Start stop bit look up table

Abstract

A start stop bit look-up table is provided. A method for implementing a start stop bit look-up table in a start stop bit data transmission scheme may include determining, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device. The method may also include transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look- up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the at least one determined look-up table.

Description

START STOP BIT LOOK UP TABLETECHNICAL FIELD:

[0001] Some example embodiments may generally relate to mobile or wireless telecommunication systems, such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) or fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) access technology, or 5G beyond, or other communications systems. For example, certain example embodiments may relate to implementing one or more start stop bit look-up tables in a start stop bit data transmission scheme.BACKGROUND:

[0002] Examples of mobile or wireless telecommunication systems may include the Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN), Long Term Evolution (LTE) Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN), LTE- Advanced (LTE- A), MulteFire, LTE-A Pro, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology by or new radio (NR) access technology, and / or sixth generation (6G) radio access technology. 5G and 6G wireless systems refer to the next generation (NG) of radio systems and network architecture. 5G and 6G network technology are mostly based on new radio (NR) technology, but the 5G (or NG) network can also build on E-UTRAN radio. It is estimated that NR may provide bitrates on the order of 10-20 Gbit / s or higher and may support at least enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) and ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) as well as massive machine-type communication (mMTC). NR is expected to deliver extreme broadband and ultra-robust, low-latency connectivity and massive networking to support the Internet of Things (loT).SUMMARY:

[0003] Various exemplary embodiments may provide a method comprising determining, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device, and transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0004] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide a method comprising receiving, by a user device from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area, and decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0005] Some exemplary embodiments may provide an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to determine at least one look-up table for a user device, and transmit, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0006] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide an apparatus comprising at least one processor and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to receive, from a network entity, a lookup table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area, and decode a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0007] Various exemplary embodiments may provide one or more non-transitory computer readable storage mediums, one or more computer programs, and / or one or more circuitry configured to perform one or more of the methods described herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS:

[0008] For proper understanding of example embodiments, reference should be made to the accompanying drawings, as follows:

[0009] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of start stop bits for parallel transmission of bit sequences and an example of a permutation matrix;

[0010] FIG. 2A illustrates an example of a time domain signal plot for consecutive OFDM symbols;

[0011] FIG. 2B illustrates another example of a time domain signal plot for consecutive OFDM symbols;

[0012] FIG. 3A illustrates an example of frequency domain signals for multiple different time shifts;

[0013] FIG. 3B illustrates another example of frequency domain signals for multiple different time shifts;

[0014] FIG. 3C illustrates a further example of frequency domain signals for multiple different time shifts;

[0015] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of frequency-time shifts predefined by a look-up table, according to various exemplary embodiments;

[0016] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a channel matrix with an allocated OFDMresource grid, according to certain exemplary embodiments;

[0017] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of QAM constellation points, according to certain exemplary embodiments;

[0018] FIG. 7 illustrates an example data table of parameters for a look-up table, according to some exemplary embodiments;

[0019] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a graphical representation of bit error rate curves, according to certain exemplary embodiments;

[0020] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a flow diagram for a look-up table based, according to various exemplary embodiments;

[0021] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a signal diagram, according to certain exemplary embodiments;

[0022] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of a flow diagram of a method, according to certain exemplary embodiments;

[0023] FIG. 12 illustrates an example of a flow diagram of another method, according to various exemplary embodiments; and

[0024] FIG. 13 illustrates a set of apparatuses, according to various exemplary embodiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0025] It will be readily understood that the components of certain example embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. The following is a detailed description of some exemplary embodiments of systems, methods, apparatuses, and non- transitory computer program products for implementing one or more start stop bit lookup tables in a start stop bit data transmission scheme. Although the devices discussed below and shown in the figures refer to 6G / 5G or Next Generation NodeB (gNB) devices and UE devices, this disclosure is not limited to only gNBs and UEs.

[0026] It may be readily understood that the components of certain example embodiments, as generally described and illustrated in the figures herein, may be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Different reference designations from multiple figures may be used out of sequence in the description, to refer to a same element to illustrate their features or functions. If desired, the different functions or procedures discussed herein may be performed in a different order and / orconcurrently with each other. Furthermore, if desired, one or more of the described functions or procedures may be optional or may be combined. As such, the following description should be considered as illustrative of the principles and teachings of certain example embodiments, and not in limitation thereof.

[0027] In 5G / 6G technology, multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems may employ a variety of radio technologies depending on service needs, use cases and / or spectrum available. 5G / 6G mobile communications may support a wide range of use cases and related applications including video streaming, augmented reality, different ways of data sharing and various forms of machine type applications. Key performance indicators may be desirable to be improved, such as the supported data rates, the number of served users, and the spectral efficiency. One challenge may be to maintain or improve sustainability and energy efficiency of the mobile radio systems. One relevant part of overall energy consumption may be a transmit signal power, which may decrease correspondingly to increasing data rates. To increase efficiency of resource usage while maintaining the necessary data rate, a counter space and bit sequence may be used to report data to be transmitted in one or more messages as a counter identifier (e.g., a counter value per message), instead of transmitting the message itself. In this way, a single stop bit may be used as a stop counter and optionally, a start bit may be used as a start counter. By using start stop bits, the required transmit signal power may be reduced. This may also be referred to as a start stop bit method or scheme, which may be used for sparse transmission.

[0028] Distributed MIMO (D-MIMO) systems may have similarities with joint transmission cooperative multipoint (JT CoMP) and may provide higher data rates, higher coverage gains, and / or an improved energy efficiency. D-MIMO energy efficiency gains can be achieved by mitigation of inter cell interference, the rank enhancement effect, and inherent beamforming gains of a suitably pre-coded large number of massive MIMO (mMIMO) antenna elements from multiple transmitter sites. Interference mitigation, rank enhancement, and beamforming gains may help to increase the signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) per data stream. For example, beamforming focuses the transmit power at the intended receiver device instead of spreading it over larger spatial areas. However, there may be a need to reduce inter cooperation area interference.

[0029] To aid in reducing inter cooperation area interference, a start stop bit scheme may be employed. The start stop bit scheme may transmit bit sequences as start and / or stopbits of a synchronized counter instead of transmitting a full encoded bit sequence. This may allow for transmitting long data messages with only one bit for starting and one bit for stopping the counter. The value of the counter, as identified by the stop bit, may be used to reconstruct and remap the one and unique transmitted bit sequence. The start stop bit scheme may be characterized by a high signal sparsity as only two bits are transmitted, independently of the bit sequence length for the message. This start stop bit scheme may provide for energy efficient data transmission and effective D-MIMO systems, which exploit the sparse inter cooperation area interference and low processing complexity for the sparse precoder calculation.

[0030] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of start stop bits for parallel transmission of M bit sequences. FIG. 1 shows parallel data messages transmitted using the start stop bit scheme and an example of a permutation matrix for reordering the start stop bit sequences. Each shaded bit is related sequentially to the increasing values of the stop bits (1...M) and may indicate the relative position with respect to the other M bits sequences. Advanced applications, such as D-MIMO, may require higher spectral efficiency and / or user data throughput, which may rely on start stop bit schemes. For example, D-MIMO may use a start stop bit method / scheme including a time and frequency shift per stop bit and the transmission of a classical modulation and coding scheme (MCS) applied to each stop bit.

[0031] To maintain or improve OFDM data rates using the start stop bit scheme, the number of data bits carried per each stop bit may be increased or maximized. Alternatively or additionally, the number of parallel start stop bit sequences, defined by a parameter M, may be increased. For example, M = 18 sequences may have up to N = 8 bits per sequence plus 10 bits for the MCS plus time frequency shift coding scheme per stop bit. This may result in a data rate of, e.g., 18 * (8 + 10) = 324 bits for about 28= 256 resource elements, which is then at least in the order of the 512 bits of a conventional MCS system. Higher data rates may be achieved at the cost of less sparsity. For example, one benefit of the start stop bit method may be that one can transmit a similar number of bits with the start stop bit scheme while still achieving a sparse transmit signal.

[0032] It may be desirable to transmit with one stop bit the highest possible number of bits of user plane data. One example to achieve this may be to use fractional time frequency shifts of the stop bit OFDM symbol. FIGs. 2 A and 2B illustrate examples of time domain signal plots for two consecutive OFDM symbols. The two consecutiveOFDM symbols may have a time shift of 270 time slots, which is a time shift of more than one ,us. A fractional time frequency shift may be a stop bit signal transmitted on a frequency shifted by a fraction of the regular subcarrier spacing as well as a timeslot shifted by a fraction of the regular OFDM symbol timing.

[0033] FIGs. 3A-3C illustrate examples of frequency domain signals for multiple different time shifts. For example, FIGs. 3A and 3B illustrate frequency domain signals for ten different time shifts with 30 time slots in each time shifted frequency domain signal. FIG. 3A illustrates an example in which a signal power in dB may be over subcarriers 90 to 110 for a first OFDM symbol and FIG. 3B illustrates an example of signal power in dB over subcarriers 90 to 110 of a second OFDM symbol. The fractional time shifts may result in signal energy, which may leak into multiple adjacent subcarriers of at least two consecutive OFDM symbols. FIG. 3C illustrates an example in which frequency domain receive signals for six partial frequency shifts may be shown relative to one subcarrier spacing at a subcarrier frequency of 100. While the signal without frequency shift (shown around a frequency of 101) may be without any inter carrier interference, the other frequency shifts may generate characteristic inter subcarrier interference. The fractional frequency shifts may lead to inter carrier interference on multiple adjacent subcarriers (with the potential exception of the zero frequency shift).

[0034] Various exemplary embodiments may provide technological advantages to address these above-mentioned concerns and implement one or more procedures for optimizing the fractional time frequency shift so that it is easier for implementation to avoid the need for OFDM processing with fractional subcarrier spacings. Further, some exemplary embodiments may provide a method or scheme which also provide for maintaining the highest possible sparsity level, maximizing the number of encoded bits (e.g., the number of decodable time and frequency shifts), and / or allowing for decoding the stop bit with the highest reliability achievable for a certain SINR.

[0035] Various exemplary embodiments may provide for replacing the time frequency shifts by an artificial time frequency shift allocation of signal powers per set of resource elements, which may fully or partly reproduce the power variations of the conventional time frequency shifts. Certain exemplary embodiments may provide a predefined number Ladd °f resource elements allocated to each of the stop bits, which may be referred to as a stop bit area. Fractional time frequency shifts may be implemented by a look-up table (LUT), which contains the related transmit power per resource element for any timefrequency shift. The number of affected resource elements might be, for example, 10, 20 or even more (e.g., as shown in FIGs. 3A-3C) and may not be able to collect all the signal power.

[0036] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of frequency-time shifts represented by a LUT, according to various exemplary embodiments. As shown in FIG. 4, one stop bit with multiple possible frequency-time shifts may be represented using different LUT states. FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a channel matrix for LUT fractional time frequency shift implementation, according to certain exemplary embodiments. The channel matrix may include, for example, a block of 36 subcarriers times 16 time slots or OFDM symbols. The channel matrix may indicate stop bit areas and each block within the channel matrix may indicate a power allocated to each resource element.

[0037] Certain exemplary embodiments may define artificial time frequency shifts which may be any combination of power levels on a predefined set of resource elements, such as the stop bit area. The power on resource elements outside the predefined set of resource elements may be set to, for example, zero for the artificial time frequency shifts to avoid or reduce inter resource element interference and may provide the maximum possible power for the bit decoding. The start stop bit scheme may also provide for improved flexibility in defining the power levels, which allows for maximizing the minimum distance between any two time frequency shifts. Some exemplary embodiments may provide that the start stop bit scheme may optimize the sparsity level related to a stop bit, which minimizes the number of non-zero resource elements of the stop bit area.

[0038] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide that the optimization for a certain number of artificial time and / or frequency shifts may be performed offline and the result may be stored in a related LUT. For example, the artificial time and / or frequency shifts may be predefined or predetermined by one or more entities on a network or may be defined by a 3rdgeneration partnership project (3GPP) standard. For each of the artificial time frequency shifts, which may be equal to a certain stop bit value, the LUT may provide one or more power levels of non-zero resource elements. For example, the LUT may provide information on which of the resource elements may be set to zero.

[0039] Some exemplary embodiments may define artificial time frequency shifts implemented as certain power levels per resource elements of a predefined stop bit area. The power levels per resource element (including zero power) may be optimized offline so that the decoding distance between any two power shift combinations may bemaximized. This ensures a decoding with a minimum bit error rate (BER). A sparsity per stop bit area may be maximized for a certain number of transmit bits and a certain SINR to ensure combined key performance indicators (KPIs) including, for example, high data rate, sparsity, and an increased decoding probability. The use of the LUT may avoid the need for implementing a more complex OFDM processing with fractional subcarrier spacings.

[0040] A sparsity level r may be defined as a ratio of overall allocated resource elements relative to the number of active resource elements used for the stop bit transmission. The user data rate may be analysed as ratio T of the user data rate of the start stop bit scheme as compared to the user data rate of a conventional OFDM system. For the conventional OFDM system, it may be assumed that all resource elements are transmitting data with a certain modulation and coding scheme, such as BPS K or QPSK. The sparsity level may be defined as r = 1 - NNZP / NRE, where NNZP is the number of non zero power resource elements of the sparse data transmission and NRE is the overall number of resource elements.

[0041] Various exemplary embodiments may provide that the start stop bit method (scheme) may have power levels of the non-zero resource elements in the stop bit area which vary depending on a transmitted user data vector. A sum power over all non-zero resource elements may be set to be equal to one. It may be assumed that all signals on all resource elements may be received with the same phase, such as, for example, zero degrees. This may provide for increasing the number of transmitted bits by multiplying all non-zero resource elements of a certain stop bit by a complex quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) constellation point from a certain MCS.

[0042] The stop bit may define the bit sequence value and / or may help to avoid a miss detection of the artificial time frequency shift within the stop bit area. For a miss detected stop bit, the entire stop bit sequence may be undecodable and some or all of the stop bit sequences may be spoiled for this data block. To reduce or avoid the miss detected stop bit, the start stop bit scheme may provide reliable stop bit detection, which may be independently optimized from the BER of the artificial time frequency shifts. Some exemplary embodiments may provide transmitting one additional stop bit with a fixed relative resource position to the stop bit area with the artificial time frequency shifts. The stop bit may be transmitted with a predefined power and, optionally, without any MCS. The transmission power may be configured so that the BER of the main stop bit is smallercompared to the BER of the LUT bits.

[0043] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide that the stop bit may be transmitted with an MCS. For example, the stop bit may be multiplied by a QAMxx modulation and coding scheme, such as, for example, a QAM4, QAM16, QAM64, or any other QAMxx modulation. For QAM16 or QAM64 modulation, the receive power of the stop bit may vary depending on the transmitted QAM symbol.

[0044] FIG. 6 illustrates an example of QAM constellation points, according to certain exemplary embodiments. The receive power for some of the QAM constellation points may be relatively small or decrease so that for a certain receiver noise level there may be a risk that the noise signals at the empty resource elements becomes higher than the noise signals of the QAM constellation point or the power of the stop bit may fall below a predefined threshold power value. As a result, a stop bit miss detection may occur and most likely lead to a related block error. To overcome this potential stop bit miss detection, a complementary MCS allocation between the stop bit and the stop bit area MCS may be implemented. The stop bit may be detected over consecutive resource elements of the stop bit and resource elements of the stop bit area. In certain situations, the MCS on the stop bit may have a low power constellation point and a second stop bit, or the corresponding stop bit area, may use a predefined complementary high power constellation point. For the combined two consecutive stop bits, the combined power may be fixed, for example, after normalization equal to one. A high MCS QAM modulation may be supported without degrading the stop bit decoding reliability.

[0045] Various exemplary embodiments provide for the start stop bit scheme to achieve increased sparsity and decoding reliability for the EUT. The start stop bit scheme may include starting with all possible non-zero power single resource elements for the stop bit and including all possible combinations of two non-zero power resource elements for the given stop bit area. The combinations may include triples, quadruples, etc., of non-zero power resource elements, depending on the size of the stop bit area and the desired sparsity. A final sparsity value may depend on the relative number of relative occurrences of the stop bits with one or more non-zero resource elements. The relative occurrence may be evenly distributed. The start stop bit scheme may also allocate the power levels for a certain fractional time and frequency shift so that the minimum distance of each potential stop bit to all other potential time frequency shifts may be maximized and the decoding error for noisy receive signals may be minimized. Certain exemplaryembodiments provide that to achieve the maximized time frequency shifts and the minimized decoding error, an offline, or predetermined, search may be performed for all, or as many as practically possible, power allocations to the resource elements of the predefined stop bit area. An optimum definition of the LUT depends on, for example, the SINR and / or the intended sparsity level. An LUT may be generalized to have different implementations, such as, for example, a dictionary or log describing the mapping of artificial fractional time frequency shift bits to parameter allocations for the stop bit area, predefined rules for allocating parameters to start stop bit area resource elements, a predefined set of equations, and / or the like.

[0046] FIG. 7 illustrates an example data table of parameters for an LUT, according to some exemplary embodiments. The parameters may be optimized for different SINR levels by, for example, upper bounding error probabilities of the start-stop bit method. A throughput gain T may vary, for example, between 0.11 and 1.49. A value Ladddefines the number of additional resource elements for a shift pattern, Lareasdefines how many of the shift patterns are added to the stop bit, and M defines the number of parallel stop bits. Ns tff defines the number of bits encoded into each shift pattern, which depends on the minimum distance between two shifts. N^ltdefines the bits encoded into each stop bit position, and N^sand N^h^tsdefines the bits used for the MCS applied to the stop bits and shifted resource elements respectively.

[0047] Various exemplary embodiments may provide that a network entity, such as a gNB, may decide or determine which specific configuration of parameters to select for the optimal LUT. The specific configuration of parameters for the LUT may be defined by an LUT identifier (ID). For example, during a relatively high load situation of the cell, the gNB may configure the highest gain modes with a throughput gain T close to 1, equal to 1 , or larger than 1. The gNB may also schedule one or more, or all, UEs to perform transmission in a conventional mode (i.e., without any sparsity). In other cases in which the load of the cell is moderate or small, the gNB may select an LUT ID which maximizes the sparsity (e.g., r = 0.91, r = 0.98, etc.) as much as possible for the given load conditions.

[0048] FIG. 8 illustrates an example of a graphical representation of BER curves relative to SINR, according to certain exemplary embodiments. The BER curves may be for different relative gain values T and sparsity levels r compared to the conventional system. The BER curves shown in FIG. 8 may be for comparison of the conventional system and the start stop bit scheme for different configurations. For example, a sparsity level of r =0.91 may provide in a relative user data rate of T = 0.43, which may be less than half the data rate of the conventional data transmission. For other configurations, such as a sparsity level of r = 0.76, a data rate of T = 1.12 may be achieved. As another example, in case of a r = 0.98, there may be only two percent of non-zero resource elements and simultaneously the minimum required SINR may be, for example, minus 3 dB. In this example, assuming an SINR of 10 dB, the transmit power for the UE may be reduced by approximately 13 dB.

[0049] Various exemplary embodiments implementing the start stop bit scheme may provide various benefits, such as (i) an improved energy efficiency by reducing the transmit power as far as possible, (ii) a maximized sparsity and a minimum intercell interference, and / or (iii) an improved micro sleep mode, which accounts for that most of the resource elements of the transmit signal may be empty. For example, the LUT ID may be selected such that the number of time frequency shift bits per stop may be maximized and correspondingly the number of stop bit sequences M may be minimized. Such a configuration may provide a high sparsity and that the receive signal may be located in one or more confined locations of the overall resource elements.

[0050] Some exemplary embodiments may provide for an improved micro sleep mode to help save power as micro sleep is one of the most effective power saving methods. Due to low transmit signal power needed for some of the sparse LUT ID configurations, the RF power of the power amplifier may be reduced correspondingly, which may reduce the overall power consumption of the RF frontend. The RF frontend may still contribute a significant portion of the overall power consumption, such as the cooling of the RF frontend may consume high energy, and in the case of multiple low data rate users, the cooling may be reduced or even switched off for a certain period of time. Another example usage of the reduced transmit power for the high sparsity LUT ID modes may be to increase a power amplifier backoff so that a digital linearization of the RF signals can be switched off or at least reduced. In baseband, the digital linearization networks may use a large portion of the baseband processing, especially in case of a large RF bandwidth. Radio systems may typically be used in moderate to low load conditions, such as during the night, the resource usage may be small and efficient transmit modes may be advantageous.

[0051] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide that replacing the fractional time frequency shifts with artificial time frequency shifts, which are predefined and optimizedfor a certain stop bit area, the sparsity and the decoding reliability may be maximized. For example, using single, double, triple, or more resource allocations in the stop bit area. The minimum distance between any fractional time frequency shift to all other time frequency shifts may be maximized in order to minimize the decoding BER. By combining a main stop bit with a stop bit area and configuring the decoding BERs, the combined performance may be maximized, such as by allocating to the main stop bit a lower BER to minimize the overall block error rate.

[0052] Some exemplary embodiments may provide for implementation and decoding based on LUTs, which may be a low complexity solution compared to, for example, processing fractional frequency shifts. Complementary power allocation of the main stop bit with the power over the stop bit area may provide for fixed and high power for all stop bits, which may be independent of the reported MCS applied to the stop bits. Certain exemplary embodiments may provide downlink control information (DCI) messages with predefined LUT IDs, where the ID value defines different sparse stop bit configurations. The gNB may adapt the transmission mode(s) to varying radio and cell load conditions. For example, in moderate to low load conditions, the gNB may use energy efficient transmit modes.

[0053] The start stop bit transmission mode may achieve a high sparsity, such that a low number of active resource elements may exist out of a predefined resource block of a predefined number of PRBs. Physical resource blocks (PRBs) may be defined for OFDM systems, such as, for example, 3GPP NR radio systems. Inactive resource elements may transmit zero power signals (i.e., no signal power). At least one or more of the stop bits may include information of a bit sequence as a virtual clock cycle number relative to the start bit of the virtual clock, where the start bit is the first resource element of the resource block. The clock cycle numbers may be counted in the resource block relative to the first start bit, as both the subcarrier IDs in the frequency domain and as the slot IDs in the time domain. For example, a resource block equal to 210= 1024 resource elements which may transmit a bit sequence of N= 10 bits. By transmitting M parallel stop bits, the throughput may be increased to MxN, such as 10x10 = 100 bits, with a sparsity level of approximately 90% of zero power resource elements. This may be an improvement as compared to conventional 3GPP NR systems in which a transmission mode with high sparsity results in reduced inter cell interference and may reduce precoding complexity in multi user mMIMO or JT CoMP systems.

[0054] Various exemplary embodiments may provide for the implementation of stop bits carrying a relatively higher number of artificial time frequency shifts (bits) per stop bit in an offline optimized stop bit area. The start stop bit method (scheme) allows for compressing data / information as much as practically possible to minimal resource elements close to the stop bit so that larger areas of the overall allocated resource elements may be empty. In this way, a distributed MIMO coordinate multipoint (CoMP) system may generate, for example, a low interference power into adjacent CoMP clusters. The sparse stop bit method may also provide low precoding complexity.

[0055] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide for the implementation of the artificial time frequency shifts per stop bit as predefined in a LUT leads to a low coding and decoding effort. This start stop bit scheme may be a relatively lower complexity implementation as compared to an OFDM processing with fractional subcarrier spacings. The offline optimization of the LUT table may provide a reliable detection of the artificial time frequency shifts and high decoding performance. Using single, double, or more resource element allocations to stop bit areas may maximize the average sparsity per stop bit area. Note that single, double, or more may be defined as all additional resource elements for a shift pattern Laddforming a stop bit area for one or more resource elements which have non-zero power. The relative power of the resource elements may be the code for a specific time frequency shift. The stop bit areas may maintain an overall high sparsity level.

[0056] The stop bit area size may be pre-defined in which inter subcarrier or inter OFDM symbol interference may not exceed the stop bit area size. The full transmit power may be available for the decoding of the time frequency shifts. This may be a benefit over the conventional time frequency shift method, where a relevant part of the signal energy was interference into other subcarriers and OFDM symbols. Depending on the SINR, a high number of time frequency shifts may be supported, which may allow a high link level user data rate. The higher number of artificial time frequency shifts may result from the flexible allocation of power over resource elements. Each resource element may have any power level within predefined limits. One or more predefined MCS, such as QAMxx, may be used for transmission of the non-zero power resource elements, which may increase the number of bits per stop bit area. It may be assumed that the power per stop bit area (e.g., the sum power over all non-zero resource elements) may be equal to one before multiplying all resource elements of the stop bit area by the varying power andphase of the QAMxx modulation. The stop bit power may be increased by power boosting as in case of, e.g., a 90 percent sparsity, in which approximately one tenth of the resource elements may carry a signal so that a 10 dB power boost may occur for all stop bits. This power boost may increase the SINR per stop bit area to achieve a higher number of fractional time frequency shifts and a higher MCS.

[0057] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a flow diagram for LUT based implementation for artificial fractional time frequency shifts, according to various exemplary embodiments. In the flow diagram, a gNB 901 and a UE 902 may perform process flows, which may occur concurrently or in individually. At 910, the gNB 901 and / or the UE 902 may perform offline optimization of an LUT and define a standardization for LUT IDs. At 911, the gNB 901 may transmit a non-zero power (NZP) channel state information (CSI) reference signal (RS) to the UE 902. At 912, the UE 902 may receive the NZP CSI RS from the gNB 901 and determine a channel estimation. At 913, the UE 902 may report CSI to the gNB 901, and at 914, the gNB 901 may receive the CSI report(s) from the UE 902. At 915, the gNB 901 may schedule one or more UEs 902. At 916, the gNB 901 may select a transmission mode for each UE 902 and configure a sparse stop bit transmission mode to select an LUT ID. At 917, the gNB 901 may generate a DO message which includes, for example, resource allocation and the LUT ID. At 918, the gNB 901 may transmit, to the UE 902, a sparse stop bit message corresponding to the LUT ID and including the DCI message.

[0058] At 919, the UE 902 may receive the DCI message with the LUT ID, and at 920, the UE 902 may decode the sparse stop bit message with the LUT ID. At 921, the UE 902 may transmit, to the gNB 901 , an acknowledgement (ACK) or non-acknowledgement (NACK). At 922, the gNB 901 may receive the ACK or NACK from the UE 902.

[0059] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a signal diagram, according to certain exemplary embodiments. The signal diagram shows signaling between a UE 1001 and a gNB 1002. At 1010, the UE 1001 and gNB 1002 may perform an offline optimization and define one or more LUTs and corresponding LUT IDs. At 1015, the gNB 1002 may transmit a CSI RS per access point to the UE 1001. At 1020, the UE 1001 may receive the CSI RS from the gNB 1002 and perform estimation and / or prediction of the CSI. At 1025, the UE 1001 may report a time domain CSI per access point to the gNB 1002, and at 1030, the gNB 1002 may schedule one or more UEs 1001. At 1035, the gNB 1002 may select a transmission mode for each UE 1001. The gNB 1002 may select the transmission modebetween a sparse stop bit method or a conventional OFDM transmission process.

[0060] At 1040, the gNB 1002 may define an LUT ID for a given parameter or load, such as SINR, cell load, and / or the like. At 1045, the gNB 1002 may calculate or generate a transmission signal for the UE data and a given LUT ID. At 1050, the gNB 1002 may transmit, to the UE 1001, a DCI message with the LUT ID and sparse physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) user data. At 1055, the UE 1001 may receive and decode the DCI message and sparse PDSCH user data using the LUT ID. At 1060, the UE 1001 may calculate or generate an ACK or NACK, and at 1065, the UE 1001 may transmit the ACK or NACK to the gNB 1002.

[0061] FIG. 11 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain exemplary embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 11 may be performed by a network element / entity, or a group of multiple network entities in a 3GPP system, such as LTE, 5G-NR, or 6G. For instance, in an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 11 may be performed by a network node or network entity, such as a gNB, similar to apparatus 1310 illustrated in FIG. 13.

[0062] According to various exemplary embodiments, the method of FIG. 11 may include, at 1110, determining at least one look-up table for a user device, such as a UE similar to apparatus 1320. At 1120, the method may include transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0063] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide that the set of parameters comprise at least one of: a number of resource elements per stop bit area, a number of bits encoded in the artificial time and frequency shifts, or a modulation and coding scheme applied to a time frequency shift. The look-up table identifier may be indicated in downlink control information. The method may also include configuring a transmission mode for the user device. The transmission mode may be a sparse start-stop bit transmission mode. The method may also include generating one or more optimized look-up tables based on at least one of a signal to interference noise ratio, sparsity levels, or target throughput.

[0064] Some exemplary embodiments may provide that the method includes generating at least one look-up table identifier or using at least one predefined look-up table identifier, for each of the one or more optimized look-up tables. Each one of the transmitted look-up table identifiers and the generated or predefined at least one look-uptable identifier may correspond to at least one of the determined look-up table and the one or more optimized look-up tables. Each look-up table may include time frequency shift of transmit power on each, or at least one, resource element of the stop bit area. The power levels of the stop bit area may be optimized for resource elements of the stop bit area. A sparsity level may be maximized for a resource block and the resource block may include the resource elements.

[0065] FIG. 12 illustrates an example flow diagram of a method, according to certain exemplary embodiments. In an example embodiment, the method of FIG. 12 may be performed by a device or user equipment within a network in a 3GPP system, such as ETE, 5G-NR, or 6G. For instance, in an exemplary embodiment, the method of FIG. 12 may be performed by a UE, similar to apparatus 1320 illustrated in FIG. 13.

[0066] According to various exemplary embodiments, the method of FIG. 12 may include, at 1210, receiving, by a user device from a network entity similar to the gNB 1310, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area. At 1220, the method may include decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0067] Certain exemplary embodiments may provide that the set of parameters comprise at least one of: a number of resource elements per stop bit area, a number of bits encoded in the artificial time and frequency shifts, or a modulation and coding scheme applied to time and frequency shifts. The look-up table identifier may be indicated in downlink control information. The look-up table identifier may be received via a sparse start-stop bit transmission mode.

[0068] Some exemplary embodiments may provide that the look-up table identifier identifies a look-up table, and the look-up table includes time frequency shift of transmit power on each, or at least one, resource element of the stop bit area. Power levels of the stop bit area may be optimized for resource elements of the stop bit area. A sparsity level of the stop bit method may be maximized for a resource block, wherein the resource block includes the resource elements.

[0069] FIG. 13 illustrates apparatuses 1310 and 1320 according to various example embodiments. In the various example embodiments, apparatus 1310 may be an element in a network or associated with such a network, such as a base station, gNB, and the like. gNBs 901 / 1002 may be examples of apparatus 1310 according to various example embodiments as discussed above. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the artwould understand that apparatus 1310 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 13. Further, the apparatus 1320 may be an element in a network or associated with such a network, such as mobile device, user device, or other type of user equipment. UEs 902 / 1002 may be examples of apparatus 1320 according to various example embodiments as discussed above. It should be noted that one of ordinary skill in the art would understand that apparatus 1320 may include components or features not shown in FIG. 13.

[0070] According to various example embodiments, the apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may include one or more processors, one or more computer-readable storage medium (for example, memory, storage, or the like), one or more radio access components (for example, a modem, a transceiver, or the like), and / or a user interface. In some example embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may be configured to operate using one or more radio access technologies, such as GSM, LTE, LTE-A, NR, 5G, WLAN, WiFi, NB- loT, Bluetooth, NFC, MulteFire, and / or any other radio access technologies.

[0071] As illustrated in the example of FIG. 13, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may include or be coupled to processors 1312 and 1322, respectively, for processing information and executing instructions or operations. Processors 1312 and 1322 may be any type of general or specific purpose processor. In fact, processors 1312 and 1322 may include one or more of general-purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and processors based on a multi-core processor architecture, as examples. While a single processor 1312 (1322) for each of apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 is shown in FIG. 13, multiple processors may be utilized according to other example embodiments. For example, it should be understood that, in certain example embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may include two or more processors that may form a multiprocessor system (for example, in this case processors 1312 and 1322 may represent a multiprocessor) that may support multiprocessing. According to certain example embodiments, the multiprocessor system may be tightly coupled or loosely coupled to, for example, form a computer cluster).

[0072] Processors 1312 and 1322 may perform functions associated with the operation of apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320, respectively, including, as some examples, precoding of antenna gain / phase parameters, encoding and decoding of individual bits forming a communication message, formatting of information, and overall control of theapparatuses 1310 and / or 1320, including processes illustrated in FIGs. 4-12.

[0073] Apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may further include or be coupled to memory 1314 and / or 1324 (internal or external), respectively, which may be coupled to processors 1312 and 1322, respectively, for storing information and instructions that may be executed by processors 1312 and 1322. Memory 1314 (memory 1324) may be one or more memories and of any type suitable to the local application environment, and may be implemented using any suitable volatile or nonvolatile data storage technology such as a semiconductor-based memory device, a magnetic memory device and system, an optical memory device and system, fixed memory, and / or removable memory. For example, memory 1314 (memory 1324) can be comprised of any combination of random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), static storage such as a magnetic or optical disk, hard disk drive (HDD), or any other type of non-transitory machine or computer readable media. The instructions stored in memory 1314 and memory 1324 may include program instructions or computer program code that, when executed by processors 1312 and 1322, enable the apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 to perform tasks as described herein.

[0074] In certain exemplary embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may further include or be coupled to (internal or external) a drive or port that is configured to accept and read an external computer readable storage medium, such as an optical disc, USB drive, flash drive, or any other storage medium. For example, the external computer readable storage medium may store a computer program or software for execution by processors 1312 and 1322 and / or apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 to perform any of the methods illustrated in FIGs. 4-12.

[0075] In some exemplary embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may also include or be coupled to one or more antennas 1315 and 1325, respectively, for receiving a downlink signal and for transmitting via an uplink from apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320. Apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may further include transceivers 1316 and 1326, respectively, configured to transmit and receive information. The transceivers 1316 and 1326 may also include a radio interface (for example, a modem) respectively coupled to the antennas 1315 and 1325. The radio interface may correspond to a plurality of radio access technologies including one or more of GSM, LTE, LTE-A, 5G, NR, WLAN, NB- loT, Bluetooth, BT-LE, NFC, RFID, UWB, or the like. The radio interface may include other components, such as filters, converters (for example, digital-to-analog converters or the like), symbol demappers, signal shaping components, an Inverse Fast FourierTransform (IFF!) module, or the like, to process symbols, such as OFDMA symbols, carried by a downlink or an uplink.

[0076] For instance, transceivers 1316 and 1326 may be respectively configured to modulate information on to a carrier waveform for transmission by the antenna(s) 1315 and 1325, and demodulate information received via the antenna(s) 1315 and 1325 for further processing by other elements of apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320. In other exemplary embodiments, transceivers 1316 and 1326 may be capable of transmitting and receiving signals or data directly. Additionally or alternatively, in some example embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may include an input and / or output device (I / O device). In certain exemplary embodiments, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may further include a user interface, such as a graphical user interface or touchscreen.

[0077] In certain exemplary embodiments, memory 1314 and memory 1324 store software modules that provide functionality when executed by processors 1312 and 1322, respectively. The modules may include, for example, an operating system that provides operating system functionality for apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320. The memory may also store one or more functional modules, such as an application or program, to provide additional functionality for apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320. The components of apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320 may be implemented in hardware, or as any suitable combination of hardware and software. According to certain exemplary embodiments, apparatus 1310 may optionally be configured to communicate with apparatus 1320 via a wireless or wired communications link 1330 according to any radio access technology, such as NR.

[0078] According to certain exemplary embodiments, processors 1312 and 1322, and memory 1314 and 1324 may be included in or may form a part of processing circuitry or control circuitry. In addition, in some example embodiments, transceivers 1316 and 1326 may be included in or may form a part of transceiving circuitry.

[0079] For instance, in certain exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 1310 may be controlled by the memory 1314 and the processor 1312 to determine, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device, and transmit, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0080] In various exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 1320 may be controlled by thememory 1324 and the processor 1322 to receive, by a user device from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area, and decode a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0081] In some exemplary embodiments, an apparatus (e.g., apparatus 1310 and / or apparatus 1320) may include means for performing a method, a process, or any of the variants discussed herein. Examples of the means may include one or more processors, memory, controllers, transmitters, receivers, and / or computer program code for causing the performance of the operations.

[0082] In various exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 1310 may include means for determining, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device, and means for transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0083] In some exemplary embodiments, the apparatus 1320 may include means for receiving, by a user device from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area, and means for decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0084] In various exemplary embodiments, a computer program and / or a non-transitory computer readable storage medium may comprise computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor or computer, may perform determining, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device, and transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table. The look-up table identifier may indicate at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the determined look-up table.

[0085] In some exemplary embodiments, a computer program and / or a non-transitory computer readable storage medium may comprise computer-executable instructions which, when executed by a processor or computer, may perform receiving, by a user device from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area, and decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

[0086] As used herein, the term “circuitry” may refer to hardware-only circuitry implementations (for example, analog and / or digital circuitry), combinations of hardware circuits and software, combinations of analog and / or digital hardware circuits withsoftware / firmware, any portions of hardware processor(s) with software, including digital signal processors, that work together to cause an apparatus (for example, apparatus 1310 and / or 1320) to perform various functions, and / or hardware circuit(s) and / or processor(s), or portions thereof, that use software for operation but where the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. As a further example, as used herein, the term “circuitry” may also cover an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor or multiple processors, or portion of a hardware circuit or processor, and the accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry may also cover, for example, a baseband integrated circuit in a server, cellular network node or device, or other computing or network device.

[0087] A computer program product may include one or more computer-executable components which, when the program is run, are configured to carry out some example embodiments. The one or more computer-executable components may be at least one software code or portions of it. Modifications and configurations required for implementing functionality of certain example embodiments may be performed as routine(s), which may be implemented as added or updated software routine(s). Software routine(s) may be downloaded into the apparatus.

[0088] As an example, software or a computer program code or portions of it may be in a source code form, object code form, or in some intermediate form, and it may be stored in some sort of carrier, distribution medium, or computer readable medium, which may be any entity or device capable of carrying the program. Such carriers may include a record medium, computer memory, read-only memory, photoelectrical and / or electrical carrier signal, telecommunications signal, and software distribution package, for example. Depending on the processing power needed, the computer program may be executed in a single electronic digital computer or it may be distributed amongst a number of computers. The computer readable medium or computer readable storage medium may be a non-transitory medium.

[0089] In other example embodiments, the functionality may be performed by hardware or circuitry included in an apparatus (for example, apparatuses 1310 and / or 1320), for example through the use of an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a programmable gate array (PGA), a field programmable gate array (FPGA), or any other combination of hardware and software. In yet another example embodiment, the functionality may be implemented as a signal, a non-tangible means that can be carriedby an electromagnetic signal downloaded from the Internet or other network.

[0090] According to certain example embodiments, an apparatus, such as a node, device, or a corresponding component, may be configured as circuitry, a computer or a microprocessor, such as single-chip computer element, or as a chipset, including at least a memory for providing storage capacity used for arithmetic operation and an operation processor for executing the arithmetic operation.

[0091] The features, structures, or characteristics of example embodiments described throughout this specification may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. For example, the usage of the phrases “certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “some embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification refers to the fact that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with an embodiment may be included in at least one embodiment. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in certain embodiments,” “an example embodiment,” “in some embodiments,” “in other embodiments,” or other similar language, throughout this specification do not necessarily refer to the same group of embodiments, and the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more example embodiments. Further, the terms “cell”, “node”, “gNB”, or other similar language throughout this specification may be used interchangeably.

[0092] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or,” mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0093] One having ordinary skill in the art will readily understand that the disclosure as discussed above may be practiced with procedures in a different order, and / or with hardware elements in configurations which are different than those which are disclosed. Therefore, although the disclosure has been described based upon these example embodiments, it would be apparent to those of skill in the art that certain modifications, variations, and alternative constructions would be apparent, while remaining within the spirit and scope of example embodiments. Although the above embodiments refer to 5G NR and LTE technology, the above embodiments may also apply to any other present or future 3GPP technology, such as LTE-advanced, and / or fourth generation (4G) and / or sixth (6G) technology.

[0094] Partial Glossary:

[0095] 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project

[0096] 5G 5th Generation

[0097] 5GC 5G Core Network

[0098] BER Bit Error Rate

[0099] CSI Channel State Information

[0100] DCI Downlink Control Indicator / Information

[0101] DL Downlink

[0102] EMBB Enhanced Mobile Broadband

[0103] gNB 5G or Next Generation NodeB

[0104] KPI Key Performance Indicator

[0105] LTE Long Term Evolution

[0106] LUT Look-Up Table

[0107] MCS Modulation and Coding Scheme

[0108] NR New Radio

[0109] OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Domain Multiplexing

[0110] PRB Physical Resource Block

[0111] QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation

[0112] RF Radio Frequency

[0113] SINR Signal to Interference and Noise Ratio

[0114] UE User Equipment

[0115] UL Uplink

Claims

WE CLAIM:

1. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine at least one look-up table for a user device; and transmit, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table, wherein the look-up table identifier indicates at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the at least one determined look-up table.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the set of parameters comprise at least one of: a number of resource elements per stop bit area, a number of bits encoded in the artificial time and frequency shifts, or a modulation and coding scheme applied to a time frequency shift.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the look-up table identifier is indicated in downlink control information.

4. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-3, wherein the instructions stored in the at least one memory, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to: configure a transmission mode for the user device, wherein the transmission mode is a sparse start-stop bit transmission mode.

5. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-4, wherein the instructions stored in the at least one memory, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus at least to: generate one or more optimized look-up tables based on at least one of: a signal to interference noise ratio, sparsity levels, or target throughput.

6. The apparatus according to claim 5, wherein the instructions stored in the at least one memory, when executed by the at least one processor, further cause the apparatus atleast to: generate at least one look-up table identifier or using at least one predefined lookup table identifier, for each of the one or more optimized look-up tables, wherein each one of the transmitted look-up table identifier and the generated or predefined at least one look-up table identifier corresponds to at least one of the at least one determined look-up table and the one or more optimized look-up tables, and wherein each look-up table includes time frequency shift of transmit power on at least one resource element of the stop bit area.

7. The apparatus according to any one of claims 1-6, wherein power levels of the stop bit area are optimized for resource elements of the stop bit area.

8. The apparatus according to claim 7, wherein a sparsity level is maximized for a resource block, wherein the resource block includes the resource elements.

9. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area; and decode a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

10. The apparatus according to claim 9, wherein the set of parameters comprise at least one of: a number of resource elements per stop bit area, a number of bits encoded in the artificial time and frequency shifts, or a modulation and coding scheme applied to time and frequency shifts.

11. The apparatus according to claim 9 or claim 10, wherein the look-up table identifier is indicated in downlink control information.

12. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9-11, wherein the look-up table identifier is received via a sparse start-stop bit transmission mode.

13. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9-12, wherein the look-up table identifier identifies at least one look-up table, and the at least one look-up table includes time frequency shift of transmit power on at least one resource element of the stop bit area.

14. The apparatus according to any one of claims 9-13, wherein power levels of the stop bit area are optimized for resource elements of the stop bit area.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, wherein a sparsity level of stop bit is maximized for a resource block, wherein the resource block includes the resource elements.

16. A method, comprising: determining, by a network entity, at least one look-up table for a user device; and transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one lookup table, wherein the look-up table identifier indicates at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the at least one determined look-up table.

17. A method, comprising: receiving, by a user device from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area; and decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the set of parameters comprise at least one of: a number of resource elements per stop bit area, a number of bits encoded in the artificial time and frequency shifts, or a modulation and coding scheme applied to time and frequency shifts.

19. The method according to claim 17 or claim 18 , wherein the look-up table identifier is indicated in downlink control information.

20. The method according to any one of claims 17-19, wherein the look-up tableidentifier is received via a sparse start-stop bit transmission mode.

21. The method according to any one of claims 17-20, wherein the look-up table identifier identifies at least one look-up table, and the at least one look-up table includes time frequency shift of transmit power on at least one resource element of the stop bit area.

22. The method according to any one of claims 17-21, wherein power levels of the stop bit area are optimized for resource elements of the stop bit area.

23. The method according to claim 22, wherein a sparsity level of stop bit is maximized for a resource block, wherein the resource block includes the resource elements.

24. A computer program comprises computer-executable instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area; and decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

25. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium comprises computerexecutable instructions which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area; and decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

26. An apparatus comprising: means for receiving, from a network entity, a look-up table identifier indicating at least a set of parameters for a stop bit to be received in a stop bit area; and means for decoding a stop bit message based on the look-up table identifier.

27. An apparatus comprising:means for determining at least one look-up table for a user device; and means for transmitting, to the user device, a look-up table identifier of the at least one look-up table, wherein the look-up table identifier indicates at least a set of parameters for a stop bit area referring to a stop bit based on the at least one determined look-up table.

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