Composition comprising aqueous dispersion of multistage polymer
Aqueous dispersion of a multistage polymer and amino functional silane enhances flow/leveling and washability in coating compositions, addressing the limitations of waterborne enamel paints in high-traffic areas.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/108363
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-07-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-05
AI Technical Summary
Waterborne enamel paints used in coating compositions for high-traffic areas face challenges in achieving balanced hardness, flow/leveling properties, and washability, particularly when exposed to strong detergents.
A composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a multistage polymer and an amino functional silane, where the multistage polymer is formed through sequential free-radical polymerization, incorporating specific monomer ratios and structures to enhance flow/leveling and washability.
The composition provides coatings with improved flow/leveling properties and excellent washability, as demonstrated by Flow/Leveling Testing and Washability Testing.
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Figure PCTCN2024108363-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITION COMPRISING AQUEOUS DISPERSION OF MULTISTAGE POLYMERFIELD
[0001] The present invention relates to a composition comprising (i) an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer and (ii) an amino functional silane, and a method of preparing the same. The composition is particularly useful as a coating composition.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Waterborne enamel paints have successfully replaced most solvent based alkyd products applied onto doors, window frames, and broad-wall areas. Waterborne broad-wall enamels require balanced hardness, flow and leveling, good film formation properties. One approach to achieve the above balanced properties is using soluble or swellable shell polymers (SSPs) in coating compositions as binders. The shells of these SSPs are comprised of low molecular weight and high carboxylic acid polymers at certain ranges such that the shell gets plasticized in water, affording coatings comprising thereof with the above described balanced properties, but resulting in increased water sensitivity of the coatings, and thus compromised washability. Further introducing ambient crosslinking monomers such as diacetone acrylamide into SSPs in combination of a polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide, such as described in WO2016095197A1, can improve the water sensitivity, but is still unable to deliver the level of washability that is required for high traffic areas which often require cleaning by strong detergents.
[0004] It is therefore desirable to provide an aqueous dispersion suitable for use in coating compositions that demonstrates good flow / leveling properties while providing coatings made thereof with washability.SUMMARY
[0005] The present invention solves the problem of discovering a composition without the aforementioned problems. The composition of the present invention comprises a novel combination of (i) an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer and (ii) an amino functional silane. Such composition is particularly suitable for use in coating applications to provide coatings with good flow / leveling properties and excellent washability, as measured according to the Flow / Leveling Testing and Washability Testing, respectively, described in the Examples section below.
[0006] In a first aspect, the present invention is a composition comprising the following components (i) and (ii) :
[0007] (i) an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer, wherein the multistage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, 5%to 40%of a polymer (A) and 60%to 95%of a polymer (B) ;
[0008] wherein the polymer (A) has a number average molecular weight less than 12000 grams per mole and comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) ,
[0009] (a1) 0.5%to 4.5%of structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer, a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof; (a2) 0 to 15%of structural units of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; (a3) greater than 2%to 25%of structural units of a keto-containing monomer; and (a4) structural units of an alkyl (meth) acrylate; wherein the combined concentration of (a1) and (a2) structural units is 3%or more; and
[0010] wherein the polymer (B) comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) , (b1) structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and optionally, (b2) structural units of an acid monomer; wherein the weight concentration of (b2) structural units relative to the polymer (B) weight is lower than the combined concentration of (a1) and (a2) structural unit in the polymer (A) ; and
[0011] (ii) 0.1%to 5%of an amino functional silane, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer.
[0012] In a second aspect, the present invention is a method of preparing a composition. The method comprises the steps of:
[0013] (I) preparing an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer by multistage free-radical polymerization including:
[0014] forming a polymer (A) in an aqueous medium by polymerization of a monomer mixture (A) in the presence of greater than 85 millimoles of a chain transfer agent per kilogram of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) ,
[0015] wherein the monomer mixture (A) comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) , monomer (a1) a phosphorous acid monomer, a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof at a concentration of 0.5%to 4.5%; monomer (a2) an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid at a concentration of 0 to 15%; monomer (a3) a keto-containing monomer at a concentration of greater than 2%to 25%; and monomer (a4) an alkyl (meth) acrylate; wherein the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) is 3%or more; and
[0016] forming a polymer (B) by polymerization of a monomer mixture (B) , wherein the monomer mixture (B) comprises monomer (b1) a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and optionally, monomer (b2) an acid monomer; wherein the weight concentration of the acid monomer (b2) relative to the monomer mixture (B) weight is lower than the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) in the monomer mixture (A) ; and
[0017] (ii) admixing the aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer obtained from step (i) with 0.1%to 5%of an amino functional silane, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer; thereby forming the composition.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0018] Test methods refer to the most recent test method as of the priority date of this document when a date is not indicated with the test method number. References to test methods contain both a reference to the testing society and the test method number. The following test method abbreviations and identifiers apply herein: ASTM refers to American Society for Testing and Materials International methods.
[0019] Products identified by their tradename refer to the compositions available under those tradenames on the priority date of this document. “And / or” means “and, or as an alternative. ” All ranges include endpoints unless otherwise indicated.
[0020] “Aqueous” dispersion herein means that polymer particles dispersed in an aqueous medium. By “aqueous medium” herein is meant water and 0 to 30%, by weight based on the weight of the medium, of water-miscible compound (s) such as, for example, alcohols, glycols, glycol ethers, glycol esters, or mixtures thereof.
[0021] “Structural units” , also known as “polymerized units” , of the named monomer, refers to the remnant of the monomer after polymerization, that is, polymerized monomer or the monomer in polymerized form. For example, a structural unit of methyl methacrylate is as illustrated: where the dotted lines represent the points of attachment of the structural unit to the polymer backbone.
[0022] “Nonionic monomer” herein refers to a monomer that does not bear an ionic charge between pH=1-14.
[0023] “Ionic monomer” refers to a monomer that bears an ionic charge between pH=1-14.
[0024] Throughout this document, the word fragment “ (meth) acryl” refers to both “methacryl” and “acryl” . For example, (meth) acrylic acid refers to both methacrylic acid and acrylic acid, and methyl (meth) acrylate refers to both methyl methacrylate and methyl acrylate.
[0025] “Glass transition temperature” or “Tag” as used herein can be calculated by using the Fox equation (T. G. Fox, Bull. Am. Physics Soc., Volume 1, Issue No. 3, page 123 (1956) ) below. For example, for calculating the Tg of a copolymer of monomers M1 and M2,
[0026] where Tg (calc. ) is the glass transition temperature calculated for the copolymer, w (M1) is the weight fraction of monomer M1 in the copolymer, w (M2) is the weight fraction of monomer M2 in the copolymer, Tg (M1) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M1, and Tg (M2) is the glass transition temperature of the homopolymer of monomer M2, all temperatures being in K. The glass transition temperatures of the homopolymers may be found, for example, in “Polymer Handbook” , edited by J. Brandrup and E. H. Immergut, Interscience Publishers. For example, in the examples listed homopolymers' Tgvalues used for these calculations were -54 ℃ for butyl acrylate, 105 ℃ for methyl methacrylate, 185 ℃ for methacrylic acid, 18 ℃ for phosphoethyl methacrylate, 18 ℃ for 2-acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, -10 ℃ for 3-methacryloyloxypropyl trimethoxysilane, 29 ℃ for vinyl trimethoxysilane, and 100 ℃ for N- (2-Methacryloyloxyethyl) ethylene urea.
[0027] “Multistage polymer” herein means a polymer prepared by sequential addition of two or more different monomer compositions including a monomer mixture (A) and a monomer mixture (B) , which, after polymerization, form a polymer (A) and a polymer (B) , respectively. That is, the multistage polymer comprises at least two polymers, i.e., the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) . By “polymer (A) ” and “polymer (B) ” mean these polymers having different compositions and formed in different stages (including the first stage and the second stage) of multistage free-radical polymerization in preparing the multistage polymer. Each stage is sequentially polymerized and different from the immediately preceding and / or immediately subsequent stage by a difference in monomer composition. A polymer that is formed in the first stage of the multistage free-radical polymerization refers to as “first-stage polymer” . By “second-stage polymer” herein is meant a polymer which is formed in the presence of the “first-stage polymer. ” However, the first-stage polymer may be formed in the presence of a previously formed dispersed polymer at a concentration of 0 to 20%by weight, based on the weight of the first-stage polymer, sometimes known as a seed polymer, of a composition that can be the same as that of the first-stage polymer where the weight the seed polymer is counted into the first-stage polymer. “Weight of multistage polymer” in the present invention refers to the dry weight of the multistage polymer.
[0028] The composition of the present invention comprises the following components (i) and (ii) : (i) an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer and (ii) an amino functional silane. The multistage polymer in the aqueous dispersion (i) comprises a polymer (A) and a polymer (B) . The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may comprise (a1) structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer, a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof (monomer (a1) ) . The phosphorous acid monomer can be dihydrogen phosphate esters of an alcohol in which the alcohol contains or is substituted with a polymerizable vinyl or olefinic group. Examples of suitable phosphorous acid monomers and / or salts thereof may include phosphoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as phosphoethyl (meth) acrylate, phosphopropyl (meth) acrylate, phosphobutyl (meth) acrylate, salts thereof, and mixtures thereof; CH2=C (Rp1) -C (O) -O- (Rp2O) q-P (O) (OH) 2, wherein Rp1=H or CH3, Rp2=alkylene, such as an ethylene group, a propylene group, or a combination thereof; and q=1-20, such as SIPOMER PAM-100, SIPOMER PAM-200, SIPOMER PAM-300, SIPOMER PAM-600 and SIPOMER PAM-4000 all available from Solvay; phosphoalkoxy (meth) acrylates such as phospho ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-ethylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho di-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, phospho tri-propylene glycol (meth) acrylate, salts thereof, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the monomer (a1) is selected from phosphoethyl methacrylate (PEM) , phosphoethyl acrylate, allyl ether phosphate, phosphopropyl methacrylate, and phosphobutyl methacrylate; salts thereof; or mixtures thereof; more desirably, phosphoethyl methacrylate.
[0029] The polymer (A) may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) , structural units of the monomer (a1) at a concentration of 0.5%to 4.5%, and can be 0.8%or more, 1%or more, 1.5%or more, even 1.6%or more while at the same time is generally 4%or less, and can be 3.8%or less, 3.6%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.4%or less, 3.3%or less, 3.2%or less, 1.7%or less, or even 1.6%or less, desirably, 0.5%to 4%, more desirably, 1.5%to 3.5%.
[0030] The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may comprise, or be free of, (a2) structural units of one or more α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (monomer (a2) ) . Examples of suitable α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids include an acid-bearing monomer such as methacrylic acid (MAA) , acrylic acid (AA) , itaconic acid, maleic acid, or fumaric acid; or a monomer bearing an acid-forming group which yields or is subsequently convertible to, such an acid group such as anhydride, (meth) acrylic anhydride, or maleic anhydride. Desirably, the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid is methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, or mixtures thereof.
[0031] The polymer (A) may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) , structural units of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid at a concentration of zero to 15%, and can be 0.1%or more, 0.5%or more, 1%or more, 1.5%or more, 2%or more, 2.5%or more, 3%or more, 3.5%or more, even 4%or more while at the same time is generally 10%or less, and can be less than 8%, 7.5%or less, 7%or less, 6.5%or less, 6%or less, 5.5%or less, 5%or less, 4.5%or less, 4%or less, or even less than 4%, zero to 10%, 1.0%to 8%, 2%to 5%, or 3%to 5%.
[0032] Structural units of the phosphorous acid functional monomer (a1) and structural units of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (a2) in the polymer (A) may be present in a combined amount of 3%or more, and can be 3.2%or more, 4%or more, 5%or more, even 6%or more while can be generally 15%or less, 10%or less, 8%or less, less than 5%, or even less than 3.5%.
[0033] The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer comprises structural units of one or more keto-containing monomer (monomer (a3) ) . The keto-containing monomer can be an ethylenically unsaturated monomer which contains a keto functional group. Examples of suitable keto-containing monomers include diacetone acrylamide (DAAM) , diacetone methacrylamide, and an acetoacetyl functional monomer. Desirably, the monomer (a3) is selected from an acetoacetyl functional monomer. The acetoacetyl functional monomer is a monomer having one or more acetoacetyl functional groups represented by: wherein R1 is hydrogen, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or phenyl.
[0034] The acetoacetyl functional monomer may include an ethylenically unsaturated acetoacetoxy functional monomer, an ethylenically unsaturated acetoacetamide functional monomer, or mixtures thereof. The acetoacetoxy or acetoacetamide functional groups in the ethylenically unsaturated acetoacetoxy or acetoacetamide functional monomer may include:
[0035] wherein X is O or NH, R1 is a divalent radical and R2 is a trivalent radical, that attach the acetoacetoxy or acetoacetamide functional group to the backbone of the polymer.
[0036] Specific examples of acetoacetyl functional monomers include acetoacetoxyalkyl (meth) acrylates such as acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate (AAEM) , acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxypropyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxybutyl methacrylate, and 2, 3-di (acetoacetoxy) propyl methacrylate; allyl acetoacetate; vinyl acetoacetate; acetoacetamidoalkyl (meth) acrylates such as acetoacetamidoethyl methacrylate, acetoacetamidoethyl acrylate; or combinations thereof. Desirably, the acetoacetyl functional monomer is acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate.
[0037] The concentration of structural units of the keto-containing monomer in the polymer (A) may be in a range of greater than 2%to 25%, and can be 2.5%or more, 3%or more, 3.5%or more, 4.0%or more, 4.5%or more, even 5%or more while at the same time is generally 20%or less, 18%or less, 16%or less, 10%or less, or even 8%or less, desirably, 2.5%to 8%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) .
[0038] The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer comprises (a4) structural units of one or more alkyl (meth) acrylate (monomer (a4) ) that is different from the monomers (a1) - (a3) described above. “Alkyl (meth) alkylate” refers to an alkyl ester of (meth) acrylic acid containing a linear, branched, or cyclic alkyl group. The alkyl (meth) acrylate can be a C1-C24-alkyl (meth) acrylate (i.e., an alkyl (meth) acrylate having an alkyl with from 1 to 24 carbon atoms) , desirably, a C1-C8-alkyl (meth) acrylate such as a C1-C2-alkyl (meth) arylate, a C4-C8-alkyl (meth) arylate, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable alkyl (meth) acrylates include methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate (MMA) , butyl acrylate (n-butyl acrylate, BA) , ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate (2-EHA) ; butyl methacrylate (n-butyl methacrylate, BMA) , t-butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate; cycloalkyl (meth) acrylates such as cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, methcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, dihydrodicyclopentadienyl (meth) acrylate, trimethylcyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, and t-butyl cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate; or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the monomer (a4) comprises, or consists of, methyl acrylate, MMA, BA, ethyl methacrylate, ethyl acrylate, or mixtures thereof. In addition to (a1) and (a3) described above and other optional structural units (e.g., (a2) and (a5) described herein below) , the remainder of the polymer (A) can be structural units of the alkyl (meth) acrylate. For example, the concentration of structural units of the alkyl (meth) acrylate in the polymer (A) can be in a range of 45%to 94.5%, 70%to 94%, or 80%to 92%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) .
[0039] The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may comprise, or be free of, structural units of one or more vinyl aromatic monomers (monomer (a5) ) . Examples of suitable vinyl aromatic monomers include styrene and substituted styrene such as . alpha. -methyl styrene, α-ethylstyrene, p-methyl styrene, t-butyl styrene, trans-beta-methylstyrene, 2, 4-dimethylstyrene, ethylstyrene, o-, m-, and p-methoxystyrene; p-trifluoromethylstyrene, vinyl xylene, or mixtures thereof. The concentration of structural units of the vinyl aromatic monomer in the polymer (A) may be in a range of zero to 30%, and can be less than 9%, or less than 1%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) .
[0040] The polymer (B) in the multistage polymer comprises structural units of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer (monomer (b1) ) that is other than the keto-containing monomer. The monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer may comprise for example an alkyl (meth) acrylate, an itaconate ester, a vinyl aromatic monomer, or mixtures thereof. The alkyl (meth) acrylate suitable for the monomer (b1) may include those described above for the monomer (a4) in the polymer (A) section above, such as BA, MMA, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable itaconate esters may include dibutyl itaconate, dihexyl itaconate, dioctyl itaconate, didecanyl itaconate, or mixtures thereof. The vinyl aromatic monomer suitable for the monomer (b1) may include those described above for the monomer (a5) in the polymer (A) section above, such as styrene. Particularly, the monomer (b1) can be (b1-i) one or more than one of the alkyl (meth) acrylates described above, or (b1-ii) a mixture of one or more than one of the alkyl (meth) acrylates described above with styrene. Desirably, the monomer (b1) is selected from BA, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl acrylate, BMA, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, MMA, styrene, or mixtures thereof. The total concentration of structural units of the monomer (b1) , and the monomers (b2) , (b3) if present, and other optional monomers described herein below can be 100%by weight relative to the polymer (B) weight. For example, the concentration of structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer in the polymer (B) can be in a range of 90%to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) .
[0041] The polymer (B) in the multistage polymer may comprise, or be free of, structural units of an acid monomer (monomer (b2) ) selected from an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, a phosphorous acid monomer and / or a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable phosphorous acid monomers and / or salts thereof for the monomer (b2) include those described above in the polymer (A) section above for the monomer (a1) , desirably, phosphoethyl methacrylate. Examples of suitable α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acids for the monomer (b2) include those described above in the polymer (A) section for the monomer (a2) . The concentration of structural units of the acid monomer (b2) in the polymer (B) (relative to the polymer (B) weight) is lower than, desirably, at least 1%lower than, the combined concentration of structural units of monomers (a1) and (a2) in the polymer (A) (relative to the polymer (A) weight) . For example, the concentration of structural units of the acid monomer (b2) in the polymer (B) may be zero to less than 2%, and can be less than 1.8%, less than 1.5%, less than 1%, less than 0.5%, or even less than 0.1%.
[0042] The polymer (B) in the multistage polymer may comprise, or be free of, structural units one or more keto-containing monomer (monomer (b3) ) . Examples of suitable keto-containing monomers for the monomer (b3) include those described above in the polymer (A) section for the monomer (a3) , desirably, an acetoacetyl functional monomer, more desirably, acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate. The polymer (B) may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) , structural units of the keto-containing monomer in an amount of zero to 10%, can be 1%to 9%, 2%to 8%, 3%to 7%, or 4%to 6%.
[0043] The polymer (A) and the polymer (B) in the multistage polymer may each independently comprise, or be free of, structural units of one or more monoethylenically unsaturated functional monomer carrying at least one functional group selected from amide, sulfonate, sulfonic acid, ureido, or hydroxyl group, a salt thereof, or combinations thereof. Suitable examples for such functional monomers include sodium styrene sulfonate (SSS) , sodium vinyl sulfonate (SVS) , acrylamide, methacrylamide, monosubstituted (meth) acrylamide, N-methylacrylamide, N-ethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-butylacrylamide, N-tertiary butylacrylamide, N-2-ethylhexylacrylamide, N, N-dimethylacrylamide, or N, N-diethylacrylamide; N- (2-Methacryloyloxyethyl) ethylene urea; hydroxy-functional (meth) acrylic acid alkyl ester such as hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and hydroxypropyl methacrylate; 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS) , sodium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid, ammonium salt of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propane sulfonic acid; sodium salt of allyl ether sulfonate, or mixtures thereof; desirably, N- (2-Methacryloyloxyethyl) ethylene urea. The concentration of structural units of such functional monomer in the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) can be each independently in a range of zero to 10%or zero to 3%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) and polymer (B) , respectively.
[0044] The multistage polymer may comprise, or be free of, structural units of one or more multiethylenically unsaturated monomers, which may be present in the polymer (A) , the polymer (B) , or combinations thereof. Examples of suitable multiethylenically unsaturated monomers include butadiene, allyl (meth) acrylate, divinyl benzene, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, butylene glycol dimethacrylate, or mixtures thereof. The multistage polymer may comprise, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, zero to 1%, less than 1%, or 0.05%to 0.5%of structural units of the multiethylenically unsaturated monomer. “Weight of the multistage polymer” refers to the dry weight of the multistage polymer.
[0045] Types and levels of the monomers described above may be chosen to provide the multistage polymer with a Tg suitable for different applications. For example, the polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may have a Tg greater than 40 ℃, greater than 50 ℃, or even greater than 60 ℃. The polymer (B) in the multistage polymer may have a Tg that is more than 20 ℃ lower than the Tg of the polymer (A) , desirably, more than 30 ℃ lower, more desirably, more than 40 ℃ lower than the Tg of the polymer (A) . Tg values herein can be calculated by the Fox equation.
[0046] The polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may have a number average molecular weight (Mn) less than 12000 grams per mole (g / mol) , and can be 2000 g / mol or more, 2500 g / mol or more, 3000 g / mol or more, 3500 g / mol or more, even 4000 g / mol or more while at the same time is generally 11000 g / mol or less, and can be 10000 g / mol or less, 9500 g / mol or less, 9000 g / mol or less, 8500 g / mol or less, 8000 g / mol or less, 7500 g / mol or less, 7000 g / mol or less, or even 6500 g / mol or less, desirably, 2000 to 10000 g / mol. Molecular weight herein refers to the number average molecular weight (Mn) of a polymer as calculated by the following equation (I) :
[0047] where WCTAis the weight of the chain transfer agent, MCTA is the molecular weight of the chain transfer agent, and WMonomer is the total weight of monomers used for preparing the polymer. If no chain transfer agent is used, the calculated Mn of the polymer is taken as 1,000,000 g / mol.
[0048] Desirably, the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) have the Tgs as described above, e.g., the polymer (A) has a Tg greater than 40 ℃ and the polymer (B) has a Tg that is more than 20 ℃ lower than the Tg of the polymer (A) , and / or the polymer (A) has the number average molecular weight in a range of 2000 to 10000 g / mol.
[0049] Desirably, the polymer (A) in the multistage polymer comprises, or can consist of, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) ,
[0050] (a1) 0.5%to 4.5%, more desirably 1%to 4%, most desirably, 1.5%to 3.5%of structural units of the phosphorous acid monomer and / or salts thereof, such as phosphoethyl methacrylate;
[0051] (a2) zero to 15%, more desirably zero to 10%, most desirably, 2%to 5%of structural units of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid, such as MAA, AA, or mixtures thereof;
[0052] (a3) greater than 2%to 25%, more desirably, 2.5%to 16%of structural units of the acetoacetyl functional monomer such as AAEM,
[0053] (a4) structural units of the alkyl (meth) acrylate, for example, with the remainder comprising of structural units of the vinyl aromatic monomer (e.g., styrene) , the alkyl (meth) acrylate (e.g., BA, MMA, or mixtures thereof) , or mixtures thereof; and
[0054] the polymer (B) in the multistage polymer comprises, or can consist of, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) ,
[0055] (b1) structural units of the vinyl aromatic monomer (e.g., styrene) , the alkyl (meth) acrylate (e.g., BA, MMA, or mixtures thereof) , or mixtures thereof;
[0056] (b3) 1%to 9%of structural units of the acetoacetyl functional monomer such as AAEM; and optionally,
[0057] (b2) structural units of the acid monomer (such as MAA, AA, or mixtures thereof) in an amount such that the total concentration of structural units of the acid monomer in the polymer (B) relative to the polymer (B) weight is lower than the total concentration of structural units of monomers (a1) and (a2) in the polymer (A) relative to the polymer (A) weight; more desirably, zero to 2%of (b2) based on the polymer (B) weight. Desirably, the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) have the Tgs as described above and / or the polymer (A) has Mn as described above.
[0058] The multistage polymer comprises, by weight based on the multistage polymer weight, 5%to 40%of the polymer (A) and 60%to 95%of the polymer (B) . The concentration of the polymer (A) in the multistage polymer may be, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, 7%or more, 8%or more, even 10%or more while at the same time is generally 38%or less, 35%or less, 30%or less, less than 30%, 28%or less, 25%or less, 20%or less, less than 20%, 18%or less, 15%or less, 12%or less, or even 10%or less, desirably, 5%to 30%, more desirably 7%to 30%, most desirably, 10%to 25%, or alternatively 5%to less than 25%, or 5%to 20%, while the total amount of the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) in the multistage polymer can be 90%to 100%, 92%to 100%, 95%to 100%, 98%to 100%, or 99%to 100%, by weight based on the multistage polymer weight. Total concentration of the structural units of monomers described above in the multistage polymer can be equal to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer. Total concentration of the structural units of monomers described above in the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) , respectively, is equal to 100%, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) , respectively.
[0059] The multiphase polymer particles may have morphologies such as those disclosed byDuda et al.in Langmuir 2005, 21, 1096-1102. The multistage polymer particles may comprise multiple different phases (layers or domains) such as at least two phases formed by at least the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) . The multiphase structure of the polymer particles may be determined in a variety of ways including scanning electron microscopy using staining techniques to emphasize the difference between the phases. Suitable morphologies for the multistage polymer particles may include core-shell polymer particles in which one polymer phase forms a shell that fully encapsulates a core formed from the other polymer phase; acorn-type polymer particles in which one polymer phase forms a shell that does not fully encapsulate a core formed from the other polymer phase; or a gradient morphology where the concentration of polymer (A) phase gradually increases approaching the surface of the particle. The shell may be the polymer (A) phase with the core formed from the polymer (B) phase. The shell is typically soluble or swellable in alkali solutions.
[0060] The aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer can be prepared by a multistage free-radical polymerization process (interchangeable with “multistage polymerization process” ) . The multistage polymerization process may include at least two stages that are formed sequentially, which results in the formation of the multistage polymer comprising at least two polymer compositions such as the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) . For example, the process may include forming the polymer (A) in the first stage, followed by forming the polymer (B) in the second stage in the presence of the polymer (A) formed in the first stage. Alternatively, the process may include forming the polymer B in the first stage, followed by forming the polymer (A) in the second stage in the presence of the previously formed polymer (B) . Optionally, different stages can be formed in different reactors. Desirably, the multistage polymerization process comprises the steps of: (i-a) preparing the polymer (A) in an aqueous medium by free-radical polymerization in the presence of a chain transfer agent described herein below; and (i-b) preparing the polymer (B) in the presence of the polymer (A) obtained from step (A) by free-radical polymerization; thereby forming the multistage polymer comprising the polymer (A) and polymer (B) . Alternatively, the polymer (B) can be polymerized first, then the polymer (A) can be polymerized in the presence of the polymer (B) , typically forming an inverse core-shell morphology. The polymer (A) is polymerized from a monomer mixture (A) comprising the monomers (a1) , (a3) , and (a4) , optionally, monomers (a2) and / or (a5) , and other optional monomers described above if used, in the presence of the chain transfer agent. The polymer (B) is polymerized from a monomer mixture (B) comprising the monomer (b1) , and optionally the monomers (b2) and (b3) described above. Each stage of the multistage polymerization can be conducted by polymerization techniques well known in the art such as suspension polymerization or emulsion polymerization of monomers. Emulsion polymerization is a preferred process. The monomer mixtures (A) and (B) may each independently comprise the monomers described above for forming the structural units of the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) , respectively. For each monomer, the weight concentration of such monomer relative to the total weight of monomers used in one stage of the multistage polymerization (e.g., in the stage for forming the polymer (A) ) is the same as the weight concentration of structural units of such monomer in such stage polymer (e.g., in the polymer (A) ) described above. For example, the weight concentration of each monomer in the monomer mixture (A) relative to the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) is the same as the weight concentration of structural units of such monomer in the polymer (A) relative to the weight of the polymer (A) described above. Total weight concentration of the monomers in the monomer mixture (A) for preparing the polymer (A) is equal to 100%relative to the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) . Total weight concentration of the monomers in the monomer mixture (B) is equal to 100%relative to the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (B) . The monomer mixtures (A) and (B) for preparing the polymer (A) and the polymer (B) , respectively, may be added neat or as an emulsion in water; or added in one or more addition or continuously, linearly or nonlinearly, over the reaction period of preparing the polymer (A) , the polymer (B) , respectively, or combinations thereof. Temperature suitable for emulsion polymerization processes may be lower than 100 ℃, and can be in a range of 30 to 95 ℃, or in a range of 50 to 90 ℃.
[0061] In the multistage free-radical polymerization process, a surfactant may be used. The surfactant may be added prior to or during the polymerization of the monomers, or combinations thereof. A portion of the surfactant can also be added after the polymerization. Surfactants may be used for both first and second stages or only in the first stage of preparing the multistage polymer. The surfactant may include anionic and / or nonionic emulsifiers. Examples of suitable surfactants include alkali metal or ammonium salts of alkyl, aryl, or alkylaryl sulfates, sulfonates, or phosphates; alkyl sulfonic acids; sulfosuccinate salts; fatty acids; polymerizable surfactants; and ethoxylated alcohols or phenols. Commercially available surfactants may include, for example, Rhodafac RS-610 alkyl ethoxylated phosphate available from Solvay S. A., Disponil FES 32 fatty alcohol ether sulfate available from BASF, TERGITOLTM 15-S-40 Surfactant (asecondary alcohol ethoxylate) available from Dow Chemical Company (TERGITOL is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company) , or mixtures thereof. The combined amount of the surfactant used is usually 0.1%to 6%, 0.5%to 5%, 0.7%to 3.5%, 0.9%to 3.0%, or 1.1%to 2.5%, by weight based on the total weight of monomers used for preparing the multistage polymer (e.g., the combined weight of the monomer mixture (A) and the monomer mixture (B) ) .
[0062] A free radical initiator may be used in each stage of the multistage polymerization process. The polymerization process may be thermally initiated or redox initiated emulsion polymerization. Examples of suitable free radical initiators include hydrogen peroxide, t-butyl hydroperoxide, cumene hydroperoxide, ammonium persulfate, alkali metal persulfates such as sodium persulfate, sodium perborate, perphosphoric acid, and salts thereof; potassium permanganate, and ammonium or alkali metal salts of peroxydisulfuric acid, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the free radical initiator is ammonium persulfate, sodium persulfate, or mixtures thereof. The free radical initiators may be used typically at a level of 0.01%to 3.0%by weight, based on the total weight of monomers used for preparing the multistage polymer. Redox systems comprising the above described initiators coupled with a suitable reductant may be used in the polymerization process. Examples of suitable reductants include sodium sulfoxylate formaldehyde, ascorbic acid, isoascorbic acid, alkali metal and ammonium salts of sulfur-containing acids, such as sodium sulfite, bisulfite, thiosulfate, hydrosulfite, sulfide, lactic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, and salts of the preceding acids.
[0063] In the multistage free-radical polymerization process for preparing the multistage polymer, a chain transfer agent may be used in one or more stages of the polymerization process. For example, the chain transfer agent is used in the stage of preparing the polymer (A) , and optionally, in the stage of preparing the polymer (B) . Examples of suitable chain transfer agents include 3-mercaptopropionic acid, butyl 3-mercaptopropionate, methyl 3-mercaptopropionate, n-dodecyl mercaptan, n-hexadecanethiol, tert-dodecyl mercaptan, n-octadecanethiol, hydroxyethyl mercaptan, benzenethiol, azelaic alkyl mercaptan, or mixtures thereof; desirably, methyl mercaptopropionate, butyl mercaptopropionate, or mixtures thereof. The amount of the chain transfer agent used in preparing the polymer (A) is sufficient to provide the polymer (A) with the molecular weight as described above, e.g., greater than 85 millimoles (mmol) of the chain transfer agent per kilogram of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) , and can be 500 mmol or less, desirably, 100 to 500 mmol of the chain transfer agent per kilogram of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) . The chain transfer agent may be used, or can be absent, in preparing the polymer (B) to control the molecular weight of the polymer B, which is typically higher than that of the polymer A.
[0064] Neutralization of the polymer (A) may be conducted prior to the preparation of the polymer (B) , during the polymerization of the polymer (B) , or after the polymerization of the polymer (B) . Neutralization may be conducted by adding one or more base which may lead to partial or complete neutralization of the ionic or latently ionic groups of the polymer (A) . Examples of suitable bases include ammonia; alkali metal or alkaline earth metal compounds such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ; organic amines including, for example, primary, secondary, and tertiary amines, such as triethyl amine, ethylamine, propylamine, monoisopropylamine, monobutylamine, hexylamine, ethanolamine, diethyl amine, dimethyl amine, di-n-propylamine, tributylamine, triethanolamine, dimethoxyethylamine, 2-ethoxyethylamine, 3-ethoxypropylamine, dimethylethanolamine, or 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol; or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the base is selected from ammonia, 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol, or mixtures thereof.
[0065] The obtained multistage polymer in the aqueous dispersion may be neutralized by adding a neutralizer to a pH value of 7 or more, for example, 7 to 10, 7.5 to 9.5, or 8.0 to 9.2. Examples of suitable neutralizers include those described in the neutralization of the polymer (A) section above. The multistage polymer particles in the aqueous dispersion may have a particle size of 50 nanometers (nm) to 500 nm, and can be 60 nm or more, 70 nm or more, 80 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 110 nm or more, even 120 nm or more while at the same time is generally 400 nm or less, 350 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 250 nm or less, 200 nm or less, or even 180 nm or less, desirably 100 to 180 nm. The particle size refers to a Z-average particle size, which can be measured using a Zetasizer Nano S90 available from Malvern.
[0066] The aqueous dispersion (i) useful in the present invention also comprises water. Solids content of the aqueous dispersion may be 30%to 70%, or 40%to 60%. “Solids content” refers to weight percentages of solids weight of the aqueous dispersion after drying at 150 ℃ for 20 minutes, relative to the aqueous dispersion weight.
[0067] The concentration of the multistage polymer in the composition can be in a range of 10%to 90%, 25%to 85%, or 40%to 75%, by dry weight based on the total solids weight of the composition.
[0068] The composition of the present invention also comprises component (ii) an amino functional silane. The amino functional silane useful in the present invention may comprise an amino functional silane of formula (II) , an oligomer thereof, or mixtures thereof. Formula (II) is as below: RASi (RB) 3-n (ORC) n (II) ,
[0069] where n is 1, 2, or 3; RA is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenylalkyl (e.g., tolyl) group, containing at least one amino group; each RB is independently a hydrogen atom (H) , or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenylalkyl (e.g., tolyl) group; and each RC is independently H, or an alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenylalkyl (e.g., tolyl) group.
[0070] The amino group in the amino functional silane can be a primary amine group, a secondary amine group, a tertiary amine group, or combinations thereof.
[0071] The oligomer of the amino functional silane of formula (II) , also referred to as “amino functional silane oligomer” , is typically obtained by condensation polymerization of one or more than one of the amino functional silanes of formula (II) . The amino functional silane oligomer may have a degree of polymerization of 2 to 4.
[0072] RA can be a cycloalkyl group that contains at least one amino group and has 5 to 12 carbon atoms, a phenylalkyl group that contains at least one amino group and an alkyl having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, or an alkyl group that contains at least one amino group and has 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Desirably, RA is an alkyl group that contains at least one amino group and has 1 to 10, 1 to 8, 2 to 8, 2 to 5, or 2 to 3 carbon atoms. More desirably, RA is selected from aminoethyl, aminopropyl, aminopropylaminoethyl, or diethylenetriaminopropyl, most desirably, aminoethyl, aminopropyl, aminopropylaminoethyl.
[0073] Cycloalkyl groups represented by RB and RC may each independently contain 5 to 12 carbon atoms. Phenylalkyl groups represented by RB and RC may each independently contain an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms. Alkyl groups represented by RB and RC may each independently contain 1 to 10 carbon atoms.
[0074] Desirably, each RB is independently selected from methyl, ethyl, propyl, or combinations thereof.
[0075] Desirably, each RC is independently selected from H, an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms, or combinations thereof. More desirably, each RC is independently selected from H, methyl, ethyl, propyl, or combinations thereof.
[0076] The amino functional silanes may have a number average molecular weight of 140 to 2000 g / mol, 150 to 1000 g / mol, 150 to 500 g / mol, or 150 to 300 g / mol, as determined by calculation based on molecular formula or measured by mass spectrum.
[0077] The amino functional silane can be any one or any combination of more than one amino functional silane selected from trimethoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, diethylenetriaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminoethylaminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltriethoxysilane, m-aminophenyltrimethoxysilane, phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 1, 1, 2, 4-tetramethyl-1-sila-2-azacyclopentane, aminoethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoethylaminoisobutylmethyldimethoxysilane, benzyl ethylenediaminepropyltrimethoxysilane, or N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; hydrolyzates thereof; oligomers thereof; or combinations thereof. Desirably, the amino functional silane is selected from aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, or aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane; hydrolyzates thereof; amino silane oligomers that are prepared by condensation polymerization of any one or any combination of more than one amino functional silane selected from aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, or combinations thereof.
[0078] The concentration of (ii) the amino functional silane in the composition is in a range of 0.1%to 5%, and can be 0.2%or more, 0.4%or more, 0.5%or more, 0.8%or more, 1%or more, 1.2%or more, even 1.5%or more while at the same time is generally 4.5%or less, and can be 4.2%or less, 4%or less, 3.8%or less, 3.5%or less, 3.2%or less, 3%or less, 2.8%or less, 2.5%or less, 2.2%or less, or even 2%or less, desirably, 0.5%to 3%, more desirably, 1%to 2%, by weight based on the dry weight of the multistage polymer.
[0079] The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, a polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide containing at least two hydrazide groups per molecule, particularly, when the multistage polymer comprises structural units of diacetone (meth) acrylamide. The polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide may be selected from adipic dihydrazide, oxalic dihydrazide, isophthalic dihydrazide, polyacrylic polyhydrazides, or mixtures thereof. The polyfunctional carboxylic hydrazide may be present at a concentration of zero to 3%, and can be 0.05%or more, 0.1%or more, 0.2%or more, 0.4%or more, even 0.6%or more while at the same time is typically at a concentration of 2.5%or less, 2%or less, 1.5%or less, or even 1%or less, by weight based on the total weight of monomers for preparing the multistage polymer.
[0080] The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, any one or any combination of more than one component selected from the group consisting of pigments, extenders, rheology modifiers, coalescents, wetting agents, dispersants, defoamers, and biocides.
[0081] The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, one or more pigments. “Pigments” herein refers to particulate inorganic materials which are capable of materially contributing to the opacity or hiding capability of a coating. Such materials typically have a refractive index greater than 1.8. The pigments may include, for example, titanium dioxide (TiO2) , zinc oxide, iron oxide, zinc sulfide, barium sulfate, barium carbonate, or mixtures thereof. Desirably, the pigment is TiO2. The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, one or more extenders. “Extender” herein refers to a particulate material having a refractive index of less than or equal to 1.8 and greater than 1.3. Examples of suitable extenders include calcium carbonate, clay, calcium sulfate, aluminosilicates, silicates, zeolites, mica, talc, silica, alumina, kaolin, polymeric organic crosslinked microspheres having a median weight average (D50) particle size in a range of 0.4 μm to 30 μm, including, for example, beads synthesized according to US10676580B2; polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) beads (e.g., Spheromers CA-10 and CA-15 beads available from Lamberti) ; polyurethane (PU) beads such as Sphaerawet Tansparent 25; and polyacrylamide (PAM) beads (e.g., Orgasol 2001 EXD NAT 1 available from Akema) ; core-shell organic extender particles which comprise, when dry, one or more voids, such as organic opaque polymers (e.g., ROPAQUETM Ultra E or ROPAQUETM Ultra opaque polymers available from The Dow Chemical Company (ROPAQUE is a trademark of The Dow Chemical Company) , or mixtures thereof. The composition may have a pigment volume concentration (PVC) of 5%to 90%, 10%to 80%, 20%to 70%, or 30%to 60%. PVC may be determined by the equation: PVC = [Volume (Pigment + bxtender) / Volume (Pigment + bxtender + multistage polymer) ] ×100%.
[0082] The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, one or more rheology modifiers (also known as “thickeners” ) . The rheology modifiers may include polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) , clay materials, acid derivatives, acid copolymers, urethane associate thickeners (UAT) , polyether urea polyurethanes (PEUPU) , polyether polyurethanes (PEPU) , or mixtures thereof. Examples of suitable rheology modifiers include alkali swellable emulsions (ASE) such as sodium or ammonium neutralized acrylic acid polymers; hydrophobically modified alkali swellable emulsions (HASE) such as hydrophobically modified acrylic acid copolymers; associative thickeners such as hydrophobically modified ethoxylated urethanes (HEUR) ; and cellulosic thickeners such as methyl cellulose ethers, hydroxymethyl cellulose (HMC) , hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) , hydrophobically-modified hydroxy ethyl cellulose (HMHEC) , 2-hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxybutyl methyl cellulose, 2-hydroxyethyl ethyl cellulose, and 2-hydoxypropyl cellulose. Desirably, the rheology modifier is HEUR. The rheology modifier may be present, by weight based on the total weight of the composition, zero to 10%, 0.1%to 6%, or 0.2%to 4%.
[0083] The composition of the present invention may comprise, or be free of, one or more wetting agents. “Wetting agents” herein refer to chemical additives that reduce the surface tension of a coating composition, causing the coating composition to more easily spread across or penetrate the surface of a substrate. Wetting agents may be polycarboxylates, anionic, zwitterionic, or non-ionic. Suitable commercially available wetting agents include, for example, nonionic surfactants such as TRITONTM CF-10, TERGITOLTM 15-S-9, and TERGITOLTM 15-S-40 Surfactants available from The Dow Chemical Company (TRITON and TERGITOL are trademarks of The Chemical Company) , SURFYNOL CT-121, CT-131 and CT-136 nonionic wetting agents based on an actacetylenic diol available from Air Products, BYK-346 and BYK-349 polyether-modified siloxanes both available from BYK, Rhodafac RS-410, RS-610 and RS-710 phosphate ester available from Solvay, or mixtures thereof. The wetting agent may be present, by weight based on the total weight of the composition, in an amount of 0 to 1.0%, 0.1%to 0.8%, or 0.2%to 0.6%. The composition of the present invention may comprise any one or any combination of the following additives: buffers, neutralizers, dispersants, defoamers, coalescents, photoinitiators, humectants, biocides, anti-skinning agents, colorants, anti-oxidants, plasticizers, freeze / thaw additives, thixotropic agents, adhesion promoters, anti-scratch additives, and grind vehicles. These additives may be present in a combined amount of zero to 10%, 0.01%to 6%, or 0.1%to 4%, by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
[0084] The composition of the present invention may further comprise water, typically at a concentration of 30%to 90%, 35%to 80%, or 40%to 70%, by weight based on the total weight of the composition.
[0085] The composition of the present invention can be prepared by preparing the aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer by multistage free-radical polymerization as described above, and admixing the aqueous dispersion with the amino functional silane, and optionally, other components described above in any order.
[0086] The present invention also relates to a method of preparing a composition. The method comprises the steps of: (I) preparing an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer by multistage free-radical polymerization including: forming a polymer (A) in an aqueous medium by polymerization of the monomer mixture (A) described above in the presence of greater than 85 millimoles of the chain transfer agent per kilogram of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) , and forming a polymer (B) by polymerization of the monomer mixture (B) described above; and (II) admixing the aqueous dispersion obtained from step (I) with 0.1%to 5%of the amino functional silane, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer. Conditions for the multistage polymerization, types and concentrations of the monomers and the chain transfer agent are as described above. The monomer mixture (A) may comprise, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) , the monomer (a1) at a concentration of 0.5%to 4.5%; the monomer (a2) at a concentration of 0 to 15%; the monomer (a3) at a concentration of greater than 2%to 25%; and the monomer (a4) , and other optional monomers described above; wherein the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) is 3%or more. The monomer mixture (B) comprises monomer (b1) a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and optionally, monomer (b2) an acid monomer; and other optional monomers described above, wherein the weight concentration of the acid monomer (b2) relative to the monomer mixture (B) weight is lower than the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) in the monomer mixture (A) .
[0087] The aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer can be mixed with the amino functional silane first, then further mixing with the other components. Alternatively, the aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer and one or more than one of the other components are mixed first and then further mixed with the amino functional silane. The present invention also provides a method of preparing a coating. The method may comprise the steps of: applying the composition to a substrate, and drying, or allowing to dry, the applied composition to form the coating. The composition can be used alone, or in combination with other coatings to form a multilayer coating. Applying the coating composition can be conducted by incumbent means including brushing, dipping, rolling, and spraying, desirably, by spraying. Drying the coating composition (and the base coating composition if present) to form a film (this is, coating) can be at temperatures of 5 to 35 ℃, or at an elevated temperature, for example, 35 to 60 ℃. The coating composition can be applied to, and adhered to, various substrates, such as precoated substrates, concrete, cementious substrates, wood, metals, stones, elastomeric substrates, glass, plastics, or fabrics. The composition can be used in wood coatings, metal protective coatings, architectural coatings, traffic paints, marine and protective coatings, automotive coatings, wood coatings, coatings, floor coatings, coil coatings, traffic paints, and civil engineering coatings, particularly, for exterior applications. The composition is particularly suitable for use in coating applications (e.g., as a binder) , affording balanced flow-and-leveling and washability properties. For example, the composition exhibits good flow / leveling property as indicated by a flow / leveling index > 88%, desirably > 89%, in the meanwhile, provides coatings made therefrom with good washability to pass more than 170 cycles, desirably ≥ 200 cycles, or even > 400 cycles. These properties can be determined according to the test methods described in the Examples section below.
[0088] EXAMPLES
[0089] Some embodiments of the invention will now be described in the following Examples, wherein all parts and percentages are weight percentages relative to a composition weight unless otherwise specified. The materials used in the examples and their abbreviations are given in Tables 1 and 2 as below. OROTAN, ACRYSOL, TERGITOL, DOWSIL, and XIAMETER are trademarks of The Dow Chemical Company or its affiliates.
[0090] Table 1
[0091] Inventive Example (IE) 1
[0092] A monomer emulsion (ME1) was prepared from deionized (DI) water (131.7 g) , Disponil FES 32 emulsifier (FES 32, 11.41 g) , BA (45.6 g) , MAA (13.8 g) , PEM (11.2g) , MMA (251.3 g) , AAEM (18.2 g) , and MMP (6.3 g) . A second monomer emulsion (ME2) was prepared from DI water (471.3 g) , Fes-32 (14 g) , BA (981 g) , MMA (644 g) , PEM (5.7) , AAEM (92.3 g) , MEEU (35.1 g) , and BMP (1.8 g) . To a 5-L 4-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, a thermocouple, and inlets for monomer emulsion and initiator solution was added DI water (680 g) , FES 32 (2.5 g) , tetrasodium EDTA (0.03 g) , and iron sulfate heptahydrate (0.02 g) . The contents of the flask were stirred and heated to 80 ℃. An initiator solution consisting of DI water (30 g) and sodium persulfate (1.5 g) was added to the flask and then ME1 was fed into the reactor at a rate of 10.33 g / min while an initiator solution consisting of t-butyl hydroperoxide (3.0 g) and DI water (140 g) , and a reductant solution consisting of isoascorbic acid (4.2 g) and DI water (144 g) were fed separately at a rate of 1.35 g / min. After 10 minutes the feed rate of ME1 was increased to 20.67 g / min. When all of ME1 was fed to the flask the initiator and reductant feeds were stopped and the reaction mixture was held at 80 ℃ for 20 minutes. Next ME2 was fed to the flask at a rate of 10 g / min and the initiator and reductant feeds were resumed. After 5 minutes the ME2 feed rate was increased to 35 g / min. After an additional 25 minutes, ammonia (28%aqueous solution, 15 g) was added to the flask, and potassium hydroxide (45%aqueous solution, 6.2 g) and DI water (10 g) were added to the reductant solution. At this time, the feed rate of the reductant solution was increased to 1.62 g / min. After completion of the ME2, initiator, and reductant feeds the reaction mixture was cooled to 70 ℃. Residual monomer in the reaction mixture was polymerized by feeding a solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide (1 g) in DI water (10 g) over 15 min. After the feeds were complete the reaction mixture was cooled to 30 ℃ and neutralized to pH 8.5 using potassium hydroxide solution. Once neutralized, a solution consisting of ROCIMA BT-2S Preservative (10.2 g) and DI water (15 g) was added to the flask, and then XIAMETERTM OFS-6020 Silane (31.46 g) was added to the flask for 20 mins. The resulting latex was filtered to remove coagulum.
[0093] IEs 2-16 and Comparative Examples (CEs) 1-12
[0094] These compositions were synthesized using the same procedure as IE 1 above, except the compositions for monomers, chain transfer agents, and silanes were specified in Tables 3-5.
[0095] CE 13
[0096] A monomer emulsion (ME1) was prepared from DI water (603 g) , Disponil FES 32 emulsifier (FES 32, 21.9 g) , BA (1026.5 g) , MAA (13.8 g) , PEM (16.9 g) , MMA (895.7 g) , AAEM (110.5 g) , MEEU (35.1 g) , and BMP (1.8 g) . To a 5-L 4-neck flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, a thermocouple, and inlets for monomer emulsion and initiator solution was added DI water (630 g) , FES 32 (6 g) , tetrasodium EDTA (0.03 g) , and iron sulfate heptahydrate (0.02 g) . The contents of the flask were stirred and heated to 80 ℃. 49.6 g of ME1 was added to the flask followed by an initiator solution consisting of DI water (30 g) and sodium persulfate (1.5 g) . This mixture was allowed to polymerize for five minutes after which ME1 was fed into the reactor while an initiator solution consisting of t-butyl hydroperoxide (3 g) and DI water (140 g) , and a reductant solution consisting of isoascorbic acid (4.2 g) and DI water (144 g) were fed separately over the course of 120 minutes. After the polymerization was finished residual monomer in the reaction mixture was polymerized by feeding a solution of t-butyl hydroperoxide (1 g) in DI water (10 g) over 15 min. After the feeds were complete the reaction mixture was cooled to 30 ℃ and neutralized to pH 8.5 using potassium hydroxide solution. Once neutralized, a solution consisting of ROCIMA BT-2S Preservative (10.2 g) and DI water (15 g) was added to the flask, and then XIAMETERTM OFS-6020 Silane (32.1 g) was added to the flask for 20 minutes. The resulting latex was filtered to remove coagulum.
[0097] The as prepared compositions were used as binders in preparing paint formulations (materials are given in Table 2) according to the typical procedure below:
[0098] Pigment grinding (Mill Base) was made by introducing water (50 g) with OROTANTM 731A Dispersant (7 g) , TERGITOLTM 15-S-9 Surfactant (1 g) , DOWSILTM DC-8950 Additive (2 g) and APM-95 (1 g) into 1 L stainless steel can. Under shearing, Tiona 595 (330 g) and Minex 4 (50 g) were added, after dispersing at 1000 revolutions per minute (rpm) for 10 minutes, Acticide DW (2 g) and water (20 g) were mixed in. A mill base completed. Binder (426 g) and Acrylic Beads Dispersion (330 g) were introduced in 1 L plastic can, the mill base was added in with stirring. After mixing for 25 minutes, Texanol (20 g) , ACRYSOLTM RM-2020NPR Rheology Modifier (20 g) , ACRYSOLTM RM-12W Rheology Modifier (3 g) , and Rhodafac RS 610A surfactant (10 g) were added in with shear. Sufficient water was added at last to make 1 liter (L) paint. Finally, a paint was obtained after another 30-minute mixing.
[0099] Table 2
[0100] The obtained paint formulations were characterized for washability and flow / leveling properties according to the test methods described below and characterization results are given in Tables 3-5:
[0101] Flow / Leveling Testing
[0102] CIE Y Value represents brightness from 0 (perfect black) to 100 (perfect white) . All Y values were measured with CHROMA METER CR-400, following the steps below:
[0103] 1) Apply 3.8 g of a wet paint formulation over Leneta paper chart uniformly by brush. After the paint formulation was dried in a constant temperature room (CTR, 23.5 ℃, 50%relative humidity (RH) ) for 24 hours, the Y value of the resulting paint film, denoted as “Ybr” , was measured at black area of the chart and recorded.
[0104] 2) Apply the same wet paint formulation over Leneta paper chart by 6 mil drawdown block. After the paint formulation was dried in CTR for 24 hours, the Y value of the resulting paint film, denoted as “Ydd” , was measured at black area of chart and recorded.
[0105] Then Flow / Leveling Index (FLI) is determined by: FLI =Ybr / Ydd x 100%
[0106] FLI should be greater than (> 88%) as a pass.
[0107] Washability Testing
[0108] A paint formulation was applied on Leneta vinyl chart with 150 μm draw down block. After overnight conditioning in CTR (23.5 ℃ and 50%RH) , the obtained dry film was washed by moving over the film with a cork block which wrapped with 5 layers gauges and saturated by a special detergent (i.e., Wipeout Power Cleaner available from Diversey) . Cycles to remove all film were recorded. The minimum requirement for washability is >170 cycles, desirably, ≥ 200 cycles, more desirably, > 400 cycles.
[0109] As shown in Tables 3-5, IEs 1-16 binder compositions provided paints with the required flow / leveling properties (FLI > 88) as well as good washability (> 170 cycles) .
[0110] In contrast, CE 1 composition comprising a multistage polymer with the polymer (A) having a Mn that is too high failed to provide the required flow and leveling property. CE 2 composition comprising a multistage polymer incorporating too much PEM in the polymer (A) failed to provide paints with the required flow and leveling property. CE 3 composition containing no silane and CEs 4-6 compositions using reactive silanes such as MATS and VTMS replacing the amino functional silane all failed on washability. Paints comprising multistage polymers where the polymer (A) was prepared in the absence of PEM, AAEM, or both PEM and AAEM all failed the requirements for both washability and FLI (CEs 7, 8, and 9 compositions) . CE 10 composition which had no AAEM included in polymer (A) and CE 11 which had only 2%by weight AAEM in polymer (A) both failed the requirement for washability. The aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer containing 50%polymer (A) coagulated during synthesis (CE 12) and therefore, can't be measured for coating properties. CE 13 composition comprising the polymer synthesized by one-stage process failed to provide the required flow / leveling property.
[0111] Table 3
[0112] *XIAMETERTM OFS-6020 Silane; **BMP; N / A= not applicable.
[0113] In Tables 3-5: “Polymer Solids” was measured by drying an aqueous polymer dispersion (i) at 150 ℃ for 20 minutes, and then calculated by the solids weight after the drying divided by the weight of the aqueous polymer dispersion. “Particle Size” for an aqueous polymer dispersion (i) refers to a Z-average particle size as measured using a Zetasizer Nano S90 available from Malvern. “Mn” for polymer (A) was calculated based on the equation (I) above and reported in “g / mol” . Tgs for polymer (A) and polymer (B) were calculated based on the Fox equation described above.
[0114] Table 4
[0115] *XIAMETERTM OFS-6020 Silane; **XIAMETERTM OFS-6011 Silane; ***XIAMETERTM OFS-6015
[0116] Silane; NT= not tested
[0117] Table 5
[0118] *XIAMETERTM OFS-6020 Silane
Claims
1.A composition comprising the following components (i) and (ii) :(i) an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer, wherein the multistage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, 5%to 40%of a polymer (A) and 60%to 95%of a polymer (B) ;wherein the polymer (A) has a number average molecular weight less than 12000 grams per mole and comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) ,(a1) 0.5%to 4.5%of structural units of a phosphorous acid monomer, a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof;(a2) 0 to 15%of structural units of an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid;(a3) greater than 2%to 25%of structural units of a keto-containing monomer; and(a4) structural units of an alkyl (meth) acrylate;wherein the combined concentration of (a1) and (a2) structural units is 3%or more; andwherein the polymer (B) comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) ,(b1) structural units of a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and optionally,(b2) structural units of an acid monomer;wherein the weight concentration of (b2) structural units of the acid monomer relative to the polymer (B) weight is lower than the combined concentration of (a1) and (a2) structural unit in the polymer (A) ; and(ii) 0.1%to 5%of an amino functional silane, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the keto-containing monomer is an acetoacetyl functional monomer.3.The composition of claim 1 or 2, wherein the amino functional silane comprises an amino functional silane of formula (II) , an oligomer thereof, or mixtures thereof: RASi (RB) 3-n (ORC) n (II) ,where n is 1, 2, or 3; RA is an alkyl, cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, or phenylalkyl group, containing at least one amino group; and each RB and RC are independently selected from H, an alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, phenyl, benzyl, a phenylalkyl group, or combinations thereof.4.The composition of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the amino functional silane is selected from trimethoxysilylpropyldiethylenetriamine, N-methylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, N-2-aminoethyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminoethylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldimethoxysilane, aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, diethylenetriaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, aminoethylaminoethylaminopropyl trimethoxysilane, aminopropylmethyldiethoxysilane, aminopropyltriethoxysilane, 4-aminobutyltriethoxysilane, m- aminophenyltrimethoxysilane, phenylaminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 1, 1, 2, 4-tetramethyl-1-sila-2-azacyclopentane, aminoethylaminopropyltriethoxysilane, aminoethylaminoisobutylmethyldimethoxysilane, benzyl ethylenediaminepropyltrimethoxysilane, or N-phenyl-3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; hydrolyzates thereof; oligomers thereof; or combinations thereof.5.The composition of any one of claims 1-4, wherein the multistage polymer comprises, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer, 5%to 20%of the polymer (A) and 80%to 95%of the polymer (B) .6.The composition of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the polymer (B) further comprises, (b3) 1%to 9%of structural units of a keto-containing monomer, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) .7.The composition of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the polymer (A) has a Tg greater than 40 ℃ and the polymer (B) has a Tg that is more than 20 ℃ lower than the Tg of the polymer (A) , where Tgs are calculated by the Fox equation; and / or wherein the polymer (A) has the number average molecular weight in a range of 2000 to 10000 grams per mole.8.The composition of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the polymer (A) comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (A) , (a1) 1%to 4%of structural units of the phosphorous acid monomer and / or salt thereof; (a2) 0 to 10%of structural units of the α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid; (a3) 2.5%to 16%of structural units of an acetoacetyl functional monomer; (a4) structural units of the alkyl (meth) acrylate; andwherein the polymer (B) comprises, by weight based on the weight of the polymer (B) , (b1) structural units of the monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer selected from a vinyl aromatic monomer, an alkyl (meth) acrylate, or mixtures thereof; (b2) 0 to 2%of structural units of the acid monomer; and (b3) 1%to 9%of structural units of an acetoacetyl functional monomer.9.The composition of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the phosphorous acid monomer and salt thereof are selected from phosphoethyl (meth) acrylate, phosphopropyl (meth) acrylate, or phosphobutyl (meth) acrylate; salts thereof; or mixtures thereof.10.The composition of any one of claim 1-9, wherein the keto-containing monomer is selected from acetoacetoxyethyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxyethyl acrylate, acetoacetoxypropyl methacrylate, acetoacetoxybutyl methacrylate, 2, 3-di (acetoacetoxy) propyl methacrylate, allyl acetoacetate, or mixtures thereof.11.The composition of any one of claims 1-10, further comprising any one or any combination of components selected from the group consisting of rheology modifiers, coalescents, wetting agents, dispersants, defoamers, biocides, pigments, and extenders.12.A method of preparing a composition, comprising the steps of:(I) preparing an aqueous dispersion comprising a multistage polymer by multistage free-radical polymerization including:forming a polymer (A) in an aqueous medium by polymerization of a monomer mixture (A) in the presence of greater than 85 millimoles of a chain transfer agent per kilogram of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) ,wherein the monomer mixture (A) comprises, by weight based on the total weight of monomers in the monomer mixture (A) , monomer (a1) a phosphorous acid monomer, a salt thereof, or mixtures thereof at a concentration of 0.5%to 4.5%; monomer (a2) an α, β-ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid at a concentration of 0 to 15%; monomer (a3) a keto-containing monomer at a concentration of greater than 2%to 25%; and monomer (a4) an alkyl (meth) acrylate; wherein the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) is 3%or more; andforming a polymer (B) by polymerization of a monomer mixture (B) , wherein the monomer mixture (B) comprises monomer (b1) a monoethylenically unsaturated nonionic monomer, and optionally, monomer (b2) an acid monomer;wherein the weight concentration of the acid monomer (b2) relative to the monomer mixture (B) weight is lower than the combined concentration of the monomers (a1) and (a2) in the monomer mixture (A) ; and(II) admixing the aqueous dispersion comprising the multistage polymer obtained from step (I) with 0.1%to 5%of an amino functional silane, by weight based on the weight of the multistage polymer;thereby forming the composition.
Citation Information
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