Crosslinked organopolysiloxane article with calcined silica

Abstract

The present invention relates to an article comprising, based on the weight of the article, from 35 to 95 weight percent of a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane; and from 1 to 20 weight percent of calcined silica particles The article of the present invention is useful for providing a heat-insulating spacer in a rechargeable battery module.

Description

[0001] Crosslinked Organopolysiloxane Article with Calcined Silica

[0002] Background of the Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to a crosslinked organopolysiloxane article containing calcined silica particles.

[0004] Rechargeable batteries such as lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) are commonly used in a variety of applications including electric vehicles (EVs) and grid energy storage systems. Although LiBs have the desirable properties of high energy density and stability, safety concerns currently limit their usefulness. First, failure of an LiB cell can be triggered due to a manufacturing defect, an internal short circuit, overheating, overcharging, or mechanical impact; second, the heat generated from the failing cell may propagate, thereby causing a thermal runaway in adjacent cells. The rapid pressure build-up arising from these thermal events increases the risks of fire and explosion.

[0005] Thermal runaway can be mitigated by placing a thermal barrier between cells in an LiB module, which provides heat insulation and flame resistance. Commonly used thermal barriers such as aerogel, ceramic fiber, and mica board provide such properties; however, aerogel and ceramic fiber suffer poor mechanical resilience, while mica board suffers from poor compressibility. On the other hand, although silicone blown foam provides adequate compressibility and, therefore, suitable for batteries of low and moderate energy density, it suffers from insufficient heat insulation to prevent thermal runaway for the very high energy density battery packs. Accordingly, it would be desirable in the field of thermal barriers for rechargeable batteries to create a barrier that provides heat insulation, flame resistance, and satisfactory compressibility.

[0006] Summary of the Invention

[0007] The present invention addresses a need in the art by providing, in a first aspect, an article comprising, based on the weight of the article, from 35 to 95 weight percent of a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane; and from 1 to 20 weight percent of calcined silica particles. The article of the present invention is useful in providing one or more spacers in a rechargeable battery module that is heat insulating and compressible.

[0008] The article of the present invention is useful for providing a heat-insulating spacer, preferably a compressible heat-insulating spacer, in a rechargeable battery module. Detailed Description of the Invention

[0009] The first aspect of the present invention is an article comprising, based on the weight of the article, from 35 to 95 weight percent of a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane; and from 1 to 20 weight percent of calcined silica particles.

[0010] The article of the present invention can be prepared by modification of a method such as described in US 5,358,975. For example, a first polyorganosiloxane functionalized with at least two Si-H groups is contacted with a second polyorganosiloxane functionalized with at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups, a hydrosilylation catalyst such as a platinum-based catalyst, and calcined silica to form a crosslinked network of an insulating and compressible material.

[0011] A preferred first polyorganosiloxane is a polydimethylsiloxane functionalized with at least three Si-H groups and has a degree of polymerization in the range of from 5 to 1000 or to 500 or to 200. The second polyorganosiloxane is preferably functionalized with two Ci-Cs-alkenyl groups, more preferably two vinyl or two allyl groups, and most preferably terminal divinyl groups. The second polyorganosiloxane preferably has a Brookfield viscosity at 25 °C in the range of 10,000 mPa- s to 50,000 mPa- s. This viscosity may be achieved using a monomodal distribution of the second polyorganosiloxane or a multimodal distribution of second polyorganosiloxanes having different degrees of polymerization. Alternatively, or additionally, the second polysiloxane may be combined with a vinyl-functional polyorganosiloxane resin to form a polymer resin blend.

[0012] The vinyl-functional polyorganosiloxane resin is characterized by the following structural unit: where the dashed lines are bonds connected to a) another SiO4 / 2 unit; or b) another Si(Me2)vinyl unit; or a Si(Mes) unit. The hydrosilylation catalyst is preferably a platinum-based catalyst such as chloroplatinic acid, which is used in a catalytic amount, typically in the range of from 0.5 ppm to 200 ppm of Pt, based on the weight of the article.

[0013] The article further comprises from 1 or from 2 or from 5 weight percent, to 20 or to 18 or to 15 or to 10 weight percent of calcined silica. The term “calcined silica” refers to silica (SiOz) that has been subjected to a sufficiently elevated temperature and for a sufficient time to partially or completely remove volatile materials contained in the silica with concomitant formation of mesopores in the silica. The term “volatile materials” refers to one or more oils, one or more templates, and volatile silicon-containing compounds that are removed from the calcined silica particles under conditions described in the Example section hereinbelow. Volatile materials do not include water, which is removed prior to the temperature ramping starting from 110 °C.

[0014] The word “template” refers to a micelle-forming organic molecule that provides architecture for growing a silica scaffold, and that is removable at elevated temperatures. Examples of suitable templates include surfactants. Nonionic surfactants include secondary alcohol ethoxylates and nonionic block copolymers. Commercial examples of secondary alcohol ethoxylates include TERGITOL™ 15-S-30 Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate, TERGITOL™ 15-S-5 Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate, and TERGITOL™ 15-S-9 Secondary Alcohol Ethoxylate. (TERGITOL is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company or its Affiliates). A commercial example of a nonionic block copolymer is Pluronic Pl 23 PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer. Anionic surfactants include Ci2-Cis-alkyl phosphates, carboxylates, sulfates, and sulfonates; and cationic surfactants include Ci2-Ci8-alkyl quaternary ammonium salts.

[0015] The mesoporous silica may be in the form of unagglomerated or agglomerated particles. The morphology of the calcined silica ranges from mesoporous cellular silica particles to hexagonal silica particles. Mesoporous cellular silica particles are cage-like particles with interconnecting spherical pores, wherein at least 90% of the pores have a pore size diameter in the range of from 2 nm to 50 nm (mesopores), as determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Analysis. Hexagonal silica particles are characterized by a rod-like one-dimensional structure with hexagonal packing of the rods.

[0016] Mesoporous cellular silica particles can be prepared by first dissolving the template in a strong acid such as HC1. Then, an oil, typically a non-polar aprotic solvent such as mesitylene, is added to the acidified solution under mild heating conditions. The weight-to-weight ratio of the oil to the template that is conducive to mesoporous cellular silica particle formation is in the range of from 0.5: 1, preferably from 1: 1, to 3:1 or to 2:1. Preferably at least 90% of the pores have a pore size diameter in the range of from 2 nm to 25 nm, more preferably to 15 nm.

[0017] A silica precursor such as tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) or silicic acid is then added, and the sample is aged at about 100 °C then dried; the aged sample is then calcined, that is, heated to a sufficiently elevated temperature and for a sufficient time to at least partially remove the volatiles from the consequent mesoporous cellular silica particles. The aged silica particles are preferably calcined at a temperature in the range of from 200 °C to 600 °C for a time sufficient to remove from 80 or 85 weight percent, to 100 or to 97 or to 95 weight percent of volatile materials present in the aged and non-calcined heat-aged particles.

[0018] When the mesoporous cellular silica particles are partially calcined, that is, when the volatile materials are not substantially completely removed, the concentration of residual volatile materials is in the range of from 3 or from 4 weight percent, to 15 or to 10 or to 7 weight percent, based on the weight of the mesoporous silica particles and the volatile materials. The residual amount of the volatile material was determined as described in the Examples section, hereinbelow. As used herein, the term “substantially completely removed” means that less than 3 weight percent volatile materials remain in the silica particles after the calcination step.

[0019] The fully calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles preferably have a Dvgo volume particle diameter by dynamic light scattering in the range of from 30 pm to 50 m, and a pore volume in the range of from 0.50 cm3 / g or from 1.00 cm3 / g or from 1.50 cm3 / g or from 1.70 cm3 / g, to 4.0 cm3 / g or to 3.00 cm3 / g or to 2.50 cm3 / g or to 2.20 cm3 / g. The partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles preferably have a Dvgo volume particle diameter in the range of 30 pm to 50 pm, and a pore volume in the range of from 0.25 or from 0.50 cm3 / g or from 1.00 cm3 / g to 1.50 cm3 / g or to 2.00 cm3 / g.

[0020] When the ratio of the oil to the template is from 0:1 to 0.4:1, the resulting morphology of the calcined silica is hexagonal. The hexagonal silica particles may also be partially or completely calcined and have a pore volume in the range of from 0.25 cm3 / g to 3.00 cm3 / g. Preferably, at least 90% of the pores have a pore size diameter in the range of 1 nm to 10 nm, as determined by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) Nitrogen Adsorption-Desorption Analysis.

[0021] The total weight percent of the crosslinked polyorganosiloxane and the calcined silica particles is in the range of from 35 or from 50 to 95 percent, based on the weight of the article. The article of the present invention preferably comprises -SiCfhCFhSi- fragments arising from a hydrosilylation reaction of SiH groups and vinyl groups. The article advantageously further comprises -SiOR fragments arising from one or more blowing agents that are preferably used to prepare the article. A blowing agent is an OH- or SiOH-containing compound such as water, an alcohol, a diol, a polyol, or a silanol, or a combination thereof, and fragments of the blowing agent are formed from the following reaction:

[0022] -Si-H + ROHcatatyst— ► -SiOR + H2where -Si-H is the first organopolysiloxane, and ROH is the blowing agent.

[0023] For foam articles, the mole:mole ratio of -SiCl ECI ESi- fragments to -SiOR fragments is preferably in the range of from 0.2: 1 or from 0.3: 1 or from 0.4: 1 to 5: 1 or to 3:1 or 1: 1, as measured by13C NMR spectroscopy as described in the Example Section.

[0024] When the article is prepared using one or more blowing agents, the resulting crosslinked polyorganosiloxane is foamed, with a foam density preferably in the range of from 0.25 g / cm3, or from 0.30 g / cm3or to 0.50 g / cm3or to 0.40 g / cm3.

[0025] The article may also further comprise, based on the weight of the article, from 1 or from 2 or from 3 weight percent, to 30 or to 20 or to 15 weight percent of a fire retardant, which is a metal hydroxide, carbonate, hydroxide-carbonate, or hydrate that, upon heating, releases CO2 or water or both. Examples of fire retardants include A1(OH)3, Mg(OH)2, Ca(OH)2, MgCC - 3H2O (nesquehonite), Mgs(CO3)4(OH)2-4H2O (hydromagnesite), MgCa(CO3)2 (huntite), AIO(OH) (boemite), NaHCCh, and hydrated MgSCE (epsomite). The article may further comprise additional fillers including metals, metal oxides, metal hydroxides, metal acetates, metal carbides, metal oxycarbides, metal carbonates and bicarbonates, metal hydroxycarbonates, metal nitrides, metal nitrates, metal sulfates, metal chlorides, metal silicides, and metal silicates, as well as hydrates thereof, and mixtures thereof.

[0026] The foam article is advantageously prepared using a 2-part approach wherein, for example, a first portion of a divinyl-functionalized polydimethylsiloxane; the platinum-based catalyst; the blowing agent; and a first portion of the mesoporous cellular silica particles are blended in a first vessel to form a Part A composition. In a second vessel, the remaining portion of the divinyl- functionalized polydimethylsiloxane; a polymer resin blend, which is a mixture of a divinyl- functionalized polydimethylsiloxane and a crosslinked organopolysiloxane resin; the polysiloxane functionalized with at least three Si-H groups; and the remaining portion of the cellular silica particles are blended to form a Part B composition. Parts A and B are then combined and mixed, then poured between two release film sheets and cured to form the foam article.

[0027] In another aspect, the present invention is a battery module comprising a shell containing an array of spatially separated battery cells and the polyorganosiloxane foam article contacting adjacent battery cells. The polyorganosiloxane foam may contact battery cells by filling the spaces between adjacent battery cells with the foam and / or by covering the battery cells with the foam. The battery module may further comprise end plates at the internal edges of the shell that are in direct or indirect contact with battery cells nearest the edges. The foam material can be inserted into cavities between adjacent battery cells and between the cells and end plates; alternatively, the foam precursor can be applied onto the cells and into the cavities, then cured to form the foam.

[0028] The preferred foamed article of the present invention has been found to provide the desired properties of heat insulation, flame resistance, and compressibility in battery thermal barrier applications.

[0029] Examples

[0030] Measurement of Residual Concentration of Volatiles in Mesoporous Silica Particles

[0031] The concentration of volatiles in non-calcined, fully calcined, and partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles was determined using a TGA Q5000 Thermal Analysis Instrument in N2 (flow rate of 25 mL / min). The temperature was ramped from room temperature to 1000 °C at a ramp rate of 10 C° / min using platinum high temperature pans. Particles (~3 mg) were placed in the tared pans. The weight loss of non-calcined and calcined materials between 110 °C and 1000 °C was measured by weighing the difference (w) of the weight of the sample at 110 °C and at 1000 °C, as illustrated in Table 1. The oils, templates, and volatile silicon-containing materials were substantially completely removed; that is, less than 3 weight percent volatiles remained after a sample was subjected to the temperature ramping under the conditions described above. Table 1 - Percent Loss of Volatiles in non-Calcined and Calcined Mesoporous Cellular Silica

[0032] Particles

[0033] In the following examples, Mwand Mnof the ViMe2SiOi / 2 / (CH3)3Si-Oi / 2 / SiO4 / 2 resin was determined by gel permeation chromatography using a gpc column packed with 5 -mm diameter sized divinyl benzene crosslinked polystyrene beads pore type Mixed-C (Polymer Laboratory). Tetrahydrofuran was used as the mobile phase and detection was carried out by a refractive index detector.

[0034] Intermediate Example 1 - Preparation of Fully Calcined Mesoporous Cellular Silica Particles

[0035] Pluronic 123 PEO-PPO-PEO triblock copolymer (EO20-PO70-EO20, MW -5800 Daltons, 10 g) was dissolved in 1.6 M HC1 (375 mL). Mesitylene (15 g) was slowly added to the solution, and the mixture was heated to 40 °C for 1 h. Tetraethyl orthosilicate (22 g) was then added with stirring, and heating was continued at 40 °C for 24 h. The mixture was then transferred to an autoclave, and the sample was aged at 100 °C for an additional 24 h. Solids were filtered and washed with DI water, then dried at room temperature for 24 h, then heated in an autoclave at 550 °C for 8 h under air flow.

[0036] Intermediate Example 2 - Preparation of Partially Calcined Mesoporous Cellular Silica Particles

[0037] The preparation of silica particles was carried out substantially as described in Intermediate Example 1, except that in the final step, the sample was heated in an autoclave at 400 °C for 8 h.

[0038] Examples 1-3 - Preparation of Organopolysiloxane Foam Articles with Fully Calcined Mesoporous Cellular Silica Particles

[0039] A master batch of a first component (Part A) was prepared by mixing together, using a Flacktek Speed Mixer, a dimethylvinylsiloxy end-capped polydimethylsiloxane having a viscosity of -40,000 mPa- s (Polymer 1, 89.2 g), a 64:36 w / w blend of 1) a dimethylvinylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, having a viscosity of -1,900 mPa- s, and -0.22 wt.% of Vi; and 2) a ViMe2SiOi / 2 / (CH3)3Si-Oi / 2 / SiO4 / 2 resin, having a ViMe2SiOi / 2:(CH3)3Si-Oi / 2:SiO4 / 2 structural unit ratio of 5:40:55, a Mnof 5000 and a Mwof 21,400 (Polymer-Resin Blend, 186.2 g). The contents were mixed at 2000 rpm for 30 s, after which time, a complex of Pt(0) and divinyltetramethyldisiloxane (2.7 g, 0.62 wt% Pt), 1 ,4-butanediol (5.4 g), and benzyl alcohol (1 .4 g) were added to the mixture and the contents were mixed at 2000 rpm for 30 s. A portion of the master batch (20 g) was placed in a separate vessel, and Intermediate Example 1 mesoporous cellular particles (1.33 g for Example 1, 2.14 g for Example 2, and 3.22 g for Example 3) were added to the mixture and the contents were mixed at 800 rpm for 10 s, then 2000 rpm for 30 s.

[0040] A master batch of a second composition (Part B) was similarly prepared by mixing together Polymer 1 (121.8 g), Polymer Resin Blend (122.5 g), and a dimethylvinylsiloxy end-capped polydimethylsiloxane having a viscosity of -1,950 mPa- s (Polymer 2, 17.5 g). The contents were mixed at 2000 rpm for 30 s, after which time a linear organohydrogenpolysiloxane having a viscosity of 30 mPa- s and 1.6 wt% SiH content (Polymer 3, 20.2 g), and a polydimethylorganohydrogensiloxane with viscosity of 5 mPa-s and 0.7 wt% SiH content (Polymer 4, 15.5 g) were added to the mixture and the contents were mixed at 2000 rpm for 30 s. A portion of the master batch (20 g) was placed in a separate vessel, and Intermediate Example 1 mesoporous cellular particles (1.33 g for Example 1, 2.14 g for Example 2, and 3.22 g for Example 3) were added to the mixture. The contents were mixed at 800 rpm for 10 s, then 2000 rpm for 30 s.

[0041] Equal amounts of Parts A and B were mixed, and the mixture was poured between two release film sheets (matte mylar film). The initial (before foaming) thickness was controlled at 0.045” using a nip roller. The sample was cured at 60 °C for 10 min, then 100 °C for 10 min, producing a foam sheet that was used for further testing.

[0042] Example 4 - Preparation of Organopolysiloxane Foam Articles with Partially Calcined Mesoporous Cellular Silica Particles

[0043] The preparation was carried out substantially as described for Example 2, except that Intermediate Example 2 was used as the filler material. Comparative Example 2 - Preparation of Foamed Organopolysiloxane Article with Aerogel Particles

[0044] The foamed article was prepared substantially as described in Example 1, except that the mesoporous cellular particles were replaced with Aerogel TLD203 Matting Agent (Aerogel, 1.06 g) for Parts A and B.

[0045] Measurements of Surface Area, Pores Size, and Pore Volume

[0046] The surface area, pore size and pore volumes of the silica mesoporous materials were measured by nitrogen adsorption at 77.4 K using the conventional technique on a Micromeritics ASAP 2420 apparatus. Prior to the adsorption measurements, the fully calcined samples were degassed in vacuum at 300 °C for at least 3 hours. The pore size distributions, average pore diameter and pore volumes were determined from the adsorption branch of isotherms using the Barret-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) procedure. The surface area was calculated using BET method.

[0047] Calculation of Mesoporous Cellular Silica Particle Size

[0048] Median particle size (Dvgo) measured by volume and particle size distribution (differential volume curves) of all the fillers reported in this study were measured using a Coulter LSI 3 320 Particle Size Analyzer.

[0049] Measurement of Thermal Insulation

[0050] Thermal insulation was performed using a hot plate placed on a hydraulic press. The hot plate was set at 600 °C with an insulator on the top of the surface. Four K-type thermocouples were fixed onto an aluminum heat sink (10 cm x 10 cm x 2 cm thickness) using Kapton tape. A foam (10 cm x 10 cm x 0.4 cm thickness) was then placed and fixed onto the heat sink using Kapton tape. An additional thermocouple was attached onto the sample surface using Kapton tape. The insulator was removed from the hot surface and the sample attached to the heat sink was rapidly placed onto the hot surface with the sample surface facing the hot plate surface, and the heat sink facing the opposite side. The pressure was quickly increased to 355 kPa. The interfacial temperature between the hot plate surface and the sample surface, and the interfacial temperature between the sample surface and the heat sink were recorded using a data logger. Pressure was released after 300 s, and the test was ended. The lower heat-sink side temperature is a measure of better heat insulating property. Measurement of Foam Density

[0051] Foam density was calculated based on the average thickness and weight of two l”-diameter foam samples. The height of the 25 mm diameter (2r) foam pucks was measured using a Mitutoyo Dial Indicator. The height (h) (cm) was measured for all 4 foam pucks for each foam sample. The mass (m) in grams (g) of each puck was measured using a balance. The density (p, in g / cm3) was calculated for each foam disk using the formula: p = m / ithr1

[0052] Calculation of SiCH2CH2Si:SiQR Mole:Mole Ratios By13C NMR Spectroscopy

[0053] The crosslinked silicone foam samples were cryogenically ground with liquid nitrogen in a SPEX SamplePrep 6875 Freezer / Mill. The resultant powders were packed into 4-mm zirconia rotors for solid state13C NMR (ssCNMR) spectroscopic analysis. The spectroscopic experiments were conducted using a Bruker AVIII 400 MHz spectrometer with a 4-mm CP / MAS probe. All experiments were carried out at room temperature (~20 °C) without additional heating or cooling of the samples. The spinning rate was fixed at 12,000 Hz. The spectra were acquired using a standard hpdec pulse sequence with 80-s recycling delay time and 2048 scans. All spectra were acquired using Bruker Topspin 3.2 software and processed using MestReNova 12.004 software. The Si-CH3 peaks were adjusted to 1.25 ppm in the13C spectra. The peak at 9 ppm was integrated for the -SiCH2CH2Si- groups and the peaks between 58 ppm and 67 ppm were integrated for Si-O-CI F- groups (the Si-O-R groups). The area under the peak at 9 ppm was divided by two to account for each vinyl group. The samples were found to have a Si-CH2CH2-Si:SiOCH2mole:mole ratio of ~1.1:2.0.

[0054] The properties of mesoporous cellular particle filled organosiloxane foams were compared to two other cured foams: Comparative Example 1 (CE1), which is a commercial organopolysiloxane article (COHRlastic Silicone Foam, available from Stockwell Elastomerics), which was similar in construction to the example foams except it did not contain any filler; and Comparative Example 2 (CE2), which is an aerogel particle filled organosiloxane foam. Table 2 is a summary of performance properties for completely ceramified mesoporous cellular particles of the Examples 1-4, the commercial comparative foam (CE1), and the foam containing aerogel particles (CE2). MCf refers to a fully calcined mesoporous cellular particles, and MCPrefers to partially calcined mesoporous cellular particles. Vpore Filler refers to the pore volume of the filler. Table 2 - Properties of Organopolysiloxane Article

[0055] Table 2 illustrates improvement in thermal insulation of the tested articles, which is predictive of improved battery performance during thermal runaway events for organosiloxane articles containing mesoporous cellular silica particles. It has been discovered that excellent thermal insulation can be achieved in polyorganosiloxane articles containing either completely or partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles. Surprisingly, the organopolysiloxane foam article containing partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles exhibited thermal insulation properties far superior to any other samples.

Claims

Claims:

1. An article comprising, based on the weight of the article, from 35 to 95 weight percent of a crosslinked polyorganosiloxane; and from 1 to 20 weight percent of calcined silica particles.

2. The article of Claim 1 wherein the calcined silica comprises from 5 to 18 weight percent of the article.

3. The article of Claim 2 wherein the calcined silica comprises partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles.

4. The article of Claim 3 wherein the partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles comprise from 3.0 to 10.0 weight percent of volatile materials, based on the weight of the mesoporous cellular silica particles and the volatile materials.

5. The article of Claim 4 wherein the partially calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles have a DV90 particle diameter in the range of from 30 pm to 50 pm, and a pore volume in the range of from 0.50 cm3 / g to 2.00 cm3 / g; wherein the volatile materials are one or more oils, one or more surfactants, and volatile silicon-containing compounds.

6. The article of Claim 5 which is a foamed article comprising -Si-CHi-CHi-Si- fragments and -Si-O-R fragments, where R is H or a remnant of a blowing agent.

7. The article of Claim 6 wherein the mole:mole ratio of Si-Cfk-CI-b-Si- fragments to -Si-O-R fragments is in the range of from 0.2:1 to 5:1.

8. The article of Claim 2 wherein the calcined silica particles comprise fully calcined mesoporous silica particles.

9. The article of Claim 8 wherein the fully calcined mesoporous silica particles have a Dvgo particle diameter in the range of from 30 pm to 50 pm, and a pore volume in the range of from 0.50 cm3 / g to 4.00 cm3 / g.

10. The article of Claim 9 wherein the fully calcined mesoporous silica particles have a pore volume in the range of from 1.50 cm3 / g to 2.50 cm3 / g.

11. The article of Claim 10 which is a foamed article comprising -SiCH2CH2Si- fragments and -SiOR fragments, where R is H or a remnant of a blowing agent; wherein the fully calcined mesoporous silica particles are fully calcined mesoporous cellular silica particles.

12. The article of Claim 11 wherein the mole:mole ratio of Si-CH2-CH2-Si- fragments to -Si-O-R fragments is in the range of from 0.2: 1 to 5: 1.

13. The article of Claim 2 wherein the calcined silica comprise particles having a hexagonal morphology.

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