Nucleobase editor systems and methods of use thereof
A nucleobase editor system with a nickase and deaminase configuration enables efficient site-specific editing of mitochondrial DNA, addressing the delivery limitations of existing technologies and facilitating the correction of disease-causing mutations.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/104248
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-06-28
- Filing Date
- 2025-06-27
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-02
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for editing mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are limited due to the inability to effectively deliver guide RNA into this organelle, hindering the development of robust technologies for mtDNA base editing, which is crucial for understanding and correcting disease-causing mutations.
A nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit with a double-stranded DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase and a second unit with a deaminase, such as TadA8e or other deaminases, configured to position the nickase and deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA, enabling site-specific editing of mtDNA.
The system achieves efficient and targeted base editing in mitochondrial DNA, allowing for the correction of disease-causing mutations and providing insights into the pathogenesis of mitochondrial diseases.
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Figure PCTCN2025104248-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
NUCLEOBASE EDITOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF USE THEREOFCROSS-REFERENCE TO REALTED APPLICATIONS
[0001] This application claims priority to and the benefit of International Application No. PCT / CN2024 / 102318, filed on June 28, 2024, the contents of which are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The content of the electronic sequence listing (165392002241seqlist. xml; Size: 249, 427 bytes; and Date of Creation: June 25, 2025) is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0003] The present application is directed to systems for strand-specific editing of DNA, including mitochondrial DNA in humans. The systems provided herein comprise a nickase and a single-stranded DNA deaminase each, or together, associated with a double-stranded DNA binding polypeptide such that DNA editing occurs in an editing region. Additionally, the present application is directed to mitochondrial DNA editing in mice and the generation of mouse models for mitochondrial DNA associated diseases. Also provided herein are components of the systems for editing DNA taught herein, and methods of use thereof.BACKGROUND
[0004] Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) exists in multiple copies and is heteroplasmic in the majority of human cells with mitochondrial disease. mtDNA mutations have been linked to many human diseases, approximately 95%of which are point mutations. In certain mitochondrial diseases, wild-type mtDNA coexists with mutant mtDNA, and the ratio of wild-type to mutant mtDNA often correlates with the severity of the clinical phenotype. Theoretically, treatments for such mtDNA-associated disease could involve mtDNA editing systems. The CRISPR system has been widely used in nuclear genome base editing. However, it is still not feasible to apply such a system to edit the mitochondrial genome because of the lack of an effective way to deliver guide RNA into this organelle. Thus, robust technologies for mtDNA base editing are therefore highly desirable to help reveal the underlying mechanisms of pathogenesis and identify ways to correct disease-causing mutations for a cure. Provided herein are methods and compositions that address such and other needs. BRIEF SUMMARY
[0005] In some aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0006] In other aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, wherein the deaminase, or the fragment thereof, is CBE6d or a sequence comprising at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 23 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0007] In some embodiments, the nickase of the first unit recognizes a recognition sequence present in the editing region of the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is a palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATC -3'. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is a non-palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATD-3', where D is a base selected from the group consisting of G, A, and T.
[0008] In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domain. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit comprises a zinc finger (ZF) domain.
[0009] In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.
[0010] In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is on the same strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit binds the dsDNA 5-9 bases away from the recognition sequence of the nickase. In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is on the opposite strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit binds 0-4 bases away from the recognition sequence of the nickase.
[0011] In some embodiments, the nickase is heterologous. In some embodiments, the nickase of the first unit is a type I nickase, type II nickase, type III nickase, or a type IV nickase. In some embodiments, the nickase is MutH or Nt. BspD6I (C) , or a nickase derived therefrom.
[0012] In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domain. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit comprises a zinc finger (ZF) domain. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide binds to the stand of the dsDNA not bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.
[0013] In some embodiments, the site of action of the deaminase is part of the non-nicked strand of the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the editing region on the dsDNA is 1-24 base pairs in length. In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is no more than 10 base pairs from the site of action of the deaminase.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the C-terminus of the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase.
[0015] In some embodiments, the second unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of the deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the N-terminus of the deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the second dsDNA binding polypeptide and the deaminase. In some embodiments, the linker of the first unit and / or the linker of the second unit comprise a polypeptide linker. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker is from 2-100 amino acids in length.
[0016] In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase of the first unit associate non-covalently. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide and the deaminase of the second unit associate non-covalently.
[0017] In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the first unit.
[0018] In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the second unit.
[0019] In some embodiments, the dsDNA is a circularized dsDNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) . In some embodiments, the dsDNA is a B-DNA conformation.
[0020] In other aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0021] In other aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0022] In other aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity.
[0023] In other aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0024] In other aspects, provided herein is a method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a cell, the method comprising delivering the nucleobase editor system described herein or the polynucleotide described herein to the cell. In some embodiments, the editing region is on a mitochondrial DNA.
[0025] In other aspects, provided herein is a method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA.
[0026] In other aspects, provided herein is a method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA.
[0027] In other aspects, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0028] In other aspects, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0029] In other aspects, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0030] In other aspects, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0031] In other aspects, provided herein is a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid position is in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the mutations comprise V106W and V28F, V106W and V28M, or V106W and V28Y. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, or 30-47. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof further comprises a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide fused thereto.
[0032] In other aspects, provided herein is a fusion polypeptide comprising a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, and a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide.
[0033] In other aspects, provided herein is an engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) .
[0034] In other aspects, provided herein is a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the engineered mouse described herein.
[0035] In other aspects, provided herein is a tissue or an organ explant or culture thereof derived from the engineered mouse described herein.
[0036] In other aspects, provided herein is a method of producing the engineered mouse described herein, the method comprising introducing a mitoBE of any one of claims into a fertilized egg of a mouse; transferring said fertilized egg to the oviduct of a female mouse which has previously been treated to induce pseudopregnancy; and allowing said egg to develop in the uterus of the female mouse. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg of the mouse is a one-cell stage fertilized egg.
[0037] In other aspects, provided herein is a method of producing the engineered mouse of claim 67, the method comprising breeding a female engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) with a male mouse to produce the engineered mouse. In some embodiments, the male mouse does not comprise an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0038] FIG. 1A shows a model for a mitoBE system comprising a nickase, a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, and one or more double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptides, wherein the components of the system are configured such that the nickase and ssDNA deaminase are brought into proximity of an editing region to catalyze, at least in part, a desired nucleotide base edit. For example, to catalyze a nucleotide base edit a TALE-nickase binds the target DNA and nicks the dsDNA. The nicked dsDNA is prone to form single-stranded DNA structures. TALE-TadA8e (V106W) binds the target DNA and efficiently deaminates the adenine (s) on the resulting ssDNA. The resulting inosine (s) can be permanently converted to guanine (s) following DNA repair or DNA replication.
[0039] FIG. 1B depicts the average A-to-G frequency on mitochondrial genome are shown for untreated HEK293T cells (left) and HEK293T cells treated with mRNA-encoded MT-RNR2-targeting mitoABE (right) .
[0040] FIG. 1C shows the average A-to-G frequency on the transcriptome of HEK293T cells transfected with mRNA-encoded eGFP and MT-RNR2-targeting mitoABE.
[0041] FIG. 1D shows the average C-to-T frequency on mitochondrial genome are shown for untreated HEK293T cells (left) and HEK293T cells treated with mRNA-encoded MT-RNR2-targeting mitoCBE (right) .
[0042] FIG. 1E shows the average C-to-T frequency on the transcriptome of HEK293T cells transfected with mRNA-encoded eGFP and MT-RNR2-targeting mitoCBE.
[0043] FIG. 1F shows the flanking sequence possibility of mitochondial DNA off-target sites of HEK293T cell line transfected with mRNA MT-RNR2-targeting mitoCBE.
[0044] FIG. 2A displays the predicted structure of TadA8e-V106W interacting with RNA using AlphaFold2. The selected amino acids for saturation mutation are annotated by amino acid position number.
[0045] FIG. 2B shows the average editing efficiency of TadA8e-V106W mutants at the MT-RNR2 site. Data includes three biological replicates. The editing efficiency was detected 3 days after plasmid transfection into HEK293T cells.
[0046] FIG. 2C shows the average editing efficiency of 28 TadA8e-V106W mutants at DNA on-target (top) , the editing efficiency of 28 TadA8e-V106W mutants at 6 RNA off-target sites (middle) , and the ratio of DNA on-target efficiency to RNA off-target efficiency (bottom) . Data includes three biological replicates. The editing efficiency was detected 3 days after plasmid transfection into HEK293T cells.
[0047] FIG. 2D shows off-target edits of MT-RNR2-targeting mitoABE and mitoABE (TadA8e-V106W-V28F) in the whole transcriptome.
[0048] FIGs. 2E-2G show the average A-to-G frequency on mitochondrial genome are shown for untreated group (FIG. 2E) , mitoABE (FIG. 2F) , and mitoABE (TadA8e-V106W-V28F) (FIG. 2G) . For FIG. 2F and FIG. 2G, the arrow points to the targeted editing site and the associated dots represent the editing of adenines in the editing window. Three biological replicates were performed for all data and consistent results were obtained. The editing efficiency was detected 3 days after mRNA transfection into HEK293T cells.
[0049] FIG. 2H shows editing efficiency of mRNA-encoded mitoCBEs using different cytosine deaminases at MT-RNR2 site in HEK293T cells. Data includes three biological replicates. The editing efficiency was detected 3 days after mRNA transfection into HEK293T cells.
[0050] FIG. 2I shows mitochondrial DNA off-target of mRNA-encoded mitoCBEs using different cytosine deaminases. The editing efficiency was detected 3 days after mRNA transfection into HEK293T cells.
[0051] FIG. 3A shows the distribution of 70 homologous pathogenic mutations on mouse mitochondrial genes. tRNA genes use a nomenclature staring with “Trn, ” rRNA genes use a nomenclature starting with “Rnr, ” and the remaining genes represent protein-coding genes. The T7928C mutation is located on both the MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 loci.
[0052] FIG. 3B displays a schematic representation of the design of engineered mitoBEs that generate disease-causing point mutations. Taking MT-ND5 A12784G as an example, the target editing site (A) is placed at the center of the editing window, and 20 bp sequences on both sides of the target editing site, located 8 bp away from the target editing site, are selected as the positions for the TALE recognition and binding. The TALE fused with the deaminase TadA8e-V106W-V28F is designed to recognize the strand containing the target editing site, while the TALE fused with the nickase Nt. BspD6I (C) is designed to recognize the opposite strand. Upon achieving A-to-G editing at the 12784 position of MT-ND5, the 348th amino acid of the ND5 protein is mutated from histidine to arginine.
[0053] FIG. 3C displays a schematic diagram of transfection of circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs into Neuro-2a cells. Three days after transfection, the cells were harvested for detection of target site editing efficiency.
[0054] FIG. 3D shows the editing of engineered mitoBEs at multiple mouse sites, including MT-Rnr1 A978G, MT-TrnV G1029A, MT-ATP6 T8576C, MT-ATP6 T8591C, MT-ND5 T12499C and MT-ND5 A12784G. The base marked by underline indicates the original target base and its convert base after editing. The horizontal axis displays 17 bases within the editing window, which the bold base in the middle position indicates the target site. The vertical axis represents the editing efficiency. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 independent biological replicates.
[0055] FIGS. 3E-1 to 3E-8 show the editing of engineered mitoBEs at multiple mouse sites. For a given site, 17 bases within the editing window are displayed. The bolded base in the middle position indicates the target site. The shading represents the editing efficiency. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 independent biological replicates.
[0056] FIGS. 3F-1 to 3F-show the editing of engineered mitoBEs at multiple mouse sites. The horizontal axis displays 17 bases within the editing window, which the bolded base in the middle position indicates the target site. The vertical axis represents the editing efficiency. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 independent biological replicates.
[0057] FIG. 3G shows the editing of engineered mitoBEs at multiple mouse sites. The horizontal axis displays 17 bases within the editing window, which the bold base in the middle position indicates the target site. The vertical axis represents the editing efficiency. Data are presented as mean ± s.d. of n = 3 independent biological replicates.
[0058] FIG. 4A shows a schematic diagram of microinjection of engineered mitoBEs encoded by mRNA and circRNA into one-cell stage mouse embryos and detection of targeted site editing efficiency. Three days after microinjection, every five embryos were combined into one sample to detect the targeted site editing efficiency.
[0059] FIGs. 4B-4C show editing efficiency of engineered mitoBEs targeting MT-ATP6 T8591C (FIG. 4B) and MT-ND5 A12784G (FIG. 4C) in mouse embryos after injection of three different concentrations (75, 150 and 300 ng / μL) of mRNA-encoded or circRNA-encoded mitoBEs. Each dot in the figure represents the editing efficiency detected after 5 embryos were combined into one sample.
[0060] FIG. 4D shows a schematic diagram of microinjection of circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs into one-cell stage mouse embryos and transplantation to generate F0 mice. About one week after birth, the toes of F0 mice were taken to detect the editing efficiency.
[0061] FIGs. 4E-4F show mitochondrial DNA targeted site editing efficiency of F0 mice at two sites, ATP6 T8591C (FIG. 4E) and MT-ND5 A12784G (FIG. 4F) . One week after birth of F0 mice, DNA was extracted from the toes for editing efficiency detecting. Each dot represents the editing efficiency of the target site in one mouse.
[0062] FIGs. 4G-4H show mitochondrial DNA targeted site editing efficiency of F0 mice. Mitochondrial DNA targeted site editing efficiency using mRNA-encoded and circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs of F0 mice at two sites, MT-ATP6 T8591C (FIG. 4G) and MT-ND5 A12784G (FIG. 4H) . One week after birth of F0 mice, DNA was extracted from the toes for editing efficiency detecting. Each dot represents the editing efficiency of the target site in one mouse.
[0063] FIGs. 4I-4J show the editing efficiency within the editing window of the targeted site in F0 mice. Editing efficiency within the editing window of the targeted site in three F0 mice at MT-ATP6 T8591C (#1, 2 and 3) (FIG. 4I) and MT-ND5 A12784G (#1, 2 and 3) (FIG. 4J) .
[0064] FIG. 4K shows the average A-to-G frequency on mitochondrial genome are shown for control F0 mouse (left) , MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #4 mouse (middle) and MT-ND5 A12784G F0 #4 mouse (right) . The arrow points to the targeted editing site and the associated dots represent the editing of adenines in the editing window.
[0065] FIG. 4L shows the average A-to-G frequency on nuclear genome are shown for the three mouse lines.
[0066] FIGs. 4M-4Q show the average A-to-G frequency on mitochondrial genome of F0 mice. The average A-to-G frequency on mitochondrial genome are shown for a control F0 mouse (FIG. 4M) , MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #5 mouse (FIG. 4N) , MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #6 mouse (FIG. 4O) , MT-ND5 A12784G F0 #5 mouse (FIG. 4P) and MT-ND5 A12784G F0 #6 mouse (FIG. 4Q) . The arrow points to the targeted editing site and the associated dots represent the editing of adenines in the editing window.
[0067] FIG. 5A shows mitochondrial DNA target site editing efficiency in toe tissue of control F0 mouse and two MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice (F0 #7 and #8) one week after birth.
[0068] FIG. 5B shows mitochondrial DNA target site editing efficiency in 26 different tissues of control F0 mouse and two MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice (F0 #7 and #8) two months after birth.
[0069] FIG. 5C shows mitochondrial DNA target site editing efficiency in toe tissue of control F0 mouse and two MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (F0 #7 and #8) one week after birth.
[0070] FIG. 5D shows mitochondrial DNA target site editing efficiency in 26 different tissues of control F0 mouse and two MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (F0 #7 and #8) two months after birth.
[0071] FIG. 5E depicts mating between female F0 mice with edited mitochondrial DNA target sites and wild-type male mice to generate F1 offspring. About one week after birth, the toes of F1 mice were taken to detect the editing efficiency.
[0072] FIG. 5F shows the editing efficiency of F1 mice generating from the MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #9 mouse.
[0073] FIG. 5G shows the editing efficiency of F1 mice generating from the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 #9 mouse.
[0074] FIGs. 5H-5L show the editing efficiency of MT-ND5 A12784G F1 mice. The editing efficiency of MT-ND5 A12784G F1 mice generating from F0 #10 (FIG. 5H) , F0 #11 (FIG. 5I) , F0 #12 (FIG. 5J) , F0 #13 (FIG. 5K) and F0 #14 (FIG. 5L) mouse.
[0075] FIG. 6A shows the editing efficiency of control mice (n = 6) and MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice (n = 12) used for heart rate detection.
[0076] FIG. 6B shows the heart rate of control mice (n = 6) and MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice (n = 12) . The exact p-values are ***= 0.0003. N > 3; n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p <0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 using Student’s two-tailed t-test.
[0077] FIG. 6C shows the left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) of control mice (n = 6) and MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice (n = 12) . The exact p-values are *= 0.0138. N > 3; n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 using Student’s two-tailed t-test.
[0078] FIG. 6D shows echocardiograms of MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #10 mouse and control F0 mouse.
[0079] FIG. 6E shows editing efficiency of control mice (n = 12) and MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (n = 16) used for ERG.
[0080] FIG. 6F shows dark ERG under 1 cd. s / cm2 flash intensity condition of control mice (n = 12) and MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (n = 16) . The exact p-values are **= 0.0015 for the a wave and **= 0.0013 for the b wave. N > 3; n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 using Student’s two-tailed t-test.
[0081] FIG. 6G shows light ERG under 10 cd. s / cm2 flash intensity condition of control mice (n = 12) and MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (n = 16) . The exact p-values are ****< 0.0001. N > 3; n.s., not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001 and ****p < 0.0001 using Student’s two-tailed t-test.
[0082] FIG. 6H shows ERG curves of the left eyes of three MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (#15, 16 and 17) and three control F0 mice (#1, 2 and 3) under dark adaptation.
[0083] FIG. 6I shows ERG curves of the right eyes of three MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (#15, 16 and 17) and three control F0 mice (#1, 2 and 3) under dark adaptation.
[0084] FIG. 6J shows ERG curves of the left eyes of three MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (#15, 16 and 17) and three control F0 mice (#1, 2 and 3) under light adaptation.
[0085] FIG. 6K shows ERG curves of the right eyes of three MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (#15, 16 and 17) and three control F0 mice (#1, 2 and 3) under light adaptation.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0086] Provided herein, in some aspects, are systems for editing double-stranded DNA, including strand-and base-specific editing of double-stranded mitochondrial DNA in humans. In certain provided aspects, the systems for editing DNA taught herein use a nickase with a single-stranded DNA deaminase to achieve C-to-T or A-to-G base editing in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) . Various configurations for the systems described herein are possible. For example, in some embodiments, the description is directed to a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19; wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system comprises: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In other aspects, provided here are components of the systems for editing DNA described herein, such as system encoding polynucleotides and novel deaminases, and methods of use thereof, such as methods of treating.
[0087] The disclosed nucleobase editor systems provided herein are based on the inventors’ unique perspective and unexpected findings regarding nucleobase editor systems comprising modified adenosine deaminases baring mutations improving their editing efficiency and specificity. Also described herein are additional cytosine deaminases displaying improved editing efficiency and specificity. As demonstrated herein, the improved nucleobase editor systems are capable of efficiently producing mouse models for mitochondrial disesases including Leigh syndrome and Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) .
[0088] Historically, mouse models for mitochondrial diseases have been generated using methods such as chemical induction and genetic engineering. However, these approaches often came with drawbacks such as the inability to precisely control mutation specifics and locations, along with the complexity and high costs of developing such models. Furthermore, only a very limited number of mitochondrial disease models were successfully produced and characterized. The improved nucleobase editor systems comprising variant deaminases described herein demonstrate significant improvements in editing efficiency and specificity, with minimal off-target effects noted in the transcriptome, and mitochondrial and nuclear genomes. Thus, mouse models generated by the nucleobase editor systems described herein represent a significant advance in the field of mitochondrial disease research. I. Definitions
[0089] For purposes of interpreting this specification, the following definitions will apply and whenever appropriate, terms used in the singular will also include the plural and vice versa. In the event that any definition set forth below conflicts with any document incorporated herein by reference, the definition set forth shall control.
[0090] The terms “polypeptide” and “protein, ” as used herein, may be used interchangeably to refer to a polymer comprising amino acid residues, and are not limited to a minimum length. Such polymers may contain natural or non-natural amino acid residues, or combinations thereof, and include, but are not limited to, peptides, polypeptides, oligopeptides, dimers, trimers, and multimers of amino acid residues. Full-length polypeptides or proteins, and fragments thereof, are encompassed by this definition. The terms also include modified species thereof, e.g., post-translational modifications of one or more residues, for example, methylation, phosphorylation, glycosylation, sialylation, or acetylation.
[0091] The term “polynucleotide, ” as used herein, refers to a polymeric form of nucleotides of any length, either ribonucleotides (RNA) or deoxyribonucleotides (DNA) . Thus, this term includes, but is not limited to unless specifically stated to be so limited, single-, double-or multi-stranded DNA or RNA, genomic DNA, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) , cDNA, DNA-RNA hybrids, or a polymer comprising purine and pyrimidine bases, or other natural, chemically or biochemically modified, non-natural, or derivatized nucleotide bases. The backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise sugars and phosphate groups (as may typically be found in RNA or DNA) , or modified or substituted sugar or phosphate groups. Alternatively, the backbone of the polynucleotide can comprise a polymer of synthetic subunits such as phosphoramidates and phosphorothioates, and thus can be an oligodeoxynucleoside phosphoramidate (P-NH2) or a mixed phosphoramidate-phosphodiester oligomer. In addition, a double-stranded polynucleotide can be obtained from the single stranded polynucleotide product of chemical synthesis either by synthesizing the complementary strand and annealing the strands under appropriate conditions, or by synthesizing the complementary strand de novo using a DNA polymerase with an appropriate primer.
[0092] As used herein, “treatment” or “treating” is an approach for obtaining beneficial or desired results, including clinical results. For purposes of this invention, beneficial or desired clinical results include, but are not limited to, alleviating one or more symptoms of a disease associated with a DNA mutation, e.g., a mitochondrial disease, reducing one or more symptoms of a disease, preventing one or more symptoms of a disease, treating one or more symptoms of a disease, ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disease, delaying onset of one or more symptoms associated with having a disease, diminishing the extent of one or more symptoms of a disease, stabilizing the disease (e.g., preventing or delaying the worsening of the disease) , delaying or slowing the progression of the disease, ameliorating one or more symptoms of a disease, decreasing the dose of one or more other medications and / or treatments required to treat the disease, increasing the quality of life of the individual, and / or prolonging survival of the individual. Also encompassed by “treatment” is a reduction of a pathological consequence of a disease associated with a DNA mutation, e.g., a mitochondrial disease. The methods of the invention contemplate any one or more of these aspects of treatment.
[0093] The term “individual” refers to a mammal and includes, but is not limited to, human, bovine, horse, feline, canine, rodent, or primate. In some embodiments, the individual is human.
[0094] The terms “comprising, ” “having, ” “containing, ” and “including, ” and other similar forms, and grammatical equivalents thereof, as used herein, are intended to be equivalent in meaning and to be open ended in that an item or items following any one of these words is not meant to be an exhaustive listing of such item or items, or meant to be limited to only the listed item or items. For example, an article “comprising” components A, B, and C can consist of (i.e., contain only) components A, B, and C, or can contain not only components A, B, and C but also one or more other components. As such, it is intended and understood that “comprises” and similar forms thereof, and grammatical equivalents thereof, include disclosure of embodiments of “consisting essentially of” or “consisting of. ”
[0095] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit, unless the context clearly dictate otherwise, between the upper and lower limit of that range and any other stated or intervening value in that stated range, is encompassed within the disclosure, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where the stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding either or both of those included limits are also included in the disclosure.
[0096] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) variations that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X. ”
[0097] As used herein, including in the appended claims, the singular forms “a, ” “or, ” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. II. Nucleobase editor systems
[0098] The present application provides novel nucleobase editor systems for editing double-stranded DNA, including strand-and base-specific editing of mitochondrial DNA in humans. The nucleobase editor systems taught herein comprise a nickase, a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, and one or more double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptides, wherein the components of the system are configured such that the nickase and ssDNA deaminase are brought into proximity of an editing region to catalyze, at least in part, a desired nucleotide base edit. The nucleobase editor system can be configured to edit dsDNA in a strand specific manner. The nucleobase editor system can be configured as a two-polypeptide system, e.g., a first polypeptide comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide and a nickase; and a second polypeptide comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide and a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured as an adenine base editing system, e.g., the deaminase converts adenine to guanine. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured to as a cytosine base editing system, e.g., the deaminase converts cytosine to thymine. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a transcription activator-like (TAL) effector. In some embodiments, the nickase recognizes a palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the nickase recognizes a non-palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the nickase is selected from the group consisting of MutH, MutH* (SEQ ID NO: 2) , and BspD6I, or a derivative thereof such as BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the dsDNA is mitochondrial DNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is mitochondrial genomic DNA.
[0099] In certain aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19; wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0100] In certain aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising a TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, wherein the TadA8e variant comprises the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19; and wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA.
[0101] In certain aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising a TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, wherein the TadA8e variant comprises the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19; and wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA.
[0102] In certain aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising a TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, wherein the TadA8e variant comprises the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19; and wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA.
[0103] Also provided herein, in certain aspects, is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the deaminase, or the fragment thereof, is CBE6d or a sequence comprising at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 23 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0104] In some aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising APOBEC1, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising APOBEC1 is fused to one or more uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitors. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising APOBEC1, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 21 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA.
[0105] In some aspects, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising CBE6d, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising CBE6d is fused to one or more uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitors. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising CBE6d, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 23 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA.
[0106] Certain aspects of the nucleobase editor systems taught herein are discussed in more detail in a modular fashion below. One of ordinary skill in the art will readily understand how the aspects of the present description can be combined to obtain any nucleobase editor system encompassed by the teachings provided herein. The discussion of nucleobase editor systems, including components and configurations thereof, in a modular fashion does not limit the scope of the description encompassed herein. A. Nickases
[0107] The nucleobase editor systems provided herein comprise one or more nickases. As described herein, the nickases are a polypeptide having double-stranded DNA nicking enzymatic activity, such as to cleave a single strand of a double-stranded DNA molecule. The nickase can be a full-length nickase or can be a portion of a nickase comprising a functional domain catalyzing the DNA nick, e.g., is a portion of a naturally occurring nickase, or derivative thereof, having nickase activity. In some embodiments, the nickase has high specificity for nicking at a specific location relative to a recognition sequence, such as at or near a recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the nickase will recognize double-stranded DNA. In some embodiments, the nickase does not nick at a specific location relative to a recognition sequence, e.g., the nickase comprises a domain for cleavage and does not comprise a domain for recognizing a DNA sequence. In some embodiments, nickase retains nickase activity but does not bind to a recognition sequence with high specificity. In some embodiments, where the nickase does not bind to a recognition sequence, the site of action of the nickase is dependent on the dsDNA binding polypeptide positioning the nickase at the correct DNA location. In certain aspects of the description, the site of the nick created by the nickase is referred to as the site of action of the nickase.
[0108] In some embodiments, the nickase recognizes a recognition sequence present in the editing region of dsDNA. In some embodiments, the nickase recognizes a recognition sequence near the editing region of dsDNA, e.g., the nickase recognizes a recognition sequence and then nicks at a certain distance away from the recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence is present on both strands of the dsDNA, e.g., as present in a palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence is present on a single strand of the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is a palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the nickase is MutH and the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATC -3', where the nickase cleaves on the 5's ide of the guanine. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is a non-palindromic recognition sequence. In some embodiments, the nickase is MutH*and the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATD-3', where D is a base selected from the group consisting of G, A, and T, and wherein the nickase cleaves on the 5's ide of the guanine.
[0109] It is appreciated that nickases used in the nucleobase editor systems, or components thereof, described herein may have a DNA binding domain and a catalytic domain capable of nicking double-stranded DNA. In some embodiments, the nickase of the nucleobase editor systems, and components thereof, described herein comprises the catalytic domain. In some embodiments, the nickase of the nucleobase editor systems, and components thereof, described herein does not comprise the DNA binding domain.
[0110] In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is unmethylated. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is methylated. In some embodiments, the recognition sequence of the nickase is hemimethylated.
[0111] The nucleobase editor systems described herein can be configured with strand specificity. In some embodiments, stand specificity is conferred based on positioning of the nickase relative to the nickase recognition site, such as designed by the binding site of the dsDNA binding polypeptide and association of the dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase (e.g., a linker) . In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is on the same strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with the nickase. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with the nickase binds the dsDNA 5-9 bases away from the site of action of the nickase. In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is on the opposite strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with the nickase. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with the nickase binds 0-4 bases away from the site of action of the nickase.
[0112] In some embodiments, the nickase is heterologous. In some embodiments, the nickase of the first unit is a type I nickase, type II nickase, type III nickase, or a type IV nickase. In some embodiments, the nickase is MutH or Nt. BspD6I, or a nickase derived therefrom. In some embodiments, the nickase is MutH* (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In some embodiments, the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) (SEQ ID NO: 3) . In some embodiments the nickase is FokI-FokI (D450A) (SEQ ID NO: 4) , Nb. BsaI (C, N441D / R442G) (SEQ ID NO: 5) , Nt. BsaI (C, R236D) (SEQ ID NO: 6) , Nb.BsmBI (C, R438D) (SEQ ID NO: 7) , Nt. BsmAI (C, R221D) (SEQ ID NO: 8) , Nb. BsrDI (C) (SEQ ID NO: 9) , Nt. CviPII (SEQ ID NO: 10) , BspQI (C) (SEQ ID NO: 11) , N. AlwI (C) (SEQ ID NO: 12) , Nt. BsrDI (SEQ ID NO: 13) , Nt. BtsI (SEQ ID NO: 14) , or I-TEV-I (SEQ ID NO: 15) . In some embodiments, the nickase comprises (e.g., is) the small subunit of BspD6I (ss. BspD6I) (SEQ ID NO: 16) , the small subunit of BsrDI (ss. BsrDI) (SEQ ID NO: 17) , or the small subunit of BtsI (ss. BtsI) (SEQ ID NO: 18) . In some embodiments, the nickase is a nickase reported in Desai &Shankar, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, 26, 2003, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, such as S1 nuclease, P1 nuclease, Mycelia, Conidia, Slow form (S) BAL 31 nuclease, Fast form (F) BAL 31 nuclease, α U. Maydis nuclease, β U. Maydis nuclease, nuclease Bh1, aspergillus nuclease, Physarum nuclease, SP nuclease, mung bean nuclease, wheat chloroplast nuclease, nuclease I, pea seeds nuclease, tobacco nuclease I, acid nuclease of Alfalfa seedling, neutral nuclease of Alfalfa seedling, SK nuclease, hen liver nuclease, rat liver nuclei nuclease, and mouse mitochondria nuclease. B. Deaminases
[0113] The nucleobase editor systems provided herein comprise one or more deaminases as described in more details below. Deaminases are a polypeptide having nucleotide base conversion enzymatic activity, such as to convert one nucleotide base to another, e.g., adenine (A) to inosine (I) . I is recognized as guanine (G) in biological activities within cells. The deaminase can be a full-length deaminase or can be a portion of a deaminase comprising a functional domain catalyzing the nucleotide base conversion, e.g., is a portion of a naturally occurring deaminase, or derivative thereof, having nucleotide base conversion activity. In some embodiments, the deaminase has high specificity for converting one nucleotide base type. In certain aspects of the description, the desired converted nucleotide base that is retained following editing (e.g., the targeted nucleotide base to be edited) is referred to as the site of action of the deaminase.
[0114] In some embodiments, the site of action of the deaminase is on the non-nicked strand of the dsDNA. For instance, as described herein, the strand of dsDNA that is not nicked retains the edited nucleotide base, and as such the strand of dsDNA that is not nicked will comprise the deaminase site of action. In some embodiments, the deaminase is heterologous. In some embodiments, the deaminase is a single-stranded DNA deaminase (ssDNA deaminase) . In some embodiments, wherein the deaminase is a cytosine-to-uracil deaminase, or an adenine-to-inosine deaminase.
[0115] In some embodiments, the deaminase comprises an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, provided is a mitoABE nucleobase editor system comprises an adenosine deaminase. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is capable of deaminating adenosine to inosine in a single stranded nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the resulting inosine can be converted to guanine following DNA repair or DNA replication. Thus, in some embodiments, a nucleobase editor system described herein comprising an adenosine deaminase is capable of converting adenine (A) to guanine (G) . In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is a variant of TadA8e (SEQ ID NO: 19) having one or more mutations described herein. In some embodiments, the adenosine deaminase is TadA8e (V106W) (SEQ ID NO: 20) or a derivative thereof comprising one or more additional mutations described herein.
[0116] In some embodiments, the deaminase comprises a cytosine deaminase fused to one or more uracil DNA glycosylase inhibitors (UGI) . In some embodiments, provided is a mitoCBE nucleobase editor system comprises a cytosine deaminase fused to one or more UGI inhibitors. In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminase is capable of deaminating cytosine to uracil in a single stranded nucleic acid. In some embodiments, the one or more UGIs blocks base excision to protect the uracil intermediate. In some embodiments, the resulting uracil can be converted to thymidine following DNA repair or DNA replication. Thus, in some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system described herein comprising a cytosine deaminase is capable of converting cytosine (C) to thymidine (T) . In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminase is selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1 (SEQ ID NO: 21) , AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d (SEQ ID NO: 23) , TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminase is APOBEC-1, APOBEC-2, APOBEC-3A, APOBEC-3B, APOBEC-3C, APOBEC-3E, APOBEC-3F, APOBEC-3G, APOBEC-3H, or APOBEC-4 or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminase is AICDA, CDA, DCTD, pCDM or a derivative thereof. In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminse is CBE6d-1xUGI (SEQ ID NO: 48) . In some embodiments, the cytosine deaminse is CBE6d-2xUGI (SEQ ID NO: 49) .
[0117] In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity, at least about 90%sequence identity, at least about 95%sequence identity, or at least about 99%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0118] In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising APOBEC1, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
[0021] as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising APOBEC1, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity, at least about 90%sequence identity, at least about 95%sequence identity, or at least about 99%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
[0021] as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.
[0119] In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising CBE6d, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
[0023] as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising CBE6d, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity, at least about 90%sequence identity, at least about 95%sequence identity, or at least about 99%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO:
[0023] as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. Deaminase Variants
[0120] In a particular embodiment, the present invention contemplates modified deaminases baring any mutation or combination of mutations described herein. In some embodiments, nucleobase editor systems provided herein comprises one or more deaminase variants.
[0121] The TadA8e deaminase variants of the present invention are described according to their mutations on specific residues whose positions are determined by alignment with or reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, which corresponds to the amino acid sequence of TadA8e. In the context of the invention, any variant bearing these same mutations on functionally equivalent residues is also part of the invention. In some embodiments, functionally equivalent residues are identified using sequence alignments, for example Jalview, or Genedoc. After alignment, the functionally equivalent residues are at homologous positions on the different sequences.
[0122] In some embodiments, the substitution is one or more selected from the substitutions listed in Table 1, below. Table 1: Exemplary substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0123] In some embodiments, the TadA8e deaminase variant comprises one or more amino acid substitutions listed in Table 1. In some embodiments, the TadA8e deaminase variant comprises a combination of mutations listed in Table 2, below. Table 2: Exemplary combinations of substitutions in SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0124] In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises mutation V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19.
[0125] In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprises improved editing efficiency when compared to a wild type TadA8e protein (SEQ ID NO: 19) .
[0126] In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 39 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y comprises improved editing efficiency when compared to a wild type TadA8e protein (SEQ ID NO: 19) .
[0127] In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28M, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28M, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 41 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28M comprises improved editing efficiency when compared to a wild type TadA8e protein (SEQ ID NO: 19) .
[0128] In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant, or a fragment thereof, comprises the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28F, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, or 99%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28F, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85% (such as at least about any of 90%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100%) sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 43 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the TadA8e variant comprising the mutations V106W and V28F comprises improved editing efficiency when compared to a wild type TadA8e protein (SEQ ID NO: 19) .
[0129] In some embodiments, provided herein is a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid position is in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises mutations comprising V106W and V28F, V106W and V28M, or V106W and V28Y. In some embodiments, the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, further comprises a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide fused thereto. C. Double-stranded DNA binding polypeptides
[0130] The nucleobase editor systems provided herein comprise one or more double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptides. As described herein, the dsDNA binding polypeptides comprise a polypeptide configured to bind to dsDNA, such as at a specific location. As described in more detail below, the dsDNA binding polypeptide can be configured (e.g., is programmable) to bind to a specific location, including strand, of dsDNA relative to the desired editing region containing the nucleotide base for editing. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a TALE or zinc finger, or a portion thereof capable of binding to the dsDNA. In other embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide comprises a domain of a CRISPR-Cas protein (e.g., Cas9) that binds DNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is a catalytically inactive form of a nickase, such as an endonuclease.
[0131] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system comprises more than one dsDNA binding polypeptide. In such embodiments, the nucleobase editor system may comprise the same type of dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., TALE) or more than one different type of dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., TALE and zinc finger) .
[0132] The nucleobase editor systems described herein may be configured in various formats, wherein the nickase and / or deaminase approach an editing region from different directions. For example, in some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising a first dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on a dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, wherein such nucleobase editor system comprises a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide binds to the stand of the dsDNA not bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit.
[0133] In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising a first dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on a dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, wherein such nucleobase editor system comprises a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide binds to the stand of the dsDNA not bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit.
[0134] As described elsewhere herein, the dsDNA binding polypeptide (s) of a nucleobase editor system may be configured to position an associated nickase and / or deaminase relative to an editing region and / or site of action. In some embodiments, such position may change the editing capabilities of a nucleobase editing system. In some embodiments, additional adjustments may be included for configuring the position of the nickase and / or deaminase, such as by adjusting a linker length connecting a dsDNA binding polypeptide and a nickase. The present disclosure encompasses such variations of the nucleobase editor systems described herein, e.g., many variations of a nucleobase editor system may be designed based on the teachings provided herein that perform the same DNA edit. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide is configured to bind 0-25 base pairs away from an editing region and / or site of action of a nickase or deaminase.
[0135] In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide (s) of a nucleobase editor system may be configured to position an associated nickase and / or deaminase to a specific location on the mitochondrial genome. In some embodiments, the specific location in the mitochondrial genome is within the MT-ATP6, MT-ATP8, MT-CO1, MT-CO2, MT-CO3, MT-CYB, MT-ND1, MT-ND2, MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5, or MT-ND6 gene. In some embodiments, the specific location in the mitochondrial genome is within a mitochondrial ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) or transfer RNA (tRNA) gene. In some embodiments, the specific location in the mitochondrial genome is within a mitochondrial short peptide gene such as MT-RNR2 (humanin) , MOTS-c, or gau. D. Configurations of units comprising a nickases and / or single-stranded DNA deaminase
[0136] As described herein, the nucleobase editor systems are configured such that a nickase and deaminase are brought into proximity of an editing region to catalyze, at least in part, a desired nucleotide base edit. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor systems comprise a nickase, a single-stranded (ss-) DNA deaminase, and one or more double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptides, wherein such components may be configured in a multitude of different configurations (such as monomeric or dimeric configurations) capable of performing the desired nucleotide base edit, all of which are encompassed by the description provided herein. As described herein, following nicking and nucleotide base conversion, DNA repair mechanisms, such as performed by endogenous DNA repair proteins, may be involved in aspects of forming the final edited dsDNA.
[0137] In some embodiments, provided herein is a nucleobase editor system, comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss-) DNA deaminase, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. Such embodiment is an example of a dimeric configuration. In some embodiments, the dimeric nucleobase editor system comprises the nickase and the deaminase on separate molecules.
[0138] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising: a nickase; a deaminase; and a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide, wherein the nickase, the single-stranded (ss-) DNA deaminase, and dsDNA binding polypeptide form a complex configured such that the dsDNA binding polypeptide, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA. Such embodiment is an example of a monomeric configuration. In some embodiments, the monomeric nucleobase editor system comprises the nickase and deaminase on a single molecule.
[0139] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system configured for editing two or more nucleotide bases, e.g., nucleotide bases at different DNA locations. In some embodiments, when the nucleobase editor system is configured for editing a plurality of nucleotide bases, at least two or more nucleotide bases of the plurality are in different editing regions. Various configurations of nucleobase editor systems described herein can be used to perform such editing. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system configurated for editing a plurality of nucleotide bases comprises a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a first nickase; a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a second nickase, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide recognize different recognition sequences; a third unit comprising a third dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a first ssDNA deaminase; and a fourth unit comprising a fourth dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a second ssDNA deaminase, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the third dsDNA binding polypeptide of the third unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the first nickase and the first ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the first nickase and a site of action for the first ssDNA deaminase are within a first editing region on the dsDNA, and wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the third dsDNA binding polypeptide of the third unit and the fourth dsDNA binding polypeptide of the fourth unit, when associated with the dsDNA, position the second nickase and the second ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the second nickase and a site of action for the second ssDNA deaminase are within a second editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the first nickase and the second nickase recognize different recognition sequences. In some embodiments, the first ssDNA deaminase and the second ssDNA deaminase are the same. In some embodiments, the first deaminase and the second deaminase catalyze the same nucleotide base conversions. In some embodiments, the first deaminase and the second deaminase catalyze different nucleotide base conversions.
[0140] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor systems comprise many components, such as a dsDNA binding polypeptide and a nickase, that while they can be described separately herein are configured as a unit when performing the desired editing. Such components can be associated via numerous ways, such as via direct fusion (e.g., as a single expressed polypeptide) non-covalent interaction, or covalent linkage (e.g., via a polypeptide linkers) . In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising a first dsDNA binding polypeptide and a nickase, the first unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the C-terminus of the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of the nickase of the first unit. In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase. In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide and a ssDNA deaminase, the second unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the ssDNA deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of the ssDNA deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the N-terminus of the ssDNA deaminase of the second unit. In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the second dsDNA binding polypeptide and the ssDNA deaminase. In some embodiments, the linker of the first unit and / or the linker of the second unit comprise a polypeptide linker. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker is from 1-100 amino acids in length, such as any of 1-60 amino acids in length, 1-50 amino acids in length, 1-40 amino acids in length, or 2-32 amino acids in length. In some embodiments, the polypeptide linker is any of the following amino acids in lengths: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 2, 4 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, or 40. In some embodiments, the linker comprises, including consists essentially of or consists of, GS, AEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKEAAAKA (SEQ ID NO: 28) , or GSGSSGGSSGSETPGTSESATPESSGGSSGGS (SEQ ID NO: 29) .
[0141] In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide and a nickase associate non-covalently. In some embodiments, the dsDNA binding polypeptide and a ssDNA deaminase associate non-covalently.
[0142] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising, from N-to C-terminus, a dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., a TALE) , such as from an array (e.g., a TALE N-terminal non-repeat-TALE Repeat array) , a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , and a nickase, and a second unit comprising, from N-to C-terminus, a dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., a TALE) , such as from an array (e.g., a TALE N-terminal non-repeat-TALE Repeat array) , a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , and a deaminase. Such embodiment is an example of a dimeric configuration.
[0143] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system comprises, from N-to C-terminus, a dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., a TALE) , such as from an array (e.g., a TALE N-terminal non-repeat-TALE Repeat array-TALE C-terminal non-repeat) , a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , a nickase, a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , and a ssDNA deaminase. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system comprises, from N-to C-terminus, a dsDNA binding polypeptide (e.g., a TALE) , such as from an array (e.g., a TALE N-terminal non-repeat-TALE Repeat array-TALE C-terminal non-repeat) , a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , a ssDNA deaminase, a linker (e.g., a 2 amino acid linker) , and a nickase. Such embodiments are an example of monomeric configurations. E. Editing region and double-stranded DNA type
[0144] To facilitate description of the nucleobase editing systems provided herein, the term editing region is used in reference to a region of dsDNA where the targeted (desired) nickase and ssDNA deaminase activity occur (the targeted sites of action of the nickase and the deaminase) . Nucleotide editing can occur outside of the editing region, such as off-target editing. In some embodiments, a base pair length is provided to describe subject matter provided herein. It is noted that sites of action will occur on opposite strands (such as for the site of action for the nickase and ssDNA deaminase) , and descriptions including base pair distance may be assessed based on a complementary dsDNA form of the DNA.
[0145] In some embodiments, the editing region on the dsDNA is 0-24 base pairs in length, including any of 1-20 base pairs in length, 1-10 base pairs in length, 10-20 base pairs in length, 10-16 base pairs in length, 14-20 base pairs in length, or 14-16 base pairs in length. In some embodiments, the site of action of the nickase is no more than 10 base pairs, such as no more than any of 9 base pairs, 8 base pairs, 7 base pairs, 6 base pairs, 5 base pairs, 4 base pairs, 3 base pairs, or 1 base pairs, from the site of action of the deaminase.
[0146] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editing system is strand-biased, e.g., at least about 65%, such as at least about any of 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%, of edits are performed on a desired strand of the dsDNA. In some embodiments, strand-specific is equivalent to strand-biased.
[0147] In some embodiments, the dsDNA targeted for editing by the nucleobase editor systems described herein can be any type of double-stranded DNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is a circularized dsDNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) . In some embodiments, the mtDNA is located in a mitochondrion, such as mitochondrion in a cell including the cell in an individual. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is mitochondrial genomic DNA. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is a B-DNA conformation. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is an A-DNA conformation. In some embodiments, the dsDNA is a Z-DNA conformation. F. Additional features
[0148] In certain aspects, the nucleotide editor systems provided herein may comprise one or more additional features, such as to aid in delivery and / or function of the nucleotide editor systems.
[0149] Mitochondria are unique sub-cellular organelles that possess their own DNA and RNA and mechanisms for their translation, yet they express only 10%of the proteins that they contain. Instead, mitochondria rely in part on the translation products of nuclear genes. These products traverse the cytoplasm and are ‘imported’ into the mitochondria via a system of outer-and inner-membrane-bound protein complexes, where they are delivered to the appropriate mitochondrial compartment and rendered active. This mitochondrial import process is regulated by an N-terminal pre-sequence in the nuclear gene of the protein that tags the protein with a sequence that tells the import machinery where the protein should be delivered-these are known as mitochondrial location signal (MLS) , which can also be referred to as a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) , peptides. Once the protein has been transported to the desired compartment, the MTS portion of the protein may be removed by a mitochondrial peptidase, allowing the protein to fold into its functional state and become active.
[0150] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system, or one or more components thereof, comprise a mitochondrial location signal (MLS) , which can also be referred to as a mitochondrial targeting signal (MTS) . In some embodiments, the nickase is associated with a localization signal, such as a mitochondrial location signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, the deaminase is associated with a localization signal, such as a mitochondrial location signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises more than one unit (such as a first unit comprising a dsDNA binding polypeptide and a nickase and a second unit comprising a dsDNA binding polypeptide and a deaminase) , any one or more, including all, units of the nucleobase editor system may comprise a MLS.
[0151] In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising a nickase and a second unit comprising a deaminase, the first unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the first unit. In some embodiments, wherein the nucleobase editor system comprises a first unit comprising a nickase and a second unit comprising a deaminase, the second unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) . In some embodiments, the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the second unit.
[0152] In some embodiments, the MLS is about 10 to about 80 amino acids in length, such as about any of 10-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, 45-50, 50-55, 55-60, 60-65, 65-70, 70-75, or 75-80 amino acids in length.
[0153] In some embodiments, the MLS comprises an amphipathic helix structural motif. In order to adopt the amphipathic helix structural motif, the MLS can be enriched in basic (e.g., Arg, Lys) , hydroxylated (e.g., Ser, Thr) and / or hydrophobic (e.g., Ala, Leu, Ile) residues. In some embodiments, the MLS comprising an amphipathic helix structural motif exhibit alternating hydrophobic and hydrophilic segments. In some embodiments, at least about 20% (such as at least about any of 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60%) of the amino acid residues in the MLS are basic amino acid residues. In some embodiments, at least about 20% (such as at least about any of 30%, 40%, 50%, or 60%) of the amino acid residues in the MLS are hydrophobic amino acid residues. In some embodiments, the MLS is amphipathic, for example forms an amphipathic helix. In some embodiments, the MLS comprises an alternating pattern of hydrophobic and basic residues. In some embodiments, the MLS is derived from a protein selected from the group consisting of ATP synthase, cytochrome C oxidase peptide VIII, Su9, and HSP60. In some embodiments, the MLS can selectively direct a compound to an outer membrane, an inner membrane, and inter-membrane space, or a mitochondrial matrix.
[0154] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system, when expressed as one or more polypeptides (e.g., monomeric versus dimeric forms of a nucleobase editor system described herein) , has a molecular weight of less than about 150 kDa, such as less than about any of 145 kDa, 140 kDa, 135 kDa, 130 kDa, 125 kDa, 120 kDa, 115 kDa, 110 kDa, 105 kDa, 100 kDa, 95 kDa, 90 kDa, 85 kDa, 80 kDa, 75 kDa, 70 kDa, 65 kDa, 60 kDa, 55 kDa, 50 kDa, 45 kDa, or 40 kDa. In some embodiments, the unit of a nucleobase editor system, such as a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss-) nickase or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase, when expressed as one or more polypeptides, has a molecular weight of less than about 150 kDa, such as less than about any of 145 kDa, 140 kDa, 135 kDa, 130 kDa, 125 kDa, 120 kDa, 115 kDa, 110 kDa, 105 kDa, 100 kDa, 95 kDa, 90 kDa, 85 kDa, 80 kDa, 75 kDa, 70 kDa, 65 kDa, 60 kDa, 55 kDa, 50 kDa, 45 kDa, or 40 kDa. G. Polynucleotide forms of the nucleobase editor systems
[0155] Provided herein, in certain aspects, are polynucleotide forms of the nucleobase editor systems described herein. The disclosure provided herein covers the multitude of formats capable of introducing functional nucleobase editor systems described herein in a call, including different types of polynucleotides (e.g., DNA or RNA, such as circular RNA) and different designs of polynucleotides.
[0156] “Introducing” or “introduction” used herein in reference to delivering nucleobase editor systems means delivering one or more nucleobase editor system components, or a precursor thereof (e.g., one or more polynucleotides encoding a nucleobase editor system or a nucleobase editor system component comprising a MLS) , to a cell. The methods of the present application can employ many delivery systems, including but not limited to, viral, liposome, electroporation, microinjection and conjugation, to achieve the introduction of the construct as described herein into a cell. Conventional viral and non-viral based gene transfer methods can be used to introduce nucleic acids into mammalian cells or target tissues. Such methods can be used to administer nucleic acids of the present application to cells in culture, or in a host organism. Non-viral vector delivery systems include DNA plasmids, RNA (e.g. a transcript of a construct described herein) , naked nucleic acid, and nucleic acid complexed with a delivery vehicle, such as a liposome. Viral vector delivery systems include DNA and RNA viruses, which have either episomal or integrated genomes for delivery to the cell. As described herein, the polynucleotides taught herein encoding a nucleobase editor system may be one or more polynucleotides. In some embodiments, introducing the nucleobase editor system may comprise introducing two or more different polynucleotides, wherein said two or more different polynucleotides may be introduced simultaneously, sequentially, or concurrently, including introduced simultaneously, sequentially, or concurrently into the cell.
[0157] Methods of non-viral delivery of one or more components of a nucleobase editing system, including nucleic acids, include lipofection, nucleofection, microinjection, biolistics, virosomes, liposomes, immunoliposomes, polycation or lipid: nucleic acid conjugates, electroporation, nanoparticles, exosomes, microvesicles, or gene-gun, naked DNA and artificial virions.
[0158] The use of RNA or DNA viral based systems for the delivery of nucleic acids has high efficiency in targeting a virus to specific cells and trafficking the viral payload to the cellular nuclei. In some embodiments, delivery comprises introducing a viral vector (such as lentiviral vector) encoding the nucleic acid (s) to the cell. In some embodiments, the viral vector is an AAV, e.g., AAV8. In some embodiments, such as for delivery using an AAV, the inventors envision that monomeric forms of the nucleobase editor systems may be more suitable for packaging and as a cargo, e.g., due to the smaller size overall size of a monomer of a nucleobase editor system described herein as compared to a dimeric form of a nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, delivery comprises introducing a plasmid encoding one or more nucleobase editing system components to the cell. In some embodiments, delivery comprises introducing (e.g., by electroporation) one or more nucleobase editing system components into the cell. In some embodiments, delivery comprises transfection of one or more nucleobase editing system components into the cell.
[0159] In some embodiments, the polynucleotide, such as the polynucleotide introduced to a cell, is DNA or RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA is linear RNA. In some embodiments, the RNA is circular RNA. In some embodiments, the linear RNA is capable of forming a circular RNA. The circulation can be performed, for example, by using the Tornado expression system ( “Twister-optimized RNA for durable overexpression” ) as described in Litke, J. L. &Jaffrey, S. R. Highly efficient expression of circular RNA aptamers in cells using autocatalytic transcripts. Nat Biotechnol 37, 667-675 (2019) , which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Briefly, Tornado-expressed transcripts contain an RNA of interest flanked by Twister ribozymes. A twister ribozyme is any catalytic RNA sequences that are capable of self-cleavage. The ribozymes rapidly undergo autocatalytic cleavage, leaving termini that are ligated by an RNA ligase. Non-limiting examples of RNA ligase include: RtcB, T4 RNA Ligase 1, T4 RNA Ligase 2, Rnl3 and Trl1. In some embodiments, the RNA ligase is expressly endogenously in the cell. In some embodiments, the RNA ligase is RNA ligase RtcB. In some embodiments, the method further comprises introducing an RNA ligase (e.g., RtcB) into the cell. In some embodiments, the RNA is circularized before being introduced to the cell. In some embodiments, the RNA is chemically synthesized. In some embodiments, the RNA is circularized through in vitro enzymatic ligation (e.g., using RNA or DNA ligase) or chemical ligation (e.g., using cyanogen bromide or a similar condensing agent) .
[0160] In some embodiments, the polynucleotides described herein comprise additional features useful for expression of a nucleobase editor system in a cell, such as a promoter sequence.
[0161] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide, including one or more polynucleotides, encoding a nucleobase editor system described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide, including one or more polynucleotides, encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase.
[0162] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide, including one or more polynucleotides, encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0163] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide, including one or more polynucleotides, encoding: a nickase; a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase; and a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide, wherein the nickase, the ssDNA deaminase, and dsDNA binding polypeptide, when expressed, form a complex configured such that the dsDNA binding polypeptide, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase with a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0164] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the invention provides the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.
[0165] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the invention provides the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.
[0166] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / or a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity. In some embodiments, the invention provides the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides.
[0167] In some embodiments, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the invention provides the polypeptides encoded by such polynucleotides. H. Example nucleobase editor systems
[0168] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) ; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt.BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0169] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) ; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28M) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28M) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28M) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0170] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) ; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28F) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28F) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28F) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0171] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0172] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28M; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28M) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28M) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28M) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0173] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28F; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28F) unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28F) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and TadA8e (V106W, V28F) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0174] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) ; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated rAPOBEC1-2xUGI unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0175] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is rAPOBEC1-2xUGI; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated rAPOBEC1-2xUGI unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0176] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) ; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated CBE6d-2xUGI unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0177] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a first unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is CBE6d-2xUGI; and a second unit comprising a second TALE associated with nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) unit and the TALE associated CBE6d-2xUGI unit, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the first unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the second unit further comprises a linker associating the TALE and Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the TALE of the first unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments, the TALE of the second unit binds to a DNA region downstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments the first unit and second unit of the nucleobase editor system are separate single polypeptides.
[0178] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) , and an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) and TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0179] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28Y, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, and an engineered nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) and Nt. BspD6I (C) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0180] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) , and an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) and TadA8e (V106W, V28M) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28M) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28M) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0181] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28M, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, and an engineered nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28M) and Nt. BspD6I (C) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28M) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28M) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0182] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) , and an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) and TadA8e (V106W, V28F) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28F) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28F) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0183] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxyadenosine deaminase, wherein the deaminase comprises a TadA8e variant, or a functional fragment thereof, comprising the mutations V106W and V28F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, and an engineered nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated TadA8e (V106W, V28F) and Nt. BspD6I (C) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of TadA8e (V106W, V28F) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and TadA8e (V106W, V28F) domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0184] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) , and an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) and rAPOBEC1-2xUGI, form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of rAPOBEC1-2xUGI. In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and rAPOBEC1-2xUGI domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0185] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the deaminase is rAPOBEC1-2xUGI, and an engineered nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated rAPOBEC1-2xUGI and Nt. BspD6I (C) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of rAPOBEC1-2xUGI, which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and rAPOBEC1-2xUGI domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0186] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with a nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) , and an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase is CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated Nt. BspD6I (C) and CBE6d-2xUGI, form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the ds DNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) , which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of CBE6d-2xUGI. In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and CBE6d-2xUGI domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system.
[0187] In some embodiments, provided is a nucleobase editor system comprising a single unit comprising a TALE associated with an engineered deoxycytidine deaminase, wherein the deaminase is CBE6d-2xUGI, and an engineered nickase, wherein the nickase is Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the TALE associated CBE6d-2xUGI and Nt. BspD6I (C) , form a complex configured such at the TALE, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the deaminase such that a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA, wherein the editing region is 1 to 24 bases in length. In some embodiments single polypeptide is ordered such that the TALE is fused to the N-terminus of CBE6d-2xUGI, which in turn, is fused to the N-terminus of Nt. BspD6I (C) . In some embodiments linker polypeptides separate the TALE, Nt. BspD6I (C) , and CBE6d-2xUGI domains of the nucleobase editor system. In some embodiments, the TALE of the single unit binds to a DNA region upstream of the Nt. BspD6I (C) site of action. In some embodiments provided herein are polynucleotides encoding this nucleobase editor system. III. Methods of use and making
[0188] Provided herein, in certain aspects, are methods of using the nucleobase editor systems taught herein.
[0189] In certain aspects, the methods provided herein are directed to a method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a cell or a feature thereof, such as a mitochondrion. In some embodiments, the editing performed results in an edit that is not transient, e.g., remains in the edited form for at least about 10 days, such as at least about any of 15 days, 25 days, 1 month, 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, or 1 year.
[0190] In some embodiments, provided is a method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a cell, the method comprising delivering any nucleobase editor system described herein to the cell (e.g., a monomeric or dimeric nucleobase editor system) . In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system, or at least a component thereof, is in a polypeptide form. In some embodiments, such polypeptide form of a nucleobase editor system, or at least a component thereof, comprises a localization signal, e.g., a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) configured for transportation of the polypeptide (s) to one or more mitochondria. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system, or at least a component thereof, is in a polynucleotide form, such as one or more polynucleotides encoding the nucleobase editor system, or at least the component thereof. In such systems, the one or more polynucleotides are configured such that the associated polypeptide of the nucleobase editor system is expressed in the cell. In some embodiments, the editing region is on mitochondrial DNA.
[0191] In some embodiments, provided is a method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a mitochondrion of a cell, the method comprising delivery any nucleobase editor system described herein to the cell (e.g., a monomeric or dimeric nucleobase editor system) , wherein the nucleobase editor system is delivered to the cell in a polynucleotide form, and wherein the polynucleotide form of the nucleobase editor system is configured to express the nucleobase editor system in the cell. In some embodiments, the expressed nucleobase editor system comprise one or more mitochondrial localization signals (MLS) such that the nucleobase editor system is transported to the mitochondrion of the cell.
[0192] The purposes of editing a target nucleotide in a cell, such as in a mitochondrion, using the nucleobase editor systems described herein are diverse, all of which are encompassed by the description provided herein. For example, in some embodiments, the method of editing a target nucleotide in a cell using a nucleobase editor system provided herein is performed to create a cell model. In some embodiments, the cell model is a model for a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the target nucleotide is the site of a known SNP, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured to edit the target nucleotide to revert the SNP to the wild type nucleotide, create the SNP, or adjust the SNP associated with a disease to another nucleotide base.
[0193] In some embodiments, provided is a method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a cell, the method comprising delivering a nucleobase editor system described herein or a polynucleotide described herein to the cell. In some embodiments, the editing region is on a mitochondrial DNA.
[0194] In some embodiments, provided is a method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering to the individual a nucleobase editor system described herein (e.g., a monomeric or dimeric nucleobase editor system) or a precursor thereof. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system or precursor thereof comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system or precursor thereof comprises one or more polynucleotides encoding a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase and a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, wherein, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the dsDNA binding polypeptide, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the mitochondrial disease, including condition, is autism spectrum intellectual disability, 3-methylglutaconic aciduria (3-MGA) , Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) syndrome, epilepsy, myoclonic epilepsy, myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF) , neuropathy, ataxia syndromes, spinocerebellar ataxia, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) syndrome, myotonic dystrophy (DM) , Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) , Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) , Leber optic atrophy and dystonia (LDYT) , Leigh syndrome, Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS) , Pearson syndrome, chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEO) , focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) , Gitelman-like syndrome, mitochondrial myopathy lactic acidosis and sideroblastic anemia (MLASA) , lactic acidemia, maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) , Rhabdomyolysis, non-insulin diabetes mellitus (NIDM) , aminoglycoside induced hearing disorders, Alpers’ disease, Complex I deficiency, Complex II deficiency, Complex III deficiency, Complex IV deficiency, Complex V deficiency, cardiomyopathy, maternally inherited cardiomyopathy (MICM) , hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) , infantile cardiomyopathy, encephalomyopathy, progressive encephalomyopathy, progressive mito cytopathy, deafness, dementia, depressive mood disorder, dystonia, progressive dystonia, exercise intolerance, hyperammonemia, IgG nephropathy, leukoencephalopathy, maternally inherited epilepsy, maternally inherited non-syndromic deafness, mito tubulointerstitial kidney disease (MITKD) , mitochondrial myopathy, severe adult-onset multisymptom myopathy, multiple myeloma (MM) , myelomeningocele (MMC) , mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (MNGIE) syndrome, optic atrophy, myoclonus, post-exertional malaise (PEM) , ptosis, renal insufficiency, reversible COX deficiency myopathy, septo-optic dysplasia, sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) , spastic paraplegia, stroke, or mitochondrial cytopathies. In some embodiments, the individual has Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) . In some embodiments, the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA. In some embodiments, the editing region comprises the DNA mutation, e.g., the target nucleotide edited by the nucleobase editor system is (or includes) a nucleotide of the DNA mutation (s) . In some embodiments, the editing region comprises another DNA feature associated with the disease, DNA mutation, or a mechanism providing, at least in part, treatment of the disease. For example, in some embodiments, the editing region comprises a start codon, e.g., such that the nucleobase editing system modulates (including inhibits or prohibits) expression of a gene. In some embodiments, the one or more polynucleotides administered to the individual comprise RNA, such as a circular RNA.
[0195] In some embodiments, the methods of use provided herein, such as a method of treatment, comprise use of a nucleobase editor system configured for editing two or more nucleotide bases, e.g., nucleotide bases at different DNA locations. In some embodiments, when the nucleobase editor system is configured for editing a plurality of nucleotide bases, at least two or more nucleotide bases of the plurality are in different editing regions. Various configurations of nucleobase editor systems described herein can be used to perform such editing. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system configurated for editing a plurality of nucleotide bases comprises a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a first nickase; a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a second nickase, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide recognize different recognition sequences; a third unit comprising a third dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a first single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase; and a fourth unit comprising a fourth dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a second ssDNA deaminase, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the third dsDNA binding polypeptide of the third unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the first nickase and the first ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the first nickase and a site of action for the first ssDNA deaminase are within a first editing region on the dsDNA, and wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the third dsDNA binding polypeptide of the third unit and the fourth dsDNA binding polypeptide of the fourth unit, when associated with the dsDNA, position the second nickase and the second ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the second nickase and a site of action for the second ssDNA deaminase are within a second editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the first nickase and the second nickase recognize different recognition sequences. In some embodiments, the first ssDNA deaminase and the second ssDNA deaminase are the same. In some embodiments, the first deaminase and the second ssDNA deaminase catalyze the same nucleotide base conversions. In some embodiments, the first ssDNA deaminase and the second ssDNA deaminase catalyze different nucleotide base conversions. In some embodiments, the treatment is for Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) .
[0196] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA.
[0197] In some embodiments, provided herein is a method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. In some embodiments, the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA.
[0198] In some embodiments, provided is a use of a nucleobase editor system described herein in the manufacture of a medicament for treating a disease in an individual, such as a mitochondrial disease.
[0199] In some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system has a first editing efficiency (such as measured by an editing percentage) in a first cell type and a second editing efficiency in a second cell type, wherein the first editing efficiency is different than the second editing efficiency. For example, in some embodiments, the nucleobase editor system may be configured to have cell type or tissue specificity, wherein the editing efficiency of the nucleobase editor system is higher in a targeted cell type or tissue and lower or not substantially occurring (such as an editing percentage of about 5%or less) in a different cell type or tissue.
[0200] In some embodiments, the efficiency of editing of the target DNA nucleotide base is at least about 10%, such as at least about any one of 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, or 65%, or higher. In some embodiments, the efficiency of editing is determined by Sanger sequencing. In some embodiments, the efficiency of editing is determined by next-generation sequencing.
[0201] In some embodiments, the method has a low off-target editing rate. In some embodiments, the method has lower than about 5% (e.g., no more than about any one of 4.0%, 3.0%, 2.0%, 1.0%, 0.5%, 0.1%, 0.05%, 0.01%, 0.001%or lower) editing efficiency on a non-target DNA nucleotide base as compared to the target DNA nucleotide base. In some embodiments, the method does not edit non-target DNA nucleotide bases.
[0202] In certain aspects, provided herein are methods of making and practicing the description provided herein. Unless otherwise stated, the methods of making and practicing can be accomplished using convention teachings of molecular biology, microbiology, and cell biology, which are well known by one of ordinary skill in the art. See, e.g., “Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual” , second edition (Sambrook, 1989) ; “Oligonucleotide Synthesis” (Gait, 1984) ; “Animal Cell Culture” (Freshney, 1987) ; “Methods in Enzymology” “Handbook of Experimental Immunology” (Weir, 1996) ; “Gene Transfer Vectors for Mammalian Cells” (Miller and Calos, 1987) ; “Current Protocols in Molecular Biology” (Ausubel, 1987) ; “PCR: The Polymerase Chain Reaction” , (Mullis, 1994) ; “Current Protocols in Immunology” (Coligan, 1991) . Such teachings and knowledge of one of ordinary skill in the art are applicable to the production of the polynucleotides and polypeptides described herein. Certain techniques are illustrated in the Examples section provided herein. IV. Engineered Mice
[0203] In certain aspects, provided herein, are engineered mice comprising one or more mutations in the mitochondrial genome. In some embodiments, the one or more mutations in the mitochondrial genome are engineered into the mitochondrial genome by delivering one or more nucleobase editor systems described herein. Following the occurrence of the desired mutation, the one or more nucleobase editor systems is not required to remain in the engineered mouse, thus, in some embodiments, the engineered mouse will not comprise the one or more nucleobase editor systems. In some embodiments, the one or more mutation in the mitochondrial genome, such as a T8591C mutation in mitochondrially encoded ATP synthase 6 (MT-ATP6) or an A12784G mutation in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) , are engineered into the mitochondrial genome of a mouse using an editing system other than a nucleobase editor system described herein.
[0204] In some embodiments, provided is a method of using a mouse model described herein. For example, it is envisioned that a mouse model described herein can be used to study a disease state, such as LHON or Leigh syndrome, and treatment thereof. Thus, for example, provided is a method of identifying a treatment of LHON or Leigh syndrome, the method comprising administering a test agent to a mouse model described herein. In some embodiments, the test agent is a small molecule or biological agent. In some embodiments, the test agent is a gene editing tool, such as described herein. In some embodiments, the method comprises assessing the disease state following administration of a test agent to a mouse model.
[0205] In some embodiments, provided herein, is an engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5. The engineered mouse comprising the A12784G mutation in MT-ND5 can be useful as a disease model, such as a model of Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) . Also provided herein, in certain aspects, is a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5 (or a mouse cell line engineered to comprise the A12784G mutation in MT-ND5) . Also provided herein, in certain aspects, is a tissue or an organ explant or culture thereof derived from the engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5.
[0206] In some embodiments, provided herein, is an engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6. The engineered mouse comprising the T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6 can be useful as a disease model, such as a model of Leigh syndrome. Also provided herein, in certain aspects, is a cell line or primary cell culture derived from the engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6 (or a mouse cell line engineered to comprise the T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6) . Also provided herein, in certain aspects, is a tissue or an organ explant or culture thereof derived from the engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6.
[0207] In some embodiments, an engineered mouse model is generated and / or produced by performing, implementing, and / or executing the methods provided herein on a mouse. In certain aspects, provided herein, is a method of producing the engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5, the method comprising introducing a nucleobase editor system described herein (and configured to affect an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5) into a fertilized egg of a mouse; transferring said fertilized egg to the oviduct of a female mouse which has previously been treated to induce pseudopregnancy; and allowing said egg to develop in the uterus of the female mouse. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg of the mouse is a one-cell stage fertilized egg. In certain aspects, provided herein, is a method of producing the engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5, the method comprising breeding a female engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5 with a male mouse to produce the mouse model. In some embodiments, the male mouse does not comprise an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5. In certain aspects, provided herein, is a method of producing the engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6, the method comprising introducing a nucleobase editor system described herein (and configured to affect a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6) into a fertilized egg of a mouse; transferring said fertilized egg to the oviduct of a female mouse which has previously been treated to induce pseudopregnancy; and allowing said egg to develop in the uterus of the female mouse. In some embodiments, the fertilized egg of the mouse is a one-cell stage fertilized egg. In certain aspects, provided herein, is a method of producing the engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6, the method comprising breeding a female engineered mouse comprising a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6 with a male mouse to produce the mouse model. In some embodiments, the male mouse does not comprise a T8591C mutation in MT-ATP6.
[0208] In certain embodiments, the mouse is an adult mouse. In particular embodiments, the mouse is a male mouse. In some embodiments, the mouse is a female mouse. In particular embodiments, the mouse is about or at least about 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 8 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, 11 weeks, 12 weeks, 14 weeks, 16 weeks, 18 weeks, 20 weeks, 24 weeks, 28 weeks, 32 weeks, 6 months, 9 months, 12 months, 15 months, 18 months, 21 months, or about or at least about 24 months old. In some embodiments, the engineering is performed when the mouse is a fertilized egg such as a one-cell stage fertilized egg.
[0209] In some embodiments, the mouse is not an immunodeficient and / or an immunosuppressed mouse. Examples of immunodeficient and / or immunosuppressed mice include athymic nude mice, severely compromised immunodeficient (SCID) mice, and non-obese diabetic (NOD) / SCID humanized mice. In some embodiments, a mouse model is generated and / or produced by performing, implementing, and / or executing the methods provided herein on a mouse that is not an immunocompromised and / or an immunosuppressed mouse.
[0210] In some embodiments, the mouse is immunocompetent. In certain embodiments, an immunocompetent mouse is a mouse that is able to develop an immune response, for example, to an antigen. In some embodiments, an immunocompetent mouse is capable of rejecting and / or developing an immune response to a foreign cell or protein, e.g., a human cell or protein. In certain embodiments, a mouse model of toxicity is generated and / or produced by performing, implementing, and / or executing the methods provided herein on a mouse that is immunocompetent.
[0211] In some embodiments, the mouse is of an outbred strain. In certain embodiments, the outbred mouse strain is a closed population for at least four generations of genetically variable animals that are bred to maintain maximum heterozygosity. Outbred strains are available, including commercially and are described in detail by Chia et al. Nature Genetics 37 (11) : 1181-1186 (2005) and Festing ILAR Journal 55 (3) : 399-404 (2014) . In addition, The Institute for Laboratory Animal Research has a tool on its website (dels. nas. edu / ilar_n / ilarhome / ) that searches the websites of suppliers of laboratory animals for named strains and stocks and their suppliers. The International Mouse Strain Resource (http: / / www. imsr. org / ) is a database of strains and stocks that are available worldwide and has updates from contributing repositories.
[0212] In some embodiments, the mouse is of an inbred strain. Particular embodiments contemplate that an advantage of using an inbred mouse strain with the methods provided herein is that cells from an individual mouse of an inbred strain may be infused and / or administered to a different individual mouse of the same inbred strain without triggering an immune response to the cells without the need of any immunosuppressant interventions or treatments. In certain embodiments, the mouse model of toxicity to a cell therapy is generated from one or more mice of an inbred mouse strain. In particular embodiments, the model is generated from one or more mice of a substrain of an inbred mouse strain.
[0213] In certain embodiments, inbred mouse strains include, but are not limited to 129S1, 129T2, 129X1, 129P3, 129P1, A, AKR, BALB / c, C3H, C57BL / 10, C57BLKS, C57BR / cd, C57L, CAST / Ei, CBA, DBA / 1, DBA / 2, FVB, MRL, NOD, SJL, MOLF / Ei, SWR, NOR, NZB, NZW, RBF, BUB, I, LP, NON, P, PL, RIIS, SM, C58, ALR, ALS, BPH, BPL, BPN, DDY, EL, KK, LG, MA, NH, NZM2410, NZO, RF, SB, SEA, SI, SOD1, SPRET / Ei, WSB / Ei, YBR, and all inbred substrains of each of these mouse strains.
[0214] In particular embodiments, the mouse is of an inbred substrain. In certain embodiments, a substrain is a colony and / or a population of mice within the same mouse strain, that are genetically different from other mice, colonies, and / or populations from the same mouse strain. For example, in some embodiments, a substrain may arise where two colonies of the same inbred strain have been separated for more than 10 generations, or, in some embodiments, the substrain may arise where there is known genetic difference between separate colonies of the same strain. In some embodiments, the genetic difference between different substrains may also be a result of residual heterozygosity in the ancestors at the time of separation which becomes fixed, and / or becomes a result of spontaneous mutation during subsequent generations (e.g., genetic drift) .
[0215] In certain embodiments, suitable substrains include, but are not limited to, 129S1 / SvImJ, 129T2 / SvEmsJ, 129X1 / SvJ, 129P3 / J, A / J, AKR / J, BALB / cByJ, BALB / cJ, BTBR T+ tf / J, BUB / BnJ, C3H / HeJ, C3H / HeOuJ, C3HeB / FeJ, C57BL / 10J, C57L / J, C58 / J, C57BR / cdJ, CBA / CaHN-Btkxid / J, CBA / J, DBA / 1J, CAST / EiJ, DBA / 1LacJ, DBA / 2J, DDY / Jc1SidSeyFrkJ, FVB / NJ, KK / H1J, MRL / MpJ, MOLF / EiJ, NONcNZO10 / LtJ, NON / ShiLtJ, NOD / ShiLtJ, NZL / LtJ, PL / J, SM / J, SJL / J, SWR / J, NOR / LtJ, NZB / B1NJ, NZW / LacJ, PWD / PhJ, RBF / DnJ, WSB / EiJ, 129S6 / SvEvTac, AJTAC, BALB / cAnNTac, BALB / cJBomTac, BALB / cABomTac, C57BL / 6NTac, C57BL / 6JBomTac, C57BL / 10SgAiTac, C3H / HeNTac, CBA / JBomTac, DBA / 1JBomTac, DBA / 2NTac, DBA / 2JBomTac, FVB / NTac, NOD / MrkTac, NZM / AegTac, SJL / JcrNTac, BALB / cAnNCr1BR, C3H / HeNCr1BR, C57BL / 6NCr1BR, DBA / 2NCr1BR, FVB / NCr1BR, C. B-17 / IcrCr1BR, 129 / SvPasIcoCr1BR, SJL / Jor1IcoCr1BR, A / Jo1aHsd, BALB / cAnNHsd, C3H / HeNHsd, C57BL / 10ScNHsd, C57BL / 6NHsd, CBA / JCrHsd, DBA / 2NHsd, FVB / NHsd, SAMP1 / KaHsd, SAMP6 / TaHsd, SAMP8 / TaHsd, SAMP10 / TaHsd, SJL / JCrHsd, AKR / O1aHsd, BiozziABII / RijIIsd, C57BL / 6JO1aHsd, FVB / NhanIIsd, MRL / MpO1aIIsd, NZB / O1aIIsd, NZW / O1aHsd, SWR / O1aHsd, 129P2 / O1aHsd, and 129S2 / SvHsd. In certain embodiments, the inbred mouse strain is a strain produced by a transgenic, knockout, siRNA, and / or CRISPR technique or other genetic manipulation technologies that have bred brother with sister or parent-offspring for ten or more consecutive generations.
[0216] In some embodiments the genetic background of a mouse may be determined as a matter of routine, and include genetic techniques such as identifying SNPs and polymorphisms associated with specific mouse strains, for example SNPs and / or polymorphisms identified by publicly available databases, e.g., Mouse Genome Informatics maintained by Jackson Laboratories.
[0217] In particular embodiments, the mouse is a BALB / c mouse. In certain embodiments, the mouse is of a BALB / c substrain. In some embodiments, the mouse is a BALB / cJ, BALB / cAnNCr, BALB / cByJ, or a BALB / cCum mouse. In certain embodiments, the mouse has about at least a 10%, at least a 25%, at least a 30%, at least a 40%, at least a 50%, at least a 60%, at least a 70%, at least a 75%, at least an 80%, at least an 87.5%, at least a 90%, at least a 95%, at least a 97%, at least a 99%, or at least a 99.9%BALB / c background. In particular embodiments, the mouse has a 10%, at least a 25%, at least a 30%, at least a 40%, at least a 50%, at least a 60%, at least a 70%, at least a 75%, at least an 80%, at least an 87.5%, at least a 90%, at least a 95%, at least a 97%, at least a 99%, or at least a 99.9%BALB / cJ, BALB / cAnNCr, BALB / cByJ, or BALB / cCum background. V. Kits, medicines, and compositions
[0218] Provided herein, in certain aspects, are kits and compositions of the nucleobase editor systems taught herein, including nickases having desired recognition sequences.
[0219] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a snickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0220] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a ssDNA deaminase, wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0221] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a nickase; a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase; and a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide, wherein the nickase, the ssDNA deaminase, and dsDNA binding polypeptide form a complex configured such that the dsDNA binding polypeptide, when associated with a dsDNA, positions the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0222] Kits provided herein may include one or more containers, and instruction for use thereof according to the methods provided herein. Instructions supplied in the kits of the invention are typically written instructions on a label or package insert (e.g., a paper sheet included in the kit) , but machine-readable instructions (e.g., instructions carried on a magnetic or optical storage disk) are also acceptable.
[0223] The kits provided herein are in suitable packaging. Suitable packaging include, but is not limited to, vials, bottles, jars, flexible packaging (e.g., sealed Mylar or plastic bags) , and the like. Kits may optionally provide additional components such as buffers and interpretative information. The present application thus also provides articles of manufacture, which include vials (such as sealed vials) , bottles, jars, flexible packaging, and the like.
[0224] Also provided are medicines, compositions, and unit dosage forms useful for the methods described herein.
[0225] In certain aspects, provided herein is one or more non-naturally occurring polypeptides forming a nucleobase editor system described herein. In some embodiments, one of the one or more non-naturally occurring polypeptides forming a nucleobase editor system described herein comprises a polypeptide comprising nickase activity and a polypeptide comprising ds-DNA binding, such as a TALE. In some embodiments, one of the one or more non-naturally occurring polypeptides forming a nucleobase editor system described herein comprises a polypeptide comprising deaminase activity and a polypeptide comprising ds-DNA binding, such as a TALE. In some embodiments, one of the one or more non-naturally occurring polypeptides forming a nucleobase editor system described herein comprises a polypeptide comprising nickase activity, a polypeptide comprising deaminase activity, and a polypeptide comprising ds-DNA binding, such as a TALE, e.g., a polypeptide comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 24-27.
[0226] In certain aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polypeptide having nickase activity, the non-naturally occurring polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1 with the following mutations of E91A and F94A (SEQ ID NO: 2) . In certain aspects, provided herein is a non-naturally occurring polypeptide having nickase activity, the non-naturally occurring polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2 (sometimes referred to herein as MutH*) . In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring polypeptide is isolated. In some embodiments, provided herein is a polynucleotide encoding the non-naturally occurring polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some embodiments, the non-naturally occurring polypeptide having nickase activity and comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2, recognizes the nickase recognition sequence of 5'-GATD-3', D is for A, T or G.
[0227] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0228] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19, wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the ssDNA deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0229] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.
[0230] In some embodiments, provided herein is a kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding: a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and a second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a single-stranded (ss) DNA deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the ssDNA deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA. VI. Sequences
[0231] Provided herein, in certain aspects, are sequences useful for the nucleotide editor systems provided herein. Specifically, nickase sequences are provided for MutH and a derivative thereof, MutH*, having the following mutations of E91A and F94A. MutH*has a nickase recognition sequence of 5'-GATD-3', D is for A, T or G. MutH (Escherichia coli) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 1 MutH*; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 2 Nt. BspD6I (C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 3 FokI-FokI (D450A) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 4 Nb. BsaI (C, N441D / R442G) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 5 Nt. BsaI (C, R236D) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 6 Nb. BsmBI (C, R438D) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 7 Nt. BsmAI (C, R221D) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 8 Nb. BsrDI (C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 9 Nt. CviPII; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 10 BspQI (C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 11 N.AlwI (C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 12 Nt. BsrDI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 13 Nt. BtsI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 14 I-TevI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 15 ss. BspD6I; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 16 ss. BsrDI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 17 ss. BtsI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 18 TadA8e; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 19 TadA8e (V106W) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 20 rAPOBEC1; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 21 rAPOBEC1-2×UGI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 22 CBE6d; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 23 MutH-2AA linker-TadA8e (V106W) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 24 *Amino acids (AA) of linker denoted with a trailing asterisk. TadA8e (V106W) -2AA linker-MutH; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 25 *Amino acids of linker denoted with a trailing asterisk. Nt. BspD6I (C) -2AA linker-TadA8e (V106W) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 26 *Amino acids of linker denoted with a trailing asterisk. TadA8e (V106W) -2AA linker-Nt. BspD6I (C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 27 *Amino acids of linker denoted with a trailing asterisk. 3*EAAAK linker; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 28 32AA linker; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 29 TadA8e (V106W, R107D) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 30 TadA8e (V106W, R107N) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 31 TadA8e (V106W, R107Q) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 32 TadA8e (V106W, R107Y) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 33 TadA8e (V106W, R107S) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 34 TadA8e (V106W, V82C) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 35 TadA8e (V106W, V82T) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 36 TadA8e (V106W, V82S) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 37 TadA8e (V106W, V28H) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 38 TadA8e (V106W, V28Y) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 39 TadA8e (V106W, V28P) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 40 TadA8e (V106W, V28M) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 41 TadA8e (V106W, V28I) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 42 TadA8e (V106W, V28F) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 43 TadA8e (V106W, R21V) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 44 TadA8e (V106W, R21I) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 45 TadA8e (V106W, R21L) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 46 TadA8e (V106W, R21F) ; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 47 CBE6d-1xUGI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 48 CBE6d-2xUGI; protein sequence; SEQ ID NO: 49
[0232] Those skilled in the art will recognize that several embodiments are possible within the scope and spirit of the disclosure of this application. The disclosure is illustrated further by the examples below, which are not to be construed as limiting the disclosure in scope or spirit to the specific procedures described therein. EXAMPLES Example 1: The deaminases in mitoBEs cause off-target effects at both the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome levels
[0233] This example demonstrates that mitoBE systems can result in off-target editing in the mitochondrial genome and transcribed mRNAs.
[0234] A systematic analysis was conducted to assess the off-target effects induced by mitoBEs at both the mitochondrial genome and transcriptome levels. A model for the mechanism of action of the mitoBE system is shown in FIG. 1A. Specifically, a mitoABE system (consisting of Left-TadA8e-V106W and Right-MutH) and a mitoCBE system (comprising Left-APOBEC1 and Right-MutH) were designed, both targeting the MT-RNR2 gene. These systems were synthesized as mRNA and transfected into HEK293T cells. The mitoABE system, targeting the MT-RNR2 site, achieved an editing efficiency of approximately 70%with minimal off-target effects in the mitochondrial genome compared to the untreated control (FIG. 1B) . However, at the transcriptome level, mitoABE induced widespread A-to-G off-target editing compared to the eGFP control (FIG. 1C) . Similarly, the mitoCBE system targeting the same MT-RNR2 site displayed an editing efficiency of about 70%, but it exhibited some C-to-T off-target effects in the mitochondrial genome, notably at position 5746 with an off-target efficiency of about 18% (FIG. 1D) . Unlike mitoABE, mitoCBE did not induce significant off-target editing at the transcriptome level (FIG. 1E) . Examination of the 200 bp regions upstream and downstream of all mitoCBE driven off-target sites revealed no potential TALE binding sites with 0 or 1 mismatches, indicating that these off-target effects are independent of TALEs. Further examination of the 5 bp sequences flanking the off-target sites revealed a 5'-TC motif (FIG. 1F) . These findings suggest that the off-target effects in the mitochondrial genome caused by mitoCBE are likely due to random deamination by APOBEC1. Example 2: Optimized mitoBEs for more precise and efficient editing
[0235] This example develops mitoBE systems with optimized editing efficiencies using site directed mutagenesis.
[0236] To refine mitoBEs into more precise and efficient tools for mitochondrial base editing, the deaminases used in the mitoBE systems were optimized. For mitoABEs, it is crucial to reduce off-target effects on the transcriptome. AlphaFold2 was utilized to predict the structure of TadA8e-V106W and analyzed its RNA interaction by comparing it to the Staphylococcus aureus TadA. Six amino acids were identified (R21, E27, V28, V82, W106, and R107) potentially interacting with RNA, either directly or indirectly, and saturation mutagenesis was conducted on an additional 19 amino acids (FIG. 2A) . Screening through plasmid transfection at the MT-RNR2 target site yielded 28 TadA8e-V106W variants with editing efficiencies equal to or better than the original enzyme (FIG. 2B) . Among these, mutations V28F, V28M, and V28Y significantly boosted the targeted editing efficiency of the TadA8e-V106W protein (FIG. 2B) . The off-target effects of these variants were evaluated on six RNA sites commonly used to assess TadA proteins’ off-target impacts. The V28F mutation not only improved the on-target editing efficiency but also markedly reduced the off-target RNA effects of the TadA8e-V106W protein, achieving a 52-fold higher editing efficiency at the DNA target compared to the average off-target RNA sites (FIG. 2C) . Additionally, the transcriptome-level off-target effects of mitoABE (TadA8e-V106W-V28F) were assessed. Compared to TadA8e-V106W, the V28F mutation significantly reduced off-target transcriptome effects, aligning them closely with those observed in the eGFP control group (FIG. 2D and FIG. 1C) . In comparison with the untreated group, neither TadA8e-V106W-V28F nor TadA8e-V106W exhibited noticeable off-targeting effects on the mitochondrial genome (FIGs. 2D-2F) .
[0237] To enhance the precision and efficacy of mitoCBEs, sixteen known cytosine deaminases were tested, each fused with an uracil glycosylase inhibitor (UGI) , on the MT-RNR2 site in HEK293T cells using mRNA-transfected mitoCBEs. The deaminases tested included AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, and eleven cytosine deaminases evolutionarily derived from TadA proteins, including CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm. Results showed that substituting APOBEC1 with other deaminases like evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, and some cytosine deaminases derived from TadA proteins led to efficient editing at the MT-RNR2 site. Notably, CBE6d exhibited the highest editing efficiency, reaching up to 60%(FIG. 2H) . Additionally, cytosine deaminases derived from TadA proteins provided a narrower editing window, thereby reducing bystander off-target effects (FIG. 2H) . Further analysis of off-target effects in the mitochondrial genome revealed that TadA-derived cytidine deaminases offered significantly better precision than APOBEC1, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, and evoFERNY, with C-to-T mutation levels comparable to those seen in the untreated group (FIG. 2I) . Consequently, CBE6d was selected as the preferred cytosine deaminase for our future mitoCBE applications. These optimized tools are hereby designated as engineered mitoBEs, specifically mitoABE (TadA8e-V106W-V28F) and mitoCBE (CBE6d) . Example 3: Identifying pathogenic mutations in mouse cells with high editing efficiency using mitoBEs
[0238] Currently, MITOMAP (M. C. Brandon et al., MITOMAP: a human mitochondrial genome database--2004 update. Nucleic Acids Res 33, D611-613 (2005) ) has validated 92 mitochondrial DNA point mutations associated with human diseases. Of these, 85 mutations involving C-to-T (G-to-A) and A-to-G (T-to-C) base changes can be addressed using engineered mitoBEs for disease modeling in cells or animals. All human disease-associated mitochondrial DNA point mutations were aligned with the mouse mitochondrial genome, resulting in the identification of 70 editable sites using engineered mitoBEs. Of these, 36 mutations are in tRNA genes, 33 are in protein-coding genes, and 1 in an rRNA gene (FIG. 3A and Table 3) . The T7928C mutation is located in the overlapping region of the MT-ATP6 and MT-ATP8 genes. The remaining 14 sites mostly harbor bases identical to the pathogenic human equivalents. Thus, these sites are no longer considered as potential mouse mitochondrial pathogenic sites (see Table 3) . Table 3: Pathogenic Mitochondrial Mutations
[0239] Engineered mitoBEs were designed to target these 70 sites, following these guidelines: the target editing site (Aor C) is placed at the center of the editing window, with 20 bp sequences selected on both sides of the target, 8 bp away from the target site, to serve as the binding sequences for the TALEs in the engineered mitoBEs. Based on previous experience, Nt. BspD6I (C) was chosen as the nickase for the engineered mitoBEs. This enzyme typically nicks the DNA strand recognized by the fused TALE, was selected to effectively edit the target site on the opposite strand when incorporated into an engineered mitoBE system (FIG. 3B) . The TadA8e-V106W-V28F deaminase was used for A-to-G editing, and the CBE6d deaminase was used for C-to-T edits.
[0240] Due to the typically low efficiency of plasmid transfection and the higher efficiency of RNA transfection in mouse cells, mitoBEs were engineered into a circular RNA vector. This circular RNA (circRNA) was synthesized in vitro and transfected into Neuro-2a cells. Three days post-transfection, the cells were harvested to assess the efficiency of mitochondrial-targeted site editing (FIG. 3C) . Initial screening indicated successful editing at 58 of 70 targeted sites across rRNA, tRNA, and protein-coding genes (FIGs. 3D-3G) . Among these, high editing efficiencies were observed at sites including MT-ATP6 T8591C, MT-ND5 A12784G, MT-Rnr1 A978G, MT-TrnV G1029A, MT-TrnK G7741A, MT-TrnK G7763A, MT-ATP6 T8576C, and MT-ND5 T12499C, with an average editing efficiency around 20% (FIG. 3D) . The other 50 sites exhibited lower editing efficiencies, averaging below 10% (FIGs. 3E-1-3G) . These results demonstrate that engineered mitoBEs can effectively achieve A-to-G and C-to-T mitochondrial base editing in mouse cells. Furthermore, within the editing window, target sites generally exhibited high editing efficiency and strong strand-selectivity, minimizing off-target effects on the opposite strand. For target sites where editing was less effective or not the most efficiently edited within the window, adjustment could be made by repositioning the TALEs at each end to alter the placement of the target sites within the editing window. Example 4: Engineered mitoBEs encoded in circRNA facilitate efficient and targeted editing in mice
[0241] This example develops engineered mitoBE systems encoded in circRNA to facilitate efficient and targeted editing in mice.
[0242] Two sites with the highest editing efficiency in mouse cells were identified as starting points for developing mouse models, MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G. The editing efficiencies at these sites in Neuro-2a cells were 23%and 25%, respectively. In mice, the MT-ATP6 T8591C mutation correlates with the human m. 9191T>C mutation in mtDNA, results in a L222P amino acid substitution in the MT-ATP6 protein, which is linked to Leigh disease. Similarly, the MT-ND5 A12784G mutation in mice corresponds to the human m. 13379A>G mutation, leading to a H348R amino acid change in the MT-ND5 protein, associated with LHON disease (35) .
[0243] mRNA and circRNA targeting the MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G sites was synthesized and microinjected into C57BL / 6J mouse embryos at the one-cell stage. The embryos were collected for targeted site editing efficiency assessment at the blastocyst stage, approximately 3 days post-microinjection (FIG. 4A) . Groups of 5 embryos each were sampled for testing. For both mRNA and circRNA targeting each site, injections were attempted at three concentrations: 75, 150, and 300 ng / μL. Both mRNA-encoded and circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs exhibited higher editing efficiency at 150 ng / μL compared to the other concentrations (FIGs. 4B, 4C) . Additionally, for both MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G, embryos injected with circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs showed higher editing efficiencies than those injected with mRNA-encoded ones. At 150 ng / μL, the editing efficiencies reached 65%for MT-ATP6 T8591C and 62%for MT-ND5 A12784G (FIGs. 4B, 4C) . This enhanced performance is likely due to the greater stability of circRNA compared to mRNA, which allows for more sustained protein expression. Furthermore, it was noted that the editing efficiency in mouse embryos using circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs was significantly higher than in Neuro-2a cells (FIGs. 4B, 4C and FIG. 3D) . This discrepancy could be attributed to the higher quantity of RNA delivered via microinjection compared to liposome transfection.
[0244] Subsequently, one-cell stage mouse embryos were microinjected with circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs at a concentration of 150 ng / μL and then transplanted these embryos into surrogate mother mice. About a week after birth, The editing efficiency was evaluated by sampling toes from the F0 generation mice (FIG. 4D) . The typical birth rate from buffer-injected mouse embryo transplantation is about 30%. For the MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G targeted embryos, the birth rates were 13%and 30%respectively, indicating that the engineered mitoBEs did not cause severe cytotoxicity. The MT-ATP6 T8591C mutation is deleterious to mouse embryonic development. When compared to control F0 mice, which were only injected with buffer at the one-cell stage, the circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs targeting MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G sites resulted in high editing efficiencies. The average editing efficiencies in F0 mice were 46%for MT-ATP6 T8591C and 44%for MT-ND5 A12784G, with the highest editing efficiencies reaching 68%and 82%respectively (FIGs. 4E, 4F) . Additionally, the editing efficiency of circRNA-encoded engineered mitoBEs was higher than that of mRNA-encoded versions (FIGs. 4G, 4H) . Examination of the editing results within the editing window for F0 mice (MT-ATP6 T8591C #1, 2, 3 and MT-ND5 A12784G #1, 2, 3) revealed that, these target sites were among the highest or near-highest edited positions within their respective windows (FIGs. 4I, 4J) .
[0245] Furthermore, the editing precision of engineered mitoBEs was assessed in F0 mice by analyzing the mitochondrial and nuclear genomes at the MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G sites in three F0 mice each (MT-ATP6 T8591C #4, 5, 6 and MT-ND5 A12784G #4, 5, 6 F0 mice) . Compared to control F0 mice, which showed no edits, there were no detectable off-target sites in either the mitochondrial or nuclear genomes of the three F0 mice at these sites (FIGs. 4K-4Q) . This suggests that the mouse models generated using engineered mitoBEs maintain a relatively clean genetic background. Example 5: Engineered mitoBEs facilitate widespread and enduring mitochondrial base editing across various mouse tissues
[0246] This example demonstrates that engineered mitoBE systems can facilitate widespread and enduring mitochondrial base editing across various mouse tissues, and that such edits are heritable.
[0247] To investigate the longevity and widespread distribution of mitochondrial DNA edits in mice, achieved through engineered mitoBEs, two two-month-old mice from the F0 generation were selected (MT-ATP6 T8591C and MT-ND5 A12784G) and editing efficiency was measured in 26 different tissues. For the MT-ATP6 T8591C site, the editing efficiency in the toes of F0 mice #7 and #8 was about 40%one week post-birth (FIG. 5A) . Two months later, the editing efficiency remained consistent across various tissues, averaging around 40%, with certain tissues like the spleen and brain in F0 #7 exhibiting efficiencies exceeding 60% (FIG. 5B) . For the MT-ND5 A12784G site, toe editing efficiency was approximately 60%one week after birth (FIG. 5C) . Two months on, this editing efficiency was maintained in F0 #7’s toe, while other tissues showed around 40%efficiency. In F0 #8 the editing efficiency across various tissues remained at around 60% (FIG. 5D) . These results demonstrate that the mitochondrial DNA edits induced by engineered mitoBEs are persistent and present in multiple tissues, although efficiency may vary by tissue. Additionally, these editing results are sustained over time.
[0248] Next, the heritability of mitochondrial DNA editing induced by engineered mitoBEs was investigated in mouse. By breeding female mice with edited mitochondrial DNA with wild-type male mice, the editing efficiency at mitochondrial DNA target sites was examined in the toe tissues of the F1 generation mice (FIG. 5E) . The mitochondrial editing efficiency in F1 mice varied, with some exhibiting higher editing efficiency than their corresponding F0 progenitors (MT-ATP6 T8591C #9 and MT-ND5 A12784G #9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14 F0 mice) , while others displayed lower efficiency (FIG. 5F-5L) . For instance, F1 mice descended from the MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #9 mouse, which had a target site editing efficiency of 30%, showed an average editing efficiency of approximately 30%, with a range from 13%to 73% (FIG. 5F) . Similarly, F1 mice from the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 #9 mouse, which had a target site editing efficiency of 53%, showed an average editing efficiency of about 59%, with a range from 22%to 100% (FIG. 5G) . These findings demonstrate that the mitochondrial DNA edits induced by engineered mitoBEs can be maternally transmitted, potentially even leading to the generation of homozygous mutant mice. Example 6: Mice with edited mitochondrial DNA display corresponding disease phenotypes
[0249] This example assesses the disease phenotypes resulting from mitoBE derived mitochondrial DNA editing in mice.
[0250] To determine whether the mtDNA mutation in mice leads to observable phenotypic changes, base-edited embryos were implanted into surrogate mothers and produced F0 offspring with the MT-ATP6 T8591C or MT-ND5 A12784G mutations. Specifically, 12 MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice with editing efficiencies between 41%and 68%were selected, along with 6 age-matched control F0 mice (FIG. 6A) and their heart rates two months post-birth were evaluated. The MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice exhibited a significantly lower average heart rate compared to the control group (FIG. 6B) . Furthermore, M-mode echocardiography revealed a notably reduced left ventricular ejection fraction in the MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 mice compared to controls (FIG. 6C) . Substantial differences were also observed in echocardiographic comparisons between the MT-ATP6 T8591C F0 #10 mouse and control mice (FIG. 6D) . These findings indicate that the T-to-C base editing at position 8591 in the mouse MT-ATP6 gene affects cardiac function, resembling symptoms observed in Leigh syndrome patients.
[0251] For the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice, 16 mice with editing efficiencies ranging from 59%to 82%were randomly selected, along with 12 control F0 mice born at the same time (FIG. 6E) . Electroretinography (ERG) tests were conducted on the mice one-month post-birth. Under dark-adapted conditions, the average levels of the a-wave and b-wave responses in both eyes of MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice were significantly lower than those in control mice (FIG. 6F) . While under light-adapted conditions, the a-wave responses were similar between the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice and controls, the b-wave responses in the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice were significantly reduced (FIG. 6G) . Additionally, ERG curves for three MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice (#15, 16 and 17) and three control F0 mice (#1, 2 and 3) , recorded under both dark and light conditions were recorded for comparison. These curves exhibit clear photoreceptor abnormalities in the MT-ND5 A12784G F0 mice compared to the controls (FIGs. 6H-6K) . These results demonstrate that the A-to-G base editing at position 12784 in the mouse MT-ND5 gene impairs the photoreceptor cells’ light-sensing capabilities, leading to vision impairment akin to symptoms observed in patients with LHON.
[0252] These striking results demonstrate successful utilization of engineered mitoBEs for efficient mitochondrial DNA base editing at the 8591 T-to-C and 12784 A-to-G sites in mice, which correspond to the pathogenic mutations m. 9191T>C and m. 13379A>G in human mtDNA, respectively. Significant cardiac dysfunction was observed in mice carrying the high-efficiency 8591 T-to-C mutation, mirroring disease phenotypes associated with Leigh syndrome caused by the m. 9191T>C mtDNA mutation. Similarly, decreased visual acuity was detected in mice carrying the high-efficiency 12784 A-to-G mutation, displaying a disease phenotype akin to LHON caused by the m. 13379A>G mtDNA mutation in humans. These outcomes demonstrate the effectiveness of engineered mitoBEs in creating mouse models of mitochondrial diseases, providing valuable tools for elucidating the underlying mechanisms of these mitochondrial diseases and developing potential therapies. Example 7: Methods
[0253] This example provides experimental methodologies for the studies discussed above. Plasmid construction
[0254] PCR was conducted utilizing either PrimeSTAR GXL DNA polymerase (TaKaRa) or Q5 Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB) . TadA8e-V106W and its mutants, TadA mutants, APOBEC1, UGI, MutH, Nt. BspD6I (C) , AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY and other genes were synthesized as gene blocks and optimized for mammalian expression codons (Tsingke Biological Technology) . The original mitoBEs expression plasmids were assembled into the pCMV vector via Gibson assembly, replacing the TALE array with two inverted BsmBI restriction sites. Subsequently, the TALE array was constructed using the advanced ULtiMATE system. The ligated plasmids were transformed into Trans1-T1 chemically competent cells (TransGene Biotech) and subjected to Sanger sequencing to confirm construct identity (Tsingke Biological Technology) . Final plasmids were prepared (TianGen) for cell transfection. RNA preparation
[0255] CircRNAs were prepared following established protocols. In summary, precursor circRNAs were synthesized using the linearized circRNA plasmid templates through in vitro transcription employing the HiScribe T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit (NEB) . The resulting products underwent treatment with DNase I (NEB) for 30 minutes to degrade the plasmid templates. Following DNase I digestion, GTP was introduced into the reaction at a final concentration of 2 mM and incubated at 55℃ for 15 minutes to facilitate circRNA cyclization. Subsequently, RNA purification was carried out using the RNA Clean &Concentrator-25 (Zymo Research) . The purified RNA was subjected to heating at 65℃ for 3 minutes followed by rapid cooling on ice. To further enrich the circRNAs, the reactions underwent treatment with RNase R (Epicentre) at 37℃ for 15-30 minutes. The RNase R-treated RNA was then purified again using the RNA Clean &Concentrator-25 (Zymo Research) . The mRNA preparation is conducted using NEB's E2060 reagent kit, following its protocol. Cell culture and transfection
[0256] HEK293T (ATCC, CRL-3216) and Neuro-2a (ATCC, CCL-131) cells were cultured in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM, Gibco) with 10%foetal bovine serum (Biological Industries) , 1%GlutaMax (Gibco) and penicillin / streptomycin (Sigma) at 37℃ with 5%CO2. For lipofection, cells were plated in 12-well cell culture plates at a density that approximately reached 70%after 20 h. Cells in each well were transfected with 2, 000 ng of each mitoBEs monomer plasmid using 8 μL of PEI (ProteinTech) or transfected with 2, 500 ng of each mitoBEs monomer mRNA or circRNA using 5 μL of Lipofectamine MessengerMAX Reagent (Invitrogen) . Cells were collected after 72 h of transfection. Genomic DNA was extracted using the DNeasy Blood &Tissue Kit (Qiagen) and stored at -20℃. Mouse
[0257] This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Cyagen Biosciences. The mouse embryos used in this experiment were C57BL / 6J strains, which were obtained from Cyagen Biosciences. All newborn mice were kept in the SPF animal room of Cyagen Biosciences, with the temperature controlled at 22-24℃ under a 12 hours dark-light cycle. Microinjection of mitoBEs into mouse zygotes
[0258] Female C57BL / 6J mice aged 3-4 weeks were selected and injected with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) at an interval of 46-48 hours. Following hCG injection, the female mice were mated with sexually mature fertile male mice to induce fertilization. The following day, euthanasia was performed on the female mice, and fertilized eggs were collected from the oviducts and placed in a 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for further use. RNA was loaded into microinjection needles. Morphologically normal fertilized eggs were selected and transferred to injection dishes. Under an inverted microscope at 200-400 fold magnification, the RNA was microinjected into the cytoplasm of the fertilized egg cells. The injected fertilized eggs were then transferred to M16 culture medium and placed in a 37℃, 5%CO2 incubator for 0.5-1 hour before transplantation, or cultured until the 2-cell stage for transplantation the following day. Surrogate mother mice were housed in clean cages post-transplantation. Typically, offspring were born 19-20 days after transplantation. One week after birth, toe clipping for identification and PCR analysis were performed on the mice. Mouse genotyping
[0259] Mouse toes (about 2 mm) were collected and placed into tubes. To each tube, 98 μL of Triton lysis buffer and 2 μL of 20 mg / mL proteinase K were added. The tubes were then placed in a 56℃ water bath overnight. Following incubation, the reaction was heated to 98℃for 15 minutes to deactivate the proteinase K. The samples were then centrifuged at maximum speed for 15 minutes, and the supernatant was collected as PCR template. Targeted deep sequencing
[0260] Genomic regions of interest were amplified into approximately 200 bp fragments from genomic DNA samples utilizing PrimeSTAR GXL DNA polymerase (TaKaRa) . Please refer to Table 4 for the primer sequences. The amplified PCR products were purified using the DNA Clean &Concentrator-25 (Zymo Research) kit for subsequent Sanger sequencing and targeted deep sequencing. For targeted deep sequencing library preparation, the VAHTS Universal DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina V3 (Vazyme) was employed. In brief, PCR fragments underwent sequential processes including end repair, adapter ligation, and PCR amplification. DNA purification during library preparation was executed using Agencourt Ampure XP beads (Beckman Coulter) , while library amplification employed Q5U Hot Start High-Fidelity DNA Polymerase (NEB) and VAHTS Multiplex Oligos Set 4 / 5 for Illumina (Vazyme) . The final library underwent quantification utilizing the Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit (Invitrogen) before being subjected to sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. Table 4: Sequencing Primers Genome-wide off-target sequencing
[0261] For library preparation utilizing the VAHTS Universal Plus DNA Library Prep Kit for Illumina (Vazyme) , 500 to 1, 000 ng of genomic DNA was utilized as input. The library preparation procedure involved the following steps: DNA fragmentation, end preparation with dA-tailing, adapter ligation, and library amplification. During fragmentation, 500 to 1, 000 ng of genomic DNA underwent enzymatic cleavage with FEA enzyme mix at 37℃ for 10 minutes, where simultaneous end repair and dA-tailing occurred. Following library preparation, the final library underwent quantification using the Qubit dsDNA HS assay kit (Invitrogen) and fragment analysis. Subsequently, all libraries underwent sequencing on the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform (Illumina) . Transcriptome-wide off-target sequencing
[0262] HEK293T cells were transfected with either eGFP-expressing or mitoBEs-expressing plasmid or RNA. After 72 hours post-transfection, RNA extraction was performed using Direct-zol RNA Miniprep Kits (Zymo Research) . Subsequently, RNA was isolated using Ribo-off rRNA Depletion Kit (H / M / R) (Vazyme) and subjected to processing with the Universal V6 RNA-seq Library Prep Kit for Illumina (Vazyme) . The prepared samples underwent deep sequencing analysis utilizing the Illumina HiSeq X Ten platform. Analysis of high-throughput sequencing data for targeted amplicon sequencing
[0263] To analyze high-throughput sequencing data, an index was created utilizing the targeted site sequences, covering approximately 100 nucleotides upstream and downstream of the editing window regions. Subsequently, reads were aligned and quantified using BWA (v.0.7.10-r789) . The resulting BAM alignment files underwent sorting with SAMtools (v1.1) , and analysis of editing sites was conducted using REDitools (v. 1.0.4) . The applied parameters were: -t 8 -U [AG] -n 0.0 -T 6-6 -e -d -u. Any significant base conversions detected within the targeted regions, determined by Fisher's exact test (p value < 0.05) , were identified as edits induced by mitoBEs. Mutations observed simultaneously in both control and experimental groups were considered attributable to single nucleotide polymorphisms. Analysis of mitochondrial genome off-target editing
[0264] Whole-genome sequencing underwent quality control assessment using FastQC (v0.12.1) , followed by adapter removal via fastp (0.23.2) . Following trimming, reads were aligned to GRCh38-hg38 using bwa-mem2 (2.2.1) with default parameters. Subsequently, reads were mapped to GRCh38-hg38 by bwa-mem2 (2.2.1) with default parameters. GATK (4.3.0.0) AddOrReplaceReadGroups, MarkDuplicates and BaseRecalibrator were subsequently used to add read group, remove duplicates and correct base quantity. After preprocessing, GATK Mutect2 were used to discover somatic short variants. Variant calls were filtered according to FiterMutectCalls (not annotated as position, slippage, weak evidence or map qual) . Mutations with a frequency of more than 1%in the control experiments were also removed. Analysis of nuclear genome off-target editing
[0265] In pursuit of potential nuclear genome off-target editing events, stricter criteria were adopted to account for elevated noise levels. Additional criteria were introduced concerning base quality and mapping quality, building upon the quality control standards established for mitochondrial analysis. Only mutations with high median base quality (MBQ ≥ 30) and high mapping quality (MMQ ≥ 50) were considered to be potential off-target editing sites. The Mann-Whitney U test (p value < 0.01) was used to test whether there was a significant difference between the mutation frequency of each experimental group and the control group. Analysis of transcriptome off-target editing
[0266] The quality control of RNA-seq data was carried out as previously outlined. Alignments were executed using the two-pass mode of STAR (version 2.7.11a) , and variant calling was conducted in accordance with the standard GATK pipeline. To ensure a high level of confidence in the variants identified from RNA-seq data, more stringent criteria were employed beyond the conventional control of median base and mapping quality, such as requiring a minimum depth of 50. Phenotypic assessment of mouse
[0267] For heart rate detection, animals were pre-anesthetized in an anesthesia chamber for two minutes, followed by positioning in a supine position on the electrode plate of the Indus Rodent Surgical MonitorY+. The limbs of the mice were secured, and continuous anesthesia (1-2%isoflurane) was maintained at 37℃ while initiating heart rate monitoring software to record data. For ultrasound imaging, mice were first anesthetized, followed by correct placement in SiliconWave 30 electrodes for proper data acquisition. Three consecutive cardiac cycles were continuously recorded to obtain cardiac functional parameters. For electroretinogram (ERG) testing, the Diagnosys Celeris instrument was used. The sequence of ERG assessments included dark-adapted and light-adapted a-wave and b-wave testing. Prior to testing, animals were anesthetized with intraperitoneal injections of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg / kg) and chlorpromazine hydrochloride injection (5 mg / kg) . Statistics and Reproducibility
[0268] n represents the number of independent experiments performed in parallel. Unpaired two-tailed Student’s t-test was implemented for group comparisons as indicated in the figure legends. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01; ***p < 0.001; ****p < 0.0001. For off-target analysis, three independent experiments were performed for the targeted or control groups.
Claims
A nucleobase editor system comprising:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19.wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA.The nucleobase editor system of claim 1, wherein the deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, comprises at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.A nucleobase editor system comprising:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of CBE6d, hA3A, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc, TadA-CDd, eTD-CBE, eTD-CBEa, and eTD-CBEm, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity,wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase such that a site action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase are within an editing region on the dsDNA.The nucleobase editor system of claim 3, wherein the deaminase, or the fragment thereof, is CBE6d or a sequence comprising at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 23 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the nickase of the first unit recognizes a recognition sequence present in the editing region of the dsDNA.The nucleobase editor system of claim 2, wherein the recognition sequence of the nickase is a palindromic recognition sequence.The nucleobase editor system of claim 5 or 6, wherein the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATC -3'.The nucleobase editor system of claim 5, wherein the recognition sequence of the nickase is a non-palindromic recognition sequence.The nucleobase editor system of claim 8, wherein the recognition sequence of the nickase is 5'-GATD-3', where D is a base selected from the group consisting of G, A, and T.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domain.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit comprises a zinc finger (ZF) domain.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 5-13, wherein the site of action of the nickase is on the same strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 14, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit binds the dsDNA 5-9 bases away from the recognition sequence of the nickase.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 5-13, wherein the site of action of the nickase is on the opposite strand of the dsDNA that is bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 16, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit binds 0-4 bases away from the recognition sequence of the nickase.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the nickase is heterologous.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-18, wherein the nickase of the first unit is a type I nickase, type II nickase, type III nickase, or a type IV nickase.The nucleobase editor system of claims 1-19, wherein the nickase is MutH or Nt.BspD6I (C) , or a nickase derived therefrom.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit comprises a transcription activator-like effector (TALE) domain.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-20, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit comprises a zinc finger (ZF) domain.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-22, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide binds to the stand of the dsDNA not bound by the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 12, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA downstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.The nucleobase editor system of claim 13, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit specifically associates with a portion of the dsDNA upstream of the editing region on the dsDNA sequence.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-25, wherein the site of action of the deaminase is part of the non-nicked strand of the dsDNA.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-26, wherein the editing region on the dsDNA is 1-24 base pairs in length.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-27, wherein the site of action of the nickase is no more than 10 base pairs from the site of action of the deaminase.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the first unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the nickase of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 29, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the C-terminus of the nickase of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 29, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit is fused to the N-terminus of the nickase of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 29-31, wherein the first unit further comprises a linker associating the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-32, wherein the second unit is a fusion polypeptide, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the deaminase of the second unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 33, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the C-terminus of the deaminase of the second unit.The nucleobase editor system of claim 33, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit is fused to the N-terminus of the deaminase of the second unit.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 33-35, wherein the second unit further comprises a linker associating the second dsDNA binding polypeptide and the deaminase.The nucleobase editor system of claim 32 or 35, wherein the linker of the first unit and / or the linker of the second unit comprise a polypeptide linker.The nucleobase editor system of claim 37, wherein the polypeptide linker is from 2-100 amino acids in length.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the first dsDNA binding polypeptide and the nickase of the first unit associate non-covalently.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-28, wherein the second dsDNA binding polypeptide and the deaminase of the second unit associate non-covalently.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-40, wherein the first unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) .The nucleobase editor system of claim 41, wherein the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the first unit.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-42, wherein the second unit further comprises a mitochondrial localization signal (MLS) .The nucleobase editor system of claim 43, wherein the MLS is positioned at the N-terminus of the second unit.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-44, wherein the dsDNA is a circularized dsDNA.The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-45, wherein the dsDNA is mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) .The nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-46, wherein the dsDNA is a B-DNA conformation.A non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / ora second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19.A non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19,wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; and / ora second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity.A non-naturally occurring polynucleotide encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity,wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A method of editing a target nucleotide in an editing region in a cell, the method comprising delivering the nucleobase editor system of any one of claims 1-47 or the polynucleotide of any one of claims 48-51 to the cell.The method of claim 52, wherein the editing region is on a mitochondrial DNA.A method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19,wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A method of treating an individual having a disease associated with a DNA mutation, the method comprising administering one or more polynucleotides encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity,wherein the first unit and second unit, when expressed in the individual, are configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.The method of claim 54 or 55, wherein the mutated DNA is mitochondrial DNA.A kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19,wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid positions are in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19,wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A kit for a nucleobase editing system, the kit comprising:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity,wherein the nucleobase editor system is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A kit for a nucleobase editor system, the kit comprising one or more polynucleotides encoding:a first unit comprising a first double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide associated with a nickase; anda second unit comprising a second dsDNA binding polypeptide associated with a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity,wherein the nucleobase editor system, when expressed, is configured such that the first dsDNA binding polypeptide of the first unit and the second dsDNA binding polypeptide of the second unit, when associated with a dsDNA, position the nickase and the deaminase with a site of action for the nickase and a site of action for the deaminase within an editing region on the dsDNA.A deaminase comprising TadA8e, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, comprising mutations V106W and one or more of the following R107D, R107N, R107Q, R107Y, R107S, V82C, V82T, V82S, V28H, V28Y, V28P, V28M, V28I, V28F, R21V, R21I, R21L, and R21F, wherein the amino acid position is in reference to SEQ ID NO: 19.The deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, of claim 61, comprising at least about 85%sequence identity with SEQ ID NO: 19 as determined based on aligned and equal length sequences.The deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, of claim 61 or 62, wherein the mutations comprise V106W and V28F, V106W and V28M, or V106W and V28Y.The deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, of any one of claims 61-63, comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 19, 20, or 30-47.The deaminase comprising TadA8e, or the fragment thereof, of any one of claims 61-64, further comprising a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide fused thereto.A fusion polypeptide comprising a deaminase selected from the group consisting of APOBEC1, AID, evoAPOBEC1, evoCDA1, hA3A, evoFERNY, CBE6a, CBE6b, CBE6c, CBE6d, TadA-CDa, TadA-CDb, TadA-CDc and TadA-CDd, or a fragment thereof having deaminase activity, and a double-stranded (ds) DNA binding polypeptide.An engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) .A cell line or primary cell culture derived from the engineered mouse of claim 67.A tissue or an organ explant or culture thereof derived from the engineered mouse of claim 67.A method of producing the engineered mouse of claim 67, the method comprising introducing a mitoBE of any one of claims into a fertilized egg of a mouse;transferring said fertilized egg to the oviduct of a female mouse which has previously been treated to induce pseudopregnancy; andallowing said egg to develop in the uterus of the female mouse.The method of claim 70, wherein the fertilized egg of the mouse is a one-cell stage fertilized egg.A method of producing the engineered mouse of claim 67, the method comprising breeding a female engineered mouse comprising an A12784G mutation in mitochondrially encoded NADH dehydrogenase 5 (MT-ND5) with a male mouse to produce the engineered mouse.The method of claim 72, wherein the male mouse does not comprise an A12784G mutation in MT-ND5.
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