Configuration of load / characteristic impedance of an antenna array
The analytical configuration of load and characteristic impedances in densified antenna arrays addresses mutual coupling and energy efficiency issues, improving beamforming performance and efficiency in holographic radio systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/103446
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-03
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-08
AI Technical Summary
Densified antenna arrays in holographic radio systems face challenges with mutual coupling effects and energy efficiency due to impedance mismatches, leading to suboptimal beamforming performance and high computational delays in iterative impedance optimization.
An analytical approach to configure load and characteristic impedances for antenna elements based on a complex mutual impedance matrix and channel estimation, allowing for improved energy efficiency and beamforming performance without iterative optimization.
Enhances energy efficiency and beamforming performance in holographic radio systems by optimizing load and characteristic impedances, providing a faster and more effective solution than conventional iterative methods.
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Figure CN2024103446_08012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CONFIGURATION OF LOAD / CHARACTERISTIC IMPEDANCE OF AN ANTENNA ARRAYTechnical Field
[0001] Examples of the invention relate to configuration of load impedance and / or characteristic impedance associated with at least one antenna element in an antenna array of a communication device having multiple antenna elements. Furthermore, examples of the invention also relate to a corresponding method and a computer program.Background
[0002] Holographic radio has emerged as a promising technology for the future wireless communications, which is expected to be able to arbitrarily shape the electromagnetic (e. m. ) waves generated or sensed by antennas, and provide an opportunity for approaching the ultimate capacity limit of the wireless channel.
[0003] Theoretically, holographic radio communication links are enabled by continuous surfaces, and significant performance enhancements compared to conventional half-wavelength spaced antenna arrays with the same surface aperture have been predicted accordingly. One approach to realize close-to-continuous holographic surfaces is to densify the conventional antenna arrays, i.e., by packing more antenna elements (aka radiating elements) into given apertures of transmit or receive antenna arrays. Such a densified antenna array has been also referred to as a holographic surface. These surfaces can be made of low-cost transformative wireless planar structures comprised of sub-wavelength metallic or dielectric scattering particles.
[0004] However, there are two challenging issues in the design of a well-performed holographic radio system using a densified antenna array.
[0005] The first issue is the mutual coupling effect. When an antenna array is densified, more antenna elements are placed in the same aperture size of the antenna array with smaller spacing among them. This will create mutual interactions among the antenna elements. Such e.m. interactions among antenna elements are referred to as the mutual coupling effect, which need be properly characterized and taken into account during the system analysis and design. The second issue is the energy efficiency. For a realistic holographic surface deployed with an antenna array of lossy antenna elements, the transmit power fed to it may not be completely radiated out for signal transmission, while part of it may be consumed internally in the transmitter radio device either as the reflection loss due to the impedance mismatch between the antenna array and the transmit circuit that drives the antenna array, or as the heat loss due to the non-zero load resistances of the antenna elements. Such power losses also appear when the holographic surface works in a receiver mode. Hence a holographic radio system should be carefully designed to minimize such power losses.Summary
[0006] An objective of examples of the invention is to provide a solution which mitigates or solves the drawbacks and problems of conventional solutions.
[0007] Another objective of examples of the invention is to provide a solution having an improved energy efficiency compared to conventional solutions.
[0008] The above and further objectives are solved by the subject matter of the independent claims. Further examples of the invention can be found in the dependent claims.
[0009] According to a first aspect of the invention, the above mentioned and other objectives are achieved with a first communication device comprising N number of antenna elements arranged in an antenna array, the first communication device being configured to:
[0010] obtain an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device and a second communication device;
[0011] configure at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements based on
[0012] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or
[0013] configure at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements based on
[0014] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; and
[0015] transmit a communication signal to the second communication device, or receive a communication signal from the second communication device, via the N number of antenna elements of the antenna array based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n. An advantage of the first communication device according to the first aspect is that, by using the present solution, the configurations of the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with the at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements allow for a potential improvement of the energy efficiency of the first communication device.
[0016] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the first communication device is configured to:
[0017] form a beamforming vector based on at least one of: the channel estimation h (e) , the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, and the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n; and
[0018] transmit the communication signal to the second communication device, or receive the communication signal from the second communication device, via the N number of antenna elements of the antenna array based on the beamforming vector.
[0019] An advantage with this implementation form is that it allows for the first communication device to realize the potentially improved energy efficiency offered by the configured load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured characteristic impedance Z0, n, which is realized by designing its beamforming vector for the subsequent communication signal transmission and / or reception based on a proper mutual coupling model with the configured load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0020] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g1 given as
[0021] where Z (d) is a diagonal matrix containing only the diagonal entries of the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, C= (Re (Z (d) ) ) -1 / 2Re (Z) (Re (Z (d) ) ) -1 / 2, and is a scaled version of the channel estimation h (e) .
[0022] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides a first analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0023] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g2 given as
[0024] where Z (d) is a diagonal matrix containing only the diagonal entries of the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, and is a scaled version of the channel estimation h (e) .
[0025] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides a second analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0026] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is based on the vector g1 and the vector g2.
[0027] An advantage with this implementation form is that it makes it possible to provide a general and analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0028] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g3 given as
[0029] where IN×N is an N×N identity matrix, and αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.
[0030] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides a third analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0031] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g4 given as
[0032] where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.
[0033] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides a forth analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0034] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g5 given as
[0035] where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.
[0036] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides a fifth analytical approach to configure the impedance configuration vector g based on the complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel between the first communication device and the second communication device, based on which the at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n can be configured.
[0037] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the N number of antenna elements are densely arranged in an aperture of the antenna array to form a holographic surface.
[0038] An advantage with this implementation form is that the formed holographic surface provides an opportunity for shaping the e. m. waves generated or sensed by the antenna elements of the antenna array in a more flexible manner than in conventional half-wavelength spaced antenna arrays, such that enhanced beamforming performance can be achieved in the subsequent communication signal transmission and / or reception.
[0039] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the first communication device is configured to:
[0040] set a value of an external load impedance connected to the at least one antenna element n for configuring the load impedance ZL, n associated with the at least one antenna element n.
[0041] An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides an approach to physically configure the at least one load impedance ZL, n.
[0042] In an implementation form of a first communication device according to the first aspect, the first communication device is configured to:
[0043] switch a connection between the at least one antenna element n and a signal generator among multiple transmission line pairs for configuring the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, wherein different transmission line pairs correspond to different characteristic impedance values. An advantage with this implementation form is that it provides an approach to physically configure the at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0044] According to a second aspect of the invention, the above mentioned and other objectives are achieved with a method for a first communication device, the method comprises:
[0045] obtaining an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device and a second communication device;
[0046] configuring at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements based on
[0047] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or
[0048] configuring at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements based on
[0049] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; and
[0050] transmitting a communication signal to the second communication device, or receiving a communication signal from the second communication device, via the N number of antenna elements of the antenna array based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n. The method according to the second aspect can be extended into implementation forms corresponding to the implementation forms of the first communication device according to the first aspect. Hence, an implementation form of the method comprises the feature (s) of the corresponding implementation form of the first communication device.
[0051] The advantages of the methods according to the second aspect are the same as those for the corresponding implementation forms of the first communication device according to the first aspect.
[0052] Examples of the invention also relate to a computer program, characterized in program code, which when run by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to execute any method according to examples of the invention. Further, examples of the invention also relate to a computer program product comprising a computer readable medium and the mentioned computer program, wherein the computer program is included in the computer readable medium, and may comprises one or more from the group of: read-only memory (ROM) , programmable ROM (PROM) , erasable PROM (EPROM) , flash memory, electrically erasable PROM (EEPROM) , hard disk drive, etc.
[0053] Further applications and advantages of examples of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0054] The appended drawings are intended to clarify and explain different examples of the invention, in which:
[0055] - Fig. 1 shows a first communication device according to an example of the invention;
[0056] - Fig. 2 shows a flow chart of a method for a first communication device according to an example of the invention;
[0057] - Fig. 3 shows a communication system according to an example of the invention;
[0058] - Fig. 4 shows a model of the considered holographic surface implemented as an array of densely deployed antennas and the circuit connected to the antenna array;
[0059] - Fig. 5 shows a flowchart for a first communication device according to further examples of the invention;
[0060] - Fig. 6 shows a holographic surface deployed at a first communication device according to an example of the invention; and
[0061] - Figs. 7 (a) to 9 show performance results.Detailed Description
[0062] An issue with a densified antenna array without load and / or characteristic impedance optimization is that the energy efficiency of the corresponding system is low due to the impedance mismatch, and in turn the achieved beamforming performance of the system is even worse than its un-densified counterpart. On the other hand, although the beamforming performance of a densified antenna array can be significantly enhanced by optimizing the load and / or characteristic impedances associated with the antenna elements in the antenna array, the load and / or characteristic impedance optimization is performed iteratively according to conventional solutions and involves high computations and large time delays, especially when the number of antenna elements deployed in the holographic surface is large and the spacing between these antenna elements is small. For wireless communication systems in which the channel condition between the transmitter and receiver may vary fast over time, the iterative impedance optimization algorithm becomes too slow to cater for the dynamically varying channel conditions. Therefore, it is herein disclosed an analytic solution for the optimization of the load impedance and / or the characteristic impedance associated with the antenna elements in an antenna array for improved performance. In this respect a communication device and a corresponding method is herein presented. The communication device disclosed is also denoted a first communication device to differentiate from other communication devices which may be denoted second communication devices. Thus, the terms “first” and “second” are in this context used as labels and do not imply any technical features when used for labelling purpose only.
[0063] Fig. 1 shows a first communication device 100 according to an example of the invention. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the first communication device 100 comprises a processor 102, a transceiver 104 and a memory 106. The processor 102 is coupled to the transceiver 104 and the memory 106 by communication means 108 known in the art. The first communication device 100 may be configured for wireless and / or wired communications in a communication system. The wireless communication capability is provided with an antenna array 110 coupled to the transceiver 104, where the antenna array 110 comprises N number of antenna elements 120 where N is a positive integer, while the wired communication capability may be provided with a wired communication interface 112 e.g., coupled to the transceiver 104.
[0064] The processor 102 may be referred to as one or more general-purpose central processing units (CPUs) , one or more digital signal processors (DSPs) , one or more application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) , one or more field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , one or more programmable logic devices, one or more discrete gates, one or more transistor logic devices, one or more discrete hardware components, or one or more chipsets. The memory 106 may be a read-only memory, a random access memory (RAM) , or a non-volatile RAM (NVRAM) . The transceiver 104 may be a transceiver circuit, a power controller, or an interface providing capability to communicate with other communication modules or communication devices, such as network nodes and network servers. The transceiver 104, memory 106 and / or processor 102 may be implemented in separate chipsets or may be implemented in a common chipset. That the first communication device 100 is configured to perform certain actions can in this disclosure be understood to mean that the first communication device 100 comprises suitable means, such as the processor 102 and the transceiver 104, configured to perform the actions.
[0065] According to examples of the invention, the first communication device 100 is configured to: obtain an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array 110 and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and a second communication device 300; configure at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0066] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or configure at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0067] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; and transmit a communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300, or receive a communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300, via the N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0068] Furthermore, in an example of the invention, the first communication device 100 comprises a processor configured to:obtain an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array 110 and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and a second communication device 300; configure at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0069] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or configure at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0070] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument. The first communication device 100 comprises a transceiver configured to transmit a communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300, or receive a communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300, via the N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0071] Moreover, in yet another example of the invention, the first communication device 100 comprises a processor and a memory having computer readable instructions stored thereon which, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: obtain an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array 110 and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and a second communication device 300; configure at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0072] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or configure at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0073] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; and transmit a communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300, or receive a communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300, via the N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0074] Fig. 2 shows a flow chart of a corresponding method 200 which may be executed in a first communication device 100, such as the one shown in Fig. 1. The method 200 comprises: obtaining 202 an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array 110 and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and a second communication device 300; configuring 204 at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0075] where is an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, and is the imaginary unit; and / or configuring 206 at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 based on
[0076] where max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; and transmitting 208 a communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300, or receiving 210 a communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300, via the N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0077] Fig. 3 shows a communication system 500 according to an example of the invention. The communication system 500 in the disclosed example comprises a first communication device 100 and a second communication device 300 configured to communicate and operate in the communication system 500. For simplicity, the shown communication system 500 only comprises one first communication device 100 and one second communication device 300. However, the communication system 500 may comprise any number of first communication devices 100 and any number of second communication devices 300 without deviating from the scope of the invention.
[0078] The first communication device 100 is in this example illustrated as a network access node such as a base station (BS) , while the second communication device 300 is illustrated as a client device such as a user equipment (UE) . However, the reverse example is also possible, i.e., the first communication device 100 is a client device while the second communication device 300 is a network work access node. In yet further examples, both the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300 may be network work access nodes such as in backhaul communications, or may be client devices such as in sidelink communications.
[0079] It is shown in Fig. 3 how the first communication device 100 transmits a communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300 or receives communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300 via the antenna array 110. The communication signal 510 may be any suitable communication signal used in current and future communication systems and standards, including reference signals such as synchronization signals (SS) , physical random access channels (PRACH) , demodulation reference signals (DMRS) , sounding reference signals (SRS) , and phase tracking reference signals (PTRS) , etc.; control signals that are transmitted over physical broadcasting channel (PBCH) , physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , etc.; and information carrying data signals that are transmitted over physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) , physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) and physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , etc.
[0080] A network access node herein may also be denoted as a radio network access node, an access network access node, an access point (AP) , or a BS, e.g., a radio base station (RBS) , which in some networks may be referred to as transmitter, “gNB” , “gNodeB” , “eNB” , “eNodeB” , “NodeB” or “B node” , depending on the standard, technology and terminology used. The radio network access node may be of different classes or types such as e.g., macro eNodeB, home eNodeB or pico base station, based on transmission power and thereby the cell size. The radio network access node may further be a station, which is any device that contains an IEEE 802.11-conformant media access control (MAC) and physical layer (PHY) interface to the wireless medium (WM) . The radio network access node may be configured for communication in 3GPP related long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-advanced, fifth generation (5G) wireless systems, such as new radio (NR) and their evolutions, as well as in IEEE related Wi-Fi, worldwide interoperability for microwave access (WiMAX) and their evolutions.
[0081] A client device herein may be denoted as a user device, a UE, a mobile station, an internet of things (IoT) device, a sensor device, a wireless terminal and / or a mobile terminal, and is enabled to communicate wirelessly in a wireless communication system, sometimes also referred to as a cellular radio system. The UEs may further be referred to as mobile telephones, cellular telephones, computer tablets or laptops with wireless capability. The UEs in this context may be, for example, portable, pocket-storable, hand-held, computer-comprised, or vehicle-mounted mobile devices, enabled to communicate voice and / or data, via a radio access network (RAN) , with another communication entity, such as another receiver or a server. The UE may further be a station, which is any device that contains an IEEE 802.11-conformant MAC and PHY interface to the WM. The UE may be configured for communication in 3GPP related LTE, LTE-advanced, 5G wireless systems, such as NR, and their evolutions, as well as in IEEE related Wi-Fi, WiMAX and their evolutions.
[0082] Fig. 4 shows a part of a first communication device 100 according to examples of the invention. In the example in Fig. 4, the antenna array 110 is a holographic surface which implies that the N number of antenna elements 120 are densely arranged in an aperture of the antenna array 110 to form a holographic surface. Furthermore, in the illustrated example, a beamforming vector is formed for transmission or reception of the communication signal 510. In general terms, the first communication device 100 may therefore be configured to: form a beamforming vector based on at least one of: the channel estimation h (e) , the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, and the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n; and transmit the communication signal 510 to the second communication device 300, or receive the communication signal 510 from the second communication device 300, via N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 based on the beamforming vector.
[0083] The first communication device 100 in Fig. 4 comprises an input 132 configured to obtain a communication signal stream. The input 132 is connected to an input of a beamforming block 134 in which the beamforming vector is applied. The output of the beamforming block 134 is connected to N number of signal generators 136. Each signal generator 136 is in turn connected to an antenna element (AE) 120 of the antenna array 110 via a pair of transmission lines 138, where each antenna element 120 is associated with a load impedance 140 that represents the sum of an inherent internal load impedance of the antenna element 120 and an external load impedance series connected to the antenna element 120. The antenna array 110 may be denoted a holographic surface in examples of the invention.
[0084] Without loss of generality, it may be assumed that the holographic surface is centered at the origin of a three-dimensional (3D) coordinate system. Within the surface aperture, an antenna array 110 with N number of antenna elements 120 are deployed, where the antenna element 120 with index n (n=1, 2, …N) is centered at position with representing the real space of dimension m×n. Each antenna element 120 with index n may be modelled to have a load impedance 140 denoted by with being the set of all complex numbers, and driven by a signal generator 136 via a pair of transmission lines 138 with a real and positive characteristic impedance with being the set of all real numbers.
[0085] The transmission via the holographic surface may be enabled as follows. Denote by aunit-power communication signal stream at the input 132. Let be an arbitrary beamforming vector applied in the beamforming block 134 to transmit with representing the complex space of dimension m×n. The transmit signal vector can be written as
[0086] and the total power fed to the transmitter, referred to as the transmit power of the surface in this disclosure, is given by
[0087] where ‖·‖2 is the 2-norm operator.
[0088] To transmit the signal vector x using the transmit holographic surface, the N number of signal generators 136 will generate a vector of information-carrying e. m. waves characterized by a voltage vector and its corresponding current vector which propagate forwardly inside their transmission lines 138 towards the N antenna elements 120 on the surface. When the vector of forward e. m. waves arrive at the input ports of the antenna elements 120, some power carried by them is reflected back along the transmission lines 138 due to the impedance mismatch between the transmit circuit and the antenna array 110 on the two sides of the antenna input ports, yielding a vector of backward e. m. waves characterized by a voltage vector and its corresponding current vector Consequently, the sum of the forward and backward e.m. wave vectors result in a vector of currents at the input ports of all antenna elements 120, where the operator “-” represents that the forward and backward e. m. waves propagate in opposite directions along the transmission lines. This current vector then flows into the antenna elements 120 to activate them. Among the power carried by this current vector i, a part of it is consumed by the load impedances 140 {ZL, n|n=1, 2, …, N} , and the rest is conveyed by the e. m. field generated from the whole holographic surface and radiated out into the surrounding 3D space. The radiation behavior of the whole antenna array 110 is characterized by a symmetric and non-negative definite complex matrix which is referred to as the complex mutual impedance matrix of the antenna array 110 in literatures.
[0089] The mutual coupling effect and energy efficiency of the transmit holographic surface may be modelled by a coupling transfer matrix expressed as
[0090] where is a diagonal matrix containing only the diagonal entries of the complex mutual impedance matrix is a diagonal matrix, referred to as the load impedance matrix, with its n-th diagonal entry being ZL, n, and is a diagonal matrix, referred to as the characteristic impedance matrix, with its n-th diagonal entry being Z0, n. In addition, the total power that is radiated out from the surface for transmitting the transmit signal vector x, referred to as the total radiated power of the surface, is given by PRad (f) =fHAHCAf, (4)
[0091] where
[0092] is an N×N matrix and referred to as the mutual coupling matrix.
[0093] Assume that a second communication device 300 with a single receive antenna element is located at a far-field point of the first communication device 100 to receive the attenuated version of the communication signal stream and denote by
[0094] the wireless channel vector between the transmit holographic surface of the first communication device 100 and the receive antenna element of the second communication device 300, where accounts for the distance dependent propagation loss and is a scaled version of h. When the wireless channel between the holographic surface of the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300 is pure line-of-sight (LoS) , we have
[0095] where η=120π Ohm is the intrinsic impedance of the free space, λ is the signal wavelength, α is a constant reflecting the reception capability of the receive antenna element of the second communication device 300, D= ‖r‖2 is the distance between point r and the origin, u=r / D is the spatial direction of point r with respect to the origin, and Rn (u) is the radiation power pattern of the transmit antenna element 120 with index n in the spatial direction u. Note that Eq. (6) can be also used to model more general multi-path channels with different values of g and In this case, the corresponding wireless channel vector h can be expressed as a sum of multiple component-vectors, where each component-vector is contributed by a distinct propagation path and modelled in a similar way as above by regarding each propagation path as an equivalent LoS path. The detailed derivations are omitted here for brevity.
[0096] According to the above discussion, the signal received by the receive antenna element of the second communication device 300 can be expressed as
[0097] where the noise at the receiver is omitted for brevity.
[0098] The performance of the above holographic radio system under an arbitrary beamforming vector f can be evaluated using the following three metrics.
[0099] Energy efficiency: the energy efficiency of the surface under an arbitrary beamforming vector f is defined as
[0100] which is upper bounded by 100%, and is strictly less than 100%when any of the antenna elements 120 in the surface is lossy.
[0101] Directivity: the directivity of the surface at the observation point r, denoted by RHolo (r|f) , is defined as the ratio between the radiation power density of the surface at point r and its spatial average over a 3D sphere centered at the origin with point r on this 3D sphere, and given by
[0102] When r spans all the points on the 3D sphere, the term RHolo (r|f) also offers the radiation power pattern of the surface under the beamforming vector f.
[0103] Realized beamforming gain: the realized beamforming gain of the surface at the observation point r, denoted by GHolo (r|f) , is defined as the ratio between the radiation power density of the surface at point r and that achieved by transmitting the same signal stream using an idealistic isotropic antenna located at the origin with the same transmit power PT, and given by
[0104] When r spans all the points on the 3D sphere centered at the origin with point r on this 3D sphere, the term GHolo (r|f) also offers the beam pattern of the surface under the beamforming vector f.
[0105] From the above metrics, it can be proved that, when the wireless channel vector h or its scaled version is perfectly known at the first communication device 100, the optimal beamforming design that maximizes the directivity of the surface is given by
[0106] and the correspondingly achieved maximum directivity and realized beamforming gain are, respectively,
[0107] and
[0108] This approach is referred to as directivity-based beamforming.
[0109] In the meanwhile, when the wireless channel vector h or its scaled version is perfectly known at the first communication device 100, the optimal beamforming design that maximizes the realized beamforming gain of the surface is given by
[0110] and the corresponding maximum realized beamforming gain is
[0111] This approach is referred to as gain-based beamforming. It can be verified that
[0112] i.e., for any given far-field observation point r, the maximum directivity of the surface serves as an upper bound on its maximum realized beamforming gain.
[0113] Note that in practice, the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel h is obtained based on the reception of a pilot signal transmitted from the second communication device 300, or fed back from the second communication device 300, and so may be inaccurate, i.e., h (e) ≠h. In this case, the beamforming vector need be designed based on the estimated channel vector, e.g., by replacing in Eq. (12) and Eq. (15) with a scaled version of the channel estimation h (e) denoted by By considering that the first communication device 100 does not have the perfect channel knowledge h and only has its estimated version h (e) , the real value of the subsequently achieved maximum realized beamforming gain cannot be accurately calculated at the first communication device 100 either. Instead, an approximated value of is calculated by replacing with in Eq. (16) , and is denoted by for convenience.
[0114] The maximum realized beamforming gain (and its approximation ) can be further boosted by optimizing the diagonal entries of ZL and / or Z0. Specifically, the load impedance on the n-th diagonal entry of the load impedance matrix ZL, i.e., ZL, n, can be adjusted by serially connecting an external impedance to each antenna element 120 with index n, i.e., with being the original internal load impedance of antenna element n. These external impedances can be made configurable such that their values can be adaptively configured in real time depending on the need. Since a positive external load resistance, i.e., a positive real part of always leads to extra heat loss, we assume all the external impedances to be pure imaginary. In practice when the external impedances cannot avoid positive load resistances, e.g., due to the limited manufacturing capability imposed when producing them, for convenience we can equivalently model the real parts of into the internal load impedance and still assume all the external impedances to be pure imaginary, i.e.., in this case represents the sum of the original internal load impedance of antenna element n and the real part of its serially connected external impedance, while only represents the imaginary part of the external impedance. Hence, the feasible region of ZL is
[0115] Furthermore, the characteristic impedances in the diagonals of Z0 can theoretically take any positive values by manufacturing transmission lines 138 with different geometries and materials. In one implementation, it can be optimized in advance for a fixed communication link before manufacturing the involved transmission lines 138. In another implementation, a set of transmission line pairs 138 with different characteristic impedances can be manufactured and equipped for the connection between each antenna element 120 and its signal generator 136, and the first communication device 100 can adaptively switch among these transmission line pairs 138 to establish the connection depending on the need. In this invention, we only set a lower bound to the characteristic impedances for numerical stability, and consider the feasible region of Z0 as
[0116] By recalling that the first communication device 100 does not have the perfect channel knowledge but only has the channel estimation h (e) and its scaled version the impedance optimization problem considered here is to optimize the values of the load impedance matrix ZL and the characteristic impedance matrix Z0 such that the maximum realized beamforming gain approximated at the first communication device 100, i.e., obtained from by replacing with in Eq. (16) , is maximized. Such an impedance optimization problem may be formulated as follows.
[0117] where
[0118] Since problem P0 is non-convex and difficult to solve analytically, an iterative optimization algorithm has been proposed, which yields significant beamforming performance enhancement. However, the iterative optimization algorithm requires a large number of iterations and in turn large computation delays before convergence, and so is not suitable for real-time applications when the wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300 varies quickly over the time.
[0119] According to examples of the invention, it is disclosed an analytical solution to configure the optimized values of the load and / or the characteristic impedances of antenna elements 120, which can avoid time-consuming iterations yet achieving notable enhancements of the realized beamforming gain for the system.
[0120] Fig. 5 shows a flow chart illustrating further examples of the invention involving using beamforming vectors. In step 1 in Fig. 5, the complex mutual impedance matrix Z for all the N antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 is obtained. It may be noted that for a given antenna array 110 with pre-determined structure and position per antenna element 120, its complex mutual impedance matrix Z is also given and independent of the time-varying wireless channel between the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300, provided that there is no scatterers, including the second communication device 300, located in the near-field region of the first communication device 100. Hence the complex mutual impedance matrix Z for all the N antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 can be obtained in advance.
[0121] In step 2 in Fig. 5, the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel vector h between the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300 is obtained, e.g., either by estimation from pilot signals received from the second communication device 300, or by fed back from the second communication device 300 in a previous channel estimation procedure.
[0122] In step 3 in Fig. 5, the impedance configuration vector g is calculated based on the obtained complex mutual impedance matrix Z for all the N antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 and the channel estimation h (e) for the wireless channel vector h between the first communication device 100 and the second communication device 300.
[0123] In step 4 in Fig. 5, at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element 120 with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 is configured based on the obtained complex mutual impedance matrix Z for all the N antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 and the calculated impedance configuration vector g.
[0124] In examples of the invention, the first communication device 100 is configured to set a value of an external load impedance that is series connected to the at least one antenna element 120 with index n for configuring the load impedance ZL, n associated with the at least one antenna element 120 with index n.
[0125] In step 5 in Fig. 5, at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element 120 with index n among the N number of antenna elements 120 is configured based on the obtained complex mutual impedance matrix Z for all the N antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110 and the calculated impedance configuration vector g.
[0126] In examples of the invention, the first communication device 100 is configured to switch a connection between the at least one antenna element 120 with index n and a signal generator 136 among multiple transmission line pairs 138 for configuring the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element 120 with index n. Different transmission line pairs 138 correspond to different characteristic impedance values.
[0127] In step 6 in Fig. 5, a beamforming vector is designed based on the at least one of: the channel estimation h (e) , the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, and the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n, which is then used for beamformed signal transmission to, and / or signal reception from, the second communication device 300 via the N number of antenna elements 120 of the antenna array 110.
[0128] Moreover, the impedance configuration vector g may be determined in a number of ways. Thus, in the following disclosure exemplary analytical solutions are presented.
[0129] In a first example of the invention also denoted Example 1, the at least one load impedance and / or the at least one characteristic impedance is analytically configured based on a lower bound of the maximum realized beamforming gain in Eq. (16) . Such a lower bound is given in Lemma 1.
[0130] Lemma 1. For the holographic surface e.g., implemented as in Fig. 4, its maximum realized beamforming gain is lower bounded by
[0131] Lemma 1 directly holds by definition and so its proof is omitted here. From Lemma 1 we can see that a sub-optimal alternative to further enlarge the maximum realized beamforming gain is to maximize the lower bound in Eq. (22) . By further observing that the numerator of the lower bound in Eq. (22) is a constant independent of either ZL or Z0, we can conclude that maximizing this lower bound is equivalent to minimizing its denominator that can be rewritten as
[0132] Hence according to Eq. (23) and by replacing in it with due to the fact that the first communication device 100 only has the knowledge of the following impedance optimization problem can be formulated.
[0133] where
[0134] and
[0135] is a column vector.
[0136] The theorem below provides an analytical solution to problem P1.
[0137] Theorem 1: The optimal solution to Problem P1 is given by
[0138] and
[0139] for all n=1, 2, …, N, where and is a diagonal matrix with the n-th element of g on its n-th diagonal entry.
[0140] The proof of Theorem 1 can be found in Appendix A, from which it can be seen that the optimal solution to Problem P1 is achieved by setting Eq. (27) and (28) for all the N antenna elements 120 in parallel. This implies that if one only configures the load impedance and / or the characteristic impedance associated with an arbitrary subset of antenna elements 120 within the whole set of N number of antenna elements 120 using Eq. (27) and / or (28) , the correspondingly achieved realized beamforming gain can still be enhanced compared to that achieved without any load / characteristic impedance configuration. Hence, Theorem 1 can be utilized to configure the load impedance and / or characteristic impedance of an arbitrary number of antenna elements 120 among the N number of antenna elements 120.
[0141] In a second example of the invention also denoted Example 2, the at least one load impedance and / or the at least one characteristic impedance is analytically configured based on another lower bound of the maximum realized beamforming gain in Eq. (16) . Such a lower bound is given in Lemma 2 below and proved in Appendix B.
[0142] Lemma 2: For the holographic surface e.g., implemented as in Fig. 4, its maximum realized beamforming gain is lower bounded by
[0143] Hence, another sub-optimal alternative to further enlarge the maximum realized beamforming gain is to maximize the lower bound in Eq. (29) . Again, the numerator of the lower bound in Eq. (29) is a constant independent of either ZL or Z0, and so maximizing this lower bound is equivalent to minimizing its denominator that can be rewritten as
[0144] Hence, according to Eq. (30) and by replacing in it with due to the fact that the first communication device 100 only has the knowledge of the following impedance optimization problem can be formulated.
[0145] where
[0146] and
[0147] is a column vector.
[0148] The problem P2 has the same form as problem P1 except that the constant vector g1 in P1 is changed to g2. Hence, P2 can be solved in the same way as that used for P1, as summarized in the theorem below.
[0149] Theorem 2: The optimal solution to Problem P2 is given by
[0150] and
[0151] for all n=1, 2, …, N, where and is a diagonal matrix with the n-th element of g on its n-th diagonal entry.
[0152] The proof of Theorem 2 is similar to that of Theorem 1 and so is omitted here. Again, Theorem 2 can be utilized to configure the load impedance and / or characteristic impedance of an arbitrary number of antenna elements 120 among the N number of antenna elements 120.
[0153] It is interesting to note that the expressions Eq. (34) and (35) in Example 2 hold the same form as the expressions Eq. (27) and (28) in Example 1. Hence, Example 2 shares common and general expressions of the configured load / characteristic impedances as Example 1, except that the impedance configuration vector g takes different values, i.e., g1 or g2.
[0154] In a third example of the invention also denoted Example 3, the at least one load impedance and / or the at least one characteristic impedance is analytically configured based on a combination of Examples 1 and 2. Specifically, it is observed that the analytical solutions in Theorems 1 and 2 are similar and only differ from each other by a constant vector g1 or g2. Therefore, a straightforward extension is to replace g1 or g2 with a third column vector, denoted by g3, that is a linear combination of g1 and g2, i.e.,
[0155] where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient. It can be seen that g3 is a general form of g1 and g2, and reduces to g1 and g2 respectively when αg=1 and 0. The corresponding analytical load impedance and / or the characteristic impedance configuration is given by
[0156] and / or
[0157] for at least one n∈ {1, 2, …, N} , where and is a diagonal matrix with the n-th element of g on its n-th diagonal entry. It is obvious that Example 3 shares common and general expressions of the configured characteristic / load impedances as Examples 1 and 2, except that the impedance configuration vector g takes a different value, i.e., g3.
[0158] In a fourth example of the invention also denoted Example 4, the at least one load impedance and / or the at least one characteristic impedance is analytically configured based on another combination of Examples 1 and 2. Specifically, it is observed that g1 differs from g2 by a factor of C-1 in its expression. Hence, another straightforward extension is to replace g1 or g2 with a fourth column vector, denoted by g4, that is given by
[0159] where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient. It can be seen that g4 is a general form of g1 and g2, and reduces to g1 and g2 respectively when αg=1 and 0. The corresponding analytical load impedances and / or the characteristic impedance configuration is given by
[0160] and / or
[0161] for at least one n∈ {1, 2, …, N} , where and is a diagonal matrix with the n-th element of g on its n-th diagonal entry. Again, Example 4 shares common and general expressions of the configured characteristic / load impedances as Examples 1, 2 and 3, except that the impedance configuration vector g takes a different value, i.e., g4.
[0162] In a fifth example of the invention also denoted Example 5, the at least one load impedance and / or the at least characteristic impedance is analytically configured based on a third combination of Examples 1 and 2. Specifically, it is observed that
[0163] Hence, a third straightforward extension is to replace g1 or g2 with a fifth constant column vector, denoted by g5, that is given by
[0164] where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient. It can be seen that g5 is a general form of g1 and g2, and reduces to g1 and g2 respectively when αg=1 and 0. The corresponding analytical load impedance and / or the characteristic impedance configuration is given by
[0165] and / or
[0166] for at least one n∈ {1, 2, …, N} , where and is a diagonal matrix with the n-th element of g on its n-th diagonal entry.
[0167] Again, Example 5 shares common and general expressions of the configured load impedance and / or the characteristic impedance as Examples 1 to 4, except that the impedance configuration vector g takes a different value, i.e., g5. It should be noted that when the antenna array 110 is made of identical antenna elements 120 with their self-impedance on the diagonals of the mutual impedance matrix Z being the same, the matrix Z (d) will be a scaled identity matrix, and consequently Examples 4 and 5 will be the same, i.e., g4 and g5 only differs by a scaling factor.
[0168] In all the above examples of the invention, the value of the impedance configuration vector g can be arbitrarily scaled, which does not affect the resultant value of the configured load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured characteristic impedance Z0, n.
[0169] In addition, when each given impedance configuration vector g is adopted for impedance configuration of an antenna element 120 with index n, it can be used to only configure its load impedance ZL, n, or only configure its characteristic impedance Z0, n, or configure both its load impedance ZL, n and characteristic impedance Z0, n at the same time.
[0170] The configured value of the load and / or characteristic impedance may be further quantized to a value in a set of predetermined values. For example, the characteristic impedance associated with an antenna element 120 may be configured by switching the connection between the antenna element 120 and its corresponding signal generator 136 among a set of candidate transmission line pairs 138 with different characteristic impedance values, and the set of quantization values are then determined by the characteristic impedance values of these candidate transmission line pairs.
[0171] In the following section, some numerical examples are provided to evaluate the performance of practically lossy holographic surfaces under the developed analytical impedance optimization solutions according to examples of the invention. As illustrated in Fig. 6, we consider a first communication device 100 that is equipped with a holographic surface of length L=λ and width W=λ / 2 , deployed on the y-z plane having its long and wide sides parallel to the y-and z-axes, respectively, and its center located at the origin, where λ is the signal wavelength, and a second communication device 300 that is located at point r in the far-field region of the first communication device 100, where the spatial direction of the point r with respect to the origin is specified by a vertical direction θ and a horizontal direction φ as marked in the figure. We implement the surface by a uniform linear antenna array (ULA) formed by N z-axis directed dipole antenna elements 120 with spacing d1=L / (N1-1) . The carrier frequency is fixed at 0.75 GHz. All the dipoles are identically cylinder-shaped and center-fed with gap g = 0.01λ in the middle, and constructed by perfect electric conductor (PEC) . The length and diameter of the dipoles are set at l =λ / 2 and a=0.01λ, respectively. During impedance optimization, we initialize the load and characteristic impedances at, respectively, ZL, n=0 Ohm and Z0, n=50 Ohm, n=1, 2…, N, and set the lower bound of {Z0, n} at Ohm. For convenience, it may be assumed here that the wireless channel vector h and its scaled version are perfectly known at the first communication device 100, i.e., h (e) =h and and so the corresponding realized beamforming gains after characteristic / load impedance configuration are also measured under the perfect channel knowledge in all the numerical examples below. In addition, we only evaluate the system performance when both the load impedances and characteristic impedances of all the N antenna elements of the antenna array are configured using the disclosed impedance configuration approaches. The disclosed analytical solution can be readily applied to the case when the wireless channel vector h or its scaled version is not perfectly known at the first communication device 100 as well as the case when only the load impedance and / or characteristic impedance of an arbitrary subset of antenna elements among the set of all N antenna elements of the antenna array are configured.
[0172] We first consider a conventional ULA with N = 3 and d=0.5λ. For such a dipole ULA, its complex mutual impedance matrix Z can be analytical calculated. Fig. 7 (a) and Fig. 7 (b) plot, respectively, the realized beamforming gains and energy efficiencies of such a ULA in different horizontal target directions φ with the vertical direction fixed at θ=π / 2, where different impedance optimization solutions are considered, and the gain-based beamforming approach in Eq. (15) is adopted for all curves. From the figure we can see that both the Examples 1 and 2 can achieve almost the same performance as a conventional iterative impedance optimization method, and they all almost achieve their upper bound. This confirms the effectiveness of the Examples 1 and 2, which avoid the complicated computations required in calculating the conventional iterative solution. Since the Examples 1 and 2 already achieve very good performance, there is no need to further check the performance of their extensions, i.e., Examples 3, 4 and 5 here.
[0173] In Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) , we consider a densified ULA with N1=5 and d=0.25λ, and plot its realized beamforming gains and energy efficiencies, respectively, in different horizontal target directions achieved by the gain-based beamforming approach in Eq. (15) under different impedance optimization solutions. From Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) we can see that, Example 1 achieves a good realized beamforming gain only in a few specific horizontal target directions, e.g., when φ is set at round ±19° and ±58°. In other horizontal target directions, its performance can even be worse than that without impedance optimization, e.g., when φ is set at round 0° and ±40°. As a comparison, Example 2 can always achieve a larger realized beamforming gain than that without impedance optimization, which, however, has a distinct gap towards that achieved by the iterative solution.
[0174] In addition, we also include in Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) the realized beamforming gains achieved by Example 4 with αg=0.5, which outperforms both Examples 1 and 2 in almost all horizontal target directions, and its gap towards their upper bound is also significantly reduced. The related analysis is provided in Fig. 9 and discussed as follows. In Fig. 9, we further evaluate the realized beamforming performance of the ULA considered in Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) under the developed generalized impedance configuration methods, i.e., Examples 3 and 4, with different values of αg. The gain-based beamforming approach in Eq. (15) is adopted for all curves. It may be noted that Example 5 is not considered in Fig. 9 because its performance is identical to Example 4 due to the identical dipole antenna elements 120 used to construct the whole array 110.
[0175] It is seen that both Examples 3 and 4 can achieve larger realized beamforming gains than Examples 1 and 2, which are the special cases of Examples 3 and 4 with the weighting coefficient αg taking value of 1 and 0, respectively, provided that the value of αg can be carefully set between 0 and 1. Specifically, if Example 2 outperforms Example 1 in a certain target direction, Example 3 can achieve an even higher realized beamforming gain when αg takes value around 0.9, and Example 4 can achieve an even higher realized beamforming gain when αg takes value around 0.5. On the other hand, if Example 1 outperforms Example 2 in a certain target direction, the best values of αg for both Examples 3 and 4 will increase to be around 0.8 and 0.98, respectively. However, in this case, the improvement of Examples 3 and 4 over Examples 1 and 2 is marginal. Overall, an experimentally good choice is Example 4 with αg=0.5, whose performance has been included in Fig. 8 (a) and Fig. 8 (b) .
[0176] Furthermore, any method according to examples of the invention may be implemented in a computer program, having code means, which when run by processing means causes the processing means to execute the steps of the method. The computer program is included in a computer readable medium of a computer program product. The computer readable medium may comprise essentially any memory, such as previously mentioned a ROM, a PROM, an EPROM, a flash memory, an EEPROM, or a hard disk drive.
[0177] Moreover, it should be realized that the first communication device 100 comprises the necessary communication capabilities in the form of e.g., functions, means, units, elements, etc., for performing or implementing examples of the invention. Examples of other such means, units, elements and functions are: processors, memory, buffers, control logic, encoders, decoders, rate matchers, de-rate matchers, mapping units, multipliers, decision units, selecting units, switches, interleavers, de-interleavers, modulators, demodulators, inputs, outputs, antennas, amplifiers, receiver units, transmitter units, DSPs, TCM encoder, TCM decoder, power supply units, power feeders, communication interfaces, communication protocols, etc. which are suitably arranged together for performing the solution.
[0178] Therefore, the processor (s) of the first communication device 100 may comprise, e.g., one or more instances of a CPU, a processing unit, a processing circuit, a processor, an ASIC, a microprocessor, or other processing logic that may interpret and execute instructions. The expression “processor” may thus represent a processing circuitry comprising a plurality of processing circuits, such as e.g., any, some or all of the ones mentioned above. The processing circuitry may further perform data processing functions for inputting, outputting, and processing of data comprising data buffering and device control functions, such as call processing control, user interface control, or the like.
[0179] Finally, it should be understood that the invention is not limited to the examples described above, but also relates to and incorporates all examples within the scope of the appended independent claims.
[0180] Appendix
[0181] Proof of Theorem 1
[0182] On one hand, for any given Z0, we can rewrite Eq. (26) as
[0183] where g1, n is the n-th entry of the vector g1. It can be observed that, under the constraint Eq. (19) , the function in (A-1) is minimized when
[0184] which is the same as Eq. (27) . The last equality in (A-2) holds because the imaginary parts of the characteristic impedance matrix Z0 is zero.
[0185] On the other hand, for any given ZL, we can rewrite Eq. (26) as
[0186] where it can be easily seen that under the constraint Eq. (18) , the function in (A-3) is minimized when
[0187] By further substituting (A-2) into the above equation, we have
[0188] which is the same as Eq. (28) .
[0189] This completes the proof.
[0190] Proof of Lemma 2
[0191] Let us perform eigenvalue decomposition on the matrix AAH, yielding
[0192] where is a diagonal matrix with its n-th (n=1, 2, …, N) diagonal entry, λA, n, being the n-th largest eigenvalue of matrix AAH, and is a unitary matrix with its n-th column, denoted by being the corresponding eigenvector of λA, n. Then we can rewrite as
[0193] where N and satisfies
[0194] On the other hand, the lower bound can be expressed as
[0195] Since
[0196] we have
[0197] or equivalently Eq. (29) .
[0198] This completes the proof.
Claims
1.A first communication device (100) comprising N number of antenna elements (120) arranged in an antenna array (110) , the first communication device (100) being configured to:obtain an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array (110) and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device (100) and a second communication device (300) ;configure at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements (120) based onwhereis an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, andis the imaginary unit; and / orconfigure at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements (120) based onwhere max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; andtransmit a communication signal (510) to the second communication device (300) , or receive a communication signal (510) from the second communication device (300) , via the N number of antenna elements (120) of the antenna array (110) based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.2.The first communication device (100) according to claim 1, configured to:form a beamforming vector based on at least one of: the channel estimation h (e) , the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, and the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n; andtransmit the communication signal (510) to the second communication device (300) , or receive the communication signal (510) from the second communication device (300) via N number of antenna elements (120) of the antenna array (110) based on the beamforming vector.3.The first communication device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g1 given as where Z (d) is a diagonal matrix containing only the diagonal entries of the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, C= (Re (Z (d) ) ) -1 / 2Re (Z) (Re (Z (d) ) ) -1 / 2, andis a scaled version of the channel estimation h (e) .4.The first communication device (100) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g2 given as where Z (d) is a diagonal matrix containing only the diagonal entries of the complex mutual impedance matrix Z, andis a scaled version of the channel estimation h (e) .5.The first communication device (100) according to claim 3 or 4, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is based on the vector g1 or the vector g2.6.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g3 given as where IN×N is an N×N identity matrix, and αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.7.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is a scaled version of a vector g4 given as where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.8.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the impedance configuration vector g is scaled version of a vector g5 given as where αg∈ [0, 1] is a weighting coefficient.9.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the N number of antenna elements (120) are densely arranged in an aperture of the antenna array (110) to form a holographic surface.10.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 9, configured to:set a value of an external load impedance connected to the at least one antenna element n for configuring the load impedance ZL, n associated with the at least one antenna element n.11.The first communication device (100) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, configured to:switch a connection between the at least one antenna element n and a signal generator (136) among multiple transmission line pairs (138) for configuring the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, wherein different transmission line pairs (138) correspond to different characteristic impedance values.12.A method (200) for a first communication device (100) , the method (200) comprisingobtaining (202) an impedance configuration vector g based on a complex mutual impedance matrix Z of the antenna array (110) and a channel estimation h (e) for a wireless channel between the first communication device (100) and a second communication device (300) ;configuring (204) at least one load impedance ZL, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements (120) based onwhereis an internal load impedance of the at least one antenna element n, G is a diagonal matrix with an n-th element of the impedance configuration vector g on its n-th diagonal entry, Re (·) and Im (·) return the real and imaginary parts of its argument, respectively, [·] n returns the n-th entry of a vector, andis the imaginary unit; and / orconfiguring (206) at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n associated with at least one antenna element with index n among the N number of antenna elements (120) based onwhere max {·, ·} returns the maximum value among its arguments, is a lower bound of the characteristic impedance associated with the at least one antenna element n, and |·| returns the absolute value of its argument; andtransmitting (208) a communication signal (510) to the second communication device (300) or receiving (210) a communication signal (510) from the second communication device (300) via the N number of antenna elements (120) of the antenna array (110) based on the configured at least one load impedance ZL, n and / or the configured at least one characteristic impedance Z0, n.13.A computer program with a program code for performing a method according to claim 12 when the computer program runs on a computer.
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