Devices, methods, and medium for communication
By transmitting PRS information to an LMF for determining a target PRU, the terminal device facilitates precise model performance monitoring, addressing the challenge of UE-side AI/ML positioning without ground truth data.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/105581
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-15
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-22
AI Technical Summary
The challenge of enabling model performance monitoring for AI/ML-based positioning models deployed at user equipment (UE) without access to ground truth data is addressed, as UE-side monitoring is difficult due to the lack of reliable location information.
A terminal device transmits information about received positioning reference signals (PRS) to a location management function (LMF), which determines a target PRU based on this information, allowing for precise model performance monitoring using known PRU measurements.
Enables accurate and efficient model performance monitoring by leveraging known PRU measurements, ensuring the positioning model's effectiveness in various environments.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024105581_22012026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, AND MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATIONFIELD
[0001] Example embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of communication techniques and in particular, to devices, methods, and a computer readable medium for communication.BACKGROUND
[0002] Supporting various positioning methods to provide reliable, timely, and accurate user equipment (UE) location is one of key features of the third generation partnership project (3GPP) standard. It has been agreed to investigate the potential for artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) in air interface to improve comprehensive performance in 5G-adcanced (5G-A) . AI / ML based mechanism to improve the positioning accuracy is one of the use cases to apply AI / ML in air interface.
[0003] Model performance monitoring is a critical step to ensure that the running model is efficient in the current environment. In case the AI / ML positioning model is deployed at UE side, and the UE is unable to obtain the ground truth, how to enable the model performance monitoring at UE side should be studied.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, and a computer storage medium for communication.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a terminal device for model performance monitoring. The terminal device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmit, to a location management function (LMF) , first information about at least one positioning reference signal (PRS) received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; receive, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target positioning reference unit (PRU) , wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided an LMF. The LMF comprises at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; determine a target PRU based on the first information; and transmit, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a network device. The network device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or an LMF, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; and transmit, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one PRU based on the flag.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided an LMF. The LMF comprises at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: receive, from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one PRU; and transmit, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a terminal device for model performance monitoring. The terminal device comprises at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: transmit, to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; receive, from an LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided an LMF. The LMF comprises at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmit, to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a PRS that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; receive, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS; transmit, to each of one or more PRUs related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS; receive, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU; determine a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; and transmit, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a terminal device. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmitting, at a terminal device for model performance monitoring to an LMF, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; receiving, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU, wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; and performing the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by an LMF. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receiving, at an LMF from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; determining a target PRU based on the first information; and transmitting, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a network device. The method comprises: receiving, at a network device from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or an LMF, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; and transmitting, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one PRU based on the flag.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by an LMF. The method comprises: receiving, at an LMF from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one PRU; and transmitting, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by a terminal device. The method comprises: transmitting, at a terminal device to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; receiving, from an LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU; and performing the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a method of communication performed by an LMF. The method comprises: in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmitting, at an LMF to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a PRS that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; receiving, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS; transmitting, to each of one or more PRUs related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS; receiving, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU; determining a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; and transmitting, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.
[0017] In a thirteen aspect, there is provided a computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed on at least one processor, cause the at least one processor to carry out the method according to any one of the seventh to twelfth aspects above.
[0018] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0019] Through the more detailed description of some example embodiments of the present disclosure in the accompanying drawings, the above and other objects, features and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent, wherein:
[0020] FIG. 1A an example communication network in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented;
[0021] FIGS. 1B-1E illustrate some example schematics for AI / ML based positioning;
[0022] FIGS. 1F-1G illustrate example schematics for a scenario of a target UE and a PRU;
[0023] FIG. 2 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 3A illustrates an example process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIGS. 3B-3C illustrate some example schematics of a validity area;
[0026] FIG. 3D illustrates an example process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIG. 4 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 5A illustrates an example process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 5B illustrates an example scenario of some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 5C illustrates an example process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 6 illustrates a signalling chart illustrating a communication process in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a terminal device for model training in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0035] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0036] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at a terminal device for model training in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0037] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an example method implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0038] FIG. 13 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0039] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0040] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0041] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0042] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0043] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0044] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0045] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0046] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards or technologies, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Code Divided Multiple Address (CDMA) , Frequency Divided Multiple Address (FDMA) , Time Divided Multiple Address (TDMA) , Frequency Divided Duplexer (FDD) , Time Divided Duplexer (TDD) , Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) , Orthogonal Frequency Divided Multiple Access (OFDMA) , cdma2000, Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, beyond 5G (B5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, wireless local network communication protocols such as Institute for Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. The techniques described herein may be used for the wireless networks and radio technologies mentioned above as well as other wireless networks and radio technologies. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0047] As used herein, the term “terminal device” refers to any device having wireless or wired communication capabilities. Examples of terminal device include, but not limited to, user equipment (UE) , personal computers, desktops, mobile phones, cellular phones, smart phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , portable computers, tablets, wearable devices, internet of things (IoT) devices, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC) devices, Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, machine type communication (MTC) devices, device on vehicle for V2X communication where X means pedestrian, vehicle, or infrastructure / network, devices for Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , Space borne vehicles or Air borne vehicles in Non-terrestrial networks (NTN) including Satellites and High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) encompassing Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UAS) , eXtended Reality (XR) devices including different types of realities such as Augmented Reality (AR) , Mixed Reality (MR) and Virtual Reality (VR) , the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) commonly known as a drone which is an aircraft without any human pilot, devices on high speed train (HST) , or image capture devices such as digital cameras, sensors, gaming devices, music storage and playback appliances, or Internet appliances enabling wireless or wired Internet access and browsing and the like. The ‘terminal device’ can further has ‘multicast / broadcast’ feature, to support public safety and mission critical, V2X applications, transparent IPv4 / IPv6 multicast delivery, IPTV, smart TV, radio services, software delivery over wireless, group communications and IoT applications. It may also be incorporated one or multiple Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) as known as Multi-SIM. The term “terminal device” can be used interchangeably with a UE, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile terminal, a user terminal or a wireless device.
[0048] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a device which is capable of providing or hosting a cell or coverage where terminal devices can communicate. Examples of a network device include, but not limited to, a satellite, an unmanned aerial systems (UAS) platform, a Node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a next generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio head (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , an IAB node, a low power node such as a femto node, a pico node, a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) , and the like.
[0049] As used herein, the term “TRP” may refer to an antenna port or an antenna array (with one or more antenna elements) available to the network device located at a specific geographical location, or a set of geographically co-located antennas (e.g. antenna array (with one or more antenna elements) ) supporting transmission point (TP) and / or reception point (RP) functionality. For example, a network device may be coupled with multiple TRPs in different geographical locations to achieve better coverage. Alternatively, or in addition, multiple TRPs may be incorporated into a network device, or in other words, the network device may comprise the multiple TRPs. The term “TRP” may be also referred to as a cell, such as a macro-cell, a micro-cell, a small cell, a pico-cell, a femto-cell, a remote radio head, a relay node, etc. It is to be understood that the term “TRP” may refer to a logical concept which may be physically implemented by various manners. There may be an explicit TRP identification for a TRP.
[0050] In one embodiment, the terminal device may be connected with a first network device and a second network device. One of the first network device and the second network device may be a master node (MN) and the other one may be a secondary node (SN) . The first network device and the second network device may use different radio access technologies (RATs) . In one embodiment, the first network device may be a first RAT device and the second network device may be a second RAT device. In one embodiment, the first RAT device is eNB and the second RAT device is gNB. Information related with different RATs may be transmitted to the terminal device from at least one of the first network device and the second network device. In one embodiment, first information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the first network device and second information may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device. In one embodiment, information related with configuration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted from the second network device via the first network device. Information related with reconfiguration for the terminal device configured by the second network device may be transmitted to the terminal device from the second network device directly or via the first network device.
[0051] The terminal device or the network device may have Artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0052] The terminal device or the network device may work on several frequency ranges, e.g. frequency range 1 (FR1) (410 MHz –7125 MHz) , frequency range 2 (FR2) (24.25GHz to 71GHz) , frequency band larger than 100GHz as well as Tera Hertz (THz) . It can further work on licensed / unlicensed / shared spectrum. The terminal device may have more than one connection with the network device under Multi-Radio Dual Connectivity (MR-DC) application scenario. The terminal device or the network device can work on full duplex, flexible duplex and cross division duplex modes.
[0053] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed in test equipment, e.g., signal generator, signal analyzer, spectrum analyzer, network analyzer, test terminal device, test network device, or channel emulator.
[0054] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be performed according to any generation communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Examples of the communication protocols include, but not limited to, the 1G, 2G, 2.5G, 2.75G, 3G, 4G, 4.5G, 5G, 5.5G, 5G-Advanced networks, or 6G networks.
[0055] The term “circuitry” used herein may refer to hardware circuits and / or combinations of hardware circuits and software. For example, the circuitry may be a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuits with software / firmware. As a further example, the circuitry may be any portions of hardware processors with software including digital signal processor (s) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a terminal device or a network device, to perform various functions. In a still further example, the circuitry may be hardware circuits and or processors, such as a microprocessor or a portion of a microprocessor, that requires software / firmware for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As used herein, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (s) or a portion of a hardware circuit or processor (s) and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware.
[0056] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. The term “includes” and its variants are to be read as open terms that mean “includes, but is not limited to. ” The term “based on” is to be read as “based at least in part on. ” The term “one embodiment” and “an embodiment” are to be read as “at least one embodiment. ” The term “another embodiment” is to be read as “at least one other embodiment. ” The terms “first, ” “second, ” and the like may refer to different or same objects. Other definitions, explicit and implicit, may be included below.
[0057] In some examples, values, procedures, or apparatus are referred to as “best, ” “lowest, ” “highest, ” “minimum, ” “maximum, ” or the like. It will be appreciated that such descriptions are intended to indicate that a selection among many used functional alternatives can be made, and such selections need not be better, smaller, higher, or otherwise preferable to other selections.
[0058] The terminal device or the network device may have AI or ML capability. It generally includes a model which has been trained from numerous collected data for a specific function, and can be used to predict some information.
[0059] As used herein, a model may be equivalent to at least one of the following: an AI / ML model, an ML model, an AI model, a data-driven, a data processing model, an algorithm, a functionality, a procedure, a process, an entity, a function, a feature, a feature group, a model identifier (ID) , an ID, a functionality ID, a configuration ID, a scenario ID, a site ID, or a dataset ID. As a result, the above terms may be used interchangeably. An “ID” may refer to an identifier, an identity, an identification, etc.
[0060] In some embodiments, the model may be represented by or associated with a channel, a resource, a resource set, a reference signal (RS) resource, an RS resource set, an RS port, a set of RS ports, an RS port ID, or a set of RS port IDs.
[0061] In some embodiments, the model may comprise a set of weights values that may be learned during training, e.g., for a specific architecture or configuration, where a set of weights values may also be called a parameter set.
[0062] In some embodiments, the model may be used to predict a target cell, or measurements of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells in future based on at least historical measurements (e.g., layer 1 (L1) -reference signal received power (RSRP) , L1-signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) ) of a set of beams of a set of candidate cells.
[0063] In some embodiments, an input of the AI / ML model (i.e., AI input) may refer to the input of a model and indicate data inputted into the model, which may be equivalent to data.
[0064] In some embodiments, an output of AI / ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the output of a model and indicate result (s) outputted by the model, which is equivalent to label / data.
[0065] In some embodiments, “ground truth” , “ground truth label” , “ground truth label of data” , “input label” , “input data” and “data” can be used interchangeably.
[0066] In some embodiments, a ground truth label of data (or ground-truth label) for monitoring or training the ML model (i.e., AI output) may refers to the authoritative, accepted data, or true answer or outcome for AI / ML model.
[0067] In some embodiments, the ground truth can be interpreted as actual / factual (i.e. actual / factual measured) data / values / results / collections / parameters, which can be used as reference, compared to prediction or inference.
[0068] In some embodiments, the PRU is a normal terminal device with known location at some network device (e.g., LMF or gNB) .
[0069] AI / ML techniques play a significant role in enhancing the accuracy and reliability of positioning, which is particularly useful in indoor environments where global position system (GPS) signals might be weak or unavailable.
[0070] An AI / ML model may be deployed at a terminal device (such as a UE) , a network device (such as one or more gNBs or TRPs) , or a core network entity (such as an LMF) . The AI / ML model may be used for positioning, e.g. determining a positon (or location) of a UE. Some cases (case 1, case 2b, and case 3b below) are discussed as direct AI / ML positioning, and some other cases (case 2a, and case 3a below) are discussed as AI / ML assisted positioning:
[0071] · (1st priority) Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0072] · (2nd priority) Case 2b: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0073] · (1st priority) Case 3b: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with LMF-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0074] · (2nd priority) Case 2a: UE-assisted / LMF-based positioning with UE-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0075] · (1st priority) Case 3a: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with gNB-side model, AI / ML assisted positioning.
[0076] An enhancement for the accuracy of the AI / ML based positioning is a work item (WI) in release 19. An AI / ML model can be deployed at UE side, gNB side, or LMF side. A model input may be integrated information of timing, power and phase, such as channel impulse response (CIR) , power delay profile (PDP) , or delay of path (DP) . A model output may be a UE location (i.e., direct AI / ML positioning) or an intermediate measurement (i.e., AI / ML assisted positioning) .
[0077] For an AI / ML assisted positioning, the candidate output may include timing information, or light of sight (LOS) or non-line of sight (NLOS) indicator, timing information like reference signal time difference (RSTD) , downlink reference signal time of arrival (DL-RTOA) , or UE Rx-Tx time difference for DL positioning, or uplink reference signal time of arrival (UL-RTOA) or gNB Rx-Tx time difference for UL positioning.
[0078] Model performance monitoring is a critical step to ensure that the running model is efficient in the current environment. If the AI / ML model is deployed at UE side, both UE and LMF can perform the model performance monitoring, with or without the collected ground truth. If the ground truth is required to perform model performance monitoring, it is tricky to obtain the ground truth at UE side, since if the UE is capable to obtain the reliable location, it is questionable that why the AI / ML model is activated / triggered. In some cases, the PRU may be considered to assist the for UE side model as the PRU’s location is known at LMF side. In this event, how to determine an appropriate PRU for assisting the model performance monitoring at UE side should be studied in detail.
[0079] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution of communication. In the solution, a terminal device for model performance monitoring may transmit first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model, which may be used by the LMF for determining a target PRU for assisting the model performance monitoring at the terminal device. Since the first information from the terminal device is considered, the determined target PRU can be the one having similar measurements as the terminal device or being close to the terminal device. That is, an appropriate target PRU can be determined and used for assisting the model performance monitoring at the terminal device. Therefore, a performance of the positioning model can be determined more precise. Principles and implementations of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0080] FIG. 1A illustrates an example communication network 100 in which some embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. The communication network 100 may also be called as a network environment, a network system, a communication environment, a communication system, or the like, the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect. The communication network 100 includes a terminal device 110, multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-N, and an LMF 130. It should be appreciated that the LMF 130 may be a location server, which is located in the access network or in a core network. The communication network 100 further includes a PRU 140-1 and a PRU 140-2.
[0081] In the present disclosure, there may be a positioning model deployed at the terminal device 110, for example, the terminal device 110 may also be referred to as a target terminal device or a target UE or a target device.
[0082] The multiple network devices 120-1 to 120-N (N is a positive integer, e.g. N≥3) may be separately or collectively be referred to as a network device 120, which may be a gNB or a TRP. For example, N may equal to 18 or another integer.
[0083] In some examples, one of the network devices 120-1 to 120-N may be a serving network device (e.g., a serving gNB) of the terminal device 110, which can control and manage other network devices 120 (e.g., one or more TRPs) . In some other examples, there may be an independent serving gNB of the terminal device 110 which is different from any of the multiple TRPs.
[0084] The terminal devices PRU 140-1 and the PRU 140-2 may be separately or collectively be referred to as a PRU 140. In some examples, a serving gNB of the PRU 140 may be one of the network devices 120-1 to 120-N. In some other examples, a serving gNB of the PRU 140 may be a gNB that is independent from the network devices 120-1 to 120-N, as illustrated, the network device 150 is a serving gNB of the PRU 140-2.
[0085] In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate / transmit data and control information to the terminal device 110, and the terminal device 110 can also communicate / transmit data and control information to the network device 120. A link from the network device 120 to the terminal device 110 is referred to as a DL, while a link from the terminal device 110 to the network device 120 is referred to as a UL. DL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) and a Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) . UL may comprise one or more logical channels, including but not limited to a Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) and a Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) . As used herein, the term “channel” may refer to a carrier or a part of a carrier consisting of a contiguous set of resource blocks (RBs) on which a channel access procedure is performed in shared spectrum.
[0086] In the communication network 100, the terminal device 110 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an LTE positioning protocol (LPP) . In the communication network 100, the network device 120 can communicate with the LMF 130 according to any proper communication protocol, such as an NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) . It is to be understood that other protocol may also be applied and will not be listed herein.
[0087] In the communication network 100, the PRU 140 at a known location can perform positioning measurements (e.g., RSTD, RSRP, UE Rx-Tx Time Difference measurements, DL-RSCPD, DL-RSCP, etc. ) and report these measurements to a location server such as the LMF 130. In addition, the PRU 140 can transmit SRS to enable TRPs (such as part or all of the network devices 120 or some different nodes) to measure and report UL positioning measurements (e.g., RTOA, UL-AoA, gNB Rx-Tx Time Difference, UL-RSCP, etc. ) from PRU 140 at a known location. The PRU measurements can be compared by a location server with the measurements expected at the known PRU location to determine correction terms for other nearby target devices. The DL-and / or UL location measurements for other target devices can then be corrected based on the previously determined correction terms. In some examples, the PRU measurements may also be provided to the target device in the assistance data. In some examples, from a location server perspective, the PRU 140 functionality is realized by a UE with known location.
[0088] In some implementations, the PRU 140 can communicate with the LMF 130 in a manner similar as that of the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130, e.g., according to any proper communication protocol, such as LPP. It is to be noted that the PRU 140 may be with a different name, such as a positioning-assisted-UE, and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0089] Embodiments of the present disclosure can be applied to any suitable scenarios. For example, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented at reduced capability NR devices. Alternatively, embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented in one of the followings: NR multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) , NR sidelink enhancements, NR systems with frequency above 52.6GHz, an extending NR operation up to 71GHz, narrow band-Internet of Thing (NB-IOT) / enhanced Machine Type Communication (eMTC) over non-terrestrial networks (NTN) , NTN, UE power saving enhancements, NR coverage enhancement, NB-IoT and LTE-MTC, Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) , NR Multicast and Broadcast Services, or enhancements on Multi-Radio Dual-Connectivity.
[0090] It is to be understood that the numbers of devices (i.e., the terminal devices 110, the network device 120, and the PRU 140) and their connection relationships and types shown in FIG. 1A are only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitation. The communication network 100 may include any suitable numbers of devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The communication network 100 may include one or more entities which are not shown in FIG. 1A. Although the network device 150 is illustrated as a separate node, in actual scenario, the network device 150 may be one of the network devices 120-1 to 120-N, and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0091] It is to be understood that although the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 are illustrated as a mobile phone in FIG. 1A, the type of the terminal device 110 or the PRU 140 can be another type and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0092] For AI / ML-assisted positioning, a “single-TRP construction” and a “multi-TRP construction” are being discussed. Single-TRP construction: the input of the ML model is the channel measurement between the target UE and a single TRP, and the output of the ML model is for the same pair of UE and TRP. Multi-TRP construction: the input of the ML model contains N sets of channel measurements between the target UE and N (N>1) TRPs, and the output of the ML model contains N sets of values, one for each of the N TRPs.
[0093] In some cases, three constructions may be evaluated for the AI / ML assisted positioning: Single-TRP, same model for N TRPs; Single-TRP, N models for N TRPs; and Multi-TRP (i.e., one model for N TRPs) .
[0094] In some cases, there may be N TRPs (TRP 0, TRP 1, …, TRP (N-1) ) used for AI / ML based positioning, and direct AI / ML positioning (FIG. 1B) and AI / ML assisted positioning (FIGS. 1C-1E) may be evaluated. FIG. 1B illustrates an example schematic of direct AI / ML positioning with an output is the UE location. FIG. 1C illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with multi-TRP construction for model input, FIG. 1D illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with single-TRP construction for model input and one same model for N TRPs, and FIG. 1E illustrates an example schematic of AI / ML assisted positioning with single-TRP construction and N different models for N TRPs.
[0095] As shown in FIGS. 1C-1E, the AI / ML assisted positioning can be applied using input data (such as CIR, PDP, or DP) associated with one single TRP or multiple TPRs. For the former scenario, N models with different parameters or a single model may be deployed to estimate time information (e.g., time of arrival (TOA) ) for N TRPs, which may be regarded as a distributed model on each TRP. In the latter scenario, a single comprehensive model (i.e. a centralized model) utilizes the data from multiple TRPs as the input and produces the multiple TOAs corresponding to the multiple TRPs.
[0096] An information element (IE) “NR-DL-TDOA-SignalMeasurementInformation” is used by the target device to provide NR DL-TDOA measurements to the location server. The dl-PRS-ReferenceInfo defines the "RSTD reference" TRP. The nr-RSTD's and nr-RSTD-ResultDiff's in nr-DL-TDOA-MeasList are provided relative to the "RSTD reference" TRP. The "RSTD reference" TRP may or may not be the same as the "assistance data reference" TRP provided by nr-DL-PRS-ReferenceInfo in IE NR-DL-PRS-AssistanceData. The target device includes a value of zero for the nr-RSTD and nr-RSTD-ResultDiff of the "RSTD reference" TRP in nr-DL-TDOA-MeasList.
[0097] The IE NR-AdditionalPathList is used by the target device to provide information about additional paths in association to the TOA measurements associated to NR positioning in the form of a relative time difference and a quality value. The additional path nr-RelativeTimeDifference is the detected path timing relative to the detected path timing used for the TOA value, and each additional path can be associated with a quality value nr-PathQuality.
[0098] The IE NR-PRU-DL-Info is used by the location server to provide the carrier phase measurements with associated measurements and additional information reported by a PRU for UE-based DL-TDOA to a target UE.
[0099] The IE NR-PositionCalculationAssistance is used by the location server to provide assistance data including integrity information to enable UE-based downlink positioning.
[0100] It is agreed that for label-based model performance monitoring of AI / ML positioning Case 1, either a target UE or LMF can performs monitoring metric calculation. If the monitoring metric is calculated by the target UE, is can be sent from the target UE to LMF for making performance monitoring decision, in addition the LMF may inform the UE of the monitoring decision. Considering that the ground truth is difficult to be generated at the target UE, PRU is proposed to be a valid entity to assist model performance monitoring.
[0101] In some cases, if the monitoring metric is calculated by the target UE, the PRU can be used to provide measurements for model performance monitoring. For example, the PRU measurements (and the corresponding PRU location if not known at the target UE) are sent via LMF to the target UE. For example, the PRU measurements (and the corresponding PRU location if not known at the target UE) are sent from PRU to the target UE.
[0102] In some cases, if the monitoring metric is calculated by the LMF, the PRU can be used to provide measurements for model performance monitoring. For example, the PRU measurements are sent via LMF to the target UE, and the inference result (i.e., the model output corresponding to PRU measurements) is sent from the target UE to LMF.
[0103] In the event that a PRU is designated to provide the measurement for model performance monitoring, it is crucial that the measurement provided by the PRU is identical or similar to an actual measurement of the target UE. Otherwise, no matter how accurate the model output (by inputting PRU measurement) is compared to the ground truth of PRU, it will not be able to demonstrate an accuracy of the positioning model.
[0104] FIG. 1F illustrates an example schematic for a scenario of a target UE and a PRU. As illustrated, the PRU 140-2 is served by a gNB 150, and the target UE 110 is served by a gNB 120. For example, there is no overlap between coverage of gNB 150 and that of gNB 120. The PRU 140-2 and the target UE 110 experience different channel states, and thus the measurement of the PRU 140-2 cannot be used for assisting model performance monitoring. In other words, although the measurement generated by the PRU 140-2 is input into the positioning model and the output is close to the ground truth of the PRU, it does not mean that the positioning model has a positive performance.
[0105] FIG. 1G illustrates another example schematic for a scenario of a target UE and a PRU. As illustrated, the PRU 140-1 and the target UE 110 are served by a same gNB 120. The PRU 140-1 and the target UE 110 experience same or similar channel states, and thus the measurement of the PRU 140-1 can be used for assisting model performance monitoring. In other words, if the measurement generated by the PRU 140-1 is input into the positioning model and the output is close to the ground truth of the PRU, it may represent that the positioning model has a positive performance for the target UE 110.
[0106] It is clear that an appropriate PRU is crucial for the model performance monitoring, however, how to select an appropriate PRU for assisting the model performance monitoring at UE side should be studied.
[0107] In the present disclosure, “AI / ML model” is a data driven algorithm that applies AI / ML techniques to generate a set of outputs based on a set of inputs; “data collection” is a process of collecting data by the network nodes, management entity, or UE for the purpose of AI / ML model training, data analytics and inference; “model training” is a process to train an AI / ML Model by learning the input / output relationship in a data driven manner and obtain the trained AI / ML Model for inference; “model inference” is a process of using a trained AI / ML model to produce a set of outputs based on a set of inputs; “UE side model” means an AI / ML model whose inference is performed entirely at the UE; and “model performance monitoring” is a procedure that monitors the inference performance of the AI / ML model.
[0108] In the present disclosure, an entity for transmitting a PRS may be interchangeably used with one of: a TRP, a network device, a PRS, a reference TRP, a reference PRS, a reference entity, etc., and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0109] Reference is further made to FIG. 2, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 200 may involve a terminal device 110 and an LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A. It would be appreciated that the process 200 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0110] There is a positioning model deployed at the terminal device 110, for example, the positioning model has been trained using training data. In some examples, the positioning model is deployed at UE side, which may be applied for above-mentioned Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0111] In the process 200, the terminal device 110 transmits first information to the LMF 130 at 210. In some implementations, if the positioning model is triggered or activated for positioning, or if a process of model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the first information may be transmitted. In some implementations, if the positioning model is triggered or activated for positioning, or if a process of model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the terminal device 110 may receive at least one PRS from at least one network device, such as TRP (s) . For example, the received at least one PRS may be transmitted from a serving TRP and one or more neighbor TPSs. For example, the received at least one PRS may be used for generating the measurement for a model input. In some examples, the first information may be related to the at least one PRS and / or the at least one network device. In some examples, the first information may be transmitted to the LMF 130 via an LPP message which may be a dedicated LPP message or a new-defined AI / ML-specified LPP message.
[0112] In some embodiments, the at least one PRS is pre-configured, and the terminal device 110 may determine the at least one network device which is configured with this PRS resource based on the received at least one PRS. In some examples, an ID of a corresponding network device of a received PRS can be identified by the terminal device 110. If multiple PRSs are received, then multiple IDs of corresponding network devices can be identified.
[0113] In some examples, the first information at 210 may include at least one identifier associated with the at least one network device (such as at least one TRP) . In some examples, the first information may include at least one ID of the at least one network device, for example, TRP related identity (such as dl-PRS-ID) may be included. In some examples, the first information may include at least one physical cell identity of the at least one network device, for example, a physical cell identity of TRP (such as nr-PhysCellID) may be included. In some examples, the first information may include at least one new radio cell global identity (NCGI) of the at least one network device, for example, an NCGI of cell covered by a TRP (such as nr-CellGlobalID) may be included. In some examples, the first information may include at least one absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) of at least one synchronization signal block (SSB) from the at least one network device, for example, nr-ARFCN of a TRP’s SSB may be included. In some examples, the first information may include receiving power of the at least one network device, i.e., receiving power of a TRP.
[0114] In some embodiments, a plurality of PRSs from a plurality of network devices (e.g., TRPs) may be received by the terminal device 110, and the terminal device 110 may measure receiving power of each PRS. For example, the plurality of PRSs are related to a correction for the model performance monitoring. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may determine a plurality of priorities for the plurality of PRSs respectively. For example, a first PRS with strongest receiving power, among the plurality of configured PRSs for a gNB, may be regarded as a first priority PRS. For example, the first priority PRS may be transmitted from a serving network device (e.g., serving gNB) of the terminal device 110, that is, the first priority PRS may be configured for the serving gNB. For example, a second PRS with second strongest receiving power, among the plurality of configured PRSs for a gNB, may be regarded as a second priority PRS.
[0115] In some examples, the first information at 210 may indicate the plurality of priorities of the plurality of PRSs respectively. In some examples, the first information at 210 may include a plurality of identifiers of the plurality of PRSs with the plurality of priorities. In some examples, the first information at 210 may include required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs.
[0116] For example, for a PRS-x (or x-th priority PRS) , the first information may include an ID of the PRS-x, which may be implemented as at least one of: dl-PRS-ID, DL-PRS Resource Set ID, or a DL-PRS Resource ID. For example, for a PRS-x (or x-th priority PRS) , the required minimum receiving power may be a required minimum receiving power for receiving the PRS-x at a desired PRU.
[0117] For example, regarding the first priority PRS, if a PRU can receive the first priority PRS with corresponding required minimum receiving power, then the PRU can be regarded as the one that can provide measurement (s) for assisting model performance monitoring at the terminal device 110.
[0118] After receiving the first information, the LMF 130 determines a target PRU at 220. In some implementations, a location of the target PRU is known by the LMF 130.
[0119] In some embodiments, the first information may include at least one identifier associated with the at least one network device (such as at least one TRP) for transmitting at least one PRS. In some examples, the LMF 130 may determine one or more candidates for the target PRU. In some examples, if a PRU meets at least one of the following conditions, the PRU may be determined as a candidate for the target PRU: a validity area of assistance data for the PRU is overlapped with coverage area of a serving network device that serves the terminal device, and receiving power of the at least one PRS at the PRU exceeds a threshold optionally, or the one or more network devices within the validity area of the PRS comprises the serving network device that serves the terminal device.
[0120] The validity area of assistance data for a PRU may be defined by an IE “assistanceDataValidityArea” as shown below, and may represent a network area in which NR-DL-TDOA-ProvideAssistanceData is valid.
[0121] The IE AreaID-CellList provides the NR Cell-IDs of the TRPs belonging to a particular network area where the associated assistance data are valid. Each cell is included in only one area.
[0122] For example, take a PRU-1 as an example, assuming that the first information includes an ID of TRP 0, if a validity area of assistance data (i.e., assistanceDataValidityArea or AreaID-CellList) for the PRU-1 is associated with one or more gNBs, and the one or more gNBs includes the TRP 0. If the TRP 0 is the serving TRP of the terminal device 110, PRU-1 can be taken as a candidate for the target PRU.
[0123] For example, take a PRU-2 as an example, if a validity area of assistance data for the PRU-2 is associated with one or more gNBs, and the one or more gNBs includes the TRP 0. Supposing the TRP 0 is the serving TRP of the terminal device 110, if receiving power of a PRS (that is transmitted by TRP 0) at the PRU-2 exceeds a threshold, then PRU-2 can be taken as a candidate for the target PRU.
[0124] In some embodiments, the first information may indicate a plurality of priorities of the plurality of PRSs respectively. In some examples, a plurality of types may be defined for PRUs, and the plurality of types may be associated with a predefined order. In some examples, the LMF 130 may determine the target PRU based on the predefined order. For example, the plurality of types includes a first type, a second type, a third type, and a fourth type.
[0125] For example, a first type of PRU can receive all priorities PRUs (that indicated by the first information) with receiving power larger than required minimum receiving power. For example, a second type of PRU can receive a first priority PRS with strongest receiving power among all received PRUs and with receiving power larger than corresponding required minimum receiving power. For example, a third type of PRU can receive a first priority PRS with receiving power larger than corresponding required minimum receiving power. For example, a fourth type of PRU can receive another priority PRS (e.g., a second priority PRS, a third priority PRS, etc. other than the first priority PRS) with receiving power larger than corresponding required minimum receiving power. For example, the first priority PRS may be configured for the gNB that serves the terminal device 110. It is understood that the plurality of types are specific to the terminal device 110, that is, a first type of PRU for the terminal device 110 may be a different type of PRU for a different terminal device.
[0126] In some examples, a PRU with a highest order can be taken as the target PRU. For example, if a first PRU with a first type exists, then the LMF 130 may determine that the first PRU (e.g., type-1 PRU) is the target PRU. For example, if there is no PRU with a first type exists and a second PRU with a second type exists, then the LMF 130 may determine that the second PRU (e.g., type-2 PRU) is the target PRU. For example, if there is no PRU with a first or second type exists and a third PRU with a third type exists, then the LMF 130 may determine that the third PRU (e.g., type-3 PRU) is the target PRU.
[0127] In the process 200, the LMF 130 transmits second information associated with the target PRU to the terminal device 110 at 230. In some implementations, the second information may include a first measurement of the target PRU. For example, the LMF 130 may obtain the first measurement from the target PRU. Alternatively, the second information may further include a location of the target PRU. For example, the location of the target PRU is unknown at the terminal device 110, and the LMF 130 transmits the first measurement of the target PRU and the location of the target PRU to the terminal device 110 by the second information.
[0128] In some embodiments, the second information may further indicate a specific type of the target PRU. For example, the specific type may be one of: the first type, the second type, the third type, or the fourth type discussed above. For example, the second information may indicate that a PRU with a further type (that is before the specific type in the predefined order) does not exist. For instance, if the specific type is a second type, it means there is no PRU with the first type in existence. For instance, if the specific type is a third type, it means there is no PRU with the first or second type in existence. For instance, if the specific type is a fourth type, it means there is no PRU with the first or second or third type in existence.
[0129] In addition, the model performance monitoring is performed at 240 based on the first measurement. In some implementations, the first measurement of the target PRU is input into the positioning model, and an output is obtained by the terminal device 110. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may determine a monitoring metric based on the output and the location of the target PRU. In some embodiments, the terminal device 110 may transmit the output to the LMF 130, and the LMF 130 may further determine a monitoring metric based on the output and the location of the target PRU.
[0130] Accordingly, the target PRU can be determined by the LMF 130 based on the first information from the terminal device 110, and the determined target PRU can be the one having similar measurements as the terminal device or being close to the terminal device. That is, an appropriate target PRU can be determined and used for assisting the model performance monitoring at the terminal device.
[0131] FIG. 3A illustrates an example process 310 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 310 involves the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130.
[0132] In the process 310, as a positioning model is triggered or activated to infer UE position or the process of model performance monitoring is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits at least one TRP identity via LPP message at 311. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may receive configured PRS (s) and identify corresponding TRP (s) of the received PRS (s) .
[0133] For example, the at least one TRP may transmit at least one PRS to the terminal device 110. For example, the at least one TRP may include a serving gNB of the terminal device 110. For example, a TRP identity may be at least one of: a TRP related identity, i.e., dl-PRS-ID; a physical cell identity of TRP, i.e., nr-PhysCellID; NCGI of cell covered by at least the TRP, i.e., nr-CellGlobalID; nr-ARFCN of the TRP’s SSB; or receiving power of this PRS. It is to be noted that if multiple TRPs are identified by the terminal device 110, then multiple TRP identities can be provided to the LMF 130.
[0134] After receiving the LPP message from the terminal device 110, the LMF 130 identified a target PRU at 312. For example, a validity area of assistance data for the target PRU may contain at least a gNB (s) that may be overlapped or included a TRP indicated by the terminal device 110. For example, a validity area of assistance data for the target PRU may contain at least a gNB (s) that may be overlapped or included a gNB that ser the terminal device 110, and receiving power of a corresponding PRS exceeds a threshold. For example, the terminal device 110 is located within the validity area of assistance data for the target PRU. For example, a serving gNB of the terminal device 110 is located within the validity area of assistance data for the target PRU. In some examples, there may be multiple candidates for the target PRU.
[0135] FIG. 3B illustrates an example schematic of a validity area 320. As illustrated, the validity area of the PRU 140 may be a coverage area of gNB1 to gNB 4, and the target UE 110 is outside the validity area 320. In this case, the PRU 140 cannot be taken as a target PRU for the UE 110.
[0136] FIG. 3C illustrates an example schematic of a validity area 330. As illustrated, the validity area of the PRU 140 may be a coverage area of gNB1 to gNB 4, and the target UE 110 is located within the validity area 330. In this case, the PRU 140 can be taken as a target PRU for the UE 110.
[0137] In the process 310, the LMF 130 may transmit a PRU measurement and optional a PRU location to the terminal device 110 at 313, e.g., via another LPP message. In some examples, one of candidates may be selected as a target PRU, and the measurement (and optional a location) of the target PRU may be provided to the terminal device 110. In some examples, multiple measurements of multiple candidates can be transmitted from the LMF 130 to the terminal device 110 at 313.
[0138] The terminal device 110 performs model inference by inputting the PRU measurement into the positioning model at 314. Accordingly, a model output can be obtained. In addition, the model performance monitoring can be performed at 315. For example, the terminal device 110 determines a monitoring metric, or transmits the model output to the LMF 130.
[0139] According to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, a validity area provided in PRU’s assistance data is considered, and a correlation between a target PRU and the terminal device may be determined. In the event that the terminal device 110 receives a PRS which is transmitted by a TRP that is within the validity area of a PRU’s assistance data, it can be considered that the terminal device 110 and the PRU may be not far apart in space, thus a measurement of the PRU may be similar with that of the terminal device 110 and can be used for assisting the model performance monitoring. As discussed, the process related to the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130, thus there is little impact for the PRU.
[0140] FIG. 3D illustrates an example process 340 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 340 involves the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130.
[0141] In the process 340, as a positioning model is triggered or activated to infer UE position or the process of model performance monitoring is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits at least one PRS identity and required minimum receiving power via LPP message at 341. In some examples, the terminal device 110 may measure receiving power of all PRSs from TRPs that are involved in the generation of model input, and may report this information to the LMF 130.
[0142] In some examples, the LPP message at 341 may include a priority of the received PRS which is related to the correlation between the measurement of the terminal device 110 and PRU. For example, the following may be included:
[0143] ● a first priority PRS, which is indicated by dl-PRS-ID, DL-PRS Resource Set ID, or a DL-PRS Resource ID, and required minimum receiving power at the PRU side optionally;
[0144] ● a second priority PRS, which is indicated by dl-PRS-ID, DL-PRS Resource Set ID, or a DL-PRS Resource ID, and required minimum receiving power at the PRU side optionally;
[0145] ● etc.
[0146] After receiving the LPP message from the terminal device 110, the LMF 130 categorizes all PRUs at 342. In some examples, a plurality of types may be considered.
[0147] For example, a type-1 PRU may receive all priorities PRS with required minimum receiving power. For example, a type-2 PRU may receive the first priority PRS with strongest receiving power among all PRUs, and with receiving power above the required minimum receiving power. For example, a type-3 PRU may receive the first priority PRS with required minimum receiving power. For example, a type-4 PRU may receive other priorities rather than the first priority PRS with required minimum receiving power. It is to be noted that the classification of PRUs at the LMF 130 is specific to the terminal device 110.
[0148] In the process 340, the LMF 130 transmits a PRU measurement and optional a PRU location to the terminal device 110 at 313, e.g., via another LPP message.
[0149] In some examples, the LMF 130 sends the measurement of type-1 PRU (and optional this PRU’s location) to the terminal device 110 for model performance monitoring. In some examples, if there is no PRU that can be categorized as type-1 PRU, the LMF 130 sends the measurement of type-2 PRU (and optional this PRU’s location) to the terminal device 110. In some examples, if there is no PRU that can be categorized as type-1 PRU or type-2 PRU, the LMF 130 sends the measurement of type-3 PRU (and optional this PRU’s location) to the terminal device 110. In some examples, if there is no PRU that can be categorized as type-1 PRU or type-2 PRU or type-3 PRU, the LMF 130 sends the measurement of type-4 PRU (and optional this PRU’s location) to the terminal device 110. In some examples, an indication of the PRU type may be further provided to the terminal device 110 along with the PRU measurement.
[0150] The terminal device 110 performs model inference by inputting the PRU measurement into the positioning model at 344. Accordingly, a model output can be obtained. In addition, the model performance monitoring can be performed at 345. For example, the terminal device 110 determines a monitoring metric, or transmits the model output to the LMF 130.
[0151] According to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, receiving power of PRS transmitted from the TRP is considered, and a correlation between a target PRU and the terminal device may be determined. In the event that a PRU can receive the PRS from the TRP that involved in the generation of target UE’s measurement for input with the receiving power exceeding a specific level (e.g., a required minimum receiving power) , this PRU can be regard as a candidate PRU to assist the model performance monitoring. For example, if a PRU is categorized as a type-1 PRU, the measurement of this PRU will be very similar with target UE’s measurement, and choosing this PRU to assist the monitoring performance monitoring will be reasonable. In addition, type-2 PRU, type-3 PRU, and type-4 PRU are also considered so as to provide a fallback PRU for assisting the model performance monitoring.
[0152] Reference is further made to FIG. 4, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 400 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 400 may involve a terminal device 110, a network device 120, and an LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A. It would be appreciated that the process 400 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0153] There is a positioning model deployed at the terminal device 110, for example, the positioning model has been trained using training data. In some examples, the positioning model is deployed at UE side, which may be applied for above-mentioned Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0154] In the process 400, the terminal device 110 or the LMF 130 transmits a flag to the network device 120. As illustrated, the terminal device 110 transmits the flag to the network device 120 at 412, or the LMF 130 transmits the flag to the network device 120 at 414. In some implementations, the flag may indicate that the positioning model is triggered or activate, or indicate that a process of model performance monitoring is triggered.
[0155] In some examples, if the positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits the flag to the network device 120 (e.g., the serving gNB of the terminal device 110) . For example, the flag from the terminal device 110 may be transmitted via a UL MAC CE or a UCI.
[0156] In some examples, if the positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits the flag to the LMF 130, and the LMF 130 further transmit the flag to the network device 120. For example, the flag may be transmitted to one or more gNBs (or TRPs) that involved in the measurement generation for model input. For example, the flag from the LMF 130 may be transmitted via an NRPPa message.
[0157] In the process 400, the network device 120 transmits information about the network device 120 or at least one PRU to the LMF 130 at 420. In some implementations, if the network device 120 is capable of identifying the at least one PRU, the information about the at least one PRU may be transmitted. For example, the at least one PRU may be served by the network device 120. For example, the information may include at least one identity of the at least one PRU served by the network device 120. In some implementations, the information may include an identity of the network device 120, such as dl-PRS-ID, nr-PhysCellID, nr-CellGlobalID, and / or nr-ARFCN.
[0158] In the process 400, the LMF 130 determines a target PRU at 430. In some embodiments, the target PRU may include the at least one PRU indicated by the network device 120. In some embodiments, the target PRU and the terminal device 110 are served by a same serving network device. In some embodiments, a distance between the target PRU and the network device 120 is less than a threshold. In some embodiments, a validity area of assistance data for the target PRU is associated with one or more gNBs, and the one or more gNBs includes a gNB that serves the terminal device 110.
[0159] In the process 400, the LMF 130 transmits second information associated with the target PRU to the terminal device 110 at 440. In addition, the model performance monitoring is performed at 450 based on the first measurement. Details of the operations 440 and 450 may refer to those discussed with reference to 230 and 240 in FIG. 2, and thus will not be repeated herein.
[0160] FIG. 5A illustrates an example process 510 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 510 involves the terminal device 110, the network device 120, and the LMF 130.
[0161] In the process 510, as a positioning model is triggered or activated to infer UE position or the process of model performance monitoring is triggered, the terminal device 110 may transmit a flag to the network device 120 via a UL MAC CE or UCI at 511, or the LMF 130 may transmit a flag to the network device 120 via a new NRPPa message.
[0162] For example, the terminal device 110 may transmit the flag to its serving gNB. For example, the LMF 130 may transmit the flag to gNB (s) that involved in the measurement generation for model input.
[0163] The network device 120, after receiving the flag, transmits at least one PRU identity or gNB identity to the LMF 130 at 513, e.g., via an NRPPa message. For example, at least one PRU identity may be provided if the network device is capable of identifying PRU (s) . for example, the identity of the network device 120 itself may be provided, such as dl-PRS-ID, nr-PhysCellID, nr-CellGlobalID, and / or nr-ARFCN.
[0164] The LMF 130 transmits PRU measurement (and optional PRU location) to the terminal device 110 at 514, e.g., via an LPP message. For example, the at least one PRU identity indicated by the network device 120 may be used directly, for example, at least one measurement of the at least one PRU may be provided to the terminal device 110. For example, a PRU located close to the network device 120 may be identified by the LMF 130, and a measurement of the identified PRU may be provided to the terminal device 110. In some examples, the location of the target PRU is unknown at the terminal device 110, and the LMF 130 transmits the measurement of the target PRU and the location of the target PRU to the terminal device 110 by the second information.
[0165] For example, a PRU served by the network device 120 (which is a serving gNB of the terminal device 110) may be identified, and a measurement of the identified PRU may be provided to the terminal device 110. An example scenario 520 is illustrated in FIG. 5B, the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 are served by a same serving gNB, and the PRU 140 can be designated for providing measurement for assisting the model performance monitoring.
[0166] For example, a validity area of assistance data for an identified PRU is associated with one or more gNBs, and the one or more gNBs includes a serving gNB of the terminal device 110, and a measurement of the identified PRU may be provided to the terminal device 110.
[0167] It is to be appreciated that multiple measurements of multiple PRUs (and optional multiple locations of the multiple PRUs) may be provided by the LMF 130, and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0168] The terminal device 110 performs model inference by inputting the PRU measurement into the positioning model at 515. Accordingly, a model output can be obtained. In addition, the model performance monitoring can be performed at 516. For example, the terminal device 110 determines a monitoring metric, or transmits the model output to the LMF 130.
[0169] According to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, the network device 120 that serves the terminal device 110 may provide its information to the LMF 130, and the LMF 130 identifies a PRU that is also served by the network device 120, and designates this PRU for providing measurement for assisting the model performance monitoring. In this solution, the terminal device 110 and the PRU may be served by a same serving gNB, which means they are not far apart in space or they experience similar channel state, thus a measurement of the PRU may be similar with that of the terminal device 110 and can be used for assisting the model performance monitoring. As discussed, the process related to the terminal device 110 and the LMF 130, thus there is little impact for the PRU.
[0170] FIG. 5C illustrates an example process 530 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 530 involves the terminal device 110, the network device 120, the PRU 140, and the LMF 130. The process 530 includes operations 511 / 512, 533-538, and 514-516. Details of the operations 511 / 512 and 514-516 may refer to those discussed with reference to FIG. 5A, and thus will not be repeated herein.
[0171] The network device 120 may transmit a CSI configuration to the terminal device 110 at 533, if necessary. The terminal device 110 may further transmit a CSI report to the network device 120 at 536. The network device 120 may transmit a CSI configuration to each PRU 140 of a plurality of PRUs at 534, if necessary. The PRU 140 may further transmit a CSI report to the network device 120 at 535. For example, after receiving the flag, a CSI configuration may be triggered to the terminal device 110 and all PRUs in the serving cell.
[0172] In some examples, a measuring timing and / or a reporting timing may be indicated by the network device 120. For example, the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 may determine the CSI report and transmit the CSI report almost at a same time.
[0173] In some examples, the CSI report at 535 or 536 may include some or all of the following: a measurement result, beam information (e.g., a beam direction) , or other channel feature information (e.g., CIR / PDP / DP) .
[0174] In some examples, the CSI report at 535 or 536 may be replaced by another message, such as a report with channel information or a channel feature report, and the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0175] The network device 120 may select at least one PRU for assisting model performance monitoring at 537. For example, the at least one PRU has a measurement most similar to the terminal device 110. For example, the channel states of the terminal device 110 and the at least one PRU are similar. For example, the at least one PRU may be K PRUs among a plurality of PRUs. For instance, a plurality of measurements of the plurality of PRUs may be obtained, and K measurements that are most similar with the measurement of the terminal device 110 may be determined, accordingly K PRUs corresponding to the K measurements can be determined. For instance, the value of K may be indicated by the terminal device 110 (e.g., at 511 or at an independent step) or by the LMF 130 (e.g., at 512 or at an independent step) . For example, the at least one PRU may be a target PRU.
[0176] The network device 120 transmits at least one PRU identity to the LMF 130 at 538, e.g., via an NAPPa message.
[0177] According to some example embodiments of the present disclosure, channel states of the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 may be considered by the network device 120 for determining a PRU for assisting model performance monitoring. In this solution, the channel estimation of the terminal device 110 and the PRU 140 may be used in real time, adapting to the changing channel environment.
[0178] Reference is further made to FIG. 6, which illustrates a signalling chart illustrating communication process 600 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. The process 600 may involve a terminal device 110, a network device 120, a PRU 140, and an LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A. It would be appreciated that the process 600 may be applied to other communication scenarios, which will not be described in detail.
[0179] There is a positioning model deployed at the terminal device 110, for example, the positioning model has been trained using training data. In some examples, the positioning model is deployed at UE side, which may be applied for above-mentioned Case 1: UE-based positioning with UE-side model, direct AI / ML positioning.
[0180] In the process 600, as a positioning model is triggered or activated to infer UE position or the process of model performance monitoring is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits a flag to the LMF 130 at 610. In some examples, the flag may be a model triggered flag or a model activated flag, which may be transmitted via an LPP message.
[0181] The LMF 130 may transmit a request for measurement of a PRS to the terminal device 110 at 620, e.g., via LPP RequestLocationInformation. Accordingly, the terminal device 110 may transmit a first measurement to the LMF 130 at 625. For example, the first measurement of the PRS measured by the terminal device 110 (where the measurement of this PRS is associated with a model input of the positioning model) may be received by the LMF 130.
[0182] The LMF 130 may transmit a request for reporting the measurement of the PRS of each PRU 140 of a plurality of PRUs at 630, e.g., via ProvideAssistanceData. Accordingly, the PRU 140 may transmit a second measurement to the LMF 130 at 635. In some examples, the LMF 130 may transmit a message comprising a configuration of the PRS to each of the plurality of PRUs. For example, the second measurement of the PRS by each PRU 140 (where the PRS is associated with a model input of the positioning model) may be received by the LMF 130.
[0183] In addition or alternatively, the LMF 130 may transmit a request for channel estimation to the network device 120 at 640, e.g., via an NRPPa message. For example, the LMF 130 may request a channel estimation of the PRU 140 and a channel estimation of the terminal device 110. Accordingly, the network device 120 may transmit the channel estimation (s) to the LMF 130 at 645. It is to be noted that although the network device 120 is illustrated in FIG. 6, it does not mean that the network device 120 can provide both the channel estimation of the PRU 140 and the channel estimation of the terminal device 110.
[0184] In some examples, a serving gNB of the terminal device 110 (such as gNB 1) may be different from a serving gNB of the PRU 140 (such as gNB 2) . In some examples, the LMF 130 may request gNB 1 to provide the channel estimation of the terminal device 110. In some examples, the LMF 130 may request gNB 2 to provide the channel estimation of the PRU 140.
[0185] In some examples, a serving gNB of one PRU (such as gNB 2) may be different from a serving gNB of a further PRU (such as gNB 3) . In some examples, the LMF 130 may request gNB 2 to provide the channel estimation of the one PRU, and may request gNB 3 to provide the channel estimation of the further PRU.
[0186] It is to be noted that the operations 620, 630, and 640 may be performed in any order or may be performed in a same time, the present disclosure does not limit for this aspect.
[0187] In the process 600, the LMF 130 determine a target PRU at 650. In some examples, the LMF 130 may determine whether there exists a PRU with a measurement and / or channel estimation that is similar as the terminal device 110. In some examples, a PRU with a measurement and / or channel estimation that is similar as the terminal device 110 may be taken as the target PRU, which is assumed to be close to the terminal device 110 or is overlapped with the location of the terminal device 110.
[0188] In the process 600, the LMF 130 may transmit a location of the target PRU to the terminal device 110 at 660. For example, the location of the target PRU is unknown at the terminal device 110, and the LMF 130 transmits the location of the target PRU to the terminal device 110 at 660. In some examples, an indication may further be transmitted from the LMF 130 to the terminal device 110, where the indication may indicate that the location of the target PRU is to be used as a ground truth. In some examples, the location of the target PRU will be regarded as a ground truth of the location of the terminal device 110 (i.e. UE location) .
[0189] The terminal device 110 determines a monitoring metric at 670. In some examples, the first measurement of the terminal device 110 may be input into the positioning model, and a model output may be obtained. In addition, the monitoring metric can be determined based on the model output and the ground truth (i.e., the location of the target PRU provided by the LMF 130) .
[0190] According to some embodiments discussed with reference to FIG. 6, a monitoring metric can be determined by contrasting the PRU location and the model output which is based on a UE measurement. In the solution, the PRU location is assumed as the ground truth of target UE, and the LMF reckons that the target PRU is close to or overlapped with the target UE geographically.
[0191] It is to be appreciated that the processes described above are only for illustration without any limitation. In some examples, one or more steps may be omitted or combined or modified. In some examples, one or more additional steps may be added. One or more steps in a process may be combined into another process. It is to be understood that some further embodiments may be obtained and are still in the protection scope of the present disclosure.
[0192] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the terminal device may be the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1A which has a deployed AI / ML positioning model.
[0193] At block 710, in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the terminal device 110 transmits, to an LMF, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model. At block 720, the terminal device 110 receives, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU, wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information. At block 730, the terminal device 110 performs the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0194] It should be noted that the method 700 may include various other operations which may be performed by the terminal device 110 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-3D.
[0195] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 800 implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the LMF may be the LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0196] At block 810, in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, the LMF 130 receives, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model. At block 820, the LMF determines a target PRU based on the first information. At block 830, the LMF 130 transmits, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0197] It should be noted that the method 800 may include various other operations which may be performed by the LMF 130 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-3D.
[0198] FIG. 9 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 900 implemented at a network device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the network device may be the network device 120 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0199] At block 910, the network device 120 receives, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or an LMF, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered. At block 920, the network device 120 transmits, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one PRU based on the flag.
[0200] It should be noted that the method 900 may include various other operations which may be performed by the network device 120 as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0201] FIG. 10 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1000 implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the LMF may be the LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0202] At block 1010, the LMF 130 receive, from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one PRU. At block 1020, the LMF 130 transmits, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0203] It should be noted that the method 1000 may include various other operations which may be performed by the LMF 130 as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0204] FIG. 11 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1100 implemented at a terminal device in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the terminal device may be the terminal device 110 with reference to FIG. 1A which has a deployed AI / ML positioning model.
[0205] At block 1110, the terminal device 110 transmits, to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered. At block 1120, the terminal device receives, from an LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU. At block 1130, the terminal device 110 performs the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0206] It should be noted that the method 1100 may include various other operations which may be performed by the terminal device 110 as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0207] FIG. 12 illustrates a flowchart of an example method 1200 implemented at an LMF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For example, the LMF may be the LMF 130 with reference to FIG. 1A.
[0208] At block 1210, in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, the LMF 130 transmits, to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a PRS that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device. At block 1220, the LMF 130 receives, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS. At block 1230, the LMF 130 transmits, to each of one or more PRUs related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS. At block 1240, the LMF 130 receives, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU. At block 1250, the LMF 130 determines a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement. At block 1260, the LMF 130 transmits, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.
[0209] It should be noted that the method 1200 may include various other operations which may be performed by the LMF 130 as described above with reference to FIG. 6.
[0210] Details of some embodiments according to the present disclosure have been described with reference to FIGS. 1A-12. Now an example implementation of the device deployed with at least one positioning model will be discussed below.
[0211] In some example embodiments, a terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmit, to an LMF, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; receive, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU, wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0212] It should be noted that the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-3D.
[0213] In some example embodiments, an LMF comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; determine a target PRU based on the first information; and transmit, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0214] It should be noted that the LMF comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 2-3D.
[0215] In some example embodiments, a network device comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or an LMF, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; and transmit, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one PRU based on the flag.
[0216] It should be noted that the network device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0217] In some example embodiments, an LMF comprises circuitry configured to: receive, from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one PRU; and transmit, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0218] It should be noted that the LMF comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0219] In some example embodiments, a terminal device comprises circuitry configured to: transmit, to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; receive, from an LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0220] It should be noted that the terminal device comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIGS. 4-5C.
[0221] In some example embodiments, an LMF comprises circuitry configured to: in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmit, to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a PRS that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; receive, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS; transmit, to each of one or more PRUs related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS; receive, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU; determine a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; and transmit, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.
[0222] It should be noted that the LMF comprises circuitry configured to perform various other operations as described above with reference to FIG. 6.
[0223] FIG. 13 illustrates a simplified block diagram of a device 1300 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 1300 can be considered as a further example implementation of the terminal device 110, the network device 120, or the LMF 130 as described above. Accordingly, the device 1300 can be implemented at or as at least a part of the terminal device 110 or the network device 120 or the LMF 130 as shown in FIG. 1A.
[0224] As shown, the device 1300 includes a processor 1310, a memory 1320 coupled to the processor 1310, a suitable transceiver 1340 coupled to the processor 1310, and a communication interface coupled to the transceiver 1340. The memory 1320 stores at least a part of a program 1330. The transceiver 1340 may be for bidirectional communications or a unidirectional communication based on requirements. The transceiver 1340 may include at least one of a transmitter and a receiver. The transmitter and the receiver may be functional modules or physical entities. The transceiver 1340 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication, though in practice an Access Node mentioned in this application may have several ones. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements, such as X2 / Xn interface for bidirectional communications between eNBs / gNBs, S1 / NG interface for communication between a Mobility Management Entity (MME) / Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) / serving gateway (SGW) / user plane function (UPF) and the eNB / gNB, Un interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a relay node (RN) , or Uu interface for communication between the eNB / gNB and a terminal device.
[0225] The program 1330 is assumed to include program instructions that, when executed by the associated processor 1310, enable the device 1300 to operate in accordance with the embodiments of the present disclosure, as discussed herein with reference to FIGS. 1A-12. The embodiments herein may be implemented by computer software executable by the processor 1310 of the device 1300, or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. The processor 1310 may be configured to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure. Furthermore, a combination of the processor 1310 and memory 1320 may form processing means 1350 adapted to implement various embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0226] The memory 1320 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as a non-transitory computer readable storage medium, semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory, as non-limiting examples. While only one memory 1320 is shown in the device 1300, there may be several physically distinct memory modules in the device 1300. The processor 1310 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 1300 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0227] In summary, embodiments of the present disclosure may provide the following solutions.
[0228] The present disclosure provides a terminal device for model performance monitoring, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to:in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmit, to an LMF, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; receive, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU, wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0229] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the first information comprises at least one of the following: at least one ID of the at least one network device associated with the at least one PRS, at least one physical cell identity of the at least one network device for transmitting the at least one PRS, at least one NCGI of the at least one network device, at least one ARFCN of at least one SSB from the at least one network device, or receiving power of the at least one network device.
[0230] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the first information comprises a plurality of identifiers of a plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities and the required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs related to a correction for the model performance monitoring.
[0231] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the second information further comprises a specific type of the target PRU which is one of a plurality of types with a predefined order, wherein the second information indicates that a further PRU with a further type that is before the specific type in the order does not exist, and wherein the plurality of types comprise: a first type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities, a second type indicating that the target PRU has strongest receiving power for the first priority PRS among a plurality of PRUs and meets required minimum receiving power of a first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs, a third type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs, and a fourth type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of at least one further priority PRS other than the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs.
[0232] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the first priority PRS is configured for a serving network device of the terminal device.
[0233] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the second information further comprises a location of the target PRU.
[0234] The present disclosure provides an LMF, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one PRS received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model; determine a target PRU based on the first information; and transmit, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0235] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the first information comprises at least one of the following: at least one ID of the at least one network device associated with the at least one PRS, at least one physical cell identity of the at least one network device for transmitting the at least one PRS, at least one NCGI of the at least one network device, at least one ARFCN of at least one SSB from the at least one network device, or receiving power of the at least one network device.
[0236] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is configured to cause the LMF to: in accordance with a determination that a PRU meets at least one of the following conditions, determining that the PRU is a candidate for the target PRU: a validity area of assistance data for the PRU is overlapped with coverage area of a serving network device that serves the terminal device, receiving power of the at least one PRS at the PRU exceeds a threshold, or the one or more network devices comprises the serving network device that serves the terminal device.
[0237] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the first information comprises a plurality of identifiers of a plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities and the required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs related to a correction for the model performance monitoring.
[0238] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the second information further comprises a specific type of the target PRU which is one of a plurality of types with a predefined order, wherein the second information indicates that a further PRU with a further type that is before the specific type in the order does not exist, and wherein the plurality of types comprise: a first type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities, a second type indicating that the target PRU has strongest receiving power for the first priority PRS among a plurality of PRUs and meets required minimum receiving power of a first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs, a third type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs, and a fourth type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of at least one further priority PRS other than the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs.
[0239] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the first priority PRS is configured for a serving network device of the terminal device.
[0240] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the second information further comprises a location of the target PRU.
[0241] The present disclosure provides a network device, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device at least to: receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or an LMF, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; and transmit, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one PRU based on the flag.
[0242] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the information comprises at least one of the following: at least one ID of the at least one PRU served by the network device, or an ID of the network device.
[0243] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to: transmit, to each of the terminal device and a plurality of candidate PRUs, a configuration for channel estimation; receive, from each of the terminal device and the plurality of candidate PRUs, a channel feature report; and determine the at least one PRU from the plurality of candidate PRUs based on received channel feature reports.
[0244] In one embodiment, the network device as above, the at least one PRU has a measurement most similar to the terminal device.
[0245] The present disclosure provides an LMF, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: receive, from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one PRU; and transmit, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.
[0246] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the information comprises at least one of the following: at least one ID of the at least one PRU served by the network device, or an ID of the network device.
[0247] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to: transmit, to the network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered.
[0248] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the target PRU comprises the at least one PRU.
[0249] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to: determine, from the at least one PRU, the target PRU, wherein the target PRU and the terminal device are served by a same serving network device, or wherein a distance between the target PRU and the network device is less than a threshold.
[0250] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to: in accordance with a determination that a PRU meets at least one of the following conditions, determining that the PRU is a candidate for the target PRU: a validity area of assistance data for the PRU is overlapped with coverage area of a serving network device that serves the terminal device, wherein the assistance data is associated with one or more network devices, receiving power of the at least one PRS at the PRU exceeds a threshold, or the one or more network devices comprises the serving network device that serves the terminal device.
[0251] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the second information further comprises a location of the target PRU.
[0252] The present disclosure provides a terminal device for model performance monitoring, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device at least to: transmit, to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; receive, from an LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU; and perform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.
[0253] In one embodiment, the terminal device as above, the second information further comprises a location of the target PRU.
[0254] The present disclosure provides an LMF, comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF at least to: in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmit, to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a PRS that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device; receive, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS; transmit, to each of one or more PRUs related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS; receive, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU; determine a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; and transmit, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.
[0255] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to: transmit, to a serving network device of each of the terminal device and the one or more PRUs, a request for channel information of each of the terminal device and the one or more PRUs.
[0256] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to: receive, from the terminal device, a flag indicating that the positioning model is triggered for positioning or the process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered.
[0257] In one embodiment, the LMF as above, the position of the target PRU is close to or is overlapped with a position of the terminal device.
[0258] The present disclosure provides a method of communication, comprising the operations implemented at one of: the terminal device, the LMF, or the network device.
[0259] The present disclosure provides a device, comprising: a processor; and a memory storing computer program codes; the memory and the computer program codes configured to, with the processor, cause the device to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device, the LMF, or the network device discussed above.
[0260] The present disclosure provides a non-transitory computer readable storage medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device, the LMF, or the network device discussed above.
[0261] The present disclosure provides a computer program product having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the method implemented at one of: the terminal device, the LMF, or the network device discussed above.
[0262] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representation, it will be appreciated that the blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0263] The present disclosure also provides at least one computer program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory computer readable storage medium. The computer program product includes computer-executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out the process or method as described above. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0264] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0265] The above program code may be embodied on a machine readable medium, which may be any tangible medium that may contain, or store a program for use by or in connection with an instruction execution system, apparatus, or device. The machine readable medium may be a machine readable signal medium or a machine readable storage medium. A machine readable medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the machine readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing.
[0266] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0267] Although the present disclosure has been described in language specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A terminal device for model performance monitoring, the terminal device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmit, to a location management function (LMF) , first information about at least one positioning reference signal (PRS) received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model;receive, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target positioning reference unit (PRU) , wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; andperform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.2.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first information comprises at least one of the following:at least one identifier (ID) of the at least one network device associated with the at least one PRS,at least one physical cell identity of the at least one network device for transmitting the at least one PRS,at least one new radio cell global identity (NCGI) of the at least one network device,at least one absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN) of at least one synchronization signal block (SSB) from the at least one network device, orreceiving power of the at least one network device.3.The terminal device of claim 1, wherein the first information comprises a plurality of identifiers of a plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities and the required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs related to a correction for the model performance monitoring.4.The terminal device of claim 3, wherein the second information further comprises a specific type of the target PRU which is one of a plurality of types with a predefined order, wherein the second information indicates that a further PRU with a further type that is before the specific type in the order does not exist, and wherein the plurality of types comprise:a first type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of each of the plurality of PRSs with a plurality of priorities,a second type indicating that the target PRU has strongest receiving power for the first priority PRS among a plurality of PRUs and meets required minimum receiving power of a first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs,a third type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs, anda fourth type indicating that the target PRU meets required minimum receiving power of at least one further priority PRS other than the first priority PRS in the plurality of PRSs.5.The terminal device of claim 4, wherein the first priority PRS is configured for a serving network device of the terminal device.6.A location management function (LMF) comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF to:in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one positioning reference signal (PRS) received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model;determine a target positioning reference unit (PRU) based on the first information; andtransmit, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.7.The LMF of claim 6, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the LMF to:in accordance with a determination that a PRU meets at least one of the following conditions, determining that the PRU is a candidate for the target PRU:a validity area of assistance data for the PRU is overlapped with coverage area of a serving network device that serves the terminal device,receiving power of the at least one PRS at the PRU exceeds a threshold, orthe one or more network devices comprises the serving network device that serves the terminal device.8.A network device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the network device to:receive, from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or a location management function (LMF) , a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; andtransmit, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) based on the flag.9.The network device of claim 8, wherein the information comprises at least one of the following:at least one identifier (ID) of the at least one PRU served by the network device, oran ID of the network device.10.The network device of claim 8, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the network device to:transmit, to each of the terminal device and a plurality of candidate PRUs, a configuration for channel estimation;receive, from each of the terminal device and the plurality of candidate PRUs, a channel feature report; anddetermine the at least one PRU from the plurality of candidate PRUs based on received channel feature reports.11.The network device of claim 10, wherein the at least one PRU has a measurement most similar to the terminal device.12.A location management function (LMF) comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF to:receive, from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) ; andtransmit, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.13.The LMF of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to:transmit, to the network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered.14.The LMF of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to:determine, from the at least one PRU, the target PRU, wherein the target PRU and the terminal device are served by a same serving network device, or wherein a distance between the target PRU and the network device is less than a threshold.15.The LMF of claim 12, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to:in accordance with a determination that a PRU meets at least one of the following conditions, determining that the PRU is a candidate for the target PRU:a validity area of assistance data for the PRU is overlapped with coverage area of a serving network device that serves the terminal device, wherein the assistance data is associated with one or more network devices,receiving power of the at least one PRS at the PRU exceeds a threshold, orthe one or more network devices comprises the serving network device that serves the terminal device.16.A terminal device for model performance monitoring, the terminal device comprising at least one processor configured to cause the terminal device to:transmit, to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered;receive, from a location management function (LMF) , second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target positioning reference unit (PRU) ; andperform the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with the target PRU.17.A location management function (LMF) comprising at least one processor configured to cause the LMF to:in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmit, to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a positioning reference signal (PRS) that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device;receive, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS;transmit, to each of one or more positioning reference units (PRU) related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS;receive, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU;determine a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; andtransmit, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.18.The LMF of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to:transmit, to a serving network device of each of the terminal device and the one or more PRUs, a request for channel information of each of the terminal device and the one or more PRUs.19.The LMF of claim 17, wherein the at least one processor is further configured to cause the LMF to:receive, from the terminal device, a flag indicating that the positioning model is triggered for positioning or the process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered.20.A method of communication, comprising:in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, transmitting, at a terminal device for model performance monitoring to a location management function (LMF) , first information about at least one positioning reference signal (PRS) received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model;receiving, from the LMF, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target positioning reference unit (PRU) , wherein the target PRU is determined based on the first information; andperforming the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with a target PRU.21.A method of communication, comprising:in accordance with a determination that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered, receiving, at a location management function (LMF) from a terminal device for model performance monitoring, first information about at least one positioning reference signal (PRS) received from at least one network device associated with the positioning model;determining a target positioning reference unit (PRU) based on the first information; andtransmitting, to the terminal device, second information comprising a first measurement associated with the target PRU.22.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a network device from a terminal device for model performance monitoring or a location management function (LMF) , a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered; andtransmitting, to the LMF, information about the network device or about at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) based on the flag.23.A method of communication, comprising:receiving, at a location management function (LMF) from a network device, information about the network device or about at least one positioning reference unit (PRU) ; andtransmitting, to a terminal device for model performance monitoring, second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target PRU.24.A method of communication, comprising:transmitting, at a terminal device to a network device, a flag indicating that a positioning model is triggered for positioning or a process of the model performance monitoring for the positioning model is triggered;receiving, from a location management function (LMF) , second information comprising a first measurement associated with a target positioning reference unit (PRU) ; andperforming the process of the model performance monitoring based on the first measurement associated with a target PRU.25.A method of communication, comprising:in accordance with a determination that a process of model positioning is triggered or a process of the model performance monitoring is triggered, transmitting, at a location management function (LMF) to a terminal device, a request for a first measurement of a positioning reference signal (PRS) that is associated with a model input of a positioning model deployed at the terminal device;receiving, from the terminal device, the first measurement of the PRS;transmitting, to each of one or more positioning reference units (PRU) related to the terminal device, a message comprising a configuration of the PRS;receiving, from each of the one or more PRUs, a second measurement of the PRS associated with a respective PRU;determining a target PRU from the one or more PRUs based on the first measurement and the second measurement; andtransmitting, to the terminal device, a position of the target PRU for model performance monitoring.26.A computer readable medium having instructions stored thereon, the instructions, when executed by a processor of an apparatus, causing the apparatus to perform the method according to any of claims 20-25.
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