Automated and recursive residual moveout generation
The use of Hilbert transforms and recursive algorithms for automated RMO picking in seismic tomography addresses the inefficiencies of conventional methods, enabling rapid and accurate flattening of CIGs, thereby enhancing the precision of subsurface velocity models.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/101892
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Conventional methods for automated residual moveout (RMO) picking in seismic tomography are sensitive to noise, require human intervention, and are computationally expensive, especially when dealing with poorly focused common-image gathers (CIGs) and low signal-to-noise ratios.
A computer-implemented method and system utilizing Hilbert transforms and recursive algorithms to generate autocorrelation coefficient matrices, dip vectors, and depth residuals for automated RMO picking, enabling efficient and accurate flattening of CIGs without human intervention.
The method significantly reduces computational complexity and time required for RMO picking, achieving rapid and accurate seismic tomography by autonomously flattening CIGs, thus improving the precision of subsurface velocity models.
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Figure CN2024101892_02012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
AUTOMATED AND RECURSIVE RESIDUAL MOVEOUT GENERATION
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] The present disclosure relates generally to seismic tomography, and, more particularly, to estimating residual moveouts in subsurface seismic scans.
[0003] BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0004] For oil and gas exploration, as well as a number of other sub-surface operations, non-invasive techniques can be utilized for modeling subterranean locations. Seismic tomography and seismic traveltimes are commonly used for the modeling and imaging of subterranean features. Seismic tomography can utilize seismic waves that travel through the Earth and are subsequently reflected or refracted when encountering structural, compositional, or thermal variations within the sampled area, sometimes referred to as “events” . To correctly place each of these events in their respective subterranean locations, an accurate subsurface velocity model can be generated and utilized. In order to ensure an accurate velocity model, migration techniques can be utilized to generate common-image gathers (CIGs) which consist of a plurality of subsurface images from different emission locations that are gathered at a common subsurface image point. These CIGs can be further processed to correctly align each variation within the model formed about the common subsurface image point.
[0005] One such method of correcting CIGs can involve the use of a residual moveout (RMO) , which can represent a precision or accuracy of the subsurface velocity model. The RMO can initially include varying locations or depths for the same event, which can be represented by curved RMO imaging. To ensure accuracy of the subsurface velocity model, the RMO can be evaluated based upon flatness of each event, thus denoting that errors due to varying emission locations have been corrected within the model. The depth shift of each RMO can be commonly estimated through a manual picking method that assumes parabolic or hyperbolic curvature for the RMO. In some cases, the “picked” RMOs can serve as inputs for the traveltime tomography algorithms, aiming to refine and enhance the subsurface velocity models via the estimated RMO depth shifts.
[0006] However, conventional picking methods, such as the manual picking method, rely upon human expertise and high-quality input data. As such, these conventional picking methods may be sensitive to proper noise reduction, artifact removal, lateral consistency, and broad coverage of the event within the CIG. While attempts have been made to automate these picking methods, conventionally automated picking methods can fail when encountering poorly focused CIGs and low signal-to-noise ratios. Thus, to reduce errors in seismic tomography, even automated picking methods can require human intervention while being costly in time, computational power, and labor.
[0007] Accordingly, efficient methods and systems for automated RMO picking and computation without human intervention are desirable to enable rapid and accurate seismic tomography analyses.
[0008] SUMMARY OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0009] Various details of the present disclosure are hereinafter summarized to provide a basic understanding. This summary is not an exhaustive overview of the disclosure and is neither intended to identify certain elements of the disclosure, nor to delineate the scope thereof. Rather, the primary purpose of this summary is to present some concepts of the disclosure in a simplified form prior to the more detailed description that is presented hereinafter.
[0010] According to an embodiment consistent with the present disclosure, a computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers includes receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors, generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in a Hilbert domain along each direction of the common-image gather, and generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices. The computer-implemented method further includes converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather, computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals, and flattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.
[0011] In another embodiment, a system for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers includes a common-image gather flattening engine, the common-image gather flattening engine including a Hilbert transform module operable to convert a common-image gather input into a Hilbert domain, a Hilbert autocorrelator module operable to receive the common-image gather input in the Hilbert domain and generate a plurality of autocorrelation coefficient matrices, a dip vector module operable to generate dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather input using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices, a depth residual conversion module operable to convert the dip vectors of consecutive horizontal points into depth residuals, a residual moveout estimator operable to compute a picked residual moveout of the common-image gather input using the depth residuals, and an image flattener operable to flatten the common-image gather input using the picked residual moveout.
[0012] In a further embodiment, a computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers includes receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors, generating a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather in a Hilbert domain at a current horizontal location along a depth of the common-image gather, generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in the Hilbert domain along each dimension of the common-image gather, and generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices. The computer-implemented method further includes defining a reference trace for the residual moveout corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof, converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather using the reference trace, computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals, and flattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.
[0013] Any combinations of the various embodiments and implementations disclosed herein can be used in a further embodiment, consistent with the disclosure. These and other aspects and features can be appreciated from the following description of certain embodiments presented herein in accordance with the disclosure and the accompanying drawings and claims.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0014] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example system for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 2 illustrates an example dip vector with projections on various surfaces, according to at least one embodiment consistent with the present disclosure.
[0016] FIG. 3 illustrates an example window stacking for recursive solutions via the recursive solver of FIG. 1, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0017] FIG. 4 illustrates example outputs of a 2D common-image gather following successive flattening operations, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 5 illustrates an example output of a simplified 3D common-image gather after one flattening operation, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0019] FIG. 6 illustrates an example output of a complex 3D common-image gather after one flattening operation, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0020] FIG. 7 illustrates a method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0021] FIG. 8 illustrates one example of a computer system that can be employed to execute one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0022] Embodiments of the present disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying Figures. Like elements in the various figures may be denoted by like reference numerals for consistency. Further, in the following detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure, numerous specific details are set forth in order to provide a more thorough understanding of the claimed subject matter. However, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments disclosed herein may be practiced without these specific details. In other instances, well-known features have not been described in detail to avoid unnecessarily complicating the description. Additionally, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the scale of the elements presented in the accompanying Figures may vary without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.
[0023] Embodiments in accordance with the present disclosure generally relate to seismic tomography, and, more particularly, to estimating residual moveouts in subsurface seismic scans. Embodiments disclosed herein include systems and methods for the computation of residual moveout (RMO) in common-image gathers (CIGs) , such that the CIGs can be autonomously and efficiently flattened. The systems and methods disclosed herein can utilize Hilbert transforms and Hilbert autocorrelation coefficient matrices to compute the dip vectors for the CIGs. The Hilbert autocorrelation coefficient matrices can be calculated in an efficient manner utilizing a recursive algorithm for solving stacked windows within the CIGs. The use of the recursive algorithm can enable a reduction in the magnitude of the complexity for the autocorrelation coefficient matrices solution, such that these calculations can be performed efficiently and quickly. The systems and methods disclosed herein can flatten CIGs and pick RMOs without human intervention, and can perform flattening operations in a single iteration, thus further reducing computational, time, and labor costs for seismic topography operations.
[0024] FIG. 1 is a schematic view of an example system 100 for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The system 100 can receive the common-image gather input 102 from a user input, or can be received automatically during seismic testing. In some embodiments, the common-image gather input 102 can further include an initial RMO, and various dimensional attributes selected from the group consisting of an incident angle, a surface offset, a shot index, a plane-wave index, or any combination thereof, without departing from the scope of this disclosure. The system 100 can include a common-image gather flattening engine 104 operable to receive common-image gather input 102 and perform flattening operations using picked RMOs to produce corrected CIGs.
[0025] The common-image gather flattening engine 104 can include a Hilbert transform module 106, operable to generate a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather input 102. The Hilbert transform module 106 can convert the common-image gather input 102 into the Hilbert domain for further computation and flattening operations. In some embodiments, the common-image gather input 102 can be represented as I(z, hx, hy) , wherein z represents the depth direction of the common-image gather input 102, and hx, hy represent one or more chosen directional attributes in the horizontal plane. The directional attributes can be dependent upon a type of CIG input with common-image gather input 102. In a non-limiting example, a surface offset-domain CIG can include a surface offset in the inline and crossline directions as hx, hy. Using the Hilbert transform module 106, the common-image gather input 102 can be converted to a Hilbert transform result Id (z, hx, hy) for use in further computation.
[0026] The common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include a Hilbert autocorrelator module 108, operable to receive the Hilbert transform result and generate autocorrelation matrices Mz, for each direction z, hx, hy. Each autocorrelation matrixMz, can include a size equivalent to the size of common-image gather input 102. As such, the matrix values can be calculated for each point of the common-image gather input 102 individually, using:
[0027] In the above equations, the denotes a conjugate operation applied to the Hilbert transform result, while why, whx and wz denote window lengths centered at point (zi, hxj, hyk) along each of the z, hx, hy directions, respectively. The window lengths why, whx and wz can be chosen by an operator or autonomously determined, such that signals within the defined window lengths are approximated to be linear. As such, a shorter window length can introduce noise into the resulting dip vector, while a longer window length can decrease the resolution of the dip vector. Accordingly, the choice of an appropriate window length why, whx and wz can represent a trade-off between noise and resolution. The Hilbert autocorrelator module 108 can calculate the full matrices Mz, via the above equations, such that a value is generated for each matrix at each point of common-image gather input 102.
[0028] Traditional computation of each of the matrices Mz, can be time-consuming and computationally expensive when used in window stacking algorithms, as the complexity of solution is on the order of the sample number squared, wherein the sample number is the number of points in a specified direction. However, the Hilbert autocorrelator module 108 can include a recursive solver 110 that can enable rapid, efficient solving of the window stacking algorithm. For each window defined with lengths why, whx and wz, subsequent windows can be seen to introduce one new point while removing one previous point from the calculation, as may be better illustrated in FIG. 3. As such, the recursive solver 110 can perform a first calculation including all points in a first window, after which each subsequent window can utilize only a single addition and a single subtraction to yield the new value. Accordingly, the complexity of the solution can be reduced to an order of the sample number, rather than the original sample number squared. This reduction in solution complexity can be attributed to the recursive solver 110, and can significantly increase efficiency and solution speed within Hilbert autocorrelator module 108, and reduce the number of computational resources and memory requirements.
[0029] Common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include dip vector module 112 operable to compute a dip vector at each point of common-image gather input 102. The dip vectors computed at each point can be determined via the use of an x-directional and y-directional angle. The x-directional angle, θx, and the y-directional angle, θy, can be computed using:
[0030] In the above equations, can denote an operator for computing the angle of a complex matrix, while ε can denote a scalar for stabilization. Using the above equations, the dip vector module 112 can calculate the dip vector (θx, θy) at each point of the common-image gather input 102. Further visualization of the dip vector and the z-and y-directional angles can be seen in FIG. 2 below.
[0031] The common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include a depth residual conversion module 114 operable to convert the dip vectors to depth residuals between consecutive horizontal locations. The depth residuals can be denoted as D(z, hx, hy) , and can represent the difference between the dip vectors at two consecutive horizontal locations within common-image gather input 102.
[0032] While the depth residuals can be utilized in the generation of the picked RMO, the common-image gather flattening engine 104 can necessitate a reference trace for the picked RMO as an initial condition or zero-value. As such, depth residual conversion module 114 can further include reference tracer 116 that can utilize user input or automatic control to define the reference trace for the picked RMO. In some embodiments, the reference trace can correspond to a zero-incident angle or a zero-offset value, and can be utilized as an integration point in further calculations.
[0033] The common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include a residual moveout estimator 118 operable to generate a picked RMO using the previously-generated depth residuals and reference trace. The residual moveout estimator 118 can calculate the picked RMO using:
[0034] In the above equation, the residual moveout estimator 118 can generate the picked RMO for the desired point using integration of the depth residuals between the reference trace (xo, yo) and the target location (hx, hy) . The generated picked RMO can be further utilized in the flattening of common-image gather input 102 within common-image gather flattening engine 104. As such, the common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include image flattener 120 operable to flatten common-image gather input 102 using the generated picked RMO from residual moveout estimator 118. In some embodiments, the combination of all generated picked RMO values at each target location can flatten the common-image gather input 102 within the image flattener 120. In these embodiments, a magnitude of the RMO values at each location is utilized in shifting each sample of the common-image gather input 102 to a flattened state.
[0035] In some embodiments, the common-image gather flattening engine 104 can further include a flatness decision module 122 operable to determine if the flattened CIG is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness. The flatness decision module 122 can utilize the pre-defined threshold of flatness to determine whether further flattening within common-image gather flattening engine 104 is necessary, or whether the flattened CIG is sufficiently flattened for further use. In some embodiments, the flatness decision module 122 can determine an L2 norm for each dip vector of the flattened CIG, which should approach zero for a flattened CIG. In these embodiments, if the L2 norm increases between iterations, or if the greatest L2 norm of the dip vectors is less than a pre-defined threshold of flatness, the flattened CIG can be considered sufficiently flattened. In alternate embodiments, the flatness decision module 122 can utilize a zero-lag cross-correlation to determine a similarity between the current flattened CIG and the reference trace defined by reference tracer 116. In these embodiments, an average similarity value can be calculated and used as a metric for flatness within the flattened CIG. As the flattened CIG continues to flatten, the similarity to the reference trace can approach 100%, and thus the flatness decision module 122 can consider the flattened CIG as sufficiently flattened when crossing a pre-defined threshold for flatness, such as 95%similarity to the reference trace as a non-limiting example.
[0036] The module 122 can use objective criteria to determine requisite flatness that remove subjectivity of human operators and provide for more uniform and reliable decisions relating to the data used. In embodiments wherein the flattened CIGs necessitate further iterations within common-image gather flattening engine 104, the flattened CIG can be utilized as common-image gather input 102, and the system 100 can further flatten the previous result. In further embodiments wherein the flattened CIG is within the pre-defined threshold of flatness, the flattened CIG can be provided to output module 124 of the common-image gather flattening engine 104. The output module 124 can output the flattened CIG to any internal or external device connected to the system 100, as well as any RMO values, depth residuals, or other intermediate results. In some embodiments, the system 100 can further include connected display 126 in communication with common-image gather flattening engine 104, such that the connected display 126 can receive the flattened CIG and visualize the results for an operator.
[0037] Through the use of the system 100 and the common-image gather flattening engine 104, common-image gather inputs 102 can be flattened through autonomous RMO picking, Hilbert domain operations, and recursive solutions. The common-image gather flattening engine 104 can enable rapid, efficient flattening of the common-image gather input 102, such that solution complexity and runtime are reduced without impairing accuracy of the flattening process. When compared to conventional systems, the system 100 can further reduce a number of iterations required to flatten common-image gather input 102 within a pre-defined threshold of flatness, such that the entire flattening process can be further accelerated.
[0038] FIG. 2 illustrates an example dip vector 200 with projections on various surfaces, according to at least one embodiment consistent with the present disclosure. The dip vector 200 can be seen on a coordinate system 202 that is in the (z, hx, hy) domain and, as shown, can be at an exemplary location at the (i, j, k) point within the common-image gather input 102 of FIG. 1. The dip vector 200 can be found using an x-direction projection 204 and y-direction projection 206 of the event dip direction against the z axis 208. The x-direction projection 204 and y-direction projection 206 can be formed using the x-direction angle 210 and y-direction angle 212, respectively, which can be further represented as θx and θy as discussed in the description of FIG. 1.
[0039] The x-direction angle 210 and y-direction angle 212 can be calculated as discussed above, and the x-direction projection 204 and y-direction projection 206 can be projected onto the z axis 208 to display the event dip direction on each surface. The x-direction angle 210 and y-direction angle 212 can be further utilized to generate dip vector 200, as discussed above, such that dip vector 200 displays the event dip direction of at the location of (zi, hxj, hyk) within the common-image gather input 102 of FIG. 1. The dip vector 200 can be further utilized in the calculation of the depth residuals, such that the difference between the dip vector 200 at the current point and a dip vector of a subsequent point can represent the depth residual. In this way, the difference in dip angle and magnitude can be quantified and assessed as indicators of curvature to be flattened within the common-image gather input 102 of FIG. 1.
[0040] FIG. 3 illustrates an example window stacking diagram 300 for recursive solutions via the recursive solver 110 of FIG. 1, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The window stacking diagram 300 illustrates a first window 302 and a subsequent window 304 within the common-image gather input 102 of FIG. 1. Each of the first window 302 and subsequent window 304 include a plurality of points, defined by the window widths why, whx and wz. In the illustrated embodiment, the window stacking diagram 300 depicts a window in the z-direction, such that the width wz defines the number of points to be included within each of the first window 302 and subsequent window 304.
[0041] The recursive solution process can be visualized in the window stacking diagram 300, as the common points 306 between the first window 302 and subsequent window 304 can be seen to be identical. As shown in the illustrated embodiment, the first window 302 includes the common points 306, as well as a first omitted point 308 that does not reside in the common points 306. Similarly, the subsequent window 304 includes the common points 306, as well as a new point 310 not included in the common points 306. As such, the calculations discussed above for Mz can be performed for the first window 302 in the normal manner discussed above. However, for the subsequent window 304 and any further windows, the value of Mz can be equal to the value of Mz for the previous window minus the value at the omitted point 308 and plus the value at the new point 310. In this way, rather than the summations discussed above, the subsequent windows 304 can be calculated with two simple arithmetic operations as the matrix Mz is assembled.
[0042] FIG. 4 illustrates example outputs of a 2D common-image gather 400 following successive flattening operations, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The 2D common-image gather 400 can be seen as a shot index common-image gather, thus the illustrated plots can include shot index as an x-axis and depth as a y-axis. In the 2D common-image gather 400, the plotted lines can be seen to curve upwards in depth as the shot index increases, thus depicting the curvature in an example common-image gather input 102. However, after a first flattening operation, a first result 402 can be seen in FIG. 4, wherein a majority of the curvature present in the 2D common-image gather 400 is shown as flattened.
[0043] It can be seen, however, that a curvature is still present at an extreme of the shot index, indicating that further flattening operations can be beneficial. As such, FIG. 4 further depicts a second result 404 and third result 406 after further successive flattening operations. As discussed above, the system 100 of FIG. 1 can produce results within a pre-defined threshold of flatness within a single iteration. As seen in the second result 404, the further flattening operation has only slightly flattened the first result 402, particularly at lower values of the depth, while some curvature remains at the deepest depth and largest shot index. The third result 406 can be seen to have less differences when compared to the first result 402 and second result 404. Accordingly, the diminishing returns in subsequent flattening operation outputs show the rapid convergence using the disclosed system 100 of FIG. 1, such that a single flattening operation can be sufficient to flatten a 2D common-image gather 400.
[0044] FIG. 5 illustrates an example output of a simplified 3D common-image gather 500 after one flattening operation, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The simplified 3D common-image gather 500 depicts a simple hyperbola within the CIG in a 3D domain. The simplified 3D common-image gather 500 can be input as the common-image gather input 102 for the system 100 of FIG. 1, and an RMO result 502 and a flattened simple result 504 can be seen output in FIG. 5. Using the magnitudes of the RMO result 502, the simplified 3D common-image gather 500 can be flattened by a proportional amount. The flattened simple result 504 can be seen to have flattened the simplified 3D common-image gather 500, such that little-to-no curvature remains in the flattened simple result 504. The depth of the events has been corrected in flattened simple result 504, and the flatness can indicate a properly picked RMO result 502.
[0045] FIG. 6 illustrates an example output of a complex 3D common-image gather 600 after one flattening operation, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The complex 3D common-image gather 600 depicts a complex CIG with a plurality of events and background noise present in a 3D domain. The complex 3D common-image gather 600 can be used as the common-image gather input 102 for the system 100 of FIG. 1, such that a complex RMO result 602 and a flattened complex result 604 can be output from the system 100. Using the magnitudes of the complex RMO result 602, the complex 3D common-image gather 600 can be flattened by a proportional amount. The flattened complex result 604 can be seen to eliminate curvature for the plurality of events while correcting the depths thereof. The flattened complex result 604 includes a flatness that can be within the pre-defined threshold of flatness, such that the complex RMO result 602 can be considered properly chosen.
[0046] In view of the structural and functional features described above, example methods will be better appreciated with reference to FIG. 7. While, for purposes of simplicity of explanation, the example methods of FIG. 7 are shown and described as executing serially, it is to be understood and appreciated that the present examples are not limited by the illustrated order, as some actions could in other examples occur in different orders, multiple times and / or concurrently from that shown and described herein. Moreover, it is not necessary that all described actions be performed to implement the methods, and conversely, some actions may be performed that are omitted from the description.
[0047] FIG. 7 illustrates a method 700 for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, according to one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. The method 700 can be implemented by the system 100, as shown in FIG. 1. As such, reference may be made to the examples of FIG. 1 in the description of the method 700. The method 700 can begin at 702 with receiving a common-image gather input (e.g., the common-image gather input 102) within a system (e.g., the system 100) . The common-image gather input can include data related to depth, events, dimensional attributes, and any additional seismic information commonly collected. In some embodiments, the common-image gather input can include curvature therein, such that flattening operations are necessitated.
[0048] The method 700 can continue at 704 with generating a Hilbert transform along a depth of the common-image gather input. In some embodiments, a Hilbert transform module (e.g., the Hilbert transform module 106) of the system can generate the Hilbert transform, thus converting the common-image gather input into the Hilbert domain for further operations. In some embodiments, the Hilbert transform can be performed using one or more dimensional attributes selected from the group consisting of an incident angle, a surface offset, a shot index, a plane-wave index, or any combination thereof.
[0049] The method 700 can continue at 706 with generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in the Hilbert domain, such that the autocorrelation coefficient matrices can be utilized in further calculations. In some embodiments, a Hilbert autocorrelator module (e.g., the Hilbert autocorrelator module 108) can generate the autocorrelation coefficient matrices for the common-image gather input using the equations disclosed in the discussion of FIG. 1. In further embodiments, a recursive solver (e.g., the recursive solver 110) can generate the autocorrelation coefficient matrices using a recursive algorithm with windowed stacking, such that the complexity of calculations for the autocorrelation coefficient matrices are significantly reduced (e.g., from O (N2) to O (N) , wherein N is the number of points in each direction) .
[0050] The method 700 can continue at 708 with generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather input, wherein the dip vectors can be calculated using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices previously generated. In some embodiments, a dip vector module (e.g., the dip vector module 112) of the system can generate the dip vectors using a complex matrix angle operator and a stabilization scalar, as disclosed above in the discussion of FIG. 1. The dip vectors can be found using angles in the horizontal plane, such that an x-direction angle and a y-direction angle, θx and θy, can be utilized in generating the dip vectors.
[0051] In some embodiments, the method 700 can continue at 710 with defining a reference trace for the RMO of the common-image gather input, such that an initial point can be defined for further integration and calculation. In these embodiments, a reference tracer (e.g., the reference tracer 116) can generate the reference trace using a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof. The method 700 can continue at 712 with converting the dip vectors generated at 708 into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather input. The conversion of the dip vectors into depth residuals at 712 can represent a difference between the dip vectors at two consecutive points, thus defining a curvature or depth offset between the two points. In some embodiments, a depth residual conversion module (e.g., the depth residual conversion module 114) can convert the dip vectors into the depth residuals, and can further include the reference tracer of 710 therein.
[0052] The method 700 can continue at 714 with computing a picked RMO for the common-image gather input, using both the depth residuals and the reference trace previously generated. In some embodiments, the residual moveout estimator (e.g., the residual moveout estimator 118) can generate the picked RMO using integration of the depth residuals between a target point and the reference trace. The method 700 can continue at 716 with flattening the common-image gather input via the picked RMO from 714, such that a flattened result can be generated. In some embodiments, an image flattener (e.g., the image flattener 120) can flatten the common-image gather input using the picked RMO.
[0053] Following flattening of the common-image gather input at 718, the method 700 can continue at 720 with determining if the flattened CIG is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness. In some embodiments, a flatness decision module (e.g., the flatness decision module 122) of the system can analyze and compare the flattened CIG to the pre-defined threshold of flatness to determine if further iterations are desirable to further flatten the output. In some embodiments, the method 700 can continue at 702 with receiving the flattened CIG as a common-image gather input to the method 700, such that further flattening operations can be performed. In further embodiments, however, if the flattened CIG is determined to be within the flatness threshold at 718, the method 700 can continue at 720 with outputting the flattened CIG. In these embodiments, an output module (e.g., the output module 124) of the system can post-process the flattened CIG, and can output a visualization to a connected display (e.g., the connected display 126) for viewing by an operator. In these embodiments, the outputting at 720 can further include any interim results, the picked RMO, the dip vectors, depth residuals, and any other results generated within the method 700.
[0054] In view of the foregoing structural and functional description, those skilled in the art will appreciate that portions of the embodiments may be embodied as a method, data processing system, or computer program product. Accordingly, these portions of the present embodiments may take the form of an entirely hardware embodiment, an entirely software embodiment, or an embodiment combining software and hardware, such as shown and described with respect to the computer system of FIG. 8. Furthermore, portions of the embodiments may be a computer program product on a computer-readable storage medium having computer readable program code on the medium. Any non-transitory, tangible storage media possessing structure may be utilized including, but not limited to, static and dynamic storage devices, volatile and non-volatile memories, hard disks, optical storage devices, and magnetic storage devices, but excludes any medium that is not eligible for patent protection under 35 U.S.C. § 101 (such as a propagating electrical or electromagnetic signals per se) . As an example and not by way of limitation, computer-readable storage media may include a semiconductor-based circuit or device or other IC (such, as for example, a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or an ASIC) , a hard disk, an HDD, a hybrid hard drive (HHD) , an optical disc, an optical disc drive (ODD) , a magneto-optical disc, a magneto-optical drive, a floppy disk, a floppy disk drive (FDD) , magnetic tape, a holographic storage medium, a solid-state drive (SSD) , a RAM-drive, a SECURE DIGITAL card, a SECURE DIGITAL drive, or another suitable computer-readable storage medium or a combination of two or more of these, where appropriate. A computer-readable non-transitory storage medium may be volatile, nonvolatile, or a combination of volatile and non-volatile, as appropriate.
[0055] Certain embodiments have also been described herein with reference to block illustrations of methods, systems, and computer program products. It will be understood that blocks and / or combinations of blocks in the illustrations, as well as methods or steps or acts or processes described herein, can be implemented by a computer program comprising a routine of set instructions stored in a machine-readable storage medium as described herein. These instructions may be provided to one or more processors of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus (or a combination of devices and circuits) to produce a machine, such that the instructions of the machine, when executed by the processor, implement the functions specified in the block or blocks, or in the acts, steps, methods and processes described herein.
[0056] These processor-executable instructions may also be stored in computer-readable memory that can direct a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to function in a particular manner, such that the instructions stored in the computer-readable memory result in an article of manufacture including instructions which implement the function specified. The computer program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer or other programmable data processing apparatus to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer or other programmable apparatus to realize a computer implemented process such that the instructions which execute on the computer or other programmable apparatus provide steps for implementing the functions specified in flowchart blocks that may be described herein.
[0057] In this regard, FIG. 8 illustrates one example of a computer system 800 that can be employed to execute one or more embodiments of the present disclosure. Computer system 800 can be implemented on one or more general purpose networked computer systems, embedded computer systems, routers, switches, server devices, client devices, various intermediate devices / nodes or standalone computer systems. Additionally, computer system 800 can be implemented on various mobile clients such as, for example, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , laptop computer, pager, and the like, provided it includes sufficient processing capabilities.
[0058] Computer system 800 includes processing unit 802, system memory 804, and system bus 806 that couples various system components, including the system memory 804, to processing unit 802. System memory 804 can include volatile (e.g. RAM, DRAM, SDRAM, Double Data Rate (DDR) RAM, etc. ) and non-volatile (e.g. Flash, NAND, etc. ) memory. Dual microprocessors and other multi-processor architectures also can be used as processing unit 802. System bus 806 may be any of several types of bus structure including a memory bus or memory controller, a peripheral bus, and a local bus using any of a variety of bus architectures. System memory 804 includes read only memory (ROM) 808 and random access memory (RAM) 810. A basic input / output system (BIOS) 812 can reside in ROM 808 containing the basic routines that help to transfer information among elements within computer system 800.
[0059] Computer system 800 can include a hard disk drive 814, magnetic disk drive 816, e.g., to read from or write to removable disk 818, and an optical disk drive 820, e.g., for reading CD-ROM disk 822 or to read from or write to other optical media. Hard disk drive 814, magnetic disk drive 816, and optical disk drive 820 are connected to system bus 806 by a hard disk drive interface 824, a magnetic disk drive interface 826, and an optical drive interface 828, respectively. The drives and associated computer-readable media provide nonvolatile storage of data, data structures, and computer-executable instructions for computer system 800. Although the description of computer-readable media above refers to a hard disk, a removable magnetic disk and a CD, other types of media that are readable by a computer, such as magnetic cassettes, flash memory cards, digital video disks and the like, in a variety of forms, may also be used in the operating environment; further, any such media may contain computer-executable instructions for implementing one or more parts of embodiments shown and described herein.
[0060] A number of program modules may be stored in drives and ROM 808, including operating system 830, one or more application programs 832, other program modules 834, and program data 836. In some examples, the application programs 832 can include the common-image gather flattening engine 104, Hilbert transform module 106, Hilbert autocorrelator module 108, recursive solver 110, dip vector module 112, depth residual conversion module 114, reference tracer 116, residual moveout estimator 118, image flattener 120, flatness decision module 122, and output module 124, and the program data 836 can include any of the successive flattened common-image gathers, the autocorrelation matrices, the recursive solution windows, the RMO reference, the flatness threshold, and any combination thereof. The application programs 832 and program data 836 can include functions and methods programmed to automatically and efficiently compute RMOs for CIGs and to flatten CIGs for seismic tomography modeling, such as shown and described herein.
[0061] A user may enter commands and information into computer system 800 through one or more input device 838, such as a pointing device (e.g., a mouse, touch screen) , keyboard, microphone, joystick, game pad, scanner, and the like. For instance, the user can employ input device 838 to edit or modify the common-image gather input 102, the flatness threshold, the reference RMO, and any combination thereof. These and other input devices 838 are often connected to processing unit 802 through a corresponding port interface 840 that is coupled to the system bus, but may be connected by other interfaces, such as a parallel port, serial port, or universal serial bus (USB) . One or more output devices 842 (e.g., display, a monitor, printer, projector, or other type of displaying device) is also connected to system bus 806 via interface 844, such as a video adapter.
[0062] Computer system 800 may operate in a networked environment using logical connections to one or more remote computers, such as remote computer 846. Remote computer 846 may be a workstation, computer system, router, peer device, or other common network node, and typically includes many or all the elements described relative to computer system 800. The logical connections, schematically indicated at 848, can include a local area network (LAN) and / or a wide area network (WAN) , or a combination of these, and can be in a cloud-type architecture, for example configured as private clouds, public clouds, hybrid clouds, and multi-clouds. When used in a LAN networking environment, computer system 800 can be connected to the local network through a network interface or adapter 850. When used in a WAN networking environment, computer system 800 can include a modem, or can be connected to a communications server on the LAN. The modem, which may be internal or external, can be connected to system bus 806 via an appropriate port interface. In a networked environment, application programs 832 or program data 836 depicted relative to computer system 800, or portions thereof, may be stored in a remote memory storage device 852.
[0063] Embodiments disclosed herein include:
[0064] A. A computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the method including receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors, generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in a Hilbert domain along each direction of the common-image gather, generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices, converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather, computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals, and flattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.
[0065] B. A system for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the system including a common-image gather flattening engine, the common-image gather flattening engine including a Hilbert transform module operable to convert a common-image gather input into a Hilbert domain, a Hilbert autocorrelator module operable to receive the common-image gather input in the Hilbert domain and generate a plurality of autocorrelation coefficient matrices, a dip vector module operable to generate dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather input using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices, a depth residual conversion module operable to convert the dip vectors of consecutive horizontal points into depth residuals, a residual moveout estimator operable to compute a picked residual moveout of the common-image gather input using the depth residuals, and an image flattener operable to flatten the common-image gather input using the picked residual moveout.
[0066] C. A computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the method including receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors, generating a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather in a Hilbert domain at a current horizontal location along a depth of the common-image gather, generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in the Hilbert domain along each dimension of the common-image gather, generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices, defining a reference trace for the residual moveout corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof, converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather using the reference trace, computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals, and flattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.
[0067] Each of embodiments A through C may have one or more of the following additional elements in any combination: Element 1: further comprising: generating a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather at a current horizontal location along a depth of the common-image gather prior to generating the autocorrelation coefficient matrices. Element 2: wherein the Hilbert transform is performed using one or more dimensional attributes selected from the group consisting of an incident angle, a surface offset, a shot index, a plane-wave index, or any combination thereof. Element 3: further comprising: defining a reference trace for the residual moveout corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof, prior to converting the dip vectors into depth residuals. Element 4 wherein the autocorrelation coefficient matrices are generated via a recursive algorithm and windowed stacking. Element 5: further comprising determining if the common-image gather is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness after flattening. Element 6: further comprising receiving the common-image gather after flattening as the input if the common-image gather is not within pre-defined threshold of flatness. Element 7: further comprising outputting a flattened common-image gather determined to be within the pre-defined threshold of flatness. Element 8: wherein the dip vectors are further generated using a complex matrix angle operator and a stabilization scalar.
[0068] Element 9: wherein the computer-implemented method is performed without human intervention or manual editing of the common-image gather or any residual moveout. Element 10: wherein the Hilbert autocorrelator module further includes a recursive solver operable to perform window stacking integrations with a recursive algorithm. Element 11: wherein the depth residual conversion module further includes a reference tracer operable to define a reference trace for the picked residual moveout. Element 12: wherein the reference tracer defines the reference trace corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof. Element 13: further comprising a flatness decision module operable to determine if a flattened common-image gather is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness. Element 14: further comprising an output module operable to output the flattened common-image gather within the pre-defined threshold of flatness. Element 15: further comprising a connected display in communication with the output module, the connected display operable to visualize the common-image gather input, the picked residual moveout, the flattened common-image gather, or any combination thereof. Element 16: further comprising determining if the common-image gather is within a flatness tolerance after flattening. Element 17: further comprising receiving the common-image gather after flattening as the input if the common-image gather is not within the flatness tolerance.
[0069] By way of non-limiting example, exemplary combinations applicable to A through C include: Element 1 with Element 2; Element 5 with Element 6; Element 6 with Element 7; Element 11 with Element 12; Element 13 with Element 14; Element 14 with Element 15; and Element 16 with Element 17.
[0070] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the invention. As used herein, for example, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “contains” , “containing” , “includes” , “including, ” “comprises” , and / or “comprising, ” and variations thereof, when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and / or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and / or groups thereof.
[0071] Terms of orientation used herein are merely for purposes of convention and referencing and are not to be construed as limiting. However, it is recognized these terms could be used with reference to an operator or user. Accordingly, no limitations are implied or to be inferred. In addition, the use of ordinal numbers (e.g., first, second, third, etc. ) is for distinction and not counting. For example, the use of “third” does not imply there must be a corresponding “first” or “second. ” Also, if used herein, the terms “coupled” or “coupled to” or “connected” or “connected to” or “attached” or “attached to” may indicate establishing either a direct or indirect connection, and is not limited to either unless expressly referenced as such.
[0072] While the disclosure has described several exemplary embodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes can be made, and equivalents can be substituted for elements thereof, without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. In addition, many modifications will be appreciated by those skilled in the art to adapt a particular instrument, situation, or material to embodiments of the disclosure without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, or to the best mode contemplated for carrying out this invention, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims. Moreover, reference in the appended claims to an apparatus or system or a component of an apparatus or system being adapted to, arranged to, capable of, configured to, enabled to, operable to, or operative to perform a particular function encompasses that apparatus, system, or component, whether or not it or that particular function is activated, turned on, or unlocked, as long as that apparatus, system, or component is so adapted, arranged, capable, configured, enabled, operable, or operative.
Claims
1.A computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the method comprising:receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors;generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in a Hilbert domain along each direction of the common-image gather;generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices;converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather;computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals; andflattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.2.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:generating a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather at a current horizontal location along a depth of the common-image gather prior to generating the autocorrelation coefficient matrices.3.The computer-implemented method of claim 2, wherein the Hilbert transform is performed using one or more dimensional attributes selected from the group consisting of an incident angle, a surface offset, a shot index, a plane-wave index, or any combination thereof.4.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising:defining a reference trace for the residual moveout corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof, prior to converting the dip vectors into depth residuals.5.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the autocorrelation coefficient matrices are generated via a recursive algorithm and windowed stacking.6.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, further comprising determining if the common-image gather is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness after flattening.7.The computer-implemented method of claim 6, further comprising receiving the common-image gather after flattening as the input if the common-image gather is not within pre-defined threshold of flatness.8.The computer-implemented method of claim 7, further comprising outputting a flattened common-image gather determined to be within the pre-defined threshold of flatness.9.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the dip vectors are further generated using a complex matrix angle operator and a stabilization scalar.10.The computer-implemented method of claim 1, wherein the computer-implemented method is performed without human intervention or manual editing of the common-image gather or any residual moveouts.11.A system for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the system comprising:a common-image gather flattening engine, the common-image gather flattening engine including:a Hilbert transform module operable to convert a common-image gather input into a Hilbert domain;a Hilbert autocorrelator module operable to receive the common-image gather input in the Hilbert domain and generate a plurality of autocorrelation coefficient matrices;a dip vector module operable to generate dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather input using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices;a depth residual conversion module operable to convert the dip vectors of consecutive horizontal points into depth residuals;a residual moveout estimator operable to compute a picked residual moveout of the common-image gather input using the depth residuals; andan image flattener operable to flatten the common-image gather input using the picked residual moveout.12.The system of claim 11, wherein the Hilbert autocorrelator module further includes a recursive solver operable to perform window stacking integrations with a recursive algorithm.13.The system of claim 11, wherein the depth residual conversion module further includes a reference tracer operable to define a reference trace for the picked residual moveout.14.The system of claim 13, wherein the reference tracer defines the reference trace corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof.15.The system of claim 11, further comprising a flatness decision module operable to determine if a flattened common-image gather is within a pre-defined threshold of flatness.16.The system of claim 15, further comprising an output module operable to output the flattened common-image gather within the pre-defined threshold of flatness.17.The system of claim 16, further comprising a connected display in communication with the output module, the connected display operable to visualize the common-image gather input, the picked residual moveout, the flattened common-image gather, or any combination thereof.18.A computer-implemented method for automated computation of residual moveout in common-image gathers, the method comprising:receiving a common-image gather as an input including one or more curved events representing residual moveout errors;generating a Hilbert transform of the common-image gather in a Hilbert domain at a current horizontal location along a depth of the common-image gather;generating autocorrelation coefficient matrices in the Hilbert domain along each dimension of the common-image gather;generating dip vectors for each point of the common-image gather using the autocorrelation coefficient matrices;defining a reference trace for the residual moveout corresponding to a zero incident angle, a zero offset, or a combination thereof;converting the dip vectors into depth residuals between two consecutive horizontal points of the common-image gather using the reference trace;computing a picked residual moveout of the common image gather using the depth residuals; andflattening the common-image gather using the picked residual moveout.19.The computer-implemented method of claim 18, further comprising determining if the common-image gather is within a flatness tolerance after flattening.20.The computer-implemented method of claim 19, further comprising receiving the common-image gather after flattening as the input if the common-image gather is not within the flatness tolerance.
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