Laminated glass

Abstract

Provided is a laminated glass which has excellent solar power output characteristics and which inhibits the difference in light contrast on the emission side of the laminated glass or inhibits the room temperature from rising.　The laminated glass comprises, in the following order from the sunlight entrance side, an antireflection layer, a first glass plate, a first interlayer, a photovoltaic layer, a second interlayer, and a second glass plate. The photovoltaic layer includes a plurality of solar cells arranged apart from each other along plane directions and, in a plan view of the first glass plate, has dark regions completely overlapping with the plurality of solar cells and bright regions that are gaps in the plurality of solar cells. The laminated glass has a functional layer for adjusting the transmission amount of heat and / or visible light, provided further toward the sunlight emission side than the photovoltaic layer so as to completely overlap with at least a bright region.

Description

Laminated glass

[0001] The present invention relates to laminated glass.

[0002] Laminated glass for vehicles is glass that can be installed in vehicle openings and is subject to a wide range of regulations. For example, UN Regulation No. 43, "Uniform Provisions for Approval of Safety Glazing Materials and Their Installation in Vehicles," and national standards such as 2021 JIS R3211, "Automotive Safety Glass," and 2021 JIS R3212, "Test Methods for Automotive Safety Glass." These regulations refer to safety glass designed to reduce personal injury in the event of breakage, and laminated glass is included in the category of safety glass. Laminated glass consists of multiple glass panes bonded together by a resin adhesive layer, commonly referred to as an interlayer.

[0003] In recent years, the inclusion of solar cells inside laminated glass used for glass roofs and the like has been considered. Patent Document 1 discloses a glass panel characterized in that, for the purpose of suppressing temperature rise in the light-controlling sheet, a solar cell element and a light-controlling element are sequentially present from the first glass plate side between a first glass plate on the sunlight-incident side and a second glass plate on the sunlight-transmitting side, and a heat-reflecting element is interposed between the solar cell element and the light-controlling element. Furthermore, Patent Document 2 discloses a solar-cell-encapsulated laminated glass characterized in that, for the purpose of improving light transmittance and power generation efficiency, a light-transmitting window is provided in the center of the laminated glass and single-crystalline solar cell elements are encapsulated in the peripheral portion.

[0004] International Publication No. 2014 / 126065 Utility Model Registration No. 2576632

[0005] To improve the output of solar power generation, it is desirable to encapsulate multiple solar cells in an array within the laminated glass. Meanwhile, from the perspective of incorporating sunlight into the vehicle interior, arranging multiple solar cells at a distance from one another has also been considered (see FIG. 1). By arranging the solar cells as shown in FIG. 1, light can be incorporated over a wider area than in Patent Document 2. However, because the difference in light contrast between the area where the solar cells are arranged and the area between the solar cells is large, there have been problems such as noticeable flickering within the vehicle interior and a tendency for the room temperature to rise. Light flicker is a phenomenon in which the brightness perceived by an occupant changes over a short period of time due to changes in the direction of incident light or the relative position of the occupant relative to the laminated glass. For example, light flicker occurs when the vehicle turns or when the occupant moves their head.

[0006] In view of the above problems, the present disclosure provides laminated glass that is excellent in solar power generation output and suppresses a difference in light contrast on the transmission side of the laminated glass or an increase in room temperature.

[0007] The present disclosure provides laminated glass having the following configuration: [1] Laminated glass having, from the sunlight incident side, an antireflection layer, a first glass plate, a first intermediate layer, a photovoltaic layer, a second intermediate layer, and a second glass plate in this order, the photovoltaic layer including a plurality of solar cells arranged at intervals in the surface direction, the photovoltaic layer including, in a plan view of the first glass plate, dark regions overlapping with the plurality of solar cells and bright regions which are gaps between the plurality of solar cells, and a functional layer for adjusting the transmission amount of at least one of heat and visible light, on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer so as to overlap with at least the bright regions. [2] Laminated glass having a visible light transmittance Tv in the bright regions Ｂ１ (%) and the visible light transmittance Tv in the dark region Ｄ１ (%) difference Tv ｄｅｆThe laminated glass according to [1], wherein the solar transmittance of the functional layer is 0% or more and 20% or less. [3] The laminated glass according to [1] or [2], wherein the solar transmittance of the functional layer is 40% or less. [4] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [3], further comprising a third intermediate layer between the functional layer and the second glass plate. [5] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the functional layer includes a heat reflective layer. [6] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the functional layer includes a light control sheet. [7] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the functional layer is a light-scattering uneven layer provided on the main surface of the second glass plate. [8] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [4], wherein the functional layer is at least one of the intermediate layers arranged on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer, and wherein the haze value of the intermediate layer is 75% or more. [9] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [8], wherein at least one of the intermediate layers arranged on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer is colored.

[10] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to [9], which has a Low-E film on the sunlight transmission side of the second glass plate.

[11] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to

[10] , wherein the functional layer further overlaps the boundary between the bright region and the dark region in a plan view of the first glass plate.

[12] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to

[11] , wherein the ratio (St / Sg) of the area (Sg) of the main surface of the laminated glass to the total area (St) of the main surfaces of the plurality of solar cells is 0.3 or more and 0.99 or less.

[13] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to

[12] , which is placed in an opening of a vehicle.

[14] The laminated glass according to any one of [1] to

[13] , which has a curved shape.

[0008] The present disclosure provides laminated glass that is excellent in photovoltaic power generation output and suppresses the difference in light contrast on the transmission side of the laminated glass or the rise in room temperature.

[0009] Fig. 1 is a plan view showing an example of a laminated glass; Fig. 2 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section taken along the cutting line II-II in Fig. 1; Fig. 3 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section taken along the cutting line II-II in Fig. 1; Fig. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a cross section taken along the cutting line II-II in Fig. 1; Fig. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a laminated glass of a first embodiment; Fig. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a laminated glass of a second embodiment; Fig. 7 is a cross-sectional view showing an example of a laminated glass of a third embodiment.

[0010] Hereinafter, embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the drawings. In each embodiment, the same components are denoted by the same reference numerals, and their description will be omitted or simplified. For clarity, the following description and drawings may be simplified as appropriate, and the scale of each component may differ significantly. For clarity, one direction of the main surface of an object may be referred to as the X-axis, one direction of the main surface of the object perpendicular to the X-axis may be referred to as the Y-axis, and the normal direction of the main surface of the object may be referred to as the Z-axis. The XY plane may be a curved surface. Terms used in this specification that specify shapes, geometric conditions, and their degrees, such as "parallel," "perpendicular," "orthogonal," and "identical," are not limited to their strict meanings but are interpreted to encompass the extent to which similar functions can be expected. The terms "top" and "bottom" refer to the top and bottom of the laminated glass when it is installed in a vehicle. In addition, the terms "upper edge" and "lower edge" refer to regions of a predetermined width including the upper edge and lower edge, respectively, when the laminated glass is installed in a vehicle. The term "side edge" refers to regions of a predetermined width including at least one of the right and left edges when the laminated glass is installed in a vehicle. The "to" symbol indicating a numerical range includes the numerical values ​​before and after it as the lower and upper limits, unless otherwise specified. The outer edge of an object is referred to as the "periphery," and the region of a width adjacent to the "periphery" of the object is referred to as the "periphery portion." Furthermore, "vehicle" typically refers to automobiles, but also refers to any mobile object capable of mounting window glass, including trains, ships, aircraft, etc. Furthermore, automobiles are not limited to passenger cars and private vehicles, but also include taxis, buses, trucks, etc. With regard to laminated glass, the "sunlight incident side" refers to the side from which sunlight is primarily incident, i.e., the side that is located outdoors when the glass is installed in the mobile object. The term "sunlight transmitting side" refers to the side from which sunlight that has passed through the laminated glass is emitted, and when the laminated glass is installed in a mobile body, for example, this is the side that is placed indoors.

[0011] [Laminated Glass] First, the configuration of laminated glass will be outlined with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2A . FIG. 1 is a plan view showing an example of the configuration of laminated glass according to an embodiment. FIG. 2A is an example of a cross-sectional view of the laminated glass taken along the cutting line II-II of FIG. 1 . As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2A , laminated glass 100 according to this embodiment includes, in order from the sunlight incident side (+Z side), an antireflection layer 20, a first glass plate 31, a first intermediate layer 41, a photovoltaic layer 10, a second intermediate layer 42, and a second glass plate 32. The photovoltaic layer 10 includes a plurality of solar cells 11 spaced apart in the plane direction (XY plane direction). The laminated glass 100 also includes a dark region D1 overlapping the solar cells 11 in a plan view, and a bright region B1 at a location where no solar cells 11 are located. The laminated glass 100 also includes a functional layer 50 located on the sunlight transmission side (−Z side) of the photovoltaic layer 10, overlapping at least the bright region B1. The functional layer 50 preferably overlaps the entire bright region B1 in a plan view. Note that a plan view refers to viewing a specific region of the laminated glass from the normal direction of the specific region, and the shape seen in this view is referred to as the planar shape. Note that, unless otherwise specified, the normal direction is the direction from positive to negative on the Z axis.

[0012] In the example of FIG. 1 , the laminated glass 100 includes a shielding layer 13 at its periphery. In the example of FIG. 2A , the photovoltaic layer 10 includes solar cells 11 and wiring 12 that electrically connect the solar cells 11 to each other and to an external circuit. At least one of the first intermediate layer 41 and the second intermediate layer 42 may fill the gaps between the solar cells 11, or the first intermediate layer 41 and the second intermediate layer 42 may be integrated and indistinguishable. Although not shown, the first intermediate layer 41 and the second intermediate layer 42 may also be integrated at the periphery. Furthermore, the functional layer 50 only needs to be positioned so as to overlap at least the bright region. However, taking into account the oblique incidence of sunlight, it is preferable to position the functional layer 50 up to the periphery of the solar cell 11 so as to overlap the boundary between the bright region B1 and the dark region D1, as shown in the example of FIG. 2B . The overlap width between the functional layer 50 and the dark region D1 is preferably 5 mm or more, more preferably 10 mm or more.

[0013] The functional layer 50 may also be provided with a gradation from the bright region B1 to the dark region D1. For example, the thickness of the functional layer 50 or the concentration of the functional material contained in the functional layer 50 may decrease stepwise from the bright region B1 to the dark region D1. Forming such a gradation in the functional layer 50 makes it easier to reduce the contrast difference of transmitted light near the boundary between the bright region B1 and the dark region D1. Furthermore, in consideration of ease of manufacturing the functional layer 50, the functional layer 50 may be disposed over the entire surface, as shown in the example of FIG. 2C . Although not shown, two or more functional layers 50 may be provided on the sunlight-transmitting side of the photovoltaic layer 10.

[0014] Incidentally, whether or not the presence of solar cells in the laminated glass 100 can be recognized (visible) from the inside of the vehicle when the laminated glass 100 is installed in the vehicle can have a significant impact on preferences. If the presence of solar cells is recognizable to the vehicle occupants, the utility of the glass for the vehicle owner may be high, for example, in terms of advanced technology and environmental friendliness. On the other hand, if the presence of solar cells is not recognizable to the vehicle occupants, the utility of the glass for the vehicle occupants may be high, for example, in terms of reducing light flicker. The contrast difference Tv of transmitted light between the bright region B1 and the dark region D1 ｄｅｆ is, for example, the visible light transmittance Tv in the bright region B1 of the laminated glass 100 Ｂ１ (%) and dark area D1 visible light transmittance Tv Ｄ１ (%) difference | Tv Ｂ１ -TV Ｄ１ For example, Tv Ｂ１ is 10% and TV Ｄ１ If is 5%, Tv ｄｅｆ is calculated as |10-5|=5, or 5%.

[0015] From the viewpoint of reducing light flicker, ｄｅｆ is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 15% or less, more preferably 10% or less, even more preferably 5% or less, even more preferably 2% or less, particularly preferably 1% or less, and most preferably substantially 0%. On the other hand, from the viewpoint of enabling the occupants of the vehicle to recognize that a solar cell is installed,ｄｅｆ is preferably 0.1% or more, more preferably 0.5% or more, even more preferably 1% or more, even more preferably 2% or more, and particularly preferably 5% or more. When the balance between the viewpoint of reducing the flicker of light and the viewpoint of the visibility of the solar cell mounting is taken into consideration, for example, ｄｅｆ may be 0.1% or more and 10% or less, 0.5% or more and 5% or less, or 0.5% or more and 2% or less. In this specification, the first glass sheet 31 refers to the glass sheet that is placed on the surface that receives sunlight when the laminated glass 100 is installed. That is, for example, when the laminated glass 100 is installed in a vehicle, the first glass sheet 31 is the glass sheet that is placed on the exterior side of the vehicle. Furthermore, the second glass sheet 32 ​​refers to the interior glass sheet that faces the interior side of the vehicle when the laminated glass 100 is installed in the vehicle. The first glass sheet 31 and the second glass sheet 32 ​​are bonded together with an intermediate layer sandwiched therebetween. The laminated glass 100 is suitable for use as, for example, a roof glass, rear side glass, rear quarter glass, or extra glass for a vehicle, but may also be used in other areas as vehicle glass.

[0016] The laminated glass 100 includes an anti-reflection layer 20. This suppresses light reflection on the surface of the first glass plate 31, increasing the amount of light reaching the solar cells 11 and increasing photovoltaic power generation output. On the other hand, the amount of light entering the gaps between the solar cells 11 (bright regions B1) also increases, increasing the contrast between the bright regions B1 and the dark regions D1 and accentuating the problem of increased interior temperature. The laminated glass 100 of this embodiment includes a functional layer 50 that adjusts the transmittance of at least one of heat and visible light, located at a position corresponding to at least the bright regions B1, thereby reducing brightness contrast and / or radiant heat from the sun. For these reasons, the laminated glass of this embodiment not only provides excellent photovoltaic power generation output, but also suppresses light contrast differences, thereby reducing flickering during driving and preventing an increase in room temperature, thereby improving interior comfort.

[0017] The solar transmittance of the functional layer 50 is preferably 40% or less, more preferably 25% or less, and even more preferably 15% or less. The visible light transmittance of the functional layer 50 is preferably 20% or less, more preferably 10% or less, and even more preferably 5% or less. In this specification, the solar transmittance and visible light transmittance are values ​​calculated using the formulas specified in JIS R3106 (2019) and JIS R3212 (2015) by measuring the transmittance and reflectance in a wavelength range including at least 300 nm to 2,500 nm using a spectrophotometer or the like. The solar transmittance has a large weighting coefficient in the 800 nm to 1,000 nm range and is useful as an index for evaluating the amount of heat transmitted.

[0018] The laminated glass 100 may have a flat shape, but when used in a moving body such as a vehicle, a curved shape is preferable from the standpoint of safety. The curved shape may be a single curved shape curved in a first direction (e.g., the X-axis direction) or a complex curved shape curved in both the first direction (e.g., the X-axis direction) and a second direction (e.g., the Y-axis direction). The angle between the first direction and the second direction here is arbitrary, and they may or may not be perpendicular to each other. The curved shape also includes a three-dimensional shape bent into a more complex shape. When the laminated glass 100 has a curved shape, gaps are more likely to form between the solar cells 11, making the effects of the present invention more pronounced.

[0019] When the laminated glass 100 has a curved shape, it is preferable that the laminated glass 100 be curved so as to be convex toward the exterior of the vehicle. That is, it is preferable that the first glass sheet 31 be curved so as to be convex toward the side opposite to the first intermediate layer 41, and it is preferable that the second glass sheet 32 ​​be curved so as to be convex toward the second intermediate layer 42. The planar shape of the main surfaces of the laminated glass 100 may be any shape depending on the installation location.

[0020] The shielding layer 13 has any configuration that is provided as needed. The shielding layer 13 is an opaque layer and is provided, for example, in a strip shape along the peripheral edge of the laminated glass 100. The shielding layer 13 is provided, for example, on the sunlight-transmitting main surface of the first glass plate 31 and / or the second glass plate 32, but is not limited thereto. The shielding layer 13 is, for example, an opaque (e.g., black) colored ceramic layer. The shielding layer 13 may also be a colored interlayer or colored film having light-blocking properties, or may be a combination of at least one of them with a colored ceramic layer. The colored film may be integrated with an infrared reflective film or the like. Details of each layer and the layer configuration will be described in detail below through each embodiment.

[0021] First Embodiment A laminated glass of a first embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 3. Note that the plan view is similar to Fig. 1, so Fig. 1 will be referred to. The laminated glass 100 of the first embodiment has, from the sunlight incident side, the following layers in this order: an antireflection layer 20, a first glass plate 31, a first intermediate layer 41, a photovoltaic layer 10, a third intermediate layer 43, a functional layer 50, a second intermediate layer 42, and a second glass plate 32.

[0022] (Anti-Reflection Layer) The anti-reflection layer 20 suppresses light reflection on the surface of the first glass plate 31, increasing the amount of light reaching the solar cell 11. The anti-reflection layer 20 may be any layer that achieves this purpose, and is preferably an anti-reflection (AR) film or a low-reflection layer. Specific examples of AR films include a single-layer low-refractive index film formed from a material with a lower refractive index than the first glass plate 31, and a multilayer film formed by alternating high-refractive index films and low-refractive index films. Examples of high-refractive index films include films with a refractive index of 1.9 or higher for light with a wavelength of 550 nm. Examples of low-refractive index films include films with a refractive index of 1.6 or lower for light with a wavelength of 550 nm. Examples of high-refractive index materials for high-refractive index films include zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, titanium nitride, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, and hafnium oxide. Examples of low-refractive index materials for low-refractive index films include silicon oxide. The AR film can be formed on the main surface of the first glass plate 31 by a known film formation method, such as sputtering, vacuum deposition, or various coating methods. Examples of the low-reflection layer include a moth-eye layer having a fine uneven structure with a forest of protrusions smaller than the wavelength of visible light (e.g., 380 nm). The moth-eye layer may be formed, for example, by preparing a moth-eye film and bonding it to the main surface of the first glass plate 31. The moth-eye film may be manufactured by a known method, or a commercially available product may be used.

[0023] (Glass Plates) The first glass plate 31 and the second glass plate 32 may be inorganic glass or organic glass. The inorganic glass and organic glass may be transparent and may be colored. Examples of inorganic glass include soda-lime glass, aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, alkali-free glass, and quartz glass, with soda-lime glass being preferred. Examples of organic glass include transparent resins such as polycarbonate, acrylic resins such as polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, and polystyrene. The first glass plate 31 and the second glass plate 32 may be made of the same or different materials. The inorganic glass may be untempered glass or tempered glass. The tempered glass may be physically tempered glass, such as air-cooled tempered glass, or chemically tempered glass.

[0024] The first glass plate 31 is preferably colorless from the viewpoint of power generation efficiency of the solar cell, and is preferably clear glass or high-transmittance glass. The visible light transmittance of the first glass plate 31 is preferably 85% or more, more preferably 88% or more, and even more preferably 91% or more. The clear glass and high-transmittance glass have the following matrix composition, for example. The values ​​are in mass % based on oxides. (Composition of clear glass) SiO ２ : 65 to 75% Al ２ O ３ :0~5% MgO :0~6% CaO :5~15% Na ２ O: 10-20% K ２ O: 0 to 5% Fe ２ O ３ Converted total iron content: 0 to 0.2% (composition of high transmittance glass) SiO ２ :65~80%, Al ２ O ３ : 0-5%, MgO: 0-12%, CaO: 0-15%, Na ２ O: 5-20%, K ２ O: 0-10%, Na ２ O+K ２ O: 5-20%, Fe ２ O ３ Total iron content converted to iron: 0-0.04%.

[0025] The second glass plate 32 may be colored or colorless. The second glass plate 32 may have a light-scattering uneven layer on a main surface, preferably on the sunlight-incident side. This reduces the contrast difference between the bright region B1 and the dark region D1. An example of a glass plate having a light-scattering uneven layer is frosted glass, which can be manufactured by a known method.

[0026] The forming method of the first glass sheet 31 and the second glass sheet 32 ​​is not particularly limited, but for example, in the case of inorganic glass, glass sheets formed by a float method or the like are preferred. The first glass sheet 31 and the second glass sheet 32 ​​may be bent by gravity forming, press forming, roller forming, or the like.

[0027] The thickness of the first glass sheet 31 is preferably 1.1 mm or more, more preferably 1.8 mm or more, from the viewpoint of strength such as stone chip resistance. On the other hand, in order to prevent the mass of the laminated glass 100 from becoming too large and to suppress the vehicle's fuel efficiency, the thickness of the first glass sheet 31 is preferably 3 mm or less, more preferably 2.8 mm or less, even more preferably 2.6 mm or less, even more preferably 2.2 mm or less, and particularly preferably 2.0 mm or less. The thickness of the first glass sheet 31 is preferably 1.1 mm to 3 mm, more preferably 1.8 mm to 2.8 mm, even more preferably 1.8 mm to 2.6 mm, even more preferably 1.8 mm to 2.2 mm, and particularly preferably 1.8 mm to 2.0 mm. Furthermore, the thickness of the second glass sheet 32 ​​is preferably 0.3 mm or more, more preferably 0.5 mm or more, and even more preferably 0.7 mm or more, from the viewpoint of handleability. On the other hand, the thickness is preferably 2.3 mm or less, more preferably 2.1 mm or less, and even more preferably 1.9 mm or less, from the viewpoint of suppressing the vehicle fuel consumption without increasing the mass of the laminated glass 100 too much. The thickness of the second glass sheet 32 ​​is preferably 0.3 mm to 2.3 mm, more preferably 0.5 mm to 2.1 mm, and even more preferably 0.7 mm to 1.9 mm.

[0028] (Intermediate layer) The intermediate layer is a layer that bonds the first glass plate 31 and the second glass plate 32. The intermediate layer in the first embodiment includes, for example, a first intermediate layer 41 that bonds the first glass plate 31 and the photovoltaic layer 10, a third intermediate layer 43 that bonds the photovoltaic layer 10 and the functional layer 50, and a second intermediate layer 42 that bonds the functional layer 50 and the second glass plate 32.

[0029] The first intermediate layer 41, the second intermediate layer 42, and the third intermediate layer 43 may be made of a thermoplastic resin, preferably polyvinyl acetal (PVA), ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), polyurethane (PU), ionomer resin, or cycloolefin copolymer (COP). Polyvinyl acetal (PVA) is preferably polyvinyl butyral (PVB). Resin compositions containing modified hydrogenated block copolymers, as described in Japanese Patent No. 6065221, may also be used.

[0030] In addition to the above-mentioned materials, the intermediate layer may contain one or more additives, such as plasticizers, colorants, infrared absorbers, ultraviolet absorbers, antioxidants, fluorescent agents, adhesion modifiers, coupling agents, surfactants, heat stabilizers, light stabilizers, dehydrating agents, antifoaming agents, antistatic agents, and flame retardants. In particular, when the intermediate layer contains PVB, it is preferable that it further contains a plasticizer. Colorants will be described in detail later. The first intermediate layer 41, the second intermediate layer 42, and the third intermediate layer 43 preferably contain PVB or EVA from the viewpoint of sealing the solar cell, etc. However, the material forming each intermediate layer is not limited to thermoplastic resins. Furthermore, the first intermediate layer 41, the second intermediate layer 42, and the third intermediate layer 43 may each contain different types of resin.

[0031] The light-controlling sheet described below may be deteriorated by certain plasticizers. In such cases, it is preferable that the intermediate layer adjacent to the light-controlling sheet uses a resin that does not substantially contain the plasticizer. In other words, it may be preferable that the intermediate layer does not contain a plasticizer. An example of a resin that does not contain a plasticizer is EVA.

[0032] The first intermediate layer 41 is preferably a highly transparent intermediate layer (clear interlayer). The visible light transmittance of the clear interlayer is, for example, approximately 85% to 95% when the film thickness is 0.38 mm. Furthermore, at least one of the intermediate layers disposed on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer, i.e., the second intermediate layer 42 and the third intermediate layer 43, is preferably high haze (haze interlayer) or colored (colored interlayer). This reduces the contrast difference between the bright region B1 and the dark region D1.

[0033] The haze interlayer film may be, for example, a film obtained by adding light-diffusing fine particles to the thermoplastic resin. Examples of the light-diffusing fine particles include silica particles and acrylic resin particles. The haze value of the haze interlayer film is preferably 70% or more, and more preferably 75% or more.

[0034] Examples of colored interlayer films include those obtained by adding a colorant to the thermoplastic resin. The colorant is not particularly limited as long as it reduces visible light transmittance, and examples include dyes, inorganic pigments, and organic pigments. Among these, inorganic or organic pigments are preferred because they are less likely to fade over long-term use, and inorganic pigments are preferred because they have excellent light resistance. The visible light transmittance of the colored interlayer film is preferably 50% or less.

[0035] Examples of the organic pigment include black pigments such as aniline black and red pigments such as alizarin lake. Examples of the inorganic pigment include carbon-based pigments and metal oxide-based pigments. These colorants may be used alone or in combination of two or more.

[0036] The amount of colorant blended is preferably an amount that results in a visible light transmittance of the interlayer of 1% to 50%, for example. The colored interlayer may be prepared by forming a dark-colored printed layer on the surface of an uncolored interlayer. The dark-colored printed layer can be formed by a conventional printing method using a colored material on a resin substrate. Examples of colored materials include organic pigments and inorganic pigments similar to those used for the colorants. In this case, the printed layer does not require durability at temperatures near the softening point of glass, as is the case with ceramic shielding layers, and therefore organic pigments containing carbon black, for example, can be used. The concentration and thickness of the printed layer can be appropriately adjusted, for example, to a thickness that results in a visible light transmittance of 50% or less. The lower limit of the visible light transmittance is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, greater than 0% or greater than 1%.

[0037] By using a colored interlayer as the intermediate layer arranged on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer 10, it is possible to significantly reduce the visible light transmittance in the bright region B1. For example, it is possible to set the visible light transmittance of the colored interlayer to 20% or less, 10% or less, or 5% or less. For example, a product with a film thickness of 0.76 mm and a visible light transmittance of 18% is commercially available from Sekisui Chemical Co., Ltd., and a product with a film thickness of 0.76 mm and a visible light transmittance of 8% is commercially available from Solutia Japan.

[0038] The total thickness of the first intermediate layer 41, the second intermediate layer 42, and the third intermediate layer 43 is preferably 0.5 mm or more at the thinnest part. When the thickness of the thinnest part of the intermediate layer is 0.5 mm or more, the impact resistance required for laminated glass is sufficient. Furthermore, the total thickness of the intermediate layers is preferably 3 mm or less at the thickest part. When the maximum thickness of the intermediate layers is 3 mm or less, the mass of the laminated glass can be reduced. The total thickness of the intermediate layers is more preferably 0.76 mm or more, and even more preferably 1.1 mm or more. The total thickness of the intermediate layers is more preferably 2.8 mm or less, and even more preferably 2.6 mm or less.

[0039] (Photovoltaic Layer) The photovoltaic layer 10 includes solar cells 11 and wiring 12 that electrically connects the solar cells 11 to each other and to an external circuit. As shown in the example of FIG. 1 , the photovoltaic layer 10 includes multiple solar cells 11, which are spaced apart in a planar direction (e.g., the X-axis direction and / or the Y-axis direction). In a planar view, the areas overlapping the solar cells 11 are dark areas D1, and the areas not overlapping the solar cells 11 are bright areas B1. The bright areas B1 can also be considered gaps between the multiple solar cells 11 spaced apart in the planar direction. The shape, size, and number of the main surfaces of the solar cells 11 are not particularly limited and can be appropriately designed depending on the shape, size, etc. of the laminated glass. For example, the number of solar cells 11 may be two, three, four, or more. The photovoltaic layer 10 may have multiple solar cells encapsulated in a resin film 30.

[0040] The ratio (St / Sg) of the area (Sg) of the main surface of the laminated glass to the total area (St) of the main surfaces of the solar cells 11 is not particularly limited and may be adjusted appropriately taking into account the desired amount of power generation and the amount of light to be taken into the room. St / Sg can be, for example, 0.3 to 0.99, preferably 0.5 to 0.95, and more preferably 0.7 to 0.95.

[0041] The type of solar cell 11 is not particularly limited, and examples include silicon solar cells such as monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, and amorphous silicon; organic solar cells such as perovskite solar cells and dye-sensitized solar cells; and compound solar cells such as gallium arsenide solar cells, CIS solar cells, and CIGS solar cells. These may also be used in combination. Organic solar cells are preferred because they are easily applicable to curved laminated glass and can be designed to provide light transparency. Silicon solar cells are preferred because they offer excellent stability and durability during lamination and use. The wiring 12 may be a metal foil film, a transparent conductive film, a wire-like conductor, or the like. In the case of a thin film, the wiring 12 may be formed on a substrate. For example, the wiring 12 may be an elongated conductive member called an interconnector for electrically connecting adjacent solar cells 11. While the wiring 12 in FIG. 2A and other drawings connects one main surface (the main surface on the sunlight-transmitting side) of multiple solar cells 11 to each other, this is not limiting. The wiring 12 may, for example, electrically connect the main surface of a given solar cell 11 on the sunlight transmitting side to the main surface of another solar cell 11 on the sunlight incident side.

[0042] The thickness of the photovoltaic layer 10 is preferably 0.1 μm or more, more preferably 10 μm or more, and even more preferably 150 μm or more, from the viewpoint of the performance of the solar cell 11. A suitable thickness of the photovoltaic layer 10 is, for example, 0.1 μm to 500 μm, preferably 10 μm to 450 μm, and more preferably 150 μm to 400 μm. The thickness of the solar cell 11 is preferably 500 μm or less, more preferably 450 μm or less, and even more preferably 150 μm or less.

[0043] (Functional Layer) From the viewpoint of manufacturing laminated glass, the functional layer 50 of the first embodiment is preferably a film-like or sheet-like functional layer, and is preferably a light control sheet or an infrared reflective film (heat reflective layer).

[0044] Light-controlling sheet The light-controlling sheet is a sheet capable of switching light transmittance. The light-controlling sheet 15 can switch between a low and a high transmittance state, for example, by applying a voltage. The transmittance may be switchable in multiple stages, or may be switchable continuously (continuously). The light-controlling sheet may be disposed over the entire laminated glass, or may be disposed over only a portion of the laminated glass, as required. The planar shape of the light-controlling sheet is, for example, a rectangle smaller than the planar shape of the laminated glass 100.

[0045] The light-controlling sheet may be, for example, in the form of a film, and may include, in this order, a first substrate, a first conductive layer, a light-controlling layer, a second conductive layer, and a second substrate, with a sealant for sealing the light-controlling layer as needed. Wiring for supplying power from an external source is connected to the light-controlling sheet at the periphery of the laminated glass 100. When a voltage is applied to the light-controlling sheet from a power source such as a battery via the wiring, the visible light transmittance of the light-controlling sheet changes depending on the applied voltage. The thickness of the light-controlling sheet is, for example, 0.1 mm to 1 mm or less. The thickness of the light-controlling sheet may be 0.8 mm or less, or 0.5 mm or less. The thickness of the light-controlling sheet may be 0.3 mm or more.

[0046] The first substrate and the second substrate are transparent resin layers disposed opposite each other. The thickness of the first substrate and the second substrate is, for example, 5 μm to 500 μm, preferably 30 μm to 400 μm, and more preferably 50 μm to 300 μm. Examples of materials for the first substrate and the second substrate include polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene naphthalate, polyamide, polyether, polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polycarbonate, polyarylate, polyetherimide, polyetheretherketone, polyimide, aramid, polybutylene terephthalate, triacetyl cellulose, polyurethane, and cycloolefin polymer.

[0047] The first conductive layer is formed on a part or the entire surface of the first substrate facing the light-controlling layer, and the second conductive layer is formed on a part or the entire surface of the second substrate facing the light-controlling layer. That is, the first conductive layer and the second conductive layer sandwich the light-controlling layer from both sides.

[0048] The first conductive layer and the second conductive layer are preferably optically transparent. Specific examples of the conductive layer include transparent conductive oxides (TCOs) such as tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), and indium-doped cadmium oxide; transparent conductive polymers such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and poly(4,4-dioctylcyclopentadithiophene); laminated films of a metal layer and a dielectric layer, silver nanowires, and metal meshes of silver or copper.

[0049] Examples of the light-controlling layer include a suspended particle device (SPD), a polymer dispersed liquid crystal device (PDLC), a polymer network liquid crystal device (PNLC), a guest-host liquid crystal device (GHLC), a photochromic device, an electrochromic device, an electrokinetic device, etc. Among these, the light-controlling layer is preferably one or more selected from SPD, PDLC, PNLC, GHLC, and EC.

[0050] The SPD is a component having an active layer containing suspended particles. For example, the active layer is sandwiched between transparent substrates on which transparent electrodes are formed, and is in the form of a film as a whole. The light absorption by the active layer can be varied by applying a voltage to the electrodes. This light absorption is based on the arrangement of particles in suspension droplets dispersed in the active layer. The degree of light absorption can be expressed, for example, by visible light transmittance. SPDs are known, for example, from International Publication No. 2005 / 102688 and International Publication No. 2012 / 009399.

[0051] The PDLC is a component having an active layer in which liquid crystal droplets are dispersed and held in a polymer matrix. For example, the active layer is sandwiched between transparent substrates on which transparent electrodes are formed, forming a film-like structure as a whole. Light scattering by the active layer is variable by applying a voltage to the electrodes. This light scattering is based on the alignment of the liquid crystal droplets. The degree of light scattering can be expressed, for example, by haze. PDLC is known, for example, from Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 07-239465 and U.S. Pat. No. 4,688,900. PNLC has a low resin component ratio, and the liquid crystal material is arranged along a three-dimensional mesh-like polymer network structure. PNLC is known, for example, from U.S. Pat. No. 5,304,323.

[0052] The electrochromic device is a component having an electrochemically active layer. For example, the active layer is sandwiched between transparent substrates on which transparent electrodes are formed, and is in the form of a film as a whole. The absorption of light by the active layer is based on a change in the oxidation state of the electrolyte caused by reversible injection / release of electric charges upon application of a voltage to a pair of electrodes. Electrochromic devices are known, for example, from JP 2009-265437 A and WO 2016 / 145120 A.

[0053] The light-modulating sheet may have an ultraviolet absorbing layer between the first substrate and the light-modulating layer or between the second substrate and the light-modulating layer. The ultraviolet absorbing layer may be a layer containing an ultraviolet absorber. The layer containing an ultraviolet absorber may be, for example, a coating layer or a transparent adhesive. The thickness of the ultraviolet absorbing layer is preferably 300 μm or less, more preferably 200 μm or less.

[0054] When a sealant is provided, the sealant is disposed on the periphery of the light-controlling layer. The sealant may be in contact with the light-controlling layer. The sealant seals at least the outer peripheral side of the light-controlling layer of the light-controlling sheet so that it does not contact the intermediate layer or is not exposed to the outside of the laminated glass. This prevents the light-controlling layer from being deteriorated by components in the intermediate layer, water, etc. One example of the sealant includes a pair of resin substrates and a frame-shaped adhesive layer disposed between the resin substrates. The visible light transmittance of the resin substrate is preferably 20% or more, more preferably 50% or more. Examples of resins for the resin substrate include acrylic resins and polyethylene terephthalate resins. Furthermore, examples of the adhesive layer include curable resins such as acrylic resins and epoxy resins.

[0055] When a voltage is applied to the light-controlling layer, the transmittance changes in response to the voltage. For example, in a light-controlling sheet using PDLC for the light-controlling layer, the total light transmittance is preferably 2% to 10% at its lowest. The total light transmittance can be measured using a method conforming to JIS K 7361-1 (1997). The haze of a light-controlling sheet using PDLC for the light-controlling layer is preferably 80% or more when the total light transmittance of the light-controlling sheet 15 is at its lowest. The haze can be measured using a method conforming to JIS K 7136 (2000).

[0056] Infrared Reflective Film The infrared reflective film prevents infrared light from entering the room and prevents the room temperature from rising. The infrared reflective film can be appropriately selected from known films. From the viewpoint of infrared reflectivity, a laminated film in which multiple resin layers with different refractive indices are laminated may be used. This laminated film provides infrared reflectivity through interference reflection.

[0057] The laminated film type infrared reflective film may be a multilayer film in which high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers are alternately laminated. Examples of high refractive index layers include layers having a refractive index of 1.58 to 1.70 for light with a wavelength of 589 nm. Examples of low refractive index layers include layers having a refractive index of 1.35 to 1.58 for light with a wavelength of 589 nm. The difference in refractive index between the high refractive index layer and the low refractive index layer is preferably 0.05 to 0.20, more preferably 0.10 to 0.15.

[0058] In the infrared reflective film, the high refractive index layer and the low refractive index layer are preferably resin layers. Examples of resins with relatively high refractive index include polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, and polyethylene terephthalate. Examples of resins with relatively low refractive index include polymethyl methacrylate, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polypropylene, and polytetrafluoroethylene. However, the present invention is not limited to these resins, and resins whose refractive index is adjusted by combining two or more monomers may also be used.

[0059] In order to improve infrared reflectivity, the infrared reflective film preferably has a total of 100 or more high refractive index layers and low refractive index layers laminated thereon, preferably 100 to 5000 layers, more preferably 200 to 2000 layers.

[0060] The thickness of the infrared reflective film is preferably 80 μm to 120 μm. When the thickness of the infrared reflective film is 80 μm or more, the film has rigidity and the effects of thermal shrinkage during the production of laminated glass are suppressed. Furthermore, when the thickness of the infrared reflective film is 120 μm or less, the film has excellent degassing properties during the production of laminated glass.

[0061] Second Embodiment A laminated glass of a second embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 4. The laminated glass 100 of the second embodiment has, in this order from the sunlight incident side, an antireflection layer 20, a first glass plate 31, a first intermediate layer 41, a photovoltaic layer 10, a second intermediate layer 42, a functional layer 50, and a second glass plate 32. The laminated glass of the second embodiment differs from the first embodiment in that the functional layer 50 is provided on the second glass plate 32.

[0062] In the laminated glass of the second embodiment, the functional layer 50 is a coating-like functional layer formed on the second glass plate 32, and examples thereof include a heat-reflecting coating.

[0063] Heat Reflective Coating The heat reflective coating may be an inorganic coating or an organic coating. By providing a heat reflective coating, it is possible to suppress the transfer of heat into the vehicle interior, thereby improving the comfort of the vehicle interior. The heat reflective coating can be formed by a dry coating method such as a PVD method or a CVD method. Examples of PVD methods include vacuum deposition, sputtering, and ion plating, with sputtering being preferred because it can form a film with excellent adhesion and flatness.

[0064] The inorganic coating may be, for example, a multilayer film having a structure in which a low refractive index dielectric layer (hereinafter also referred to as "A layer") and a high refractive index dielectric layer (hereinafter also referred to as "B layer") are alternately laminated. For example, a multilayer film laminated in the order of A layer / B layer / A layer / B layer / A layer, or a multilayer film laminated in the order of A layer / B layer / A layer / B layer / A layer / B layer / A layer / A layer, can be used, but the number of layers is not limited to these. Furthermore, for the purpose of improving adhesion or protection of the layers, an additional layer different from the A layer and the B layer may be provided, for example, between the A layer and the B layer.

[0065] The A layer may be, for example, a film having a refractive index of 1.6 or less for light with a wavelength of 550 nm, such as silicon oxide, and the B layer may be, for example, a film having a refractive index of 1.9 or more for light with a wavelength of 550 nm, such as zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, tantalum oxide, niobium oxide, zirconium oxide, or hafnium oxide.

[0066] The inorganic coating can be a metal film or a conductive oxide film. Examples of materials for forming the metal film include Ag. The semiconductor film is preferably a film of at least one doped metal oxide selected from the group consisting of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). From the viewpoint of achieving higher thermal insulation, a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) film is even more preferable.

[0067] The organic coating can be, for example, a multilayer film in which 100 or more resin layers with different refractive indices are laminated. To enhance infrared reflectivity, the number of resin layers is preferably 400 or more, more preferably 600 or more. The upper limit of the number of layers in the laminate is limited by the upper limit of the film thickness of the organic coating, and is preferably approximately 5,000 layers. The multilayer film preferably includes a structure in which high-refractive-index layers with a refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm in the range of 1.62 to 1.70 and low-refractive-index layers with a refractive index at a wavelength of 589 nm in the range of 1.50 to 1.58 are alternately laminated.

[0068] The refractive index of the resin layer can be adjusted by appropriately adjusting the type of resin, the type of functional group or skeleton in the resin, and the content of the resin. The resin constituting the resin layer is preferably a thermoplastic resin, for example, polyolefin, alicyclic polyolefin, polyamide, aramid, acrylic resin, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene chloride, polystyrene, styrene copolymer, polycarbonate, polyester, polyether sulfone, polyether ether ketone, modified polyphenylene ether, polyphenylene sulfide, polyether imide, polyimide, polyarylate, fluorine-containing resin, etc.

[0069] From the viewpoints of interlayer adhesion, feasibility of forming a highly accurate laminated structure, strength, heat resistance, and transparency, it is preferable to use one or more polyesters selected from polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene terephthalate copolymer, polyethylene naphthalate, polyethylene naphthalate copolymer, polybutylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate copolymer, polybutylene naphthalate copolymer, polyhexamethylene terephthalate, polyhexamethylene terephthalate copolymer, polyhexamethylene naphthalate, polyhexamethylene naphthalate copolymer, etc. For example, polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene terephthalate copolymer may be laminated alternately.

[0070] Third Embodiment A laminated glass of a third embodiment will be described with reference to Fig. 5. The laminated glass 100 of the third embodiment has, in order from the sunlight incident side, an antireflection layer 20, a first glass plate 31, a first intermediate layer 41, a photovoltaic layer 10, a second intermediate layer 42, a second glass plate 32, and a functional layer 50. The laminated glass of the third embodiment differs from the second embodiment in that the functional layer 50 is provided on the sunlight transmitting side of the second glass plate 32.

[0071] In the laminated glass of the third embodiment, the functional layer 50 may be, for example, a Low-E film.

[0072] Low-E Film: The Low-E film suppresses radiative heat transfer, limiting the passage of heat and improving heat shielding and thermal insulation. The Low-E film can be a metal film or a conductive oxide film. Examples of materials for forming the metal film include Ag. The conductive oxide film is preferably a film of at least one doped metal oxide selected from the group consisting of fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), tin-doped indium oxide (ITO), gallium-doped zinc oxide (GZO), and aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO). From the viewpoint of achieving higher thermal insulation, a tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) or fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) film is even more preferable. For example, a laminated film can be used in which a conductive oxide film is included between a pair of transparent dielectric films, and a transparent dielectric film, an infrared reflective film, and a transparent dielectric film are stacked in this order. The conductive oxide may be formed in one or more layers between the transparent dielectric films. The transparent dielectric film may be formed of multiple layers. The thickness of the Low-E film may be appropriately set depending on the required performance, film configuration, etc.

[0073] Examples of methods for forming the Low-E film include dry coating methods. Examples of dry coating methods include PVD methods and CVD methods. Examples of PVD methods include vacuum deposition methods, sputtering methods, and ion plating methods. Sputtering methods are preferred because they can form films with excellent adhesion and flatness.

[0074] Other Embodiments, etc. By including a functional layer 50 on the sunlight transmission side of the photovoltaic layer 10, the laminated glass of the present disclosure can adjust the light and heat reaching the vehicle interior while maintaining the amount of light incident on the solar cell. As a result, the laminated glass can have excellent solar power generation output and suppress the contrast difference of transmitted light or the rise in room temperature. Examples of the functional layer 50 include the above-mentioned light control sheet, infrared reflective film, heat reflective coating, Low-E film, colored interlayer film, haze interlayer film, and frosted glass. It is sufficient to include at least one functional layer from among these. Furthermore, multiple functional layers described in the above embodiments may be combined. A suitable layer structure for the laminated glass of the present disclosure is shown below. The expression "layer a / layer b / layer c" indicates that the layers are stacked in the order of layer a, layer b, and layer c from the sunlight incident side. The following specific examples illustrate the order of stacking and are not limited to these. For example, another layer may be included between layers.(1) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / heat-reflecting coating / second glass plate, (2) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / heat-reflecting sheet / second intermediate layer / second glass plate, (3) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / third intermediate layer / heat-reflecting sheet / colored intermediate film / second glass plate, (4) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / light-adjusting sheet / second intermediate layer / second glass plate, (5) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / third intermediate layer / light-adjusting sheet / colored intermediate film / second glass plate, (6) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / haze intermediate film / colored intermediate film / second glass plate, (7) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / haze intermediate film / second glass plate, (8) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / frosted glass, (9) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / heat-reflecting coat / second glass plate / Low-E film, (10) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / heat-reflecting sheet / second intermediate layer / second glass plate / Low-E film, (11) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / third intermediate layer / heat-reflecting sheet / colored intermediate film / second glass plate / Low-E film, (12) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / light-adjusting sheet / second intermediate layer / second glass plate / Low-E film, (13) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / third intermediate layer / light-adjusting sheet / colored intermediate film / second glass plate / Low-E film, (14) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / haze intermediate film / colored intermediate film / second glass plate / Low-E film, (15) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / haze intermediate film / second glass plate / Low-E film, (16) anti-reflection layer / first glass plate / first intermediate layer / photovoltaic layer / colored intermediate film / frosted glass / Low-E film.

[0075] (Method for Manufacturing Laminated Glass) The laminated glass 100 is obtained by preparing and pressing a first glass plate, a first intermediate layer, a photovoltaic layer, a second intermediate layer, and any other layers used as desired between the first glass plate and the second glass plate. It is preferable that the film-like layer be formed in advance on a substrate layer. For example, an anti-reflection film used as an anti-reflection layer is preferably formed in advance on the first glass plate. It is also preferable that a heat reflective coating or Low-E film is formed in advance on the second glass plate. The pressing is performed by placing the laminate in a rubber bag, rubber chamber, resin bag, or the like, and maintaining the temperature in a range of approximately 70°C to 110°C for a predetermined period of time in a vacuum controlled at a gauge pressure of -100 kPa to -65 kPa. The heating conditions, temperature conditions, and lamination method are selected as appropriate.

[0076] Furthermore, laminated glass with even greater durability can be obtained by carrying out a heat-pressure bonding treatment under controlled conditions of, for example, a temperature of 100°C to 150°C and an absolute pressure of 0.6 MPa to 1.3 MPa for a predetermined time. However, in some cases, this heat-pressure step may not be used in consideration of simplification of the process and the properties of the material to be sealed in the laminated glass.

[0077] A method called "cold bending" may also be used, in which either or both of the first and second glass sheets are joined in an elastically deformed state. Cold bending can be achieved by disposing a laminate including an intermediate layer, a photovoltaic layer, etc. between the first and second glass sheets that are fixed by a temporary fastening means such as tape, and using a conventionally known preliminary pressure bonding device such as a nip roller, a rubber bag, or a rubber chamber, and an autoclave.

[0078] The total thickness of the laminated glass is preferably 1.9 mm or more, more preferably 2.8 mm or more, from the viewpoint of rigidity. On the other hand, the total thickness of the laminated glass is preferably 10 mm or less, from the viewpoint of obtaining sufficient transmittance and light weight. The total thickness of the laminated glass is, for example, 1.9 mm to 10 mm, preferably 2.8 mm to 10 mm.

[0079] The laminated glass may include various components as necessary. For example, the laminated glass may have a shielding layer provided at its peripheral portion. The shielding layer may be provided at a position that does not overlap the solar cell in a plan view, or may be provided at a position that overlaps the peripheral portion of the solar cell. The shielding layer may be provided at any position between the main surface of the first glass sheet opposite the intermediate layer and the main surface of the second glass sheet opposite the intermediate layer.

[0080] Furthermore, films or devices having various functions may be provided between the first glass sheet and the second glass sheet, as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired. Furthermore, the surface of the laminated glass may have a film having functions such as anti-fogging, water repellency, heat shielding, and low reflection. Furthermore, the main surfaces of the glass sheets may have a film having functions such as heat shielding and heat generation.

[0081] The use of the laminated glass of the present embodiment is not particularly limited, but it can be suitably used as a laminated glass to be mounted on a moving body such as a vehicle, a train, a ship, or an aircraft, for example, as a roof glass for a vehicle. Examples of vehicles include passenger cars.

[0082] Although the preferred embodiments have been described in detail above, the present invention is not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and substitutions can be made to the above-described embodiments without departing from the scope of the claims.

[0083] This application claims priority based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2024-112411, filed July 12, 2024, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein in its entirety by reference.

[0084] REFERENCE SIGNS LIST 10 Photovoltaic layer 11 Solar cell 12 Wiring 13 Shielding layer 20 Anti-reflection layer 31 First glass plate 32 Second glass plate 41 First intermediate layer 42 Second intermediate layer 43 Third intermediate layer 50 Functional layer 100 Laminated glass

Claims

1. Laminated glass comprising, in this order from the sunlight incident side, an anti-reflection layer, a first glass plate, a first intermediate layer, a photovoltaic layer, a second intermediate layer, and a second glass plate, wherein the photovoltaic layer includes a plurality of solar cells spaced apart in the surface direction, and wherein, in a plan view of the first glass plate, the first glass plate includes dark regions overlapping with the plurality of solar cells and bright regions which are gaps between the plurality of solar cells, and a functional layer which adjusts the transmittance of at least one of heat and visible light, on the sunlight transmitting side of the photovoltaic layer, so as to overlap with at least the bright regions.

2. Visible light transmittance Tv in the bright region Ｂ１ (%) and the visible light transmittance Tv in the dark region Ｄ１ (%) difference Tv ｄｅｆ The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the tensile strength is 0% or more and 20% or less.

3. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the solar transmittance of the functional layer is 40% or less.

4. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, further comprising a third intermediate layer between the functional layer and the second glass plate.

5. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional layer includes a heat-reflecting layer.

6. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional layer includes a light-control sheet.

7. The laminated glass according to claim 1, wherein the functional layer is a light-scattering uneven layer provided on the main surface of the second glass plate.

8. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional layer is at least one of the intermediate layers arranged on the sunlight transmitting side of the photovoltaic layer, and the haze value of the intermediate layer is 75% or more.

9. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein at least one of the intermediate layers arranged on the sunlight transmitting side of the photovoltaic layer is colored.

10. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a Low-E film is provided on the sunlight-transmitting side of the second glass sheet.

11. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the functional layer further overlaps the boundary between the bright region and the dark region in a plan view of the first glass plate.

12. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the ratio (St / Sg) of the area (Sg) of the main surface of the laminated glass to the total area (St) of the main surfaces of the plurality of solar cells is 0.3 or more and 0.99 or less.

13. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, which is disposed in an opening in a vehicle.

14. The laminated glass according to claim 1 or 2, which is curved.

Images