Peptides for single site selective modification and uses thereof
Tag peptides with SH or TH motifs enable precise, single-site modification of serine and threonine residues in proteins, addressing inefficiencies in current methods and facilitating the development of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/102012
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for selectively modifying serine and threonine residues in proteins are inefficient and non-specific, leading to heterogeneous protein constructs, limiting their application in research and therapeutic developments.
The use of tag peptides comprising Serine-Histidine (SH) or Threonine-Histidine (TH) motifs that selectively bind to phenylboronic acid-containing compounds in the presence of Cu2+, allowing for highly specific and single-site modification of serine or threonine residues, achieving conversion rates of at least 40%.
This approach enables the production of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates with precise, single-site modifications, enhancing the efficiency and specificity of protein research and therapeutic applications.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024102012-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024102012-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024102012-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
Peptides for single site selective modification and uses thereofFIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to peptides and recombinant proteins comprising the peptides, a method for selectively modifying proteins utilizing the peptides and uses thereof, especially in the preparation of homogeneous antibody-drug conjugates.
[0002] Sequence Listing
[0003] The application contains a Sequence Listing electronically submitted as an XML file, the information contained in the Sequence Listing is incorporated by reference herein.BACKGROUND
[0004] Protein modification methods are vital in labeling proteins, enabling their structure and function studies, and unveiling novel biological phenomena1, 2. These methods also serve as fundamental pillars in creating therapeutic antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) , PEGylated proteins, and various protein conjugates, shaping advancements in research and therapeutic developments3, 4. Utilizing chemical methods based on canonical amino acids is favored for protein conjugation due to its accessibility and the advantage of circumventing complex genetic approaches1, 2. Ideally, conjugation reactions should demonstrate precise chemo-and site-selectivity to yield homogeneous protein constructs, which is especially crucial for applications of protein-drug conjugates5, 6.
[0005] Amino acids such as serine, cysteine, lysine, tyrosine, threonine have the potential to be nucleophilic depending on the protein microenvironment and amenable to protein labeling. Serine is pivotal in many protein functions, whether as a protease active center or through its reversible phosphorylation, regulating various physiological processes7-9. Despite these critical biochemical roles, serine is seldom chosen for chemical protein derivatization due to its low chemo-reactivity compared to highly nucleophilic counterparts like cysteine, lysine, and others1, 10. Also, the side-chain hydroxyl group of serine has a similar nucleophilicity to that of water, which makes it difficult to prevent the reaction between chemical small-molecule reagents and water under aqueous-phase conditions. Additionally, there may be many serine residues presented in proteins, which can lead to modification of more than one serine, inevitably generating non-homogeneous and complex modification products. These problems have significantly limited the development and application of serine chemical modification in protein research. Threonine is one of the most common target sites for protein phosphorylation, upon its phosphorylation, the protein-protein interactions and downstream events can be (de) activated. Similar with the chemical structure of serine, threonine also contains a side-chain hydroxyl group, which leads to the same problems mentioned above.
[0006] Currently, there is only one documented instance showcasing serine-selective protein modification, characterized by the formation of a P-O bond utilizing a phosphorus (V) -based reagent. Nevertheless, this approach, carried out in a solution of 20%DMF with the strong base DBU, achieved a partial conversion rate of merely 40%at best11.
[0007] Consequently, there is a strong need to develop fully biocompatible, highly efficient, and selective amino acid modification methods, especially a precise, single-site selective protein modification.SUMMARY
[0008] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a tag peptide which can specifically bind to a phenylboronic acid-comprising compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, leading to a highly selective modification of one specific residue in the tag peptide.
[0009] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises a Serine-Histidine (SH) dipeptide motif and wherein the serine in the SH motif can be specifically modified by the compound or the derivative thereof. In some other embodiments, the tag peptide comprises a Threonine-Histidine (TH) dipeptide motif and wherein the threonine in the TH motif can be specifically modified by the compound or the derivative thereof. Preferably, the tag peptide can obtain a modification rate (i.e. conversion rate) of at least 40%in reaction with the phenylboronic acid-comprising compound or the derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+.
[0010] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the DXSH motif (SEQ ID NO: 219) , wherein X is any canonical amino acid, such as an amino acid selected from R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F or W. In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXSHL (SEQ ID NO: 220) or DXSHR (SEQ ID NO: 221) , wherein X is selected from L, I, V and K, optionally, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 222) or DXSHRS (SEQ ID NO: 223) .
[0011] In some embodiments, the tag pepetide disclosed herein comprises or consists of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 200, 85-121, 137, 139-188, 190-199 and 201-202, or a truncate thereof that retains the DXSHL or DXSHR motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.
[0012] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises SEQ ID NO: 200 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 200 by one amino acid substitution,
[0013] more specifically, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any of the following groups:
[0014] (a) X1VDVSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 224) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X1 is K, P or I;
[0015] (b) KX2DVSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 225) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X2 is R, G, P, I or V;
[0016] (c) KVX3VSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 226) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X3 is D or H;
[0017] (d) KVDX4SHLS (SEQ ID NO: 227) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X4 is V, E, Q, L or I;
[0018] (e) KVDVX5HLS (SEQ ID NO: 228) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X5 is S or T;
[0019] (f) KVDVSHX6S (SEQ ID NO: 229) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X6 is L, R, E or Q;
[0020] (g) KVDVSHLX7 (SEQ ID NO: 230) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X7 is S, R, K, L or A.
[0021] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2P3P4SHP5P6, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the following groups:
[0022] (a) P1KDKSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 231) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P1 is R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, A, I, V, F or W;
[0023] (b) LP2DKSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 232) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P2 is R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F or W;
[0024] (c) LKP3KSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 233) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P3 is D, H, K or E;
[0025] (d) LKDP4SHLS (SEQ ID NO: 234) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P4 is R, D, E, N, Q, G, L, A, I, V, F or W;
[0026] (e) LKDKSHP5S (SEQ ID NO: 235) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P5 is R, K, E, N, A or Q; and
[0027] (f) LKDKSHLP6 (SEQ ID NO: 236) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P6 is R, K, D, E, N, Q, G, L, A, I, V, F or W.
[0028] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2X3X4SHX5X6X7X8, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the following groups:
[0029] (a) X1LKASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 247) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X1 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, or F;
[0030] (b) WX2KASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 237) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X2 is K, Q, D, L, or G;
[0031] (c) WLX3ASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 238) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X3 is K or D;
[0032] (d) WLKX4SHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 239) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X4 is L;
[0033] (e) WLKASHX5SFQ (SEQ ID NO: 240) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X5 is D or L;
[0034] (f) WLKASHRX6FQ (SEQ ID NO: 241) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X6 is S;
[0035] (g) WLKASHRSX7Q (SEQ ID NO: 242) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X7 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, or F; or
[0036] (h) WLKASHRSFX8 (SEQ ID NO: 243) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X8 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L or F.
[0037] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 5, 23-24, 26-27, 32, 51, 56, 79, and 123-125, or a truncate thereof that retains the SHmotif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.
[0038] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the DXTH motif (SEQ ID NO: 244) , wherein X is any canonical amino acid, such as an amino acid selected from R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. More specifically, the tag peptide may comprise the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXTHL (SEQ ID NO: 245) , wherein X is selected from L, I, V and K. More specifically, the tag peptide may comprise the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXTHLS (SEQ ID NO: 246) .
[0039] In some embodiments, the tag peptide disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 203-208, or a truncate thereof that retains the DXTHL motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.
[0040] In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound has a general formula (I) :
[0041] wherein R1, R2 and R3 is independently of one another, selected from H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl, preferably, R1 is selected from alkoxy, phenoxy, and methylthiol. The -OH in the boric acid group of formula (I) may futher be substitued, e.g. by a halogen.
[0042] In some embodiments, the derivative of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound comprises a cyclyl substituted boric acid group. The cyclyl may be a penta cyclic or a hexa cyclic (e.g. phenyl) , or a fused ring (e.g. quinoline, indole, purine) . The cyclyl may also be heterocyclyl, such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine ring. The other -OH group (s) of the boric group may be further substituted, e.g. by a halogen.
[0043] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for modifying the tag peptide disclosed herein, comprising incubating the tag peptide with phenylboronic acid or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+ in a buffer system.
[0044] In some embodiments, the concentration of the tag peptide in the reaction system is in the range of 10 μM to 200 μM.
[0045] In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound has a general formula (I) :
[0046] wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be independently of one another, selected from H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl, preferably, R1 is selected from alkoxy, phenoxy, and methylthiol.
[0047] Specifically, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is selected from 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid, BA-1, BA-2, BA-3 and BA-4.
[0048] In some embodiments, the Cu2+ ions are provided by a cuprate selected from Cu (NO3) 2, Cu (OAc) 2, CuCl2, CuSO4 and hydrates thereof, preferably the Cu2+ ions are in excess amount relative to the tag peptide.
[0049] In some embodiments, the buffer is a non-coordinating buffer, including HEPES, NH4Cl, NH4HCO2, NH4OAc, HCO2Na, MES, MOPS and CHES buffer.
[0050] In some embodiments, the reaction occurs at a temperature from about 0℃ to 40℃, such as at room temperature or 37℃, for a period of 5 minutes to 2 days.
[0051] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a fusion protein comprising the tag peptide disclosed herein and a heterogeneous protein.
[0052] In some embodiments, the heterogeneous protein is selected from an enzyme, a receptor, a protein hormone, a viral protein, a bacterial protein and an immunoglobulin (such as a nanobody or IgG antibody) .
[0053] In some embodiments, the tag peptide is fused to the N or C terminal of one or more polypeptide chains of the heterogeneous protein, optionally via a linker.
[0054] In some embodiments, the tag peptide is inserted into a non-functional portion such as a non-functional loop of the heterogeneous protein.
[0055] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for creating a specific serine or threonine conjugation site in a target protein, comprising:
[0056] fusing the tag peptide disclosed herein to the N or C-terminal of the target protein, or inserting the tag peptide in a non-functional portion in the target protein.
[0057] In some embodiments, two or more copies of the tag peptide are fused to or inserted into the target protein.
[0058] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for single site modification of the fusion protein disclosed herein, comprising incubating the fusion protein with a phenylboronic acid or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+ in a buffer system.
[0059] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:
[0060] (a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide disclosed herein to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;
[0061] (b) incubating the tagged antibody with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue in the tag peptide when the tag peptide comprises the SH motif or modified at the threonine residue when the tag peptide comprises the TH motif; and
[0062] (c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine or threonine residue.
[0063] In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is an azide modified phenylboronic acid, such as BA-2.
[0064] In some embodiments, after step (b) and prior to step (c) , the method comprises removing excess phenylboronic acid-containing compound or the derivative thereof from the reaction system.
[0065] In some embodiments, the linker in the linker-drug moiety comprises a spacer reactive with the modified serine sidechain or modified threonine sidechain, such as DBCO, and optionally further comprises one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12.
[0066] In some embodiments, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety further comprises a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide component, such as glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) .
[0067] In some embodiments, the linker in the linker-drug moiety further comprises p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , or N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , optionally, the linker is DBCO-PEGn-EVC-PAB or DBCO-PEGn-VC-PAB.
[0068] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for preparing a dual payload antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:
[0069] (a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;
[0070] (b) incubating the tagged antibody with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue in the tag peptide when the tag peptide comprises the SH motif or modified at the threonine residue when the tag peptide comprises the TH motif;
[0071] (c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a first linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine or threonine residue, thereby generating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug;
[0072] (d) incubating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug with a reductant to reduce inter-chain disulfide bonds within the antibody; and
[0073] (e) incubating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug with a second linker-drug moiety to react with the reduced Cys residue, thereby generating an ADC of the antibody with the first and second drugs.
[0074] In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is an azide modified phenylboronic acid, such as BA-2.
[0075] In some embodiments, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety comprises a spacer reactive with the modified serine sidechain or modified threonine sidechain, such as DBCO, and optionally one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12.
[0076] In some embodiments, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety further comprises a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide component such as glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) .
[0077] In some embodiments, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety further comprises p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , or N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) . In some embodiments, the linker is DBCO-PEGn-EVC-PAB or DBCO-PEGn-VC-PAB.
[0078] In some embodiments, the linker in the second linker-drug moiety comprises one or more of 6-maleimidocaproyl (MC) , maleimidopropanoyl (MP) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) , p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , and 6-maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenyloxycarbonyl (MC-vc-PAB) .
[0079] In some embodiments, the drug moiety comprises a cytotoxic agent or cytostatic agent selected from a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, and a nucleolytic enzyme. Preferably, the drug moiety is selected from maytansinoids such as DM1, DM3, DM4, dolastatins, dolostatin peptidic analogs and derivatives such as auristatins, optionally MMAE and MMAF.
[0080] In some embodiments, the antibody is selected from a nanobody, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, monospecific antibody, multi-specific antibody, bispecific antibody, multivalent and bivalent antibody.
[0081] In a another aspect, the present disclosure provides an ADC produced by any of the methods disclosed herein. The ADCs as prepared herein are highly homogeneous due to the single and selective modification site.
[0082] DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0083] Figure 1 illustrates the design and phage display-based selection strategy of novel sequence specific protein conjugation method. The process of phage display-based selection and optimization of novel arylation protein bioconjugation, a peptide -WLKASHRSFQ-was selected to specifically react with phenyl boronic acid.
[0084] Figure 2 represents the structure of Biotin-PEG2-BA.
[0085] Figure 3 illustrates the optimization process to generate Ser-Click. X stands for R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F (amino acid one letter code) mixed in a certain ratio. Conditions: 0.2 mM of the peptide was shaken with 1 mM of CuCl2·2H2O and 2 mM of 4-Carboxyphenylboronic acid in NMM buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 12 hours, analysis of LC-MS results showed Ac-LKDKSHLS-as the best peptide. In positional-library screening, P1-6 stands for each one of the following amino acids: R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Conditions: 0.1 mM of peptide was shaken with 0.5 mM of CuCl2·2H2O and 1 mM of 4-Carboxyphenylboronic acid in NMM buffer (50 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 1 hour.
[0086] Figure 4 shows the LC-MS and MS / MS analysis of the reaction on Ac-KVDVSHLS with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid. 30-minute reaction of Ac-KVDVSHLS with 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid achieved 85%conversion, MS / MS analysis showed the modification site is on the serine residue proceeding histidine.
[0087] Figure 5 represents the screening scope of boronic acids. Following the standard conditions, different boronic acids were used, and the reaction mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes or 2 hours at 37 ℃. After the screening of boronic acids, BA-1 (2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid) was used for further optimizations.
[0088] Figure 6 represents the functional derivatives of 2-Methoxyphenylboronic acid.
[0089] Figure 7 shows the LC-MS analysis of Ser-Click peptide with BA-1, 214 nm absorption from LC-MS analysis are shown. Conditions: 50 μM of peptide was shaken with 150 μM of CuCl2·2H2O and 1 mM of BA-1 in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes.
[0090] Figure 8 shows the reactions of peptide Ac-KVDVSHLS with boronic acid derivatives. Following the standard conditions, azide, alkyne and biotin-derived 2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid BA-2~BA-4 were used, and the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃.
[0091] Figure 9 shows the screening of CuCl2·2H2O concentration following the standard conditions.
[0092] Figure 10 shows the screening of other cuprates following the standard conditions, including Cu(NO3) 2·9H2O, Cu (OAc) 2·H2O, CuCl2·2H2O and CuSO4·5H2O.
[0093] Figure 11 shows the reaction result in 0.1 M MES buffer, 0.1 M MOPS buffer and 0.2 M CHES buffer.
[0094] Figure 12 shows the screening of reaction pH following the standard conditions, including pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.4, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0.
[0095] Figure 13 shows the screening of concentration of boronic acid-containing compound following the standard conditions.
[0096] Figure 14 shows the reactions of peptide Ac-KVDVSHLS with 2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid at different time points.
[0097] Figure 15 shows the reaction of disulfide bond containing Ser-Click peptide following the standard conditions.
[0098] Figure 16 shows the reaction result of peptide Ac-KVDVSHLS in the presence of other metal additives.
[0099] Figure 17 shows the reactions of peptides with different Ser-Click locations. Following the standard conditions, reactions were conducted with peptides Ac-YGGFL-KVDVSHLS, Ac-KVDVSHLS-YGGFL and Ac-YG-KVDVSHLS-YG, the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃.
[0100] Figure 18 shows the characterization of C-terminal or N-terminal Ser-Click fused proteins with BA-1 or BA-2. a-c. The characterizations of C-terminal Ser-Click fused TF, MBP and Nanobody conjugation with BA-1, BA-2. Conditions: 10 μM of protein (stock solution in 100 mM NMM buffer) was incubated with 100 μM of CuCl2·2H2O and 2 mM of BA-1 in NMM buffer (100 mM pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes. d. The characterizations of N-terminal Ser-Click inserted Nanobody conjugation with BA-1. Conditions: 10 μM of protein (stock solution in 100 mM NMM buffer) was incubated with 100 μM of CuCl2·2H2O and 2 mM of BA-1 in NMM buffer (100 mM pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 20 minutes. e. The characterizations of internal loop Ser-Click inserted Nanobody conjugation with BA-1. Conditions: 10 μM of protein (stock solution in 100 mM NMM buffer) was incubated with 100 μM of CuCl2·2H2O and 2 mM of BA-1 in NMM buffer (100 mM pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 30 minutes.
[0101] Figure 19 shows the binding affinity of Nanobody- (N-Ser-Click) and Nanobody- (G46-Ser-Click) with HSA. Ser-Click fused nanobodies bound to human serum albumin with similar affinity.
[0102] Figure 20 shows the ESI ion series / deconvolution MS spectra of Trastuzumab and Tra- (Ser-Click) . Reactions of Trastuzumab and Tra- (Ser-Click) with BA-2 followed the standard antibody conjugation procedures, the reaction was incubated at 37 ℃ for 1 hour.
[0103] Figure 21 shows the flow-cytometry assay proved Tra- (Ser-Click) -Cy7 efficiently binds to the cell surface. All fluorescent antibodies were excited with a red laser 638 nm and detected through a 763 / 43 nm filter.
[0104] Figure 22 illustrates the preparation of C-terminal Ser-Click fused trastuzumab conjugation with MMAE. Conditions: 4 μM of Tra- (Ser-Click) (stock solution in 100 mM NMM buffer) was incubated with 20 μM of CuCl2·2H2O and 2 mM of BA-2 in CHES buffer (200 mM pH 8.0, 0.2 M NaCl) at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. Excessive BA-2 was removed by dialysis, DBCO-PEG3-EVCit-MMAE (20 equivalents of stock solution in DMSO) was added to a solution of the BA-2 modified Tra- (Ser-Click) (10 μM) conjugate in PBS, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. The peak marked at the black diamond (◆) is m / z: 51702.2, indicating the cleavage of the PAB linker during ionization in mass spectrometry analysis.
[0105] Figure 23 illustrates the binding affinity of Tra- (Ser-Click) and Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE with HER2. The KD of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE to HER2 protein is ~1.7 nM, which is comparable to the trastuzumab-HER2 binding affinity (KD ~1.2 nM) .
[0106] Figure 24 demonstrates that Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE (red circle) effectively killed HER2-positive SK-BR-3 (HER2+++) and JIMT-1 (HER2++) cells but only showed minimal toxicity against HER2-negative MCF-7 (HER2-) cells and CHO-K1 (HER2-) . DBCO-MMAE (green square) showed minimal toxicity toward all cells, and Tra- (Ser-Click) - (blue triangle) displayed no obvious toxicity toward all cells, and n = 3 independent experiments, error bars represent s. e. m.
[0107] Figure 25 shows the mouse plasma stability test of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE. Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE demonstrates remarkable stability and 50%of ADC remained intact after incubation for 192 hours in plasma.
[0108] Figure 26 illustrates that Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE was treated with TCEP to fully reduce the antibody, and McMMAF was used to prepare dual payload ADC Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE-MMAF.
[0109] Figure 27 shows ESI ion series / deconvolution MS spectra of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE-MMAF.
[0110] Figure 28 shows characterizations of selective Ser-Click fusion protein labeling in BL21 or 293F cell lysate. a. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of TF- (Ser-Click) specific labeling in BL21 and 293F cell lysates. b. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of MBP- (Ser-Click) specific labeling in BL21 and 293F cell lysates. c. SDS-PAGE and western blot analysis of Tra- (Ser-Click) specific labeling in BL21 and 293F cell lysates.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0111] The disclosures and embodiments set forth herein are to be construed as exemplary only and not as limiting the scope of the invention. Although specific terms are employed herein, unless otherwise noted, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0112] Definitions
[0113] As used herein, the term “tag peptide” refers to a short peptide sequence which can be tagged to a target protein for highly selective and single-site modification of the target protein. As a minimum requirement, the tag peptide should comprise (a) a serine-histidine (SH) motif which can have the specific serine residue in the SH motif reacted with a boronic acid-containing compound; or (b) a threonine-histidine (TH) motif which can have the specific threonine in the TH motif reacted with a boronic acid-containing compound, in the presence of a metal ion such as Cu2+. The tag peptide is generally in the length of 4 to 16 amino acids. In such tag peptides, histidine of the SH motif or the TH motif serves as the anchoring residue for metal binding and the serine or threonine residue preceding histidine is modified by reaction with a boronic acid-containing compound, preferably phenylboronic acid or an analogue or derivative thereof. Since only the serine in the -SH-motif or the threonine in the TH motif is modified while serines or threonines at other positions (if present) are not, the tag peptide renders a highly site-directed approach for modification of target proteins.
[0114] As used herein, the term “conversion rate” , “modification rate” or “yield” can be used interchangeably and refers to the ratio of modified serine in the SH motif of the tag peptide to the overall serine in the SH motif of the tag peptide within a given reaction time, or the ratio of modified threonine in the TH motif of the tag peptide to the overall threonine in the TH motif of the tag peptide within a given reaction time. After the reaction is quenched, the crude reaction mixture may be analyzed by LC-MS. The conversion rate may be determined by analysis of the LC-MS result, and measured according to the mass intensity of observed starting material and product. Conversion rate herein is used to evaluate the amino acid preference on the conjugation yield of the corresponding tag peptide.
[0115] As used herein, the term “canonical amino acid” refers to one of the 20 canonical amino acids: Ala (A) , Arg (R) , Asn (N) , Asp (D) , Cys (C) , Gln (Q) , Glu (E) , Gly (G) , His (H) , Ile (I) , Leu (L) , Lys (K) , Met (M) , Phe (F) , Pro (P) , Ser (S) , Thr (T) , Trp (W) , Tyr (Y) and Val (V) .
[0116] As used herein, the term “boronic acid” or “borinic acid-containing compound” refers to the trivalent boron-containing organic compounds that possess one alkyl substituent (i.e., a C–B bond) and two hydroxyl groups, and may be represented as R-B (OH) 2, wherein R is a organic group, such as alkyl and aryl. Boronic acids are classified conveniently in subtypes such as alkyl-, alkenyl-, alkynyl-, and aryl-boronic acids depending upon the nature of their single variable substituent; more specifically, by the type of carbon group (R) directly bonded to boron, such as heterarylboronic acids and phenylboronic acids.
[0117] As used herein, the term “heteroarylboronic acid” or “heteroarylboronic acid-containing compound” refers to the boronic acid-containing compounds with a heteroaryl group in which the heteroaryl group is directly bonded to the boron, wherein the heteroaryl may be N-heteroaryl, O-heteroaryl, or S-heteroaryl, such as pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, indolyl, thienyl, quinolinyl, purinyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, and pyrazinyl, and derivatives thereof.
[0118] As used herein, the term “phenylboronic acid-containing compound” or “phenylboronic acid-comprising compound” refers to a compound comprising the Ph-B (OH) 2 group, and any analogues or derivatives thereof, e.g. one or more substituent (s) on the benzene ring or the -OH group further been substituted. It has been known in the art that boronic acids can be used as the substrate of several chemical coupling reactions such as Suzuki-cross coupling or Chan-Lam coupling, for carbon-heteroatom bond formation, and metal ion (such as palladium, nickel, and copper) is served as the catalyst of these reaction.
[0119] The derivative of the “phenylboronic acid-containing compound” has a cyclyl substituted boronic acid group similar to the phenylboronic acid-containing compound, wherein the cyclyl may be a penta cyclic or a hexa cyclic (e.g. phenyl) , or a fused ring (e.g. quinoline, indole, purine) . The cyclyl may be a heterocyclyl, such as furan, thiophene, pyrrole, imidazole, pyrazole, thiazole, oxazole, pyridine, pyrimidine, pyridazine, pyrazine. Thus, the derivative of the “phenylboronic acid-containing compound” includes heteroarylboronic acids, as the cyclyl group may be a heteroaryl. The derivative of the “phenylboronic acid-containing compound” may also has one or more substituent (s) on the ring, wherein the substituent (s) can be selected from halogen, hydroxyl, alkyl, alkoxy, alkene, alkyne, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl. The other -OH group (s) of the boronic group may be further substituted, e.g. by a halogen, such as in the form of trifluoroborate salt. In on example, the derivative of a boronic acid-containing compound also includes the form of its trifluoroborate salt, in which the two -OH were substituted by three B–F bonds, such as potassium trifluoroborate salt.
[0120] The term “ADC” or “antibody-drug conjugate” or “immunoconjugate” can be used interchangeably herein, and comprises an antibody conjugated to a drug moiety, such as a cytotoxic or cytostatic agent e.g. a chemotherapeutic agent, a growth inhibitory agent, a toxin (e.g., an enzymatically active toxin of bacterial, fungal, plant, or animal origin, or fragments thereof) , or a radioactive isotope (i.e., a radioconjugate) . An ADC generally has the formula Ab- (L-D) p, wherein Ab is the antibody or antigen-binding portion thereof, L is a linker system, D is the drug moiety, and p is a integer from 1 to 20.
[0121] I. Tag peptide
[0122] The present disclosure provides various tag peptides that can specifically bind to phenylboronic acid-containing compounds in the presence of metal ions such as Cu2+, wherein the tag peptides comprise a Serine-Histidine (SH) or a Threonine-Histidine (TH) diamino acid motif as the core motif. A single-site modification can be obtained for the tag peptides wherein the side chain of the serine in the SH motif or the threonine in the TH motif is modified by the phenylboronic acid-containing compound. Such a selective modification is achieved by sequence-specific metal binding, the histidine in the diamino acid motif (SH or TH) serves as the anchoring residue for metal binding, and the serine or threonine preceding the histidine reacts with phenylboronic acid or a derivative thereof in the side chain, the -OH group in the side chain is thus modified by phenyl. In a typical modification reaction, the tag peptide reacts with phenylboronic acid or a derivative thereof in the presence of non-coordinating buffer (such as, NMM buffer) and Cu2+ ions at a temperature of 0-37 ℃, such as at room temperature or at 37 ℃.
[0123] The tag peptides as disclosed herein can obtain a modification rate (also named as “conversion rate” ) of more than 40%, preferably more than 50%, more preferably more than 60%, more preferably more than 70%, more preferably more than 80%or even more preferably more than 90%. In addition to the sequence of the tag peptide which has the biggest influence, the conversion rate is also affected by several other factors, including reaction temperature and period, the buffer system, concentration of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound and Cu2+concentration.
[0124] Designing peptide binders towards a specified molecule is a highly coveted goal with major impacts on pharmaceutical development. Various methods exist and are familiar to a person in the art, including computer-aided binder design, experimental techniques such as directed evolution and phage display. Phage display can represent a repertoire of unique mutants, and has been extensively used for selecting customized protein binders and profiling protease substrates. The inventors have adopted this approach to obtain the binders of phenylboronic acid-containing compounds under established conditions and identified a number of tag peptides that are highly selective and efficient in single-site serine modification or single-site threonine modification.
[0125] As disclosed herein, the tag peptide is generally in a length of 4-16 amino acids and comprises a serine-histidine (SH) or a threonine-histidine (TH) motif which is essential for selective and single-site modification of the serine or threonine. For serine modification, the tag peptide preferably comprises a DXSH motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W, and more preferably, the tag peptide comprises a DXSHL or DXSHR motif, and more particularly a DXSHLS or DXSHRS motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For threonine modification, the tag peptide preferably comprises a DXTH motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W, and more preferably, the tag peptide comprises a DXTHL or DXTHR motif, and more particularly a DXTHLS or DXTHRS motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W.
[0126] The tag peptide herein may be modified at the N-terminal position or at the C-terminal position. For example, the tag peptide may be N-acetylated.
[0127] Serine modification
[0128] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises SEQ ID NO: 5 (RWLKASHRSFQ) or an amino acid sequence with a deletion or substitution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 residues compared to SEQ ID NO: 5 while retaining the SH motif. For example, the tag peptide may consist of an amino acid sequence truncated by 1 or 2 amino acids from the N terminal or C terminal of SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0129] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2X3X4SHX5X6X7X8, wherein the tag peptide can reach a conversion rate of more than 40%in reaction with phenylboronic acid-containing compounds. Each of X1 to X8 may be selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F. Additionally, the tag peptide may further comprise a R residue preceding X1.
[0130] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1LKASHRSFQ, wherein X1 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 11-20, preferably, the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID No: 11.
[0131] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WX2KASHRSFQ, wherein X2 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X2 is selected from D, L and G. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 21-29, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 23-24 and 26-27.
[0132] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLX3ASHRSFQ, wherein X3 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X3 is D. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 30-38, preferably, the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID No: 32.
[0133] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKX4SHRSFQ, wherein X4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X4 is L. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 39-48, preferably, the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID No: 47.
[0134] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKASHX5SFQ, wherein X5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X5 is D or L. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 49-57, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 51 and 56.
[0135] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKASHRX6FQ, wherein X6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X6 is S. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 5 and 58-66, preferably, the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID No: 5.
[0136] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKASHRSX7Q, wherein X7 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 67-75, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID No: 73.
[0137] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKASHRSFX8, wherein X8 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 76-84, preferably, the amino acid sequence is SEQ ID No: 79.
[0138] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2DX4SHX5X6X7X8, wherein each of X1, X2, X4, X5 and X6 may be selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, and each of X7 and X8 may be selected from canonical amino acids such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F or is absent.
[0139] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 11-84 or an amino acid sequence with a substitution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 residues compared to any of SEQ ID Nos: 11-84 while retaining the SH motif.
[0140] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LX2DX4SHX5S, wherein each of X2, X4 and X5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. Additionally, the tag peptide may comprise a W or L residue at the N terminal of the amino acid sequence, and / or a G residue at the C terminal of the amino acid sequence. In some preferable embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LX2DX4SHLS, wherein X2 is selected from K or P, and X4 is selected from K or G. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 88-91. In some other preferable embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LX2DX4SHRS, wherein X2 is selected from K or G, and X4 is selected from G or L. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 85-87. The tag peptide may comprise an amino acid sequence with a substitution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 residues compared to any of SEQ ID Nos: 85-91 while retaining the SH motif.
[0141] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2P3P4SHP5P6, wherein the tag peptide can reach a conversion rate of more than 40%, preferably more than more than 50%, more preferably more than 60%, more preferably more than 70%, more preferably more than 80%, more preferably more than 90%or even more preferably more than 95%in reaction with phenylboronic acid-containing compounds under the optimized conditions. In some embodiments, each of P1 to P6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Additionally, the tag peptide may comprise a L residue at the N terminal of the amino acid sequence, and / or a G residue at the C terminal of the amino acid sequence.
[0142] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1KDKSHLS, wherein P1 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 92-106.
[0143] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LP2DKSHLS, wherein P2 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 107-121.
[0144] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKP3KSHLS, wherein P3 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 122-136, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 123-125.
[0145] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKDP4SHLS, wherein P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 90 and 137-150, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 90, 137, 139-142, 145-150.
[0146] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKDKSHP5S, wherein P5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 151-165, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 151, 153, 155-157, 161.
[0147] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LDKSHLP6, wherein P6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 166-180, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 166, 168-173, 175-180.
[0148] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KP2DP4SHLS, wherein each of P2 and P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. Additionally, the tag peptide may comprise a L residue at the N terminal of the amino acid sequence, and / or a G residue at the C terminal of the amino acid sequence. In some preferable embodiments, P2 is selected from V, A or I, and P4 is selected from L, I, V or K. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 181-186. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises an amino acid sequence with a substitution of 1 or 2 residues while retaining the SHLS motif compared to any of SEQ ID Nos: 181-186. In some further embodiments, the tag peptide comprises an amino acid sequence with a substitution of 1 or 2 residues while retaining the SHLS motif and the residue D at P3 position compared to any of SEQ ID Nos: 181-186. In some further embodiments, the tag peptide comprises an amino acid sequence with a truncation of 1 or 2 residues while retaining the SHLS motif and the residue D at P3 position compared to any of SEQ ID Nos: 181-186.
[0149] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2P3P4SHP5P6, wherein each of P1, P2 and P6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W or is absent, and each of P3 to P5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W.
[0150] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in DP4SHL, wherein P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in DP4SHLS.
[0151] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 187 or a truncate thereof. The truncation may be 1, 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 amino acids from the N terminal of the amino acid sequence and / or at least 1 amino acid from the C terminal. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 187-193, preferably, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 187-188 and 190-193.
[0152] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2DP4SHLS, wherein P1 is selected from K or P, P2 is selected from V, A and I, and P4 is selected from L, I and V. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID Nos: 194-202, preferably SEQ ID NO: 200 (denoted as Ser-Click peptide) .
[0153] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1VDVSHLS, wherein the amino acid residue at position X1 is K, P or I. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KX2DVSHLS, wherein the amino acid residue at position X2 is R, G, P, I or V. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVX3VSHLS, wherein the amino acid residue at position X3 is D or H. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVDX4SHLS, wherein the amino acid residue at position X4 is V, E, Q, L or I. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVDVX5HLS, wherein the amino acid residue at position X5 is S or T. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVDVSHX6S, wherein the amino acid residue at position X6 is L, R, E or Q. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVDVSHLX7, wherein the amino acid residue at position X7 is S, R, K, L or A.
[0154] The tag peptides as disclosed herein are not limited to the specific amino acid sequences of any of Tables 5-19 below. A person in the art would appreciate that, the tag peptide may comprise or consist of a truncate or extended amino acid sequence compared to any of the amino acid sequences of Tables 5-19 as long as it remains or improves the conversion rate under suitable conditions. As used herein, the term “truncate” or “truncation” refers to an amino acid sequence shorter than the tag peptide disclosed herein with a deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 amino acids from the N terminal and / or at least 1 amino acid from the C terminal of the amino acid sequence of the tag peptide. Preferably, the truncate retains the DXSH motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Further, a truncate of the tag peptide may reain the DXSHL or DXSHR motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. More preferably, a truncate of the tag peptide may retain the DXSHLS or DXSHRS motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Similarly, the tag peptide may comprise one or more additional amino acids at the N or C terminal compared to any of the amino acid sequences of Tables 5-19 as long as it remains or improves the conversion rate under suitable conditions.
[0155] Threonine modification
[0156] Theronine and serine are structurally similar as they both have a hydroxyl group in the side chain and both are small polar, uncharged amino acids. The hydroxyl group of serine or theronine in proteins is a target for phosphorylation by certain protein kinases and is amenable for protein labeling. Thus, similar to serine, theronine modification may also be utilized for highly selective and single-site protein modification. Correspondingly, the tag peptide comprises a TH instead of SH motif for theronine modification. By replacing the SH motif with TH motif in the tag peptides as disclosed above, the same pattern for theronine modification can also be achieved.
[0157] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises a DXTH motif and can reach a conversion rate of more than 40%in reaction with phenylboronic acid-containing compounds. X may be selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F.
[0158] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises any of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208 or an amino acid sequence with an addition, deletion or substitution of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or 9 residues compared to any of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208 while retaining the TH motif. For example, the tag peptide may consist of an amino acid sequence truncated by 1 or 2 amino acids from the N terminal or C terminal of any of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208.
[0159] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2X3X4THX5X6X7X8, wherein the tag peptide can reach a conversion rate of more than 40%in reaction with phenylboronic acid-containing compounds. In some embodiments, each of X1 to X8 may be selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F. Additionally, the tag peptide may further comprise a R residue preceding X1.
[0160] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1LKATHRSFQ, wherein X1 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WX2KATHRSFQ, wherein X2 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X2 is selected from D, L and G. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLX3ATHRSFQ, wherein X3 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X3 is D. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKX4THRSFQ, wherein X4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X4 is L. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKATHX5SFQ, wherein X5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X5 is D or L. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKATHRX6FQ, wherein X6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preferably X6 is S. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKATHRSX7Q, wherein X7 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in WLKATHRSFX8, wherein X8 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F.
[0161] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2DX4THX5X6X7X8, wherein each of X1, X2, X4, X5 and X6 may be selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, and each of X7 and X8 may be selected from canonical amino acids such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L and F or is absent.
[0162] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2P3P4THP5P6, wherein the tag peptide can reach a conversion rate of more than 40%, preferably more than 50%, more preferably more than 60%, more preferably more than 70%, more preferably more than 80%, more preferably more than 90%or even more preferably more than 95%in reaction with phenylboronic acid-containing compounds under the optimized conditions. In some embodiments, each of P1 to P6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Additionally, the tag peptide may comprise a L residue at the N terminal of the amino acid sequence, and / or a G residue at the C terminal of the amino acid sequence.
[0163] In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1KDKTHLS, wherein P1 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LP2DKTHLS, wherein P2 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKP3KTHLS, wherein P3 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKDP4THLS, wherein P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LKDKTHP5S, wherein P5 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. In some specific embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in LDKTHLP6, wherein P6 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W.
[0164] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in KVDP4THLS, wherein P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, more specifically L, I and V. In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in PVDP4THLS, wherein P4 is selected from canonical amino acids, such as R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, more specifically L, I and V.
[0165] The tag peptides as disclosed herein are not limited to the specific amino acid sequences of any of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208. A person in the art would appreciate that, the tag peptide may comprise or consist of a truncate or extended amino acid sequence compared to any of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208 as long as it remains or improves the conversion rate under suitable conditions. The tag peptides thus encompass an amino acid sequence shorter than the tag peptide disclosed herein with a deletion of 1, 2, 3, 4 and up to 5 amino acids from the N terminal and / or at least 1 amino acid from the C terminal of the amino acid sequence of the tag peptide. Preferably, the truncate retains the DXTH motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Further, a truncate of the tag peptide may reain the DXTHL or DXTHR motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. More preferably, a truncate of the tag peptide may retain the DXTHLS or DXTHRS motif, wherein X may be any of the canonical amino acids such as R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W. Similarly, the tag peptide may comprise one or more additional amino acids at the N or C terminal compared to any of the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208 as long as it remains or improves the conversion rate under suitable conditions. For example, the tag peptide may comprise a L residue at the N terminal of the amino acid sequence, and / or a G residue at the C terminal of the amino acid sequence.
[0166] In some embodiments, the tag peptide comprises KVDVTHLS (SEQ ID NO: 205) or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 205 by one or two amino acids and retains the TH motif. For example, the amino acid sequence is any of SEQ ID Nos: 203-208.
[0167] II. Reaction condition
[0168] The present application provides a method of selectively modifying serine or threonine in the tag peptides or recombinant proteins which have been engineered to comprise the tag peptides. The methods disclosed herein have the capability to modify the side chain hydroxyl group of a single serine or threonine within a complex protein molecule under fully biocompatible conditions while leaving all the other amino acids, including serines or threonines at other sites, untouched. The methods as disclosed herein have a high site-selectivity in that only the serine within the SH motif or the threonine within the TH motif of the tag peptide is modified, differentiating this specific amino residue from other nucleophilic sidechains and serine or threonine at other positions. Such selective modification is not affected by the presence of cysteine, lysine or tyrosine, even in the proximity to the serine or threonine. Therefore, the methods herein add a new dimension to the toolbox of options available for chemoselective modification of peptides and the site-selective labeling of proteins.
[0169] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for selectively modifying a serine or a threonine residue in a tag peptide, comprising incubating the tag peptide or a protein comprising the tag peptide with a boronic acid-containing compound in the presence of Cu2+ in a buffer system. The boronic acid-containing compound may also be referred to as a modifying agent of serine or threonine.
[0170] The tag peptide used in the method may be any of those described above, especially those comprising the amino acid sequences of any of SEQs ID NOs: 188-215. The concentration of the tag peptide in the reaction system may be adjusted according to practical needs and is generally in the range of 10 μM to 200 μM, such as 50 μM, 100 μM and 150 μM.
[0171] The Cu2+ ion is generally provided by a cuprate, which may be selected from but not limited to, Cu (NO3) 2, Cu (OAc) 2, CuCl2 and CuSO4 and hydrates thereof. In addition to Cu (II) , the reaction system may also comprise other metal ions, such as Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, which do not interfere the reaction with Cu (II) . Typically, the concentration of Cu2+ ion is in the range of about 30 μM to 1 mM, such as 50 μM, 100 μM and 200 μM. To ensure the reaction is adequately conducted, it is preferable that there is an excess amount of Cu2+ ion in the reaction system. In some embodiments, the reaction system comprises 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 15 or 20 equivalents of Cu2+ ions in relation to the tag peptide.
[0172] The boronic acid-containing compound is preferably a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the boronic acid-containing compound is selected from 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid, BA-1, BA-2, BA-3 and BA-4. In some embodiments, the boronic acid-containing compound is selected from any of the compounds shown in Figure 5. The boronic acid-containing compound may further be labelled for product detection, e.g. labelled with biotin or fluorophore. The concentration of the compound in the reaction system may be adjusted according to the concentrations of the tag peptide and Cu2+ ion in the reaction system, and may be in the range of about 0.1 nM to 10 nM.
[0173] The buffer system used herein are preferably non-coordinating buffers to avoid the coordination with metal ions. Non-coordinating buffers are known in the art and may have a wide variety of options. In some embodiments, the buffer system is HEPES, NH4Cl, NH4HCO2, NH4OAc, HCO2Na, MES, MOPS and CHES buffer. Preferably, the buffer used is NMM, MES, MOPS or CHES buffer. The concentration of the buffer may be adjusted according to practical needs. In some embodiments, the buffer concentration is about 50 mM to about 500 mM, such as 100 mM, 200 nM and 300 nM. The pH of the buffer system may be in the range of about 6.0-9.0, such as pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.4, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0.
[0174] The method does not have a particular requirement for reaction temperature. In some embodiments, the method is performed at a temperature from about 0℃ to 40℃. For example, the method is performed at room temperature or at 37℃. The reaction time may vary with the temperature, though depending on the tag peptide used and the desired conversion rate, may be in a range of as short as 5 minutes to more than 12 hours, such as 30 mins, 1 hour, 2 hours, 3 hours or more.
[0175] In some specific embodiments, about 50 μM of the tag peptide is incubated with 1 mM of phenylboronic acid and 150 μM Cu2+ at 37 ℃ for 30 min. In some specific embodiments, about 100 μM of the tag peptide is incubated with 2 mM of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid and 500 μM Cu2+ at 37 ℃ for 12 hours. Shorter reaction time in obtaining a desired conversion rate indicates the tag peptide has a higher efficiency for single-site serine or threonine modification. In preferred embodiments, the reaction time can be less than 1 hour, about 30 min or less than 30min to obtain a desired conversion rate of about 85%or more than 85%.
[0176] The method may further comprise adding a chelating agent such as EDTA to quench the reaction. The reaction mixture may then be analyzed by various methods to determine the conversion rate. Methods for determining residue composition are well established in the art, including HPLC, LC-MS, LC-MS / MS and NMR.
[0177] The reaction may be characterized by the conversion rate of the serine residue in the SH motif or the threonine residue in the TH motif of the tag peptide. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 12 hours. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 6 hours. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 2 hours. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 1 hour. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 30 minutes. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 20 minutes. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 10 minutes. In some embodiments, the method can obtain a conversion rate of more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 85%, and even more than 90%within a reaction time of 5 minutes.
[0178] In more preferred embodiments, the conversion of single-site serine or threonine modification reaction can be about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or more than 95%within a reaction time of 1 hour. In even more preferred embodiments, the conversion of single-site serine or threonine modification reaction can be about 85%, about 90%, about 95%or more than 95%within a reaction time of 30 min.
[0179] The method as disclosed herein may also be used for screening candidate tag peptides that can be selectively and efficiently modified by a phenylboronic acid-containing compound. For example, a library of peptides in the length of 4 to 12 amino acids and comprising the -SH-or -TH-motif may be generated and incubated with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound under several rounds of conditions with increasing stringency, then the final hits that are enriched may be sequenced and analyzed.
[0180] III. Boronic acid-containing compounds
[0181] The methods herein rely on the modification of single-site amino acid residue which is a serine residue or a threonine residue by boronic acid-containing compounds, especially phenylboronic acid-containing compounds, in which the hydroxyl group on the side chain of said amino acid residue reacts with the compound and when the compound is a phenylboronic acid-containing compound, the phenyl group is transferred from the compound to the -OH group of said amino acid residue, resulting in O-phenylation. Derivatives of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound that comprise a bulky cyclyl group directly bonded to the boron may also be used. The reaction relies on a histidine residue in the peptide to serve as the anchoring residue that coordinates with the Cu (II) ion via its imidazole side chain, in the presence of Cu complex, the bulky phenyl group of the phenylboronic acid can selectively react with the serine residue or the threonine residue immediately preceding the histidine residue as serine and threonine has less crowded side chain. The methods allow serine and threonine residues at different sites to be differentiated, achieving both chemoselectivity and single-site specificity.
[0182] In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compounds used herein may havethe general formula (I) :
[0183] wherein R1, R2 and R3 may be independently of one another, selected from H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, heteroarylalkyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl. The modified or substituted phenylboronic acids can retain the full reaction kinetics compared with unmodified phenylboronic acid.
[0184] In some embodiments, R1 is selected from halogens (indo-, bromo-, fluoro-) , formyl, methylthiol, phenoxy, methoxymethyl and methoxy, while R2 and R3 are H. In some embodiments, R2 is selected from halogens (indo-, bromo-, fluoro-) , formyl, methylthiol, phenoxy, methoxymethyl and methoxy, while R1 and R3 are H. In some embodiments, R3 is selected from halogens (indo-, bromo-, fluoro-) , formyl, methylthiol, phenoxy, methoxymethyl and methoxy, while R1 and R2 are H.
[0185] In some embodiments, R2 is selected from amino group, phenyl, chloro-, carboxy, 1H-3, 5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl, propargylaminocarbonyl, while R1 and R3 are H. In some embodiments, R3 is selected from amino group, phenyl, chloro-, carboxy, 1H-3, 5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl, propargylaminocarbonyl, while R1 and R2 are H.
[0186] In some embodiments, R3 is selected from aminocarbonyl, cyanophenyl, methoxy, (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino group, aminomethyl, 2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy, 1, 1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl, (3-chloropropyl) carbamoyl, while R1 and R2 are H.
[0187] Derivatives of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound that comprise a bulky cyclyl group similar to phenyl may also be used. In some embodiments, the -OH group of the boronic acid is substituted, e.g. by halogens. In some embodiments, the boronic acid group is not linked to the benzene ring, instead its position is shifted to a heterocyclyl, a fused ring or fused heterocyclyl, such as quinoline, indole, purine, pyridine, pyrimidine etc. In some embodiments, the derivative is a heteroarylboronic acid-containing compound.
[0188] For example, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound or derivative thereof used in the methods herein are selected from 2-methoxyphenylboronic acid (referred as BA-1) , halogenated phenylboronic acid, such as 2-iodophenylboronic acid, 2-bromophenylboronic acid, 2- flurorphenylboronic acid, and 3-chlorophenylboronic acid, 2-formylphenylboronic acid, 2-methylthiophenylboronic acid, 2-phenoxyphenylboronic acid, 2-methoxymethylphenylboronic acid, 3-aminophenylboronic acid, biphenyl-3-boronic acid, 3-chlorophenylboronic acid, 3-carboxyphenylboronic acid, (3- (1H-3, 5-dimethylpyrazole-1-yl) phenyl) boronic acid, 3- (propargylaminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid, 4- (aminocarbonyl) phenylboronic acid, 4-cyanophenylboronic acid, 4-methoxyphenylboronic acid, (4- ( (2-carboxyethyl) carbonylmethyl) phenyl) boronic acid, (4- ( (tert-butoxycarbonyl) amino) phenyl) boronic acid, 4- (aminomethyl) benzeneboronic acid, (4- (2- (2-methoxyethoxy) ethoxy) phenyl) boronic acid, (4- (1, 1-dioxidoisothiazolidin-2-yl) phenyl) boronic acid, (4- ( (3-chloropropyl) carbamoyl) phenyl) boronic acid.
[0189] Preferably, the phenylboronic acid is modified with functional handles such as azide-, alkyne-and biotin at any of the R1, R2 or R3 positions.
[0190] In some specific embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compounds or derivative thereof are selected from the following:
[0191] Preferably, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is selected from BA-1, (4- (azidomethyl) -2-methoxyphenyl) boronic acid (referred to as BA-2) , (2-methoxy-4- ( (pent-4-ynoyloxy) methyl) phenyl) boronic acid (referred to as BA-3) and (2-methoxy-4- ( ( (5- ( (3aS, 4S, 6aR) -2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno [3, 4-d] imidazol-4-yl) pentanoyl) oxy) methyl) phenyl) boronic acid (referred to as BA-4) (as shown in Figure 6) .
[0192] In some embodiments, the substituted phenylboronic acid is 2-methoxy phenylboronic acid, which can give >95 %of the product within 30 minutes at 50 μM of the tag peptide. The higher reactivity of 2-methoxy phenylboronic acid is probably attributed to the ortho-methoxy group, which can stabilize the aryl copper species generated during the coupling process.
[0193] The synthesis of phenylboronic compounds can be obtained via a variety of schemes, e.g. through electrophilic trapping of arylmetal intermediates with borate esters at low temperature. Such a reaction usually involves the addition of a methylborate to a solution of phenylmagnesium bromide but unfortunately results in low yields. Besides using a Grignard reagent, in this synthetic pathway, boronic acids can also be prepared through lithium–halogen exchange. Aryl boronic acids can also be obtained through transmetallation of aryl silanes and stannanes, transition metal-catalyzed coupling of aryl halides with diboronic acid reagents and for direct boronylation by transition metal-catalyzed aromatic C–H functionalization.
[0194] IV. Fusion protein comprising the tag peptide
[0195] The tag peptides as disclosed herein provide a biocompatible and highly efficient chemical modification of a single serine or threonine residue therein, and thus have wide applicability in on-demand modification of a target protein. In one aspect, the present application provides a method of selectively modifying a target protein by introducing the tag peptide as disclosed herein into the target protein to create a specific site for serine modification or for threonine modification. Also provided is a fusion protein comprising any of the tag peptides as disclosed herein, wherein the tag peptide is fused to the C terminal or N terminal of one or more polypeptide chains of the target protein, or inserted into a non-functional portion of the target protein so that the presence of the tag peptide would not interfere with the normal functional of the target protein.
[0196] In theory, the target protein encompasses any protein on which a site-directed modification is desired, for example for the purpose of labelling, detection, coupling and conjugation. The target proteins may include various types, including enzymes (e.g. oxidoreductase, transferase, hydrolase, lyase, isomerase, ligase, and translocase) , receptors (e.g. cell surface receptor and intracellular receptor) , protein hormones, transport proteins (e.g. carrier protein and channel protein) , structural proteins, molecular chaperones, multifunctional proteins, viral or bacterial proteins, immunoglobulins (e.g. nanobody, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, multi-specific antibody, bispecific antibody, multivalent or bivalent antibody) .
[0197] In some embodiments, the target protein may be a polypeptide complex comprising two or more associated polypeptide chains, such as a homodimeric or heterodimeric polypeptide complex. The tag peptide may be fused to one or more chains of the target protein. In the cases where the target protein is a homodimeric polypeptide complex, the tag peptide may be fused to or inserted into each of the same polypeptide chains for symmetricity.
[0198] The non-functional portion of a target protein may be determined based on known functional delineation or annotation of the target protein. For example, the non-functional portion of a target protein may be a linker sequence linking two functional portions or a non-functional loop that a high degree of sequence variation is tolerable.
[0199] In some specific embodiments, the target protein is Trigger Factor, Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP) or a Nanobody, wherein the tag peptide is fused to the N terminal of the protein. In some specific embodiments, the target protein is Trigger Factor, Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP) or a Nanobody, wherein the tag peptide is fused to the C terminal of the protein. In one embodiment, the target protein is an antibody (e.g. nanobody or IgG antibody) , wherein the tag peptide is fused to the N terminal of the target protein. In another embodiment, the target protein is a nanobody, wherein the tag peptide is inserted into the non-functional loop of the antibody (e.g. nanobody or IgG antibody) , such as in the constant region of the antibody.
[0200] Depending on the needs, the tag peptide may be operably linked to the target protein, e.g. directly or via a peptide linker. In some embodiments, the tag peptide is operably linked to the C or N terminal of the target protein via a GS series linker. Methods for engineering the target protein to construct a fusion of the target protein and the tag peptide are familiar in the art.
[0201] The method as disclosed herein can selectively modify the one and single amino acid residue (which is serine or threonine) in the tag peptide of the fusion protein. Phenylboronic acid-containing compound utilized for modifying the said single amino acid residue may vary based on the requirements of the modification and may include any of the substituted phenylboronic acid disclosed above. In some embodiments, the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is selected from BA-1, BA-2, BA-3, and BA-4.
[0202] In addition, the methods described herein can provide precise, efficient, single-site selective protein modification with high specificity even in a complex reaction mixture, in which the modified amino acid residue is exactly the serine in the SH motif or the threonine in the TH motif of the tag peptide. As shown in the Examples, for the fusion proteins of Trigger Factor, Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP) or a Nanobody reacted with phenylboronic acid compounds, > 95%formation of mono-labeled product can be observed within 10-40 minutes, while control proteins lacking the tag peptide show no observable activity. Furthermore, when the reaction takes place in a complex reaction mixture such as cell lysate, the method can still modify the fusion protein at the -SH-or -TH-position of the tag peptide in a site-specific manner.
[0203] V. Application of tag peptide in producing antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs)
[0204] Mono payload ADCs
[0205] The majority of currently approved and experimental ADCs rely on chemoselective cysteine-maleimide reactions. However, ADCs generated through these reactions often exhibit heterogeneity and poor plasma stability, leading to faster clearance and undesired toxicity. The present tag peptides (in particular the Ser-Click peptide) disclosed herein provide a unique approach for selective antibody conjugation widely applicable for producing highly homogeneous ADCs.
[0206] In one aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:
[0207] (a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;
[0208] (b) incubating the tagged antibody with phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue or the threonine residue in the tag peptide; and
[0209] (c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine residue or the modified threonine residue, thereby generating the antibody-drug conjugate.
[0210] The tag peptide may be located at the N terminal, C terminal or internal of the antibody polypeptide chain, as long as it does not interfere with the antigen binding activity of the antibody. The antibody that can be used herein for ADC production encompasses any immunoglobulin, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, multi-specific antibody, bispecific antibody, multivalent or bivalent antibody that binds to one or more specific antigens. The antibody may be in various formats, such as a conventional antibody that comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, a nanobody comprising a single variable domain for antigen binding, a bispecific antibody comprising two antigen-binding moieties.
[0211] Where the antibody comprises two heavy chains and two light chains, the tag peptide may be fused to the N terminal or C terminal of a heavy chain or a light chain. For symmetricity, the tag peptide is preferably fused to both heavy chains and / or both light chains. In some embodiments, the tag peptide is fused to the C terminal or N terminal of each of the two heavy chains. In some embodiments, the tag peptide is fused to the C terminal or N terminal of each of the two light chains. The tag peptide may also be inserted into a non-functional loop within the antibody, usually within the constant region, such as the Fc region. Preferably, the tag peptide is fused at the distal end to the VH and VL region to minimize the risk of interference with antigen-binding.
[0212] Where the antibody is a nanobody comprising a single variable domain, the tag peptide may be fused to the N terminal or C terminal of the single variable domain. The tag peptide may also be inserted into a non-functional loop within the nanobody. In the scenarios where the nanobody comprises a single variable domain operably linked to a half-life extending moiety such as a Fc region, the tag peptide may be inserted into the half-life extending moiety or fused at the N terminal or C terminal of the half-life extending moiety.
[0213] In some embodiments, step (b) utilizes a derivative of phenylboronic acid which may be any of the substituted phenylboronic acid disclosed above. For example, the derivative of phenylboronic acid is selected from BA-1, BA-2, BA-3 and BA-4. Preferably, step (b) utilizes BA-2 which comprises a azidehandle for modifying the side chain of the serine or the threonine residue in the tag peptide.
[0214] In some embodiments, after step (b) and prior to step (c) , the method comprises removing excess phenylboronic acid or the derivative thereof from the reaction system. The removal may be performed by various methods known in the art such as dialysis.
[0215] In some embodiments, the linker used in the linker-drug moiety comprises a spacer reactive with the modified sidechain of serine or threonine, a dipeptide valine–citrulline linker ( “vc” ) , and a self-immolative, p-amino-benzyloxycarbonyl ( “PAB” ) , which is designed to be stable in the bloodstream.
[0216] In some embodiments, the spacer reactive with the modified sidechain of serine or threonine comprises DBCO (dibenzocyclooctyne) . DBCO has similar reactivity to alkynes and can undergo efficient cyclic alkyne-alkyne coupling reactions with compounds containing diyne groups (such as azides on modified serine) , known as receptor directed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (SPAAC) . This reaction usually occurs in a catalyst free and high reaction rate manner. For ADC conjugation, the linker may comprise DBCO and one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12. In addition to the DBCO-PEG portion, the linker may further comprise valine-citrulline (val-cit) , glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (evc or glu-val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) , p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , and valine-citrulline-p-aminobenyloxycarbonyl (vc-PAB) . In some specific embodiments, the linker is DBCO-PEG3-EVC-PAB. Additional linker components are known in the art and can be readily used herein.
[0217] Preferably, the linker is cleavable by a protease. In some embodiments, the linker may comprise amino acid residues. Exemplary amino acid linker components include a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide. Exemplary dipeptides include: valine-citrulline (vc or val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (af or ala-phe) . Exemplary tripeptides include: glycine-valine-citrulline (gly-val-cit) , glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , and glycine-glycine-glycine (gly-gly-gly) . Amino acid residues which comprise an amino acid linker component include those occurring naturally, as well as minor amino acids and non-naturally occurring amino acid analogs, such as citrulline. Amino acid linker components can be designed and optimized in their selectivity for enzymatic cleavage by a particular enzyme.
[0218] In some embodiments, the drug moiety as disclosed herein comprises a cytotoxic agent or cytostatic agent selected from a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, and a nucleolytic enzyme. For example, the cytotoxic agent may be selected from maytansinoids such as DM1, DM3, DM4, dolastatins, dolostatin peptidic analogs and derivatives such as auristatins, optionally MMAE and MMAF. In some specific embodiments, the drug moiety comprises or consists of MMAE.
[0219] The method may further comprise recovering the resultant antibody-drug conjugate after step (c) . The generated ADC may be referred to by the formula Ab- (L-D) p, wherein Ab is the antibody, L is a linker system, D is the drug moiety, and p is a integer from 1 to 20, such as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 and 20. Depending on the number of tag peptides introduced into the antibody and conjugation rate, the generated ADCs may have 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 or more drug molecules per antibody molecule. In some specific embodiments, the cytotoxic agent is MMAE and the ADC has the formula Ab- (L-MMAE) p, and p ranges from 1 to 8. In some embodiments, the generated ADC is Ab- (L-MMAE) 2.
[0220] The average number of drugs per antibody may be calculated from the mixture by a dual ELISA antibody assay, which is specific for antibody and specific for the drug. Individual ADC molecules may be identified in the mixture by mass spectroscopy and separated by HPLC, e.g. hydrophobic interaction chromatography (see, e.g., Alley, S.C., et al. “Controlling the location of drug attachment in antibody-drug conjugates, ” Abstract No. 627, American Association for Cancer Research, 2004 Annual Meeting, March 27-31, 2004, Proceedings of the AACR, Volume 45, March 2004) . In certain embodiments, a homogeneous ADC with a single loading value may be isolated from the conjugation mixture by electrophoresis or chromatography.
[0221] The ADCs may also be prepared by reaction of modified serine or threonine residue on the antibody with a bivalent linker reagent, to form Ab-L, via a covalent bond, followed by reaction with a drug moiety D. In some embodiments, the MMAE drug moiety linked with DBCO, such as DBCO-PEGn-VC-PAB or DBCO-PEGn-EVC-PAB, is commercially available and can be directly used for conjugation with the antibody.
[0222] Dual payload antibody-drug conjugates
[0223] Dual-payload ADC is emerging as a more potent ADC format to overcome the cancer resistance problem. The preparation of dual-payload ADC is technically challenging since it may require orthogonal bioconjugation methods to attach two different payloads. The tag peptides as disclosed herein are compatible with disulfide bonds, and the application of serine / threonine-based conjugation in combination with Cys-based conjugation can be utilized to generate dual payload ADCs.
[0224] In one aspect, the present application provides a method for preparing a dual payload antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:
[0225] (a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;
[0226] (b) incubating the tagged antibody with phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue or the threonine residue in the tag peptide;
[0227] (c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a first linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine residue or the modified threonine residue, thereby generating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug;
[0228] (d) incubating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug with a reductant to reduce inter-chain disulfide bonds within the antibody; and
[0229] (e) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a second linker-drug moiety to react with the reduced Cys residue, thereby generating an ADC of the antibody with the first and second drugs.
[0230] Most cysteine thiol residues in antibodies exist as disulfide bridges. In step (d) , the antibody may be reduced with a reducing agent such as dithiothreitol (DTT) or tricarbonylethylphosphine (TCEP) , under partial or total reducing conditions, to generate reactive cysteine thiol groups. In certain embodiments, the antibody may be subjected to denaturing conditions to reveal reactive nucleophilic groups such as lysine or cysteine.
[0231] Due to the difference in serine / threonine-based conjugation and cysteine-based conjugation, the first linker and second linker are generally different. In some embodiments, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety may comprise DBCO and one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12. In addition to the DBCO-PEG portion, the linker may further comprise glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) , p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , and valine-citrulline-p-aminobenyloxycarbonyl (vc-PAB) . In some specific embodiments, the linker is DBCO-PEG3-EVC-PAB.
[0232] The linker in the second linker-drug moiety may be any of those conventionally used for cysteine-based conjugation. In some embodiments, the linker comprises a component selected from but not limited to, 6-maleimidocaproyl (MC) , maleimidopropanoyl (MP) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) , p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4-(2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , and 6-maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenyloxycarbonyl (MC-vc-PAB) . In some specific embodiments, the linker is MC-vc-PAB.
[0233] Optionally, the process further comprises adding an effective amount of oxidant to re-oxidize the unreacted thiol groups after step (e) .
[0234] Depending on the number of tag peptides introduced into the antibody and the conjugated cysteine residues, the generated ADCs may have 1, 2, 3, 4 or more molecules of the first drug and 1, 2, 3 or 4 molecules of the second drug per antibody molecule. In some specific embodiments, the first drug moiety (D1) is MMAE, the second drug moiety (D2) is MMAF, or vice versa. For example, the ADC may have two molecules of D1 and four molecules of D2 per antibody, and such ADCs may be referred to as D2+4 ADCs.
[0235] Functionalities of the ADCs
[0236] Binding of the ADC to cell surface targets initiates internalization. Upon internalization into target-expressing tumor cells, the drug moiety such as MMAE, which exerts its potent cytostatic effect by inhibiting microtubule assembly, tubulin-dependent GTP hydrolysis and polymerization, is released via proteolytic cleavage. Finally, after binding to tubulin, MMAE disrupts the microtubule network within the cell, which, in turn, induces cell cycle arrest and results in apoptotic death of the target-expressing tumor cells.
[0237] The ADCs generated by the serine / threonine-based approach as disclosed herein have a binding affinity to targets which are substantially the same or comparable to unconjugated antibody. Moreover, they can also effectively kill target expressing cancer cells.
[0238] The following examples are provided to better illustrate the claimed invention and are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. These specific compositions, materials, and methods are not intended to limit the invention, but merely to illustrate specific embodiments falling within the scope of the invention.
[0239] EXAMPLES
[0240] Exemplary reagents and buffers used in the experiments below were shown in Table 1.
[0241] Table 1. List of reagents and buffers
[0242] Example 1: General procedures
[0243] Peptide synthesis
[0244] All peptides were synthesized on a 0.01 mmol scale using automated parallel peptide synthesizer (Syro Ⅱ, Biotage) , and all syntheses were carried out at room temperature. Each cycle of amino acid synthesis involves a 12-minute coupling step with 200 μL of Fmoc-protected amino acid (0.5 M in DMF) , 200 μL of HCTU (0.475 M in DMF) , and 100 μL of DIEA (2 M in NMP) repeated twice. This is followed by a 3-minute wash with DMF three times, deprotection with 20%(v / v) 4-methyl piperidine in DMF once, and another 3-minute wash with DMF three times. Upon completing the stepwise SPPS, the resins are thoroughly washed with DCM and dried under vacuum. Subsequently, the peptides are cleaved and deprotected by treating them with 2% (v / v) water, 2% (v / v) TIPS, and 1% (m / v) DTT in neat TFA for 2 hours at room temperature. The resulting peptide solution is precipitated and washed with cold diethyl ether three times. The obtained solid is dissolved in an equimolar mixture of water and acetonitrile containing 0.1%TFA and lyophilized.
[0245] N-Acetyl capping procedure:
[0246] Before the final deprotection procedure, the resin was suspended in 1: 1: 8 DMF / DIEA / Ac2O (0.5 mL) , mixed for 20 minutes then washed with DMF three times.
[0247] HPLC and LC-MS analysis
[0248] LC-MS analyses were performed using an Agilent 1260-6230 single TOF LC / MS. The column used was Agilent ZORBAX 3.5 μm 300SB-C18 and Agilent ZORBAX 5 μm 300SB-CN. Peptide purification was performed using semi-preparative HPLC on an Agilent 1260 Infinity LC system using an Agilent ZORBAX (9.4×250 mm) 5 μm semi-preparative column.
[0249] LC-MS / MS analysis
[0250] The desalted peptide mixture was dried by centrifugation under a vacuum then resuspended in 0.1%FA for LC-MS / MS analysis. Peptide mixture was analyzed using an Easy-nLC 1200 system coupled with an Orbitrap Exploris 480 (ThermoFisher) mass spectrometer. The sample was loaded directly onto a home-made capillary column (75 μm × 20 cm, 1.9 μm C18, 5 μm tip) . Mobile phase A consisted of 0.1%FA, 2%CH3CN and 98%H2O and mobile phase B consisted of 0.1%FA, 20%H2O and 80%CH3CN. A 60 min gradient (mobile phase B: 4%at 0 min, 5%at 1 min, 25%at 41 min, 37%at 54 min, 90%at 57 min, 90%at 60 min) was used at a static flow rate of 0.45 μL / min. The data were acquired in a data-dependent (top-30) mode. For MS1, the scan range was set to 350-1500 m / z at a resolution of 60000. The AGC target was set as 106 with a maximum injection time of 20 ms. For MS2, the resolution was set to 15000 with a fixed first mass of 125 m / z. The AGC target was set to 105, and the maximum injection time was set to 22 ms. Dynamic exclusion was set to 30 s with a 10-ppm mass tolerance around the precursor. Ions with charge state 1, 6-8, and more than 8 were excluded. To detect the modification, raw files were searched against the corresponding sequence by pFind, and the arylation conjugation was set as variable modification.
[0251] NMR
[0252] All NMR experiments, including 1H, 13C, COSY, ROESY, TOCSY, HSQC, and HMBC were performed at 25 ℃ on a Bruker NEO 600 MHz NMR spectrometer (600.23 MHz for proton frequency) equipped with a QCI-F Cryoprobe. 1H NMR chemical shifts were referenced to residual non-deuterated DMSO (2.5 ppm) . Chemical shifts for 13C NMR spectra were referenced to DMSO-d6 (39.5 ppm) . Data for 1H NMR are recorded as follows: chemical shift (δ, ppm) , multiplicity (s= singlet, d = doublet, t = triplet, m = multiplet, q = quartet, dd = doublet of doublets, dt = doublet of triplets, td = triplet of doublets, and br = broad signal, coupling constant (s) in Hz, and integration. Data for 13C NMR are reported in terms of chemical shift (δ, ppm) .
[0253] Example 2: Phage display for screening sequence-specific protein modification
[0254] In this example, single serine-specific chemical protein modification method through phage display-based high throughput selection was explored. A phage library with a fully randomized tetrapeptide before and after the anchoring histidine residue (-XXXXHXXXX-, X denotes 20 canonical amino acids combination, H denotes histidine) on protein III of M13 phage was built using the phagemid vector. The phage library displaying random peptides (X4HX4) was constructed through the Kunkel mutagenesis strategy12. A biotin-derivatized phenylboronic acid as shown in Figure 2 was prepared for the conjugation reaction with our phage library to select the peptides that specifically react with phenyl boronic acid.
[0255] The phages which were specifically labeled with biotin will be selected for the next round of screening with increasing stringency of the conjugation reactions. After 4 rounds of phage panning (Table 2) , the selected phages were submitted for next-generation sequencing for data analysis.
[0256] Table 2. Conditions for 4 rounds of phage display screening.
[0257] To avoid the unwanted copper-mediated conjugations, 1 mL phage (1×1013 pfu / mL) was incubated with 50 mM maleimide in PBS buffer (pH 7.4) to block free cysteines on phage. Then, the phage was precipitated and resuspended in 50 mM NMM buffer (0.2 M NaCl, pH 7.4) . The resuspended phage was incubated with 0.5 mM Biotin-PEG2-BA and 50 μM CuCl2·2H2O at 37 ℃for 1 hour for conjugation. After conjugation, 1 mM Na4-EDTA was added to quench the reaction. Followed by precipitation and buffer exchange to PBS, the biotinylated phage was loaded on streptavidin-coated plates (Thermo Scientific, 15501) and incubated at room temperature for 1 hour. After washing with PBST buffer, the bound phage was eluted by TEV / HRV3C enzyme cleavage in 50 mM Tris buffer (0.5 mM Na4-EDTA, 1 mM DTT, pH 7.4) . The collected phage was amplified by infecting TG1 cells (OD600 = 0.4 ~ 0.5) for the next round of display.
[0258] Four rounds of total screening with more demanding conditions were performed to select sequences with high specificity and reactivity (Figure 1) . In the second round, the phage was incubated with 0.5 mM Biotin-PEG2-BA and 50 μM CuCl2·2H2O at room temperature for 1 hour. In the third round, the phage was incubated with 0.5 mM Biotin-PEG2-BA and 50 μM CuCl2·2H2O at room temperature for 20 minutes. In the last round, the phage was incubated with 0.5 mM Biotin-PEG2-BA and 50 μM CuCl2·2H2O at room temperature for 10 minutes. After the selection, we extracted the DNA encoding random peptides of the selected phage by PCR for NGS (next-generation sequencing) analysis. Then all the sequences were ranked based on the enrichment factor. 17 top-rated peptides were selected for testing their reactions with phenylboronic acid.
[0259] From ranked sequences based on the enrichment, the top 17 peptides were synthesized and tested in the reaction. Reaction condition: 0.1 mM of peptide (1.0 μL of 10 mM stock solution in DMSO) in NMM buffer (96 μL of 50 mM stock solution, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , 2 mM of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (2.0 μL of 100 mM stock solution in DMSO) and 0.5 mM of CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 50 mM stock solution in H2O) were added subsequently, the mixture was vortexed and shaken at 37 ℃ for 12 hours. Na4-EDTA (1 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O, 5 mM final concentration) was added to quench the reaction, and then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction yield.
[0260] Table 3. Tested sequences from results of phage display.
[0261] NP. : No product
[0262] The result shows many peptides with the -SH-motif exhibit some activity, combined with Alanine and threonine mutational scan which showed that -TH-motif resulted in reduced yield, it was concluded that the -SH-motif was essential for reactivity. The peptide -LKASHRSFQ-possessed the highest activity, achieving 65 %conversion at 100 μM within 12 hours at 37 ℃(Table 3) . Tandem mass-spectrometry analysis revealed that the modification is on the first serine residue within this peptide. The 2D-NMR study further demonstrated that the modification site is indeed localized specifically to the hydroxyl group on the side chain of serine.
[0263] Example 3: Synthetic peptide library screening for reaction rate optimization
[0264] In this example, the sequence from Example 2 was optimized to enhance the serine modification reaction rate. We randomized each individual residue before or after the -SH-motif to generate 8 small peptide libraries (-X1LKASHRSFQ-, -WX2KASHRSFQ-…-WLKASHRSFX8-, X = R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, or F) to evaluate their impact on the reaction efficiency (Figure 3) .
[0265] To ensure a uniform distribution of the synthesized combinatorial library during the solid-phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) process from Ac-RX1LKASHRSFQ to Ac-RWLKASHRSFX8, a mixed amino acids stock solution in DMF consisted of specific amino acids mixed in a particular ratio was prepared. The amino acids included R, H, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, and F, preparing these stock solutions accurately is crucial to maintain the integrity and quality of the peptide synthesis process. The peptide stock solution was prepared with the average molecular weight (Mw = 119) of 10 different amino acids.
[0266] Screening conditions of combinatorial peptide library: 0.2 mM of peptide (2.0 μL of 10 mM stock solution in DMSO) in NMM buffer (96 μL of 50 mM stock solution, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , 2 mM of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (2.0 μL of 100 mM stock solution in DMSO) and 1 mM of CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 100 mM stock solution in H2O) were added subsequently, the mixture was vortexed and shaken at 37 ℃ for 6 hours. Na4-EDTA (2 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O, 20 mM final concentration) was added to quench the reaction, then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction conversion.
[0267] Table 5. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RX1LKASHRSFQ.
[0268] Preferred amino acids of X1: No preference observed.
[0269] Table 6. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWX2KASHRSFQ.
[0270] Preferred amino acids of X2: D, L, G
[0271] Table 7. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLX3ASHRSFQ.
[0272] Preferred amino acid of X3: D
[0273] Table 8. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLKX4SHRSFQ.
[0274] Preferred amino acid of X4: L
[0275] Table 9. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLKASHX5SFQ.
[0276] Preferred amino acids of X5: D, L
[0277] Table 10. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLKASHRX6FQ.
[0278] Preferred amino acid of X6: S
[0279] Table 11. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLKASHRSX7Q.
[0280] Preferred amino acids of X7: No particular preference observed.
[0281] Table 12. Sequences and conversion of Ac-RWLKASHRSFX8.
[0282] Preferred amino acids of X8: No particular preference was observed.
[0283] The results indicated that X3 position strongly prefers Asp, and other positions have various preferences (Table 5-12) .
[0284] Upon combining the preferred amino acids at different positions, it was found that peptide -LKDKSHLS-can achieve 95%conversion at 37 ℃ after 2 hours of reaction (Figure 3, Table 13) . MS / MS analysis showed the modification site is on the serine residue proceeding histidine.
[0285] Table 13. Selected peptides from screening of combinatorial library.
[0286] Example 4: Synthesis and screening process of positional peptide library based on LKDKSHLS peptide
[0287] After identifying the optimal peptide sequence LLKDKSHLSGG through the previous screening, the reaction conditions were intensified for more stringent selection. Subsequently, a positional peptide library was screened to refine the peptide selection process further. This strategic approach aims to identify peptides with specific characteristics by systematically varying amino acids at particular positions within the peptide sequence. From Ac-LP1KDKSHLSGG to Ac- LLKDKSHLP6GG (Figure 3) , P1-6 were synthesized as each one of the following amino acids: R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W.
[0288] Screening conditions of positional peptide library: 0.1 mM of peptide (1.0 μL of 10 mM stock solution in DMSO) in NMM buffer (96 μL of 50 mM stock solution, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , 1 mM of 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid (1.0 μL of 100 mM stock solution in DMSO) and 0.5 mM of CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 50 mM stock solution in H2O) were added subsequently, the mixture was vortexed and shaken at 37 ℃ for 1 hour. 10 mM of Na4-EDTA (1 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O) was added to quench the reaction, then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction yield.
[0289] The results of positional scans by replacing each residue at P1 to P6 were shown in Table 14-17.
[0290] Table 14. Peptides and conjugation yield of Ac-LP1KDKSHLSGG and Ac-LLP2DKSHLSGG
[0291] Table 15. Peptides and conjugation yield of Ac-LLKP3KSHLSGG and Ac- LLKDP4SHLSGG
[0292] Table 16. Peptides and conjugation yield of Ac-LLKDKSHP5SGG and Ac-LLKDKSHLP6GG
[0293] According to the screening results of the positional peptide library described above, the preferred amino acids at the P1-P6 sites were combined, and 6 peptides were synthesized to test the yields after 1 hour of standard reaction.
[0294] Table 17. Selected peptides from screening of positional library.
[0295] Table 18. Reaction of truncated peptides based on Ac-RWLKVDLSHLS.
[0296] Table 19. SH containing peptides with similar reactivity.
[0297] Several TH containing peptides were also tested under same conditions.
[0298] Table 20. TH containing peptides with similar reactivity.
[0299] The peptide, -KVDVSHLS- (SEQ ID NO: 200) , was finally identified and denoted as “Ser-click” , which exhibits the highest activity. Ser-Click was able to achieve 85%serine modification within 30 minutes at 50 μM at 37 ℃, and MS / MS analysis showed the modification site is on the serine residue proceeding histidine (Table 19, Fig. 4) .
[0300] Example 5: Characterization of sequence-specific modification with Ser-Click
[0301] In this Example, a variety of phenylboronic acid compounds and reaction conditions were screened to assess their reactivity with the sequence Ser-Click (Fig. 5) .
[0302] 5.1 The reactivity of substituted or functional handle-modified phenylboronic acids with Ser-Click
[0303] The screening scope of boronic acid-containing compounds was shown in Figures 5-6. General reaction conditions were as follows: 50 μM of peptide (1.0 μL of 5 mM stock solution in DMSO) in NMM buffer (96 μL of 100 mM stock solution, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , 1 mM of boronic acid-containing compound (1.0 μL of 100 mM stock solution in DMSO) and 150 μM of CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 15 mM stock solution in H2O) were added subsequently, the mixture was vortexed and shaken at 37 ℃ for 30 mins. 5 mM of Na4-EDTA (1 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O) was added to quench the reaction, then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction yield.
[0304] Synthesis and characterization of compounds BA-2, BA-3 and BA-4 were as follows:
[0305] (4- (hydroxymethyl) -2-methoxyphenyl) boronic acid (S1)
[0306] A round bottom flask charged with (4-formyl-2-methoxyphenyl) boronic acid (1.8 g, 10 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) , NaBH4 (189.2 mg, 5 mmol, 0.5 equiv. ) and dry THF (10 mL) was added. The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours; then, hydrochloric acid was added until the pH decreased to 2-3, and the mixture was poured into ice-cold H2O. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc (3×10 mL) and combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure, the crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (1–5%MeOH in CH2Cl2) to afford desired product S1 (1.64 g, 90%yield) as a white solid.
[0307] 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.62 (s, 2H) , 7.54 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 6.89 (d, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H) , 5.24 (t, J = 5.8 Hz, 1H) , 4.51 (d, J = 5.8 Hz, 2H) , 3.81 (s, 3H) .
[0308] 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 163.81, 146.89, 135.46, 118.20, 108.17, 62.91, 55.22.
[0309] Note: For thin-layer chromatography of boronic acids, the TLC plate was briefly dipped in 1 mM alizarin solution in acetone, dried in ambient air, and observed under 365 nm light3.
[0310] (4- (azidomethyl) -2-methoxyphenyl) boronic acid (BA-2)
[0311] To a vial containing the S1 (0.18 g, 1 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) was added DMF (5 mL) , Diphenylphosphoryl azide (0.33 g, 1.2 mmol, 1.2 equiv. ) and 1, 8-Diazabicyclo (5.4.0) undec-7-ene (0.2 g, 1.3 mmol, 1.3 equiv. ) . The reaction was stirred at room temperature for 4 hours. Then, the reaction was quenched with brine and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL) and combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (1–5%MeOH in CH2Cl2) to afford the desired product BA-2 (0.16 g, 80%yield) as a white solid.
[0312] 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.73 (br, 2H) , 7.56 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.98 (s, 1H) , 6.93 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 4.44 (s, 2H) , 3.81 (s, 3H) .
[0313] 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 163.60, 139.08, 135.57, 120.16, 110.27, 55.32, 53.65.
[0314] (2-methoxy-4- ( (pent-4-ynoyloxy) methyl) phenyl) boronic acid (BA-3)
[0315] To a vial containing the 4-Pentynoic acid (17.7 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.8 equiv. ) , HATU (60.8 mg, 0.16 mmol, 1.6 equiv. ) , DMF (1 mL) and DIEA (31.3 μL, 0.18 mmol, 1.8 equiv. ) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, S1 (18 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) was added, stirring the reaction at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with brine and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL) and combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (1–5%MeOH in CH2Cl2) to afford the desired product BA-3 (22.3 mg, 85%yield) as a white solid.
[0316] 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.70 (s, 2H) , 7.54z (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.96 (s, 1H) , 6.93 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 5.11 (s, 2H) , 3.81 (s, 3H) , 2.83 (t, J = 2.7 Hz, 1H) , 2.59 (t, J = 7.1 Hz, 2H) , 2.44 (td, J = 7.1, 2.7 Hz, 2H) .
[0317] 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 171.24, 163.51, 139.75, 135.41, 119.48, 109.54, 83.12, 71.68, 65.52, 55.31, 32.77, 13.81.
[0318] (2-methoxy-4- ( ( (5- ( (3aS, 4S, 6aR) -2-oxohexahydro-1H-thieno [3, 4-d] imidazol-4-yl) pentanoyl) oxy) methyl) phenyl) boronic acid (BA-4)
[0319] To a vial containing the D-Biotin (44.0 mg, 0.18 mmol, 1.8 equiv. ) , HATU (60.8 mg, 0.16 mmol, 1.6 equiv. ) , DMF (1 mL) and DIEA (31.3 μL, 0.18 mmol, 1.8 equiv. ) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, S1 (18 mg, 0.1 mmol, 1.0 equiv. ) was added, stirring the reaction at room temperature overnight. The reaction was quenched with brine and extracted with EtOAc (3×5 mL) and combined organic extracts were washed with brine, dried over Na2SO4 and concentrated under reduced pressure. The crude reaction mixture was purified by flash column chromatography (1–10%MeOH in CH2Cl2) to afford the desired product BA-4 (34.7 mg, 85%yield) as a white solid.
[0320] 1H NMR (600 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 7.53 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.95 (s, 1H) , 6.91 (d, J = 7.4 Hz, 1H) , 6.43 (s, 1H) , 6.36 (br, 1H) , 5.08 (s, 2H) , 4.30 (dd, J = 7.7, 5.0 Hz, 1H) , 4.12 (dd, J = 7.8, 4.4 Hz, 1H) , 3.80 (s, 3H) , 3.11 –3.05 (m, 1H) , 2.82 (dd, J = 12.4, 5.1 Hz, 1H) , 2.57 (d, J = 12.4 Hz, 1H) , 2.38 (t, J = 7.4 Hz, 2H) , 1.66 –1.52 (m, 3H) , 1.51 –1.43 (m, 1H) , 1.39 –1.28 (m, 2H) . 13C NMR (151 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 172.73, 163.51, 162.72, 139.97, 135.44, 119.53, 109.63, 65.25, 61.05, 59.19, 55.37, 55.30, 33.30, 28.02, 28.00, 24.55.
[0321] Among the substituted phenylboronic acids that were tested, 2-methoxy phenylboronic acid (i.e. BA-1) had the highest reaction rate, giving >95 %of the product within 30 minutes at 50 μM of Ser-Click peptide (Figures 7-8) . A significant conversion occurred in as short as 5 minutes (Figure 14) . The higher reactivity of 2-methoxy phenylboronic acid is probably attributed to the ortho-methoxy group, which can stabilize the aryl copper species generated during the coupling process. Although excess Cu (II) ions were added to drive the reaction kinetics, 0.5 equivalent of Cu (II) can also complete the conversion by extending the reaction time to 2 hours, suggesting the catalytic nature of this conjugation reaction (Figure 9) .
[0322] In addition, functional handles, including azide-, alkyne-and biotin, are all well tolerated for this reaction system, and functional handle-modified phenylboronic acids retain the full reaction kinetics compared with unmodified phenylboronic acid (Fig. 8) .
[0323] 5.2 Screening of reaction conditions
[0324] Cu(II) : Following the standard conditions, Cu (NO3) 2·9H2O, Cu (OAc) 2·H2O, CuCl2·2H2O and CuSO4·5H2O were used and the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃. The result as shown in Figure 10 indicates that a variety of cuprates are compatible with the reaction system.
[0325] Screening of reaction buffer was also performed. The result shown in Table 21 and Figure 11 shows many buffers can be used except PBS and Tris which obtain little yield. The result indicates that the conjugation reaction can be performed in non-coordinating buffers, such as 0.1 M NMM, MES, MOPS and CHES buffers, with no significant reactivity difference.
[0326] Table 21. Buffer screening result
[0327] pH: Following the standard conditions, reactions were conducted in pH 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.4, 8.0, 8.5 and 9.0, and the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃ (Figure 12) .
[0328] Following the standard conditions, 5, 15 and 20 equivalents of 2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid were used, and the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃ (Figure 13) . The result shows there is no significant difference in conversion rate when the compound reaches more than 5 equivalents.
[0329] Reaction period: Reactions of peptide Ac-KVDVSHLS with 2-methoxyphenyl boronic acid at different time points were also tested. Following the standard conditions, the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes at 37 ℃ (Figure 14) . The result shows the tag peptide can obtain a significant conversion as early as 5 minutes of reaction.
[0330] Reaction of disulfide bond containing Ser-Click peptide. Following the standard conditions, reactions were conducted with peptide Ac-C (StBu) KVDVSHLS and Ac-KVDVSHLSC (StBu) , the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃. The result shows the disulfide bond is fully compatible with Ser-Click conjugation too (Figure 15) .
[0331] The reaction can also be carried in the presence of additional metal ions, such as magnesium, calcium, cobalt, or nickel, further illustrating its specificity towards Cu (II) (Figure 16) .
[0332] 5.2 Protein modification reaction with Ser-Click peptide inserted at different positions
[0333] Furthermore, the protein modification reaction with Ser-Click peptide inserted at different positions was explored. Following the standard conditions, reactions were conducted with peptides Ac-YGGFL-KVDVSHLS (SEQ ID No: 216) , Ac-KVDVSHLS-YGGFL (SEQ ID No: 217) and Ac-YG-KVDVSHLS-YG (SEQ ID No: 218) , the mixture was vortexed and shaken for 30 minutes at 37 ℃.
[0334] The Ser-Click sequence retained full activity whether it was inserted at the C-terminus, the N-terminus, or the middle of other polypeptides (Fig. 17) . The Ser-Click sequence showed versatile protein modification potential because it retained full activity whether it was inserted at the C-terminus, the N-terminus, or the middle of other polypeptides.
[0335] LC-MS / MS and 2D NMR experiments confirmed that that the reaction site remains localized at the hydroxyl group of Ser preceding His. No alternative reaction sites were observed during the investigation.
[0336] Example 6: Selective chemical modification of a single serine residue in recombinant proteins using Ser-Click
[0337] In this example, Ser-Click was fused to different proteins at different positions to test whether a selective serine modification can be obtained. Ser-Click peptide was fused to Trigger Factor (48 kDa) , Maltose-Binding Protein (MBP, 41 kDa) , or Nanobody (15 kDa) , at the C terminus, N-terminus or at additional sites such as non-functional loop. We also inserted Ser-Click peptide at the additional sites (N-terminus and non-functional loop) of the albumin-binding nanobody to assess whether tagging position affects the modification efficiency and whether Ser-Click introduction affects the protein function. Their sequences were shown in the Table 22 below.
[0338] Table 22: Sequences of the fusion proteins
[0339] 6.1 General conjugation procedure of Ser-Click tagged proteins
[0340] To a solution of Ser-Click tagged Trigger Factor or MBP (10 μM final concentration) in NMM buffer (100 mM, 0.2 M NaCl, pH 7.4) , boronic acid reagent BA-1~BA-4 (1 μL of 50 mM stock solution in DMSO, 2.0 mM final concentration) and CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 2.5 mM stock solution in water, 100 μM final concentration) were added subsequently. The total reaction volume is 25 μL, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for different times. Trigger Factor with BA-1 and Trigger Factor- (C-Ser-Click) with BA-1~BA-4 followed the standard protein conjugation procedures, conjugation of BA-1 and BA-2 took 30 minutes at 37 ℃; BA-3: 20 minutes at 37 ℃; BA-4: 10 minutes at 37 ℃. Reactions of MBP with BA-1 and MBP- (C-Ser-Click) with BA-1~BA-4 followed the standard protein conjugation procedures, conjugation of BA-1: 30 minutes at 37 ℃, BA-2: 1 hour at 37 ℃; BA-3: 40 minutes at 37 ℃; BA-4: 40 minutes at 37 ℃. Na4-EDTA (1 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O) was added to quench the reaction, then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction yield.
[0341] For conjugation reactions at 10 μM protein concentration, generally > 95%formation of mono-labeled product was observed within 10-40 minutes, while control proteins lacking the Ser-Click peptide did not show any observable activity (Fig. 18) . Due to the complexity of protein substrates, excess Cu2+ (0.1 mM) and arylation agent (2 mM) were added to ensure the fast reaction kinetics.
[0342] To a solution of Ser-Click tagged antibody (4 μM final concentration) in CHES buffer (200 mM, 0.2 M NaCl, pH 8.0) , boronic acid reagent BA-2 (1 μL of 50 mM stock solution in DMSO, 2.0 mM final concentration) and CuCl2·2H2O (1.0 μL of 0.5 mM stock solution in water, 20 μM final concentration) were added subsequently. The total reaction volume is 25 μL, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for different times. Reactions of Nanobody with BA-1 and Nanobody- (C-Ser-Click) with BA-1~BA-4 followed the standard protein conjugation procedures, conjugation of BA-1~BA-4: 20 minutes at 37 ℃. Na4-EDTA (1 μL of 500 mM stock solution in H2O) was added to quench the reaction, the antibodies were treated with endoglycosidase (EndoS) to remove the N-linked glycans, reduced by freshly prepared DTT (1 μL of 100 mM stock solution in H2O) , then the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed by LC-MS to determine the reaction yield.
[0343] Three different Ser-Click fused nanobodies exhibit equivalent reactivities with phenylboronic acid, suggesting that Ser-Click is fully compatible with on-demand protein modification requirements (Fig. 18) .
[0344] 6.2 Binding affinity of the Ser-Click fused nanobodies to human serum albumin
[0345] The impact of Ser-Click incorporation on the binding affinity of a selected Nanobody to human serum albumin (HSA) 13 was assessed using BLI at room temperature. Anti-His biosensor tips were submerged in 200 μL of HSA solution (10 μg / mL His-tagged HSA in PBS containing 0.02%Tween-20) to facilitate the immobilization of HSA onto the tips. These HSA-coated tips were then introduced to varying concentrations of Ser-Click-modified Nanobodies in PBS with 0.02%Tween-20 to generate association kinetics data, with a buffer-only reference to correct for baseline drift. Following the association phase, the biosensor tips were immersed in PBS with 0.02%Tween-20 to record the dissociation kinetics. After the experiments, each sample's association and dissociation curves were manually fitted to obtain the KD, and the final KD was reported as the average of the KD obtained from experiments with serial diluted Nanobodies.
[0346] Binding characterizations between the three different Ser-Click fused nanobodies and human serum albumin were performed13) .
[0347] The result shows that the Ser-Click fused nanobodies bound to human serum albumin with similar affinity, indicating Ser-Click insertion wouldn’t alter protein function as long as it is inserted at non-functional sites (Fig. 19) .
[0348] Example 7: Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) construction via Ser-Click
[0349] In this Example, the potential application of Ser-Click conjugation in ADCs was explored.
[0350] 7.1 Modification of Tra- (Ser-Click)
[0351] Ser-Click was fused to the C-terminus of trastuzumab to construct the Tra- (Ser-Click) and subsequently expressed and purified using the same protocol as trastuzumab. The light chain and heavy chain sequences for Tra- (Ser-Click) are listed in SEQ ID NO: 214-215. To a solution of Tra- (Ser-Click) (4 μM final concentration) in CHES buffer (200 mM, 0.2 M NaCl, pH 8.0) , boronic acid reagent BA-2 (10 μL of 100 mM stock solution in DMSO, 2 mM final concentration) and CuCl2·2H2O (1 μL of 12.5 mM stock solution in water, 20 μM final concentration) were subsequently added. The total reaction volume is 500 μL. The mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. After the reaction, 20 μL of Na4-EDTA was added, and excessive BA-2 was removed by dialysis.
[0352] The modification reaction with the azide-derivatized BA-2 molecule demonstrated an impressive 95%conversion within 2 hours (Fig. 20) . Detailed LC-MS analysis revealed the untouched light chain, and the Ser-Click-tagged heavy chain showed a singular modification, despite trastuzumab having 51 serine residues in each heavy chain and 33 serine residues in each light chain. In contrast, the control protein trastuzumab exhibited no observable activity.
[0353] Tra- (Ser-Click) was labelled with Cy7 to see whether Cy7-labeled Tra- (Ser-Click) can selectively bind to HER2-positive cells. Briefly, JIMT-1 and SK-BR-3 Cells were plated at a density of 1×106 cells per well in 6-well V-bottom plates. Following seeding, cells were centrifuged and washed three times with 500 μL of phosphate-buffered saline containing 0.5%fetal serum albumin (PBSA) . Subsequently, cells were incubated with 5 μL of Cy7-conjugated antibodies or isotype control antibodies (concentration: 1 mg / mL in PBS) for 30 minutes at 37 ℃. After incubation, cells were centrifuged, washed with PBSA to remove unbound antibodies, and subjected to flow cytometric analysis using the CytoFLEX LX-6L flow cytometer (Beckman) .
[0354] The result shows it was able to selectively label HER2-positive JIMT-1 and SK-BR-3 cells (Fig. 21) , indicating that antibody modification using Ser-Click technology didn’t alter the protein’s original function.
[0355] 7.2 General procedure to prepare Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE
[0356] Next, DBCO-MMAE was conjugated to the azide-modified Tra- (Ser-Click) and generated the ADC Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE (Fig. 22) . Briefly, DBCO-PEG3-EVCit-MMAE (20 equivalents of stock solution in DMSO) was added to a solution of the BA-2 modified Tra- (Ser-Click) (10 μM, total reaction volume can be 1 mL) conjugate in PBS, and the mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 hours. The reaction was monitored using LC-MS. After the reaction was completed, the excess drug was removed during dialysis.
[0357] 7.3 Binding affinity to HER2 protein
[0358] The affinity of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE to HER2 protein was measured. Binding affinity assays were conducted at ambient temperature using the ForteBio Octet BioLayer Interferometry (BLI) system14. Amine-reactive (AHC) biosensor tips were immersed in 200 μL of antibody solution (10 μg / mL of either Tra- (Ser-Click) or Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE in PBS containing 0.02%Tween-20) to facilitate antibody immobilization. These antibody-coated tips were then exposed to varying concentrations of recombinant HER2 protein (Sino Biological, catalog #10004-H08H1-50) in PBS with 0.02%Tween-20 to record the association phase. A buffer-only control was used to establish the baseline reference. Subsequently, the biosensor tips were transferred to PBS with 0.02%Tween-20 to monitor the dissociation phase.
[0359] Data analysis was performed according to ForteBio Biosystems' guidelines. Each sample's association and dissociation profiles were fitted using the ForteBio DataAnalysis software version 12 to calculate the KD. The final KD was reported as the average of the KD obtained from experiments with serially diluted HER2.
[0360] The KD is ~1.7 nM, which is comparable to the trastuzumab-HER2 binding affinity (KD ~1.2 nM) (Fig. 23) .
[0361] 7.4 Cell killing efficacy of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE
[0362] The cell killing efficacy of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE towards HER2-positive and HER2-negative cell lines was evaluated (Fig. 24) . CHO cells were plated at a density of 5×103 / well, while MCF7, SK-BR-3, and JIMT-1 cells were plated at 1×104 / well in 96-well white opaque plates. The cells were incubated for 24 hours at 37 ℃ with 5%CO2 in a humidified incubator to allow for attachment. Subsequently, the cells were treated with a range of concentrations of Tra- (Ser-Click) , Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE and DBCO-PEG3-EVC-PAB-MMAE for 72 hours.
[0363] The viability of cells was assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8, MCE, HY-K0301) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The absorbance was measured, and the results were normalized to the control wells containing untreated cells. Data analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism software. Dose-response curves were generated, and the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) values were determined using the log (inhibitor) vs. response model in GraphPad Prism.
[0364] The result shows Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE can effectively kill HER2-positive SK-BR-3 cells (IC50 = 0.077 nM ± 0.006) and JIMT-1 cells (IC50 = 0.025 nM ± 0.002) , while it displayed minimal toxicity towards the HER2-negative CHO-K1 cells or MCF-7 cells (Fig. 24) .
[0365] 7.5 Determination of plasma stability
[0366] Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE (150 μg / mL, 1.0 μL in PBS) was added to undiluted BALB / c mouse plasma (149 μL) to a final concentration of 1 μg / mL. After incubation at 37 ℃ for varying times, aliquots (10 μL each) were taken and stored at -80 ℃ until use. Samples were analyzed by sandwich ELISA assay. A high-binding 96-well plate (Corning) was coated with homemade HER2 protein (500 ng per well) . After overnight coating at 4 ℃, the plate was blocked with 200 μL of 2%BSA in PBS containing 0.05%Tween-20 (PBS-T) with agitation at room temperature for 2 hours. Subsequently, the solution was removed and each ADC sample (100 μL in PBS-T containing 2%BSA) was added to each well, and the plate was incubated at 4 ℃ overnight. After sample incubation, each well was washed four times with 300 μL of PBS-T. For Trastuzumab detection, 100 μL of rabbit anti-human IgG antibody (1: 20000) was added to each well at room temperature for two hours. Then, each well was washed four times with 300 μL of PBS-T, followed by adding the detection antibody. 100 μL of goat anti-rabbit (1: 10000) was added to each well, then washed four times with 300 μL PBS-T before adding 100 μL the TMB substrate. After color was developed for 10-30 minutes, 100 μL of 2 M HCl was added to each well to stop the reaction and then the absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a plate reader (Thermo Varioskan LUX) . Concentrations were calculated based on a standard curve-stability in human plasma. Assays were performed in the same manner using homemade human HER2 (500 ng per well) for plate coating, mouse anti-MMAE antibody (1: 2000) , and goat anti-mouse IgG-HRP conjugate (1: 10000) as secondary detection antibodies, respectively.
[0367] Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE demonstrates remarkable stability and 50%of ADC remained intact after incubation for 192 hours in plasma (Fig. 25) .
[0368] Example 8: Generation and characterization of dual payload ADC Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE-MMAF
[0369] The application of Ser-Click in conjunction with Cys-based conjugation to generate dual payload ADC was explored.
[0370] Ser-click fusion to Trastuzumab and 2 MMAE conjugation on Tra- (Ser-Click) was performed to prepare Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE using the same protocol described in Example 6. Then, interchain disulfide bonds were reduced and a Cys-maleimide reaction was employed to attach the MMAF payload. Briefly, to a solution of Tra- (Ser-Click) -MMAE (2 μM final concentration) in PBS buffer (100 mM, 0.2 M NaCl, pH 6.8) , TCEP (1 μL of 5 mM stock solution in H2O, 0.2 mM final concentration) was added, the total reaction volume is 25 μL. The mixture was incubated at 37 ℃ for 2 hours, then McMMAF (1 μL of 10 mM stock solution in DMSO, 0.4 mM final concentration) was directly added, and the mixture was continually incubated at 37 ℃for 2 hours. The antibodies were treated with endoglycosidase (EndoS) to remove the N-linked glycans, reduced by freshly prepared DTT (1 μL of 100 mM stock solution in H2O) . Then, the crude reaction mixture was centrifuged and analyzed using LC-MS.
[0371] LC-MS analysis indicated that both MMAE and MMAF were attached to Trastuzumab to generate this dual-payload ADC (Figs. 26 and 27) .
[0372] Example 9: Ser-Click fused protein labeling in cell lysate
[0373] Considering the exceptional reactivity and selectivity demonstrated by the three recombinant proteins and the antibody, the wider applicability of Ser-Click across various proteins was explored.
[0374] The labelling of a singular Ser-Click-tagged protein within the complex environment of cell lysates, utilizing both BL21 strain bacteria and HEK 293F mammalian cell line lysates was performed. Cell lysate preparation was conducted in accordance with established protocols5. Escherichia coli BL21 cells were propagated in LB medium, and 293F cells were cultured in SMM 293-TII expression medium. Post-cultivation, cells were harvested via centrifugation, and the resultant supernatant was discarded. The cell pellet was resuspended in NMM buffer and subjected to sonication to achieve lysis. Subsequent centrifugation was performed to separate the cell debris from the lysate. For the BL21 cell lysate, free cysteine residues were blocked by adding 2 mM maleimide and incubated at 37 ℃ for one hour. The 293F cell lysate underwent a similar treatment for cysteine blocking, and additionally, 2 mM phenylboronic acid was introduced to inhibit potential glycan interactions with boronic acid, also at 37 ℃ for one hour. Following the blocking steps, dialysis removed the small molecules from the lysates. The final preparations were then aliquoted, flash-frozen in liquid nitrogen, and stored at –80 ℃ for future use.
[0375] TF- (C-Ser-Click) , MBP- (C-Ser-Click) , and Tra- (Ser-Click) were mixed with BL21 or HEK 293F cell lysates, followed by the addition of Cu (II) and BA-4 to initiate the Ser-Click-based protein modification reactions. In the general procedure of labeling within the BL21 cell lysate, the following components were combined: TF- (C-Ser-Click) at a final concentration of 5 μM, BA-4 at 1 mM, and CuCl2·2H2O at 1 mM, and the BL21 cell lysate in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) . The labeling reaction was carried out at room temperature for 15 minutes. In the case of the 293F cell lysate, the labeling protocol was similar but slightly modified the conditions. The reaction mixture consisted of TF- (C-Ser-Click) at 5 μM, BA-4 at 1 mM, and CuCl2·2H2O at 1 mM, with the 293F cell lysate prepared in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) . The labeling reaction for the 293F lysate was conducted at 37 ℃ and extended to 30 minutes to ensure efficient protein conjugation.
[0376] MBP- (C-Ser-Click)
[0377] BL21 cell lysate: MBP- (C-Ser-Click) (5 μM) , BA-4 (1 mM) , CuCl2·2H2O (1 mM) , BL21 cell lysate in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , r. t., 15 minutes.
[0378] 293F cell lysate: MBP (C-Ser-Click) (5 μM) , BA-4 (1 mM) , CuCl2·2H2O (1 mM) , 293F cell lysate in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , 37 ℃, 30 minutes.
[0379] Trastuzumab- (C-Ser-Click)
[0380] BL21 cell lysate: Trastuzumab- (C-Ser-Click) (2 μM) , BA-4 (1 mM) , CuCl2·2H2O (1 mM) , BL21 cell lysate in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , r. t., 30 minutes.
[0381] 293F cell lysate: Trastuzumab- (C-Ser-Click) (2 μM) , BA-4 (1 mM) , CuCl2·2H2O (1 mM) , 293F cell lysate in NMM buffer (100 mM, pH 7.4, 0.2 M NaCl) , r. t., 15 minutes.
[0382] The specificity of these reactions was assessed using SDS-PAGE and anti-biotin western blot analysis.
[0383] The results demonstrated that all three Ser-Click-tagged proteins could be selectively labeled in both BL21 and HEK 293F cell lysates (Figure 28) . This implies that Ser-Click exhibits excellent biorthogonality with various proteins, making it a potentially universal method for the on-demand labeling of diverse proteins. Ser-Click's versatility for broader protein modifications was evidenced by its ability to selectively modify single proteins within complex cell lysates, highlighting its promise as a universal tool for on-demand protein labeling and modification.
[0384] References
[0385] 1 deGruyter, J.N., Malins, L.R. &Baran, P. S. Residue-Specific Peptide Modification: A Chemist's Guide. Biochemistry 56, 3863-3873, doi: 10.1021 / acs. biochem. 7b00536 (2017) .
[0386] 2 Hoyt, E.A., Cal, P. M.S.D., Oliveira, B.L. &Bernardes, G.J.L. Contemporary approaches to site-selective protein modification. Nature Reviews Chemistry 3, 147-171, doi: 10.1038 / s41570-019-0079-1 (2019) .
[0387] 3 Tsuchikama, K. &An, Z. Antibody-drug conjugates: recent advances in conjugation and linker chemistries. Protein Cell 9, 33-46, doi: 10.1007 / s13238-016-0323-0 (2018) .
[0388] 4 Taylor, R.J., Geeson, M.B., Journeaux, T. &Bernardes, G.J.L. Chemical and Enzymatic Methods for Post-Translational Protein-Protein Conjugation. J Am Chem Soc 144, 14404-14419, doi: 10.1021 / jacs. 2c00129 (2022) .
[0389] 5 Sornay, C., Vaur, V., Wagner, A. &Chaubet, G. An overview of chemo-and site-selectivity aspects in the chemical conjugation of proteins. R Soc Open Sci 9, 211563, doi: 10.1098 / rsos. 211563 (2022) .
[0390] 6 Walsh, S.J. et al. Site-selective modification strategies in antibody-drug conjugates. Chem Soc Rev 50, 1305-1353, doi: 10.1039 / d0cs00310g (2021) .
[0391] 7 Schastnaya, E. et al. Extensive regulation of enzyme activity by phosphorylation in Escherichia coli. Nat Commun 12, 5650, doi: 10.1038 / s41467-021-25988-4 (2021) .
[0392] 8 Hedstrom, L. Serine protease mechanism and specificity. Chem Rev 102, 4501-4524, doi: 10.1021 / cr000033x (2002) .
[0393] 9 Ardito, F., Giuliani, M., Perrone, D., Troiano, G. &Lo Muzio, L. The crucial role of protein phosphorylation in cell signaling and its use as targeted therapy (Review) . Int J Mol Med 40, 271-280, doi: 10.3892 / ijmm. 2017.3036 (2017) .
[0394] 10 Bruice, T.C., Fife, T.H., Bruno, J. &Brandon, N.E. Hydroxyl Group Catalysis. II. The Reactivity of the Hydroxyl Group of Serine. The Nucleophilicity of Alcohols and the Ease of Hydrolysis of Their Acetyl Esters as Related to Their pKa'. Biochemistry 1, 7-12 (1962) .
[0395] 11 Vantourout, J.C. et al. Serine-Selective Bioconjugation. J Am Chem Soc 142, 17236-17242, doi: 10.1021 / jacs. 0c05595 (2020) .
[0396] 12 Chen, G. &Sidhu, S.S. Design and generation of synthetic antibody libraries for phage display. Monoclonal Antibodies: Methods and Protocols, 113-131 (2014) .
[0397] 13 McMahon, C. et al. Yeast surface display platform for rapid discovery of conformationally selective nanobodies. Nature Structural &Molecular Biology 25, 289-296, doi: 10. 1038 / s41594-018-0028-6 (2018) .
[0398] 14 Guo, L. et al. Engineered trimeric ACE2 binds viral spike protein and locks it in “Three-up” conformation to potently inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell Research 31, 98-100 (2020) .https: / / doi.org:10.1038 / s41422-020-00438-w.
Claims
A tag peptide which can specifically bind to a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, wherein the tag peptide comprises:(a) a Serine-Histidine (SH) dipeptide motif, wherein the serine in the SH motif can be specifically modified by the compound or the derivative thereof; or(b) a Threonine-histidine (TH) dipeptide motif, wherein the threonine in the TH motif can be specifically modified by the compound or the derivative thereof.The tag peptide of claim 1, comprising a DXSH motif (SEQ ID NO: 219) , wherein X is any canonical amino acid, such as an amino acid selected from R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W.The tag peptide of claim 2, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXSHL (SEQ ID NO: 220) or DXSHR (SEQ ID NO: 221) , wherein X is selected from L, I, V and K, optionally, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 222) or DXSHRS (SEQ ID NO: 223) .The tag peptide of claim 3, comprising or consisting of the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 200, 85-121, 137, 139-188, 190-199 and 201-202, or a truncate thereof that retains the DXSHL or DXSHR motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.The tag peptide of claim 1, comprising SEQ ID NO: 200 or an amino acid sequence that differs from SEQ ID NO: 200 by one amino acid substitution,more specifically, comprising an amino acid sequence as set forth in any of the following groups:(a) X1VDVSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 224) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X1 is K, P or I;(b) KX2DVSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 225) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X2 is R, G, P, I or V;(c) KVX3VSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 226) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X3 is D or H;(d) KVDX4SHLS (SEQ ID NO: 227) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X4 is V, E, Q, L or I;(e) KVDVX5HLS (SEQ ID NO: 228) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X5 is S or T;(f) KVDVSHX6S (SEQ ID NO: 229) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X6 is L, R, E or Q; and(g) KVDVSHLX7 (SEQ ID NO: 230) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X7 is S, R, K, L or A.The tag peptide of claim 2, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in P1P2P3P4SHP5P6, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the following groups:(a) P1KDKSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 231) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P1 is R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, A, I, V, F or W;(b) LP2DKSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 232) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P2 is R, H, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F or W;(c) LKP3KSHLS (SEQ ID NO: 233) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P3 is D, H, K or E;(d) LKDP4SHLS (SEQ ID NO: 234) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P4 is R, D, E, N, Q, G, L, A, I, V, F or W;(e) LKDKSHP5S (SEQ ID NO: 235) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P5 is R, K, E, N, A or Q; and(f) LKDKSHLP6 (SEQ ID NO: 236) , wherein the amino acid residue at position P6 is R, K, D, E, N, Q, G, L, A, I, V, F or W.The tag peptide of claim 1, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in X1X2X3X4SHX5X6X7X8, wherein the amino acid sequence is selected from the following groups:(a) X1LKASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 247) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X1 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, or F;(b) WX2KASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 237) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X2 is K, Q, D, L, or G;(c) WLX3ASHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 238) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X3 is K or D;(d) WLKX4SHRSFQ (SEQ ID NO: 239) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X4 is L;(e) WLKASHX5SFQ (SEQ ID NO: 240) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X5 is D or L;(f) WLKASHRX6FQ (SEQ ID NO: 241) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X6 is S;(g) WLKASHRSX7Q (SEQ ID NO: 242) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X7 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L, or F; or(h) WLKASHRSFX8 (SEQ ID NO: 243) , wherein the amino acid residue at position X8 is R, K, D, S, Q, G, P, L or F.The tag peptide of claim 6 or 7, comprising the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID Nos: 5, 23-24, 26-27, 32, 51, 56, 79, and 123-125, or a truncate thereof that retains the SH motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.The tag peptide of claim 1, comprising the DXTH motif (SEQ ID NO: 244) , wherein X is any canonical amino acid, such as an amino acid selected from R, H, K, D, E, N, Q, S, G, P, L, A, I, V, F and W,preferably, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXTHL (SEQ ID NO: 245) , wherein X is selected from L, I, V and K,preferably, comprising the amino acid sequence as set forth in DXTHLS (SEQ ID NO: 246) .The tag peptide of claim 9, comprising the amino acid sequence of any of SEQ ID NOs: 203-208, or a truncate thereof that retains the DXTHL motif and has a conversion rate of at least 40%.The tag peptide of any of claims 1-10, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound has a general formula (I) :wherein R1, R2 and R3 is independently of one another, selected from H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl,preferably, R1 is selected from alkoxy, phenoxy, and methylthiol.The tag peptide of any of claims 1-11, wherein the derivative of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound comprises a cyclyl substituted boric acid group, including a heterocyclyl substituted boric acid group, optionally the -OH group (s) of the boric group is further substituted.A method for modifying the tag peptide of any of claims 1-12, comprising incubating the tag peptide with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+ in a buffer system.The method of claim 13, wherein the concentration of the tag peptide in the reaction system is in the range of 10 μM to 200 μM.The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound has a general formula (I) :wherein R1, R2 and R3 is independently of one another, selected from H, halogen, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl, aryl, aralkyl, alkylaryl, alkoxy, aryloxy, alkylthiol, azide, non-cyclic aliphatic, alicyclic, heterocyclyl, pyridinyl, pyrrolyl, and indolyl,preferably, R1 is selected from alkoxy, phenoxy, and methylthiol.The method of claim 13 or 14, wherein the derivative of the phenylboronic acid-containing compound comprises a cyclyl substituted boric acid group, including a heterocyclyl substituted boric acid group, optionally the -OH group (s) of the boric group is further substituted.The method of claim 15 or 16, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof is selected from the following:The method of claim 15, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is selected from 4-carboxyphenylboronic acid, BA-1, BA-2, BA-3 and BA-4.The method of claim any of claims 13-18, wherein the Cu2+ ions are provided by a cuprate selected from Cu (NO3) 2, Cu (OAc) 2, CuCl2, CuSO4 and hydrates thereof, preferably the Cu2+ ions are in excess amount relative to the tag peptide.The method of any of claims 13-19, wherein the buffer is a non-coordinating buffer, including HEPES, NH4Cl, NH4HCO2, NH4OAc, HCO2Na, MES, MOPS and CHES buffer.The method of any of claims 13-20, wherein the reaction occurs at a temperature from about 0℃ to 40℃, such as at room temperature or 37℃, for a period of 5 minutes to 2 days.A fusion protein comprising the tag peptide of any of claims 1-12 and a heterogeneous protein.The fusion protein of claim 22, wherein the heterogeneous protein is selected from an enzyme, a receptor, a protein hormone, a viral protein, a bacterial protein and an immunoglobulin (such as a nanobody or IgG antibody) .The fusion protein of claim 22 or 23, wherein the tag peptide is fused to the N or C terminal of one or more polypeptide chains of the heterogeneous protein, optionally via a linker.The fusion protein of claim 22 or 24, wherein the tag peptide is inserted into a non-functional portion such as a non-functional loop of the heterogeneous protein.A method for creating a specific serine or threonine conjugation site in a target protein, comprising:fusing the tag peptide of any of claims 1-12 to the N or C-terminal of the target protein, or inserting the tag peptide in a non-functional portion in the target protein.The method of claim 26, wherein two or more copies of the tag peptide is fused to or inserted into the target protein.A method for single site modification of the fusion protein of any of claims 22-25, comprising incubating the fusion protein with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+ in a buffer system.A method for preparing an antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:(a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide of any of claims 1-12 to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;(b) incubating the tagged antibody with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue when the tag peptide comprises the SH motif or modified at the threonine residue when the tag peptide comprises the TH motif; and(c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine or threonine residue.The method of claim 29, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is an azide modified phenylboronic acid, such as BA-2.The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein after step (b) and prior to step (c) , the method comprises removing excess phenylboronic acid-containing compound or the derivative thereof from the reaction system.The method of any of claims 29-31, wherein the linker in the linker-drug moiety comprises a spacer reactive with the modified serine sidechain or modified threonine sidechain, such as DBCO, and optionally further comprises one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12.The method of claim 32, wherein the linker in the linker-drug moiety further comprises a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide component, such as glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) .The method of claim 32 or 33, wherein the linker in the linker-drug moiety further comprises p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , or N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) ,optionally, the linker is DBCO-PEGn-EVC-PAB or DBCO-PEGn-VC-PAB.A method for preparing a dual payload antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) , comprising:(a) producing a tagged antibody by fusing the tag peptide to or inserting the tag peptide into a chain (s) of the antibody;(b) incubating the tagged antibody with a phenylboronic acid-containing compound or a derivative thereof in the presence of Cu2+, thereby the tagged antibody is modified at the serine residue in the tag peptide when the tag peptide comprises the SH motif or modified at the threonine residue when the tag peptide comprises the TH motif;(c) incubating the modified tagged antibody with a first linker-drug moiety to react with the modified serine or threonine residue, thereby generating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug;(d) incubating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug with a reductant to reduce inter-chain disulfide bonds within the antibody; and(e) incubating the conjugate of the antibody and the first drug with a second linker-drug moiety to react with the reduced Cys residue, thereby generating an ADC of the antibody with the first and second drugs.The method of claim 35, wherein the phenylboronic acid-containing compound is an azide modified phenylboronic acid, such as BA-2.The method of claim 35 or 36, wherein the linker in the first linker-drug moiety comprises a spacer reactive with the modified serine sidechain or modified threonine sidechain, such as DBCO, and optionally one or more PEG units, such as DBCO-PEG2, DBCO-PEG3, DBCO-PEG4, DBCO-PEG5, DBCO-PEG6 and up to DBCO-PEG12,optionally, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety further comprises a dipeptide, a tripeptide, a tetrapeptide or a pentapeptide component such as glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) ,optionally, the linker in the first linker-drug moiety further comprises p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , or N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) .The method of any of claims 35-37, wherein the linker in the first linker-drug moiety is DBCO-PEGn-EVC-PAB or DBCO-PEGn-VC-PAB.The method of any of claims 35-38, wherein the linker in the second linker-drug moiety comprises one or more of 6-maleimidocaproyl (MC) , maleimidopropanoyl (MP) , valine-citrulline (val-cit) , glutamic acid–valine–citrulline (glu-val-cit) , alanine-phenylalanine (ala-phe) , p-aminobenzyloxycarbonyl (PAB) , N-Succinimidyl 4- (2-pyridylthio) pentanoate (SPP) , N-succinimidyl 4- (N-maleimidomethyl) cyclohexane-1 carboxylate (SMCC) , N-Succinimidyl (4-iodo-acetyl) aminobenzoate (SIAB) , and 6-maleimidocaproyl-valine-citrulline-p-aminobenyloxycarbonyl (MC-vc-PAB) .The method of any of claims 29-39, wherein the drug moiety comprises a cytotoxic agent or cytostatic agent selected from a toxin, a chemotherapeutic agent, an antibiotic, a radioactive isotope, and a nucleolytic enzyme,preferably, the drug moiety is selected from maytansinoids such as DM1, DM3, DM4, dolastatins, dolostatin peptidic analogs and derivatives such as auristatins, optionally MMAE and MMAF.The method of any of claims 29-40, wherein the antibody is selected from a nanobody, monoclonal antibody, polyclonal antibody, monospecific antibody, multi-specific antibody, bispecific antibody, multivalent and bivalent antibody.An ADC produced by any of the method of claims 29-41.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Oligopeptide sequence specifically bonding to phenylboronic acid group
US20130344590A1
Immobilisation and separation of cells and other particles
WO1994020858A1
Methods and compositions related to tagging of membrane surface proteins
WO2002099077A2
Non-affinity based isotope tagged peptides and methods for using the same
WO2003008547A2
Use of arylboronic acids in protein labelling
WO2008056290A1