selects at most one AIML model per AIML model similarity group.

19. The communications device of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: generate combined output information from first output values for the output parameter produced by the first respective AIML model and second output values for the output parameter produced by the second respective AIML model; and transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the combined output information to another communications device.

20. The communications device of claim 17, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to select AIML models from different AIML model similarity groups, or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to specifically select the first and second respective AIML models, or QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO receive, via the one or more transceivers, the request that requests the communications device to a specific number of AIML models.

21. The communications device of claim 17, wherein the selecting selects the first and second respective AIML models based on AIML model priority information.

22. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the communications device corresponds to a user equipment (UE).

23. The communications device of claim 22, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, AIML model similarity group capability information of the UE to a network component, or transmit, via the one or more transceivers, first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or transmitting second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

24. The communications device of claim 23, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or transmit, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or transmitting the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof. QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO 25. The communications device of claim 1, wherein the communications device corresponds to a network component.

26. The communications device of claim 25, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, AIML model similarity group capability information of a user equipment (UE), or receive, via the one or more transceivers, first information associated with a degree of uniqueness of an AIML model similarity group identifier of the AIML model similarity group to a network component, or receiving second information that indicates whether the AIML model similarity group is UE-specific or UE group-specific, or any combination thereof.

27. The communications device of claim 26, wherein the one or more processors, either alone or in combination, are further configured to: receive, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a first maximum number of AIML models supported by the UE per AIML model similarity group, or receive, via the one or more transceivers, the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a second maximum number of AIML similarity groups, or receiving the AIML model similarity group capability information comprising a third maximum number of AIML similarity groups per output parameter, or any combination thereof.

28. A method of operating a communications device, comprising: determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and QC2403136WOQualcomm Ref. No.2403136WO performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

29. A communications device, comprising: means for determining that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and means for performing one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination.

30. A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer-executable instructions that, when executed by a communications device, cause the communications device to: determine that a first artificial intelligence machine learning (AIML) model and a second AIML model belong to a AIML model similarity group that comprises AIML models that produce output values for an output parameter in the same output value range in response to, for a set of input parameters, input values in a respective set of input value ranges; and perform one or more actions associated with the first AIML model and the second AIML model based on the determination. QC2403136WO

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