Vehicle window glass, vehicle window assembly, and vehicle

Abstract

A vehicle window glass (100), a vehicle window assembly (400), and a vehicle (1000). The vehicle window glass (100) has a signal transmission area (E) for a detection signal (S1) and an echo signal (S2) to pass through, and the signal transmission area (E) has a transmittance of at least 75% for an incident detection signal (S1) having an angle of incidence (β) of 50°-70°; the number of points in space scanned each time by each line of the detection signal (S1) is N. When the detection distance between a target object (P) and a laser radar (200) is 100 meters, the echo signal (S2) received by the laser radar (200) comprises at least X1 pieces of point cloud data, wherein X1≥N / 200 and X1≥3, N≥400. The vehicle window glass (100) can reduce the attenuation loss of the detection signal (S1) and the echo signal (S2) when the signals pass through the signal transmission area (E), so that the laser radar (200) located inside of the vehicle receives enough point cloud data, thereby achieving high-precision recognition of the target object (P), and simultaneously satisfying the three use requirements that the laser radar (200) be able to see far, see clearly, and see stably.

Description

Car windows, window assemblies and vehicles

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202410990480.4, filed on July 23, 2024, entitled "Window Glass, Window Assembly and Vehicle", the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0002] This application relates to the field of automotive window technology, specifically to automotive window glass, automotive window assemblies, and vehicles. Background Technology

[0003] Currently, autonomous vehicles typically use LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) to detect their surroundings. If LiDAR is installed externally, such as on the roof, it faces challenges in terms of stability and accuracy due to various weather conditions and vehicle vibrations. However, when placed inside the vehicle, the 905nm or 1550nm wavelength signals emitted and received by the LiDAR must penetrate the windshield. Current windshields, designed for heat insulation, have a high blocking rate for infrared light in the 780-2500nm range, resulting in significant signal loss for the LiDAR and hindering its normal operation and high-precision measurement requirements. Summary of the Invention

[0004] This application provides a vehicle window glass, a vehicle window assembly, and a vehicle. The vehicle window glass enables a lidar located inside the vehicle to receive sufficient point cloud data to achieve high-precision identification of target objects, thereby simultaneously meeting the triple requirements of lidar for seeing far, seeing clearly, and seeing steadily.

[0005] In a first aspect, this application provides a vehicle window glass that can be used in conjunction with a lidar, wherein the lidar is used to transmit a detection signal to a target object and receive an echo signal reflected back from the target object, wherein the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 800nm ​​to 1600nm, and the vehicle window glass has a signal transmission area through which the detection signal and the echo signal pass, wherein the signal transmission area has a transmittance of at least 75% for the detection signal incident at an incident angle of 50° to 70°.

[0006] The number of spatial points scanned by each line of the detection signal is N. The detection signal passes through the signal transmission area at an incident angle of 50° to 70°. When the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 100 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X1 point cloud data, where X1 ≥ N / 200 and X1 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

[0007] In one embodiment, when the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 160 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X2 point cloud data, where X2 ≥ N / 250 and X2 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

[0008] In one embodiment, when the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 180 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X3 point cloud data, where X3 ≥ N / 300 and X3 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

[0009] In one embodiment, a target object with a scale is prepared. The lidar emits a detection signal to the target object. An infrared camera records the signal position when there is no window between the lidar and the target object as a first position A1. An infrared camera records the signal position when there is a window between the lidar and the target object as a second position A2. The angle θ between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is ≤0.15°, or θ≤0.125°, or θ≤0.1°, or θ≤0.08°, or θ≤0.05°.

[0010] In one embodiment, the distance L between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is ≤0.25m / 100m, or L≤0.2m / 100m, or L≤0.15m / 100m, or L≤0.1m / 100m, or L≤0.05m / 100m.

[0011] In one embodiment, the vehicle window glass has a shielding area and a light-transmitting area. The visible light transmittance of the light-transmitting area is greater than or equal to 70%, and the visible light transmittance of the shielding area is less than or equal to 5%. The shielding area includes a bottom shielding area located below the light-transmitting area and a top shielding area located above the light-transmitting area. The signal transmission area is located within the top shielding area, or within the light-transmitting area, or within the bottom shielding area.

[0012] In one embodiment, the window glass is a single-pane tempered glass, which has a transmittance of at least 85% for near-infrared light with wavelengths of 800nm ​​to 1600nm.

[0013] In one embodiment, the vehicle window glass is laminated glass, which includes an outer glass panel, an adhesive layer, and an inner glass panel. The outer glass panel has a first surface and a second surface, and the inner glass panel has a third surface and a fourth surface. The adhesive layer connects the second surface and the third surface. The outer glass panel is ultra-transparent glass, and the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015% wt, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 89%.

[0014] In one embodiment, the inner glass plate is ultra-transparent glass, the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015%wt, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 89%.

[0015] In one embodiment, the inner glass plate is transparent glass, ultra-transparent glass, or tinted glass, and the inner glass plate is provided with a first through hole corresponding to the signal transmission area; the total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 88%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 89%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.5 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

[0016] In one embodiment, the adhesive layer has a second through hole corresponding to the signal transmission area. The second through hole is not filled with other materials or is filled with an infrared high-transmittance material, which includes at least one of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate.

[0017] In one embodiment, the vehicle window glass further includes an infrared anti-reflection layer, which at least covers the signal transmission area. The transmittance of the signal transmission area with the infrared anti-reflection layer to the detection signal incident at an angle of 50° to 70° is T1, and the transmittance of the signal transmission area without the infrared anti-reflection layer to the detection signal incident at an angle of 50° to 70° is T2, where T1-T2≥3%.

[0018] In one embodiment, the vehicle window glass further includes a heat insulation layer, which at least covers the light-transmitting area, and the heat insulation layer is not disposed in the signal transmission area. The total solar transmittance (TTS) of the vehicle window glass with the heat insulation layer is less than or equal to 55%, and the heat insulation layer is selected from at least one of single silver nano-coating, double silver nano-coating, triple silver nano-coating, quadruple silver nano-coating, ITO nano-coating, FTO nano-coating, and infrared blocking micron coating.

[0019] In one embodiment, the vehicle window glass further includes an electric heating element and at least two busbars. The electric heating element at least covers the light-transmitting area, and the busbars are electrically connected to the electric heating element. The electric heating element enables the light-transmitting area to have at least 400 W / m². 2 The heating power density.

[0020] In one embodiment, when the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 800 nm to 1449 nm, the material of the adhesive layer in the signal transmission region is selected from at least one of polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and ionic intermediate film.

[0021] When the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 1450nm to 1600nm, the material of the adhesive layer in the signal transmission region is selected from at least one of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene octene elastomer, cyclic olefin polymer, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and cellulose triacetate.

[0022] Secondly, this application provides a window assembly installed in a vehicle, including a lidar and a window glass, wherein the lidar is used to emit detection signals to a target object and receive echo signals reflected back from the target object, and the detection signals and the echo signals pass through the signal transmission area.

[0023] In one embodiment, the window assembly further includes at least one of a visible light camera, a thermal imager, and a millimeter-wave radar;

[0024] The visible light signal received by the visible light camera passes through the signal transmission area, and / or the far-infrared signal received by the thermal imager passes through the signal transmission area, and / or the millimeter-wave signal received by the millimeter-wave radar passes through the signal transmission area.

[0025] In one embodiment, the actual detection distance δD of the lidar and the nominal detection distance D, and the transmittance Tir of the vehicle window glass to the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar satisfy the formula: δD=D×Tir 0.75 .

[0026] In one embodiment, the lidar has a horizontal angular resolution ≤0.1°, a vertical angular resolution ≤0.1°, and a probability of detection (POD) ≥80%.

[0027] Thirdly, this application provides a vehicle, including a body and a window assembly, wherein the window glass is installed in an opening of the body, and the lidar is installed inside the vehicle, with the lidar facing the signal transmission area.

[0028] In summary, the vehicle window glass provided in this application embodiment allows the detection signal and echo signal of the LiDAR to pass through, which can reduce the attenuation loss of the detection signal and echo signal when passing through the signal transmission area, so that the LiDAR located in the vehicle can receive enough point cloud data to achieve high-precision identification of the target object, thereby simultaneously meeting the triple requirements of LiDAR to see far, see clearly, and see steadily. Attached Figure Description

[0029] To more clearly illustrate the technical solution of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained from these drawings without creative effort.

[0030] Figure 1 is a partial structural schematic diagram of the vehicle provided in this application;

[0031] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of one location of the signal transmission area of ​​the vehicle window glass provided in this application;

[0032] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of another location of the signal transmission area of ​​the vehicle window glass provided in this application;

[0033] Figure 4 is a cross-sectional structural schematic diagram of one embodiment of the window assembly provided in this application;

[0034] Figure 5 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the window assembly provided in this application;

[0035] Figure 6 is a partial cross-sectional view of another embodiment of the window assembly provided in this application;

[0036] Figure 7 is a cross-sectional view of the vehicle window glass with a heat insulation layer provided in this application;

[0037] Figure 8 is a partial cross-sectional view of the vehicle window glass with an infrared anti-reflection layer provided in this application;

[0038] Figure 9 is a cross-sectional view of the vehicle window glass with an electric heating element provided in this application. Detailed Implementation

[0039] For ease of understanding, the terminology used in the embodiments of this application will be explained first.

[0040] And / or: This is simply a way of describing the relationship between related objects. It indicates that there can be three kinds of relationships. For example, A and / or B can represent three situations: A exists alone, A and B exist simultaneously, and B exists alone.

[0041] Multiple: refers to two or more.

[0042] Connection: should be interpreted broadly. For example, the connection between A and B can be a direct connection between A and B, or an indirect connection between A and B through an intermediary.

[0043] The technical solutions of the embodiments of this application will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only some embodiments of this application, and not all embodiments. Based on the embodiments of this application, all other embodiments obtained by those of ordinary skill in the art without creative effort are within the scope of protection of this application.

[0044] Please refer to Figure 1, which is a partial structural schematic diagram of the vehicle 1000 provided in this application.

[0045] It should be noted that the directional terms such as "inner" and "outer" used in the embodiments of this application are descriptions with reference to the orientation shown in Figure 1. "Inner" refers to the interior of the vehicle 1000, and "outer" refers to the exterior of the vehicle 1000. They do not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and therefore should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

[0046] Vehicle 1000 includes a window assembly 400 and a body 300, with the window assembly 400 mounted on the body 300. The window assembly 400 includes a window glass 100 and a lidar sensor 200. The window glass 100 is installed at an opening in the body 300, and the lidar sensor 200 is installed inside the vehicle 1000. For example, the lidar sensor 200 can be fixedly mounted on the inner surface of the window glass 100 or on the inner surface of the top of the body 300. The lidar sensor 200 is used to emit a detection signal S1 to a target object P and to receive an echo signal S2 reflected back from the target object P. The wavelength of the detection signal S1 is in the range of 800 nm to 1600 nm. The incident angle β of the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar sensor 200 on the window glass 100 is the angle between the detection signal S1 and the normal direction of the window glass 100 at the incident position.

[0047] A LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) 200 is a sensor that detects target objects P by emitting a detection signal S1 and receiving an echo signal S2. It can accurately detect and identify the specific outline, distance, speed, acceleration, and material of target objects P such as pedestrians, other vehicles, trees, or bridges. The working principle of LiDAR 200 is roughly as follows: The emitting element of LiDAR 200 emits a detection signal S1. The detection signal S1 passes through the vehicle window glass 100 to scan the external space of the vehicle 1000. After the detection signal S1 propagates to the target object P, it is reflected by the target object P to form an echo signal S2. The echo signal S2 is reflected back and passes through the vehicle window glass 100 again to enter the interior of the vehicle 1000, where it is received by the receiving element of LiDAR 200. By continuously scanning the external environment of the vehicle 1000 with the emitted detection signal S1, LiDAR 200 can obtain data on the spatial points of each target object P within its field of view. The collection of these spatial point data forms point cloud data. Point cloud data is a dataset of spatial points scanned by the LiDAR 200. Each point cloud data point contains three-dimensional coordinates (X, Y, Z) and signal reflection intensity. The signal reflection intensity is related to the surface material and roughness of the target object P, the incident angle, the signal wavelength, and the energy density of the LiDAR. By processing the collected point cloud data, the LiDAR 200 can obtain information such as the distance, orientation, height, velocity, attitude, and even shape of the target object P. This allows for the detection, tracking, and identification of the target object P within its field of view. This can help the vehicle 1000 improve its assisted driving capabilities and driving safety, and also aid in better vehicle positioning and navigation, potentially even facilitating Level 3 and higher autonomous driving.

[0048] Since the lidar 200 is installed inside the vehicle 1000, its high-precision operation is ensured even in severe rain or snow weather, and its field of view remains clear even after long-term operation, thanks to the defrosting, defogging, snow removal, de-icing, and dirt-cleaning functions of the vehicle window 100. However, the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200 needs to pass through the vehicle window 100 to reach the outside of the vehicle 1000 before reaching the target object P. The echo signal S2, reflected by the target object P, needs to pass through the vehicle window 100 a second time to return to the inside of the vehicle 1000. Because the vehicle window 100 absorbs and reflects near-infrared light in the wavelength range of 800nm ​​to 1600nm, the two passes of the detection signal S1 and the echo signal S2 mean two periods of attenuation. Therefore, the vehicle window 100 inevitably affects the intensity of the detection signal S1 and the echo signal S2, thus affecting the detection range and accuracy of the lidar 200.

[0049] Next, this application provides a first lidar and a second lidar, and measures the detection distance of the two lidars 200 placed behind vehicle windows 100 with different transmittances, and records the test results in Table 1. Here, D refers to the nominal detection distance of the lidar 200 without the vehicle window 100, Tir refers to the transmittance of the vehicle window 100 to the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200, the wavelength of the detection signal S1 is in the range of 800nm ​​to 1600nm, and δD is the actual detection distance of the lidar 200 when the vehicle window 100 is present (i.e., simulating the lidar 200 being located inside the vehicle 1000).

[0050] Table 1: Test results of the detection range of LiDAR 200

[0051] As shown in Table 1, when the lidar 200 is installed inside the vehicle 1000, the actual detection distance δD of the lidar 200 and the nominal detection distance D, as well as the transmittance Tir of the window glass 100 to the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200, satisfy the formula: δD=D×Tir 0.75 .

[0052] On a typical asphalt road, at a speed of 120 km / h, the braking distance of vehicle 1000 is 128.1 m. To ensure driving safety under real-world conditions, the actual detection distance δD of the lidar 200 should be greater than the aforementioned braking distance of 128.1 m. Therefore, based on the data in Table 1, it can be deduced that when using lidar 200 with a nominal detection distance of 150 m, a window glass 100 with a transmittance Tir ≥ 82% is required; when using lidar 200 with a nominal detection distance of 140 m, a window glass 100 with a transmittance Tir ≥ 89% is required. With the improvement of lidar 200 performance, the nominal detection distance of lidar 200 is greater than or equal to 160 m, or even greater than or equal to 200 m, or even greater than or equal to 300 m. Considering cost, manufacturing difficulty, and performance, this application preferably selects window glass 100 with a transmittance of at least 75% for the incident detection signal S1.

[0053] This application finds that, in addition to meeting the basic requirement of long-range detection (maximum detection distance), the application of LiDAR 200 also needs to meet requirements such as clear visibility (number of point clouds) and stable detection (detection probability). Existing technologies focus solely on achieving extremely high transmittance (Tir) for the vehicle window glass 100, neglecting both the impact of the vehicle window glass 100 on the requirements of clear and stable detection for the LiDAR 200, and the performance improvement of the LiDAR 200, as well as the cost and manufacturing difficulty of the vehicle window glass 100. This application comprehensively considers factors such as the incident angle β of the detection signal S1 emitted by the LiDAR 200 on the vehicle window glass 100, the detection distance between the LiDAR 200 and the vehicle window glass 100, the composite materials of the vehicle window glass 100, the manufacturing method of the vehicle window glass 100, and the surface treatment method of the vehicle window glass 100, to provide a vehicle window glass 100 that meets the requirements of long-range, clear, and stable detection for the LiDAR 200, and also has advantages such as low cost and high market competitiveness.

[0054] The vehicle window glass 100 provided in this application can be one or all of the following: a windshield, a side window, a rear windshield, an A-pillar decorative glass, a B-pillar decorative glass, a C-pillar decorative glass, or a D-pillar decorative glass. This application provides a detailed description using a windshield as an example.

[0055] As shown in Figure 1, the windshield 100 has an installation angle α, which is the angle between the windshield 100 and the horizontal plane O. When used as a windshield of a vehicle, the installation angle α is usually 20° to 40°, such as 20°, 25°, 30°, 35°, 40°, etc. The lidar 200 is usually installed in a horizontal position, and the incident angle β of the detection signal S1 on the windshield 100 is approximately 50° to 70°, such as 50°, 55°, 60°, 65°, 70°, etc.

[0056] As shown in Figures 2 and 3, the vehicle window glass 100 has a light-transmitting area B, a shielding area C, and a signal-transmitting area E. The shielding area C is circumferentially arranged around the light-transmitting area B. The visible light transmittance of the light-transmitting area B is greater than or equal to 70%, which facilitates the observation of the external environment by occupants of the vehicle. The visible light transmittance of the shielding area C is less than or equal to 5%, which helps to provide shielding, protection, and enhance the overall aesthetics. The shielding area C includes a bottom shielding area C2 located below the light-transmitting area B and a top shielding area C1 located above the light-transmitting area B. The lidar 200 is positioned facing the signal-transmitting area E, which allows the detection signal S1 and the echo signal S2 to pass through. The signal-transmitting area E has a transmittance of at least 75%, or at least 80%, or at least 85% for the detection signal S1 incident at an angle of incidence of 50° to 70°.

[0057] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG2, the signal transmission area E may be located within the light transmission area B; in another embodiment, as shown in FIG3, the signal transmission area E may also be located within the top shielding area C1; in yet another embodiment, the signal transmission area E may also be located within the bottom shielding area C2.

[0058] In one embodiment, the window glass 100 may be a single piece of tempered glass, and the single piece of tempered glass window glass 100 has a transmittance of at least 85% for near-infrared light with wavelengths of 800nm ​​to 1600nm.

[0059] In another embodiment, as shown in FIG4, the vehicle window glass 100 can be laminated glass, comprising an inner glass panel 10, an outer glass panel 20, and an adhesive layer 30. Along the direction from the inside to the outside of the vehicle 1000, the inner glass panel 10, the adhesive layer 30, and the outer glass panel 20 are sequentially stacked, with the adhesive layer 30 connecting the inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20. In this embodiment, the vehicle window glass 100 used as a windshield is curved, and the inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20 are formed by a high-temperature bending process at at least 560°C. In other embodiments, the shape of the vehicle window glass 100 can also be any shape that meets the usage requirements of the vehicle window glass 100.

[0060] The inner glass panel 10 includes a first surface 11 and a second surface 12. The first surface 11 and the second surface 12 are disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction of the inner glass panel 10. The first surface 11 faces the interior of the vehicle 1000 and serves as the inner surface of the window glass 100. The second surface 12 faces the adhesive layer 30. For example, the inner glass panel 10 can be ultra-transparent glass, with a total iron content less than or equal to 0.015 wt%, and a visible light transmittance greater than or equal to 89%. Examples of visible light transmittance for the inner glass panel 10 include 89.6%, 90%, 91%, 92%, etc. The thickness of the inner glass panel 10 is 0.7 mm to 2.5 mm. For example, the thickness of the inner glass panel 10 can be 0.7 mm, 0.9 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.6 mm, 1.8 mm, 2.1 mm, or 2.3 mm, etc. From the perspective of lightweighting the window glass 100, the thickness of the inner glass panel 10 is preferably 0.7mm to 1.6mm. The material of the inner glass panel 10 can be soda-lime glass, high-alumina glass, lithium aluminum glass, or borosilicate glass, etc.

[0061] The outer glass panel 20 includes a third surface 21 and a fourth surface 22. The third surface 21 and the fourth surface 22 are disposed opposite to each other along the thickness direction of the outer glass panel 20, with the third surface 21 facing the adhesive layer 30 and the fourth surface 22 facing the exterior of the vehicle 1000. The fourth surface 22 serves as the outer surface of the vehicle window glass 100. For example, the outer glass panel 20 can be ultra-transparent glass, with a total iron content less than or equal to 0.015 wt%, and a visible light transmittance greater than or equal to 89%. Examples of visible light transmittance for the outer glass panel 20 include 89.6%, 90%, 91%, and 92%. The material of the outer glass panel 20 can be the same as or different from that of the inner glass panel 10. The thickness of the outer glass panel 20 is 1.6 mm to 4.0 mm. For example, the thickness of the outer glass panel 20 can be 1.6mm, 1.8mm, 2.1mm, 2.3mm, 2.6mm, 3.2mm, 3.5mm, 4.0mm, etc. Considering the safety strength of the vehicle window glass 100, the thickness of the outer glass panel 20 is preferably 2.1mm to 3.2mm. The material of the outer glass panel 20 can be soda-lime glass, high-alumina glass, lithium aluminum glass, or borosilicate glass, etc.

[0062] The adhesive layer 30 is a transparent or colored thermoplastic polymer film, and its thickness is 0.38 mm to 2.28 mm. For example, the thickness of the adhesive layer 30 can be, but is not limited to, 0.38 mm, 0.76 mm, 1.14 mm, 1.52 mm, 1.9 mm, 2.28 mm, or other values ​​between 0.38 mm and 2.28 mm. The material of the thermoplastic polymer film can be selected from at least one of polyvinyl butyral (PVB), polyurethane (PU), ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), and ionic polymer (SentryGlasPlus, SGP). The visible light transmittance of the adhesive layer 30 is greater than or equal to 80%, for example, it can be, but is not limited to, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%. For example, the adhesive layer 30 can be a single-layer structure or a multi-layer structure. Examples of multi-layer structures include double-layer, triple-layer, quadruple-layer, and five-layer structures. The adhesive layer 30 can also have other functions, such as providing at least one colored area as a shaded zone to reduce sunlight interference with the human eye, adding an infrared absorber to provide sun protection or heat insulation, adding an ultraviolet absorber to provide ultraviolet protection, having at least one layer of the multi-layer structure with a higher plasticizer content to provide sound insulation, or having at least one layer of the multi-layer structure with a wedge-shaped cross-sectional profile to provide a head-up display function.

[0063] The vehicle window glass 100 provided in this embodiment also includes a shielding layer 40, which can be disposed on at least one of the third surface 21 of the outer glass panel 20, the second surface 12 of the inner glass panel 10, and the first surface 11 of the inner glass panel 10. When the signal transmission area E is located within the shielding area C, for example, within the top shielding area C1 or the bottom shielding area C2, the shielding layer is not disposed within the signal transmission area E. The material of the shielding layer 40 can be ceramic ink or ultraviolet ink. The ceramic ink or ultraviolet ink is printed by processes such as screen printing or inkjet printing and then cured or sintered at high temperature to form the shielding layer 40. The thickness of the shielding layer 40 is 5μm to 40μm. It should be noted that the shielding layer 40 covers the shielding area C to protect the internal components of the vehicle 1000 and improve the appearance of the vehicle 1000.

[0064] As shown in Figure 4, the lidar 200 has a field of view (FOV), which is the maximum range of the lidar 200 can view when acquiring data. The field of view can be divided into the horizontal field of view (HFOV) and the vertical field of view (VFOV).

[0065] Meanwhile, the LiDAR 200 also has basic parameters such as the number of lines, frequency, and point frequency. The number of lines of the LiDAR 200 refers to the total number of lines scanned within the vertical field of view (VFOV), such as 4 lines, 8 lines, 16 lines, 32 lines, 64 lines, 128 lines, 256 lines, etc. The frequency of the LiDAR 200 refers to the speed at which the LiDAR completes a full scan; for example, 10Hz means 10 scans per second. The point frequency of the LiDAR 200 refers to the frequency of a point, which is the total number of spatial points scanned per second by all the lines of the LiDAR. The number of spatial points scanned per line of the LiDAR's detection signal S1 is N, where N = point frequency / (number of lines * frequency). Taking a 64-line LiDAR as an example, with a frequency of 10Hz and a point frequency of 1280000 pts / s, then N = 1280000 / (64 * 10) = 2000 points.

[0066] To meet the triple requirements of long-range, clear, and stable detection for the LiDAR 200, the detection signal S1 passes through the signal transmission zone E at an incident angle of 50° to 70°. When the detection distance between the target object P and the LiDAR 200 is 100 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the LiDAR 200 includes at least X1 point cloud data points, where X1 ≥ N / 200 and X1 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400. Here, X1 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3, meaning the echo signal S2 received by the LiDAR 200 includes at least 3 point cloud data points. The vehicle window glass 100 reduces the attenuation loss of the detection signal S1 and the echo signal S2 when passing through the signal transmission zone E, ensuring that the LiDAR 200 located inside the vehicle receives enough point cloud data to meet the LiDAR's operational requirements. Specifically, when N / 200 is less than 3, X1 takes the value of 3; when N / 200 is greater than 3, X1 takes the value of a positive integer greater than or equal to N / 200. For example, if the number of spatial points scanned by each line of the detection signal S1 is N = 2000, X1 ≥ 2000 / 200 = 10. X1 can be 10, 11, 15, 20, or even 50, etc.

[0067] In some implementations, when the detection distance between the target object P and the lidar 200 is 160 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes at least X2 point cloud data points, where X2 ≥ N / 250 and X2 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400. Here, X2 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3, meaning the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes at least 3 point cloud data points, which meets the requirements for lidar use. Specifically, when N / 250 is less than 3, X2 is 3; when N / 250 is greater than 3, X2 is a positive integer greater than or equal to N / 250. For example, if the number of spatial points scanned per line of the detection signal S1 is N = 2000, X2 ≥ 2000 / 250 = 8, and X1 can be 8, 10, 11, 15, 20, or even 30 points, etc.

[0068] In other embodiments, when the detection distance between the target object P and the lidar 200 is 180 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes at least X3 point cloud data points, where X3 ≥ N / 300 and X3 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400. Here, X3 is a positive integer greater than or equal to 3, meaning the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes at least 3 point cloud data points, which meets the requirements for lidar use. Specifically, when N / 300 is less than 3, X3 is 3; when N / 300 is greater than 3, X3 is a positive integer greater than or equal to N / 300. For example, if the number of spatial points scanned per line of the detection signal S1 is N = 2000, then X3 ≥ 2000 / 300 = 6.67, and X1 can be 7, 8, 10, 15, or even 20 points, etc.

[0069] To better meet the clear visibility requirements of the LiDAR 200, the vehicle window glass 100 provided in this application can meet the usage requirements of the LiDAR 200 with a horizontal angular resolution ≤0.1° and a vertical angular resolution ≤0.1°, preferably meeting the usage requirements of the LiDAR 200 with a horizontal angular resolution ≤0.06° and a vertical angular resolution ≤0.06°. This is beneficial for making the target object P easier to identify and for making the details of the target object P more accurate during subsequent processing of the point cloud data.

[0070] In order to better meet the stable viewing requirements of the lidar 200, the vehicle window glass 100 provided in this application can meet the usage requirements of the lidar 200 with a detection probability POD ≥ 80%, preferably meet the usage requirements of the lidar 200 with a detection probability POD ≥ 85%, and more preferably meet the usage requirements of the lidar 200 with a detection probability POD ≥ 90%, thereby helping the lidar 200 to receive the echo signal S2 more stably.

[0071] Please refer to Figure 5. The window glass 100 shown in Figure 5 is basically the same as the window glass 100 shown in Figure 4. The differences are as follows.

[0072] The inner glass plate 10 of the vehicle window glass 100 provided in this application may be provided with a first through hole 13 corresponding to the signal transmission area E, and the first through hole 13 penetrates the inner glass plate 10 along the thickness direction. The inner glass plate 10 may be transparent glass, with a total iron content of less than or equal to 0.08% and a visible light transmittance of greater than or equal to 88%; the inner glass plate 10 may also be ultra-transparent glass, with a total iron content of less than or equal to 0.015wt% and a visible light transmittance of greater than or equal to 89%; the inner glass plate 10 may also be tinted glass, with a total iron content of greater than or equal to 0.5wt% and a visible light transmittance of greater than 70%.

[0073] The adhesive layer 30 of the vehicle window glass 100 provided in this application may have a second through-hole 31 corresponding to the signal transmission area E, and the second through-hole 31 penetrates the adhesive layer 30 along the thickness direction. The second through-hole 31 of the adhesive layer 30 may be filled with no other material or filled with an infrared high-transmittance material. In some embodiments, the infrared high-transmittance material includes at least one of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate, and polymethyl methacrylate. In other embodiments, when the wavelength of the detection signal S1 of the lidar 200 is in the range of 800 nm to 1449 nm, the filling material in the second through-hole 31 of the adhesive layer 30 is selected from at least one of polyvinyl butyral, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, and ionic intermediate film; when the wavelength of the detection signal S1 is in the range of 1450 nm to 1600 nm, the filling material in the second through-hole 31 of the adhesive layer 30 is selected from at least one of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyvinyl octene copolymer, cyclic olefin polymer, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and cellulose triacetate.

[0074] Referring to Figure 6, the window assembly 400 also includes at least one of a visible light camera, a thermal imager, and a millimeter-wave radar. All sensors, including the visible light camera, thermal imager, and millimeter-wave radar, have a field of view. The following explanation uses the visible light camera 500 as an example. The lidar 200 has a field of view (FOVL), and the visible light camera 500 has a field of view (FOVC). The field of view (FOVL) of the lidar 200 and the field of view (FOVC) of the visible light camera 500 are at least partially overlapped. This can be either the vertical field of view (VFOVL) of the lidar 200 or the horizontal field of view (HFOVL) of the lidar 200 or the horizontal field of view (HFOVC) of the visible light camera 500, or both the vertical field of view (VFOVL) and the horizontal field of view (HFOVL) of the lidar 200 are at least partially overlapped with the vertical field of view (VFOVC) and the horizontal field of view (HFOVC) of the visible light camera 500. In other words, the visible light camera 500 and the lidar 200 share at least a portion of the signal transmission area E, and the visible light signal received by the visible light camera 500 passes through the signal transmission area E.

[0075] Similarly, the far-infrared signal received by the thermal imager passes through the signal transmission zone E, and / or the millimeter-wave signal received by the millimeter-wave radar passes through the signal transmission zone E.

[0076] Referring to Figure 7, the vehicle window glass 100 may further include a heat insulation layer 50, which may be disposed on the third surface 21 of the outer glass panel 20 and / or the second surface 12 of the inner glass panel 10. The outline of the heat insulation layer 50 may extend into the shading area C, that is, the heat insulation layer 50 and the shading layer 40 may partially overlap in the thickness direction of the vehicle window glass 100. The heat insulation layer 50 can block infrared rays in sunlight from entering the interior of the vehicle 1000, thereby playing a role in heat insulation or sun protection.

[0077] The heat insulation layer 50 at least covers the light-transmitting area B, and the heat insulation layer 50 has a first film-removing area 51, i.e., no heat insulation layer 50 is provided in the signal transmission area E. The total solar transmittance (TTS) of the vehicle window glass 100 with the heat insulation layer 50 is less than or equal to 55%. The heat insulation layer 50 is selected from at least one of single silver nano-coating, double silver nano-coating, triple silver nano-coating, quadruple silver nano-coating, ITO (Indium Tin Oxides) nano-coating, FTO (Fluorine-doped Tin Oxide) nano-coating, and infrared blocking micron coating. The single silver nano-coating, double silver nano-coating, triple silver nano-coating, quadruple silver nano-coating, ITO nano-coating, and FTO nano-coating can be formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and their physical thickness is preferably 100 nm to 500 nm. The infrared blocking micron coating can be formed by sol-gel coating. The thickness of the infrared blocking micron coating is 5 μm to 30 μm. The infrared blocking micron coating is a transparent micron coating with infrared blocking nanoparticles. The material of the infrared blocking nanoparticles can be selected from at least one of ITO (indium tin oxide), FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), CWO (cesium-doped tungsten oxide), lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6), and vanadium pentoxide (V2O5). The average particle size of the infrared blocking nanoparticles is 20 nm to 100 nm.

[0078] Referring to Figure 8, the window glass 100 provided in this embodiment has a basically the same structure as the window glass 100 shown in Figure 7. The difference is that the window glass 100 provided in this embodiment also includes an infrared anti-reflection layer 60. The infrared anti-reflection layer 60 is disposed on the first surface 11 of the inner glass plate 10 and is opposite to the lidar 200. The infrared anti-reflection layer 60 can reduce the reflectivity of the signal transmission area E to the detection signal S1 incident at an angle of incidence of 50° to 70°, thereby increasing the transmittance of the detection signal S1. The infrared anti-reflection layer 60 at least covers the signal transmission area E. The transmittance of the signal transmission area E with the infrared anti-reflection layer 60 to the detection signal S1 incident at an angle of incidence of 50° to 70° is T1, and the transmittance of the signal transmission area E without the infrared anti-reflection layer 60 to the detection signal S1 incident at an angle of incidence of 50° to 70° is T2, where T1-T2≥3%, T1-T2≥5%, or T1-T2≥8%.

[0079] In this embodiment, the infrared antireflection layer 60 includes a high-refractive-index layer and a low-refractive-index layer, which are alternately stacked along the thickness direction. The refractive index of the high-refractive-index layer is greater than or equal to 1.81 and less than or equal to 2.59, and the refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer is greater than or equal to 1.35 and less than or equal to 1.80. The material of the high-refractive-index layer may include one or more combinations of elemental Si, NbOx (niobium oxide), SiNx (silicon nitride), ZrOx (zirconium oxide), TiOx (titanium oxide), TiNx (titanium nitride), MoOx (molybdenum oxide), TaOx (tantalum oxide), and HfOx (hafnium oxide); the low-refractive-index layer may include one or more combinations of SiOx (silicon oxide), MgFx (magnesium fluoride), AlOx (aluminum oxide), WOx (tungsten oxide), YFx (yttrium fluoride), and BaFx (barium fluoride).

[0080] Referring to Figure 9, the vehicle window glass 100 also includes an electric heating element 70 and at least two busbars 80. The electric heating element 70 at least covers the light-transmitting area B, and the busbars 80 are electrically connected to the electric heating element 70. The electric heating element 70 enables the light-transmitting area B to have a power of at least 400 W / m. 2The heating power density is high enough to perform defrosting, defogging, snow removal, and even de-icing functions. The electric heating element 70 can be disposed on the third surface 21 of the outer glass plate 20 and / or the second surface 12 of the inner glass plate 10. The electric heating element 70 may also have a second film removal zone 71, i.e., the signal transmission zone E does not have the electric heating element 70. The electric heating element 70 can be electrically connected to a power supply via at least two busbars 80. The power supply voltage described in this application is 12V to 52V, preferably 40V to 50V. The electric heating element 70 can enable the light-transmitting zone B to have a heating power density of at least 400W / m². For example, the electric heating element 70 can enable the light-transmitting zone B to have a heating power density of at least 800W / m². For another example, the electric heating element 70 can enable the light-transmitting zone B to have a heating power density of at least 1000W / m². For yet another example, the electric heating element 70 can enable the light-transmitting zone B to have a heating power density of at least 2000W / m². The electric heating element 70 can be a single-silver electric heating coating, a double-silver electric heating coating, a triple-silver electric heating coating, a quadruple-silver electric heating coating, a penta-silver electric heating coating, a TCO electric heating coating, a metal wire, a printed silver paste wire, a silver nanowire, a carbon fiber wire, a metal mesh, or a graphene heating element, etc. The single-silver, double-silver, triple-silver, quadruple-silver, penta-silver, and TCO electric heating coatings can be formed by physical vapor deposition (PVD) or chemical vapor deposition (CVD), and their physical thickness is preferably 100 nm to 500 nm. The metal wire can be at least one of copper wire, tungsten wire, aluminum wire, or copper alloy wire, and the diameter of the metal wire is 0.01 mm to 0.5 mm. The printed linewidth of the printed silver paste wire is 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm, and the printed thickness of the printed silver paste wire is 3 μm to 20 μm. The silver nanowire, carbon fiber wire, metal mesh, or graphene heating element is commercially available.

[0081] Since the lidar 200 is installed inside the vehicle 1000, the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200 needs to pass through the window glass 100 twice, once when it is directed towards the target object P outside the vehicle 1000 and again when the echo signal S2 is reflected back from the target object P into the vehicle 1000. Therefore, the window glass 100 inevitably attenuates the detection signal S1 and the echo signal S2, thereby reducing the number of point cloud data received by the lidar 200, which directly affects the working quality and stability of the lidar 200. Next, this application provides the window glass 100 of Embodiment 1 and measures the number of point cloud data X received by the fixed lidar 200 placed behind the window glass 100 under different mounting angles α, different target object sizes P, and different detection distances.

[0082] Example 1:

[0083] The inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20 of the car window glass 100 are both 2.1mm thick ultra-clear glass (i.e., ultra-white glass), and the adhesive layer 30 is 0.76mm thick transparent PVB.

[0084] Prepare a lidar 200. The number of spatial points scanned per line of the detection signal S1 emitted by lidar 200 is N = 2000. The wavelength of the detection signal S1 is 905nm. The incident angles β of the detection signal S1 on the car window glass 100 are 50°, 55°, 60° and 65° respectively.

[0085] Prepare a large target object as target object P. The large target object is a white stainless steel plate with a height of 1.5m and a width of 1.8m. Fix the lidar 200 and the car window glass 100 in the preset position, rotate the car window glass 100 to different mounting angles, move the large target object to different detection distances, calculate the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2, and record the results in Table 2.

[0086] Table 2: Number of point cloud data in the echo signal after lidar detection of large targets

[0087] Prepare a medium-sized target object as target object P. The medium-sized target object is a black plastic plate with a height of 1.8m and a width of 0.5m. Fix the lidar 200 and the car window glass 100 in the preset position, rotate the car window glass 100 to different mounting angles, move the medium-sized target object to different detection distances, calculate the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2, and record the results in Table 3.

[0088] Table 3: Number of point cloud data in the echo signal after lidar detection of medium-sized targets

[0089] Prepare a small target object as target object P. The small target object is a white conical plastic bucket with a height of 0.75m and a width of 0.33m. Fix the lidar 200 and the car window glass 100 in the preset position, rotate the car window glass 100 to different mounting angles, move the small target object to different detection distances, calculate the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2, and record the results in Table 4.

[0090] Table 4: Number of point cloud data in the echo signal after lidar detection of small targets

[0091] As shown in Tables 2, 3, and 4, this application comprehensively considers that the incident angle β of the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200 on the vehicle window glass 100 and the detection distance between the lidar 200 and the vehicle window glass 100 both affect the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2. Generally, the more point cloud data in the echo signal S2, the more accurately the lidar 200 identifies the target object P. In Tables 2, 3, and 4, the number of spatial points scanned per line of the detection signal S1 is N = 2000. When the detection distance between the target object P and the lidar 200 is 100 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes at least 10 point cloud data points, X1 ≥ 2000 / 200 = 10, enabling the lidar 200 to see further, more clearly, and more steadily. When the detection distance between the target object P and the lidar 200 is 160 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes X1 with at least 8 point cloud data points, i.e., X1≥2000 / 250=8, enabling the lidar 200 to see further, more clearly, and more stably. When the detection distance between the target object P and the lidar 200 is 180 meters, the echo signal S2 received by the lidar 200 includes X1 with at least 7 point cloud data points, i.e., X1≥2000 / 300=6.67, enabling the lidar 200 to see further, more clearly, and more stably.

[0092] Next, this application provides reference examples, comparative example 1, example 2 and example 3 for illustration.

[0093] Prepare a lidar 200. The number of spatial points scanned per line of the detection signal S1 emitted by lidar 200 is N = 400, and the wavelength of the detection signal S1 is 905nm.

[0094] For example: No window glass 100 is placed between the lidar 200 and the target object P, that is, neither the detection signal S1 nor the echo signal S2 passes through the window glass 100.

[0095] Comparative Example 1, Example 2 and Example 3: A car window glass 100 is set between the lidar 200 and the target object P. The incident angle β of the detection signal S1 on the car window glass 100 is 0°, that is, vertical incidence.

[0096] Comparative Example 1: The inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20 of the car window glass 100 are both 2.1mm thick standard transparent glass (i.e. ordinary clear glass), and the adhesive layer 30 is 0.76mm thick transparent PVB.

[0097] Example 2: The inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20 of the car window glass 100 are both 2.1mm thick ultra-transparent glass (i.e., ultra-white glass), and the adhesive layer 30 is 0.76mm thick transparent PVB.

[0098] Example 3: The inner glass panel 10 and the outer glass panel 20 of the vehicle window glass 100 are both 2.1mm thick ultra-transparent glass (i.e., ultra-white glass), the adhesive layer 30 is 0.76mm thick transparent PVB, and an infrared anti-reflection layer 60 is also provided on the first surface 11, which covers the signal transmission area E.

[0099] Prepare a 10% standard reflector with a height of 0.75m and a width of 0.75m as the target object P. The 10% standard reflector is a standard reflector with a reflectivity of 10% for the detection signal S1. Fix the lidar 200 and the car window glass 100 in the preset position, move the 10% standard reflector to different detection distances, calculate the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2, and record the results in Table 5.

[0100] Table 5: Number of point cloud data in the echo signal from a 10% standard reflector detected by lidar

[0101] Prepare an 80% standard reflector plate with a height of 0.75m and a width of 0.75m as the target object P. The 80% standard reflector plate is a standard reflector plate with a reflectivity of 80% for the detection signal S1. Fix the lidar 200 and the car window glass 100 in the preset position, move the 10% standard reflector plate to different detection distances, calculate the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2, and record the results in Table 6.

[0102] Table 6: Number of point cloud data in the echo signal from a LiDAR detector behind an 80% standard reflector

[0103] As shown in Tables 5 and 6, this application comprehensively considers that factors such as the combined materials of the window glass 100 and the surface treatment method of the window glass 100 all affect the amount of point cloud data in the echo signal S2. Generally, the more point cloud data in the echo signal S2, the more accurately the lidar 200 identifies the target object P.

[0104] In Table 5, the point cloud data in the echo signal S2 received by the vehicle window glass 100 of Comparative Example 1, which is made of ordinary clear glass, is 0 when the detection distance is ≥100 meters, causing the lidar 200 to malfunction when installed inside the vehicle 1000. In Table 6, the point cloud data in the echo signal S2 received by the vehicle window glass 100 of Comparative Example 1, which is made of ordinary clear glass, is 0 when the detection distance is ≥120 meters, causing the lidar 200 to malfunction when installed inside the vehicle 1000.

[0105] Accordingly, the window glass 100 manufactured using ultra-white glass in Embodiment 2 can significantly increase the number of point cloud data in the echo signal S2 received at a detection distance of ≥100 meters to more than 10 or even more than 15, enabling the lidar 200 to work normally when installed inside the vehicle 1000, and enabling the lidar 200 to see further, more clearly, and more steadily.

[0106] Accordingly, the window glass 100 of Embodiment 3 is made of ultra-white glass, and an infrared anti-reflection layer is added in the signal transmission area E. It can receive more point cloud data in the echo signal S2 when the detection distance is ≥100 meters than Embodiment 2, and even further increases the detection distance than Embodiment 2. It also enables the lidar 200 to see farther, see more clearly, and see more steadily.

[0107] Next, this application investigates the offset of the detection signal position caused by the vehicle window glass 100 provided in the reference example, example 2 and example 3.

[0108] Specifically, the lidar 200 is fixedly positioned, a target object with a scale is prepared, and an infrared camera is set up to record the signal position of the detection signal S1 on the target. The lidar 200 emits the detection signal S1 to the target object. The infrared camera records the signal position between the lidar 200 and the target object without a window 100 as the first position A1, simulating the use scenario where the lidar 200 is placed on the outside of the vehicle 1000. The infrared camera records the signal position between the lidar 200 and the target object with a window 100 as the second position A2, simulating the use scenario where the lidar 200 is placed inside the vehicle 1000.

[0109] Compared to the first position A1, due to the refraction effect of the car window glass 100, the second position A2 shifts upwards. Without control and design, the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar 200 may cross the upper edge of the target object, reducing the detection accuracy and stability of the lidar 200. To enable the lidar 200 to see further, more clearly, and more stably, the angle θ between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is preferably ≤0.15°, or θ≤0.125°, or θ≤0.1°, or θ≤0.08°, or θ≤0.05°. Simultaneously, the distance L between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is also preferably ≤0.25m / 100m, or L≤0.2m / 100m, or L≤0.15m / 100m, or L≤0.1m / 100m, or L≤0.05m / 100m.

[0110] According to the measurements, the second position A2 in Example 2 was moved up by 0.125° compared to the first position A1, that is, the upward movement distance was 0.22m / 100m. The second position A2 in Example 3 was moved up by 0.04° compared to the first position A1, that is, the upward movement distance was 0.07m / 100m. Both Example 2 and Example 3 can meet the basic usage requirements of the lidar 200, such as seeing far, seeing clearly, and seeing steadily.

[0111] The embodiments of this application have been described in detail above. Specific examples have been used to illustrate the principles and implementation methods of this application. The descriptions of the embodiments above are only for the purpose of helping to understand the methods and core ideas of this application. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will recognize that, based on the ideas of this application, there will be changes in the specific implementation methods and application scope. Therefore, the content of this specification should not be construed as a limitation of this application.

Claims

1. A vehicle window glass capable of being used with a lidar system, wherein the lidar system is used to transmit detection signals to a target object and receive echo signals reflected back from the target object, wherein the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 800nm ​​to 1600nm, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass has a signal transmission area through which the detection signal and the echo signal pass, and the signal transmission area has a transmittance of at least 75% for the detection signal incident at an angle of incidence of 50° to 70°. The number of spatial points scanned by each line of the detection signal is N. The detection signal passes through the signal transmission area at an incident angle of 50° to 70°. When the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 100 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X1 point cloud data, where X1 ≥ N / 200 and X1 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

2. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 160 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X2 point cloud data, where X2 ≥ N / 250 and X2 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

3. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, When the detection distance between the target object and the lidar is 180 meters, the echo signal received by the lidar includes at least X3 point cloud data, where X3 ≥ N / 300 and X3 ≥ 3, and N ≥ 400.

4. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, Prepare a target object with a scale. The lidar emits a detection signal to the target object. The signal position between the lidar and the target object without a window is recorded by an infrared camera as the first position A1. The signal position between the lidar and the target object with a window is recorded by an infrared camera as the second position A2. The angle θ between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is ≤0.15°, or θ≤0.125°, or θ≤0.1°, or θ≤0.08°, or θ≤0.05°.

5. The vehicle window glass according to claim 4, characterized in that, The distance L between the first position A1 and the second position A2 is ≤0.25m / 100m, or L≤0.2m / 100m, or L≤0.15m / 100m, or L≤0.1m / 100m, or L≤0.05m / 100m.

6. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass has a shielding area and a light-transmitting area. The visible light transmittance of the light-transmitting area is greater than or equal to 70%, and the visible light transmittance of the shielding area is less than or equal to 5%. The shielding area includes a bottom shielding area located below the light-transmitting area and a top shielding area located above the light-transmitting area. The signal transmission area is located within the top shielding area, or within the light-transmitting area, or within the bottom shielding area.

7. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass is a single-pane tempered glass, which has a transmittance of at least 85% for near-infrared light with wavelengths of 800nm ​​to 1600nm.

8. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass is laminated glass, which includes an outer glass panel, an adhesive layer, and an inner glass panel. The outer glass panel has a first surface and a second surface, and the inner glass panel has a third surface and a fourth surface. The adhesive layer connects the second surface and the third surface. The outer glass panel is ultra-transparent glass with a total iron content of less than or equal to 0.015% wt and a visible light transmittance of greater than or equal to 89%.

9. The vehicle window glass according to claim 8, characterized in that, The inner glass plate is ultra-transparent glass, the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015% wt, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 89%.

10. The vehicle window glass according to claim 8, characterized in that, The inner glass plate is transparent glass, ultra-transparent glass, or tinted glass, and the inner glass plate has a first through hole corresponding to the signal transmission area; the total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 88%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 89%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.5 wt%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

11. The vehicle window glass according to claim 9 or 10, characterized in that, The adhesive layer is provided with a second through hole corresponding to the signal transmission area. The second through hole is not filled with other materials or is filled with an infrared high-transmittance material. The infrared high-transmittance material includes at least one of ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, polyolefin thermoplastic elastomer, polycarbonate and polymethyl methacrylate.

12. The vehicle window glass according to claim 1, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass also includes an infrared anti-reflection layer, which at least covers the signal transmission area. The transmittance of the signal transmission area with the infrared anti-reflection layer to the detection signal incident at an angle of 50° to 70° is T1, and the transmittance of the signal transmission area without the infrared anti-reflection layer to the detection signal incident at an angle of 50° to 70° is T2, where T1-T2≥3%.

13. The vehicle window glass according to claim 6, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass also includes a heat insulation layer, which at least covers the light-transmitting area. The heat insulation layer is not provided in the signal transmission area. The total solar transmittance (TTS) of the vehicle window glass with the heat insulation layer is less than or equal to 55%. The heat insulation layer is selected from at least one of single silver nano-coating, double silver nano-coating, triple silver nano-coating, quadruple silver nano-coating, ITO nano-coating, FTO nano-coating, and infrared blocking micron coating.

14. The vehicle window glass according to claim 6, characterized in that, The vehicle window glass also includes an electric heating element and at least two busbars. The electric heating element at least covers the light-transmitting area, and the busbars are electrically connected to the electric heating element. The electric heating element enables the light-transmitting area to have a power of at least 400W / m. 2 The heating power density.

15. The vehicle window glass according to claim 8, characterized in that, When the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 800nm ​​to 1449nm, the material of the adhesive layer in the signal transmission region is selected from at least one of polyvinyl butyral, ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer and ionic intermediate film. When the wavelength of the detection signal is in the range of 1450nm to 1600nm, the material of the adhesive layer in the signal transmission region is selected from at least one of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, polyethylene octene elastomer, cyclic olefin polymer, thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer, and cellulose triacetate.

16. A window assembly, installed in a vehicle, characterized in that, The system includes a lidar and a vehicle window glass according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the lidar is used to transmit a detection signal to a target object and receive an echo signal reflected back from the target object, the detection signal and the echo signal passing through the signal transmission zone.

17. The window assembly according to claim 16, characterized in that, The window assembly also includes at least one of a visible light camera, a thermal imager, and a millimeter-wave radar; The visible light signal received by the visible light camera passes through the signal transmission area, and / or the far-infrared signal received by the thermal imager passes through the signal transmission area, and / or the millimeter-wave signal received by the millimeter-wave radar passes through the signal transmission area.

18. The window assembly according to claim 16, characterized in that, The actual detection distance δD of the lidar and the nominal detection distance D, as well as the transmittance Tir of the window glass to the detection signal S1 emitted by the lidar, satisfy the formula: δD=D×Tir 0.75 .

19. The window assembly according to claim 16, characterized in that, The lidar has a horizontal angular resolution ≤0.1°, a vertical angular resolution ≤0.1°, and a probability of detection (POD) ≥80%.

20. A vehicle, characterized in that, The vehicle includes a vehicle body and a window assembly according to any one of claims 16 to 19, wherein the window glass is installed in an opening of the vehicle body, and the lidar is installed inside the vehicle and faces the signal transmission area.

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