Waveforms and frequency configurations for ambient internet of things devices
By configuring waveforms and frequency shifts for A-IoT devices, the method improves communication quality and reliability by reducing interference, addressing the challenges of distinguishing and communicating with ambient IoT devices.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/110552
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently distinguishing and communicating with ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, leading to interference and reduced communication quality and reliability.
The proposed solution involves configuring waveforms and frequency shifts for A-IoT devices, allowing reader devices to distinguish and communicate effectively with them using resource pools, control messages, and initial access messages, thereby reducing interference and improving communication quality.
This approach enhances the reliability and quality of communications with A-IoT devices by allocating resources efficiently and configuring frequencies, thus reducing interference between different types of A-IoT devices.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024110552_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
WAVEFORMS AND FREQUENCY CONFIGURATIONS FOR AMBIENT INTERNET OF THINGS DEVICES
[0001] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure generally relate to wireless communication and specifically relate to techniques, apparatuses, and methods for configuring waveforms and frequencies for ambient Internet of Things devices.BACKGROUND
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various services that may include carrying voice, text, messaging, video, data, and / or other traffic. The services may include unicast, multicast, and / or broadcast services, among other examples. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources (for example, time domain resources, frequency domain resources, spatial domain resources, and / or device transmit power, among other examples) . Examples of such multiple-access RATs include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] The above multiple-access RATs have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable different wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, or global level. An example telecommunication standard is New Radio (NR) . NR, which may also be referred to as 5G, is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . NR (and other mobile broadband evolutions beyond NR) may be designed to better support Internet of things (IoT) and reduced capability device deployments, industrial connectivity, millimeter wave (mmWave) expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployment, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication technologies (for example, cellular vehicle-to-everything (CV2X) communication) , massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansions, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, and / or radio frequency (RF) sensing, among other examples. As the demand for mobile broadband access continues to increase, further improvements in NR may be implemented, and other radio access technologies such as 6G may be introduced, to further advance mobile broadband evolution.SUMMARY
[0005] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The method may include transmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.
[0006] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a reader device. The method may include transmitting, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The method may include receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform.
[0007] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by an A-IoT device. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The method may include transmitting, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0008] Some aspects described herein relate to a method of wireless communication performed by a reader device. The method may include transmitting, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The method may include receiving, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0009] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at an A-IoT device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to transmit, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.
[0010] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a reader device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to transmit, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform.
[0011] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at an A-IoT device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to transmit, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0012] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication at a reader device. The apparatus may include one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to transmit, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The one or more processors may be individually or collectively configured to receive, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0013] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by an A-IoT device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device, may cause the A-IoT device to receive, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device, may cause the A-IoT device to transmit, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.
[0014] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a reader device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader device, may cause the reader device to transmit, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader device, may cause the reader device to receive, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform.
[0015] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by an A-IoT device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device, may cause the A-IoT device to receive, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the A-IoT device, may cause the A-IoT device to transmit, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0016] Some aspects described herein relate to a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores a set of instructions for wireless communication by a reader device. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader device, may cause the reader device to transmit, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The set of instructions, when executed by one or more processors of the reader device, may cause the reader device to receive, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0017] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the apparatus is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.
[0018] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform.
[0019] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0020] Some aspects described herein relate to an apparatus for wireless communication. The apparatus may include means for transmitting, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. The apparatus may include means for receiving, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0021] Aspects of the present disclosure may generally be implemented by or as a method, apparatus, system, computer program product, non-transitory computer-readable medium, user equipment, base station, network node, network entity, wireless communication device, and / or processing system as substantially described with reference to, and as illustrated by, the specification and accompanying drawings.
[0022] The foregoing paragraphs of this section have broadly summarized some aspects of the present disclosure. These and additional aspects and associated advantages will be described hereinafter. The disclosed aspects may be used as a basis for modifying or designing other aspects for carrying out the same or similar purposes of the present disclosure. Such equivalent aspects do not depart from the scope of the appended claims. Characteristics of the aspects disclosed herein, both their organization and method of operation, together with associated advantages, will be better understood from the following description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] The appended drawings illustrate some aspects of the present disclosure, but are not limiting of the scope of the present disclosure because the description may enable other aspects. Each of the drawings is provided for purposes of illustration and description, and not as a definition of the limits of the claims. The same or similar reference numbers in different drawings may identify the same or similar elements.
[0024] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0025] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node in communication with an example user equipment in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0026] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating examples associated with different types of ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0027] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with A-IoT communications, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0028] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with resource pools for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0029] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with control messages for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0030] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with initial access messages for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0031] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example associated with frequency offsets for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0032] Figs. 9A and 9B are diagrams illustrating examples associated with external carrier waves for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0033] Figs. 10 and 11 are diagrams illustrating example processes associated with waveform configuration for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0034] Figs. 12 and 13 are diagrams illustrating example processes associated with frequency configuration for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0035] Figs. 14 and 15 are diagrams of example apparatuses for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0036] Various aspects of the present disclosure are described hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings. However, aspects of the present disclosure may be embodied in many different forms and is not to be construed as limited to any specific aspect illustrated by or described with reference to an accompanying drawing or otherwise presented in this disclosure. Rather, these aspects are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the disclosure to those skilled in the art. One skilled in the art may appreciate that the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein, whether implemented independently of or in combination with any other aspect of the disclosure. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using various combinations or quantities of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover an apparatus having, or a method that is practiced using, other structures and / or functionalities in addition to or other than the structures and / or functionalities with which various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein may be practiced. Any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0037] Several aspects of telecommunication systems will now be presented with reference to various methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques. These methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques will be described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, modules, components, circuits, steps, processes, or algorithms (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0038] In Internet of Things (IoT) architecture, some devices may be ambient IoT devices (A-IoT) . Some A-IoT devices may backscatter a carrier wave (CW) in order to communicate with a reader device. On the other hand, other A-IoT devices may perform energy harvesting (e.g., to store power in a battery) and generate modulated radio frequency (RF) signals in order to communicate with a reader device. Some A-IoT devices may be capable of performing backscattering as well as generating modulated RF signals.
[0039] Various aspects relate generally to distinguishing A-IoT devices with different waveforms. Some aspects more specifically relate to a reader device distinguishing A-IoT devices using resource pools, control messages, and / or initial access messages. Additionally, or alternatively, various aspects relate generally to configuring frequency shifts for A-IoT devices that use different waveforms. Some aspects more specifically relate to configuring frequency shifts for backscattering A-IoT devices and configuring target frequencies for powered A-IoT devices.
[0040] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, because the reader device distinguishes A-IoT devices using resource pools, control messages, and / or initial access messages, the described techniques can be used to allocate and schedule resources for communicating with A-IoT using different waveforms. As a result, the reader device may reduce interference between communications with the A-IoT devices, which improves quality and reliability of the communications. In some examples, because the reader device configures frequencies for A-IoT devices, the described techniques can be used to reduce interference between communications from different types of A-IoT devices, which improves quality and reliability of the communications.
[0041] Multiple-access radio access technologies (RATs) have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide common protocols that enable wireless communication devices to communicate on a municipal, enterprise, national, regional, or global level. For example, 5G New Radio (NR) is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . 5G NR supports various technologies and use cases including enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) , massive machine-type communication (mMTC) , millimeter wave (mmWave) technology, beamforming, network slicing, edge computing, IoT connectivity and management, and network function virtualization (NFV) .
[0042] As the demand for broadband access increases and as technologies supported by wireless communication networks evolve, further technological improvements may be adopted in or implemented for 5G NR or future RATs, such as 6G, to further advance the evolution of wireless communication for a wide variety of existing and new use cases and applications. Such technological improvements may be associated with new frequency band expansion, licensed and unlicensed spectrum access, overlapping spectrum use, small cell deployments, non-terrestrial network (NTN) deployments, disaggregated network architectures and network topology expansion, device aggregation, advanced duplex communication, sidelink and other device-to-device direct communication, IoT (including passive or ambient IoT) networks, reduced capability (RedCap) user equipment (UE) functionality, industrial connectivity, multiple-subscriber implementations, high-precision positioning, RF sensing, and / or artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) , among other examples. These technological improvements may support use cases such as wireless backhauls, wireless data centers, extended reality (XR) and metaverse applications, meta services for supporting vehicle connectivity, holographic and mixed reality communication, autonomous and collaborative robots, vehicle platooning and cooperative maneuvering, sensing networks, gesture monitoring, human-brain interfacing, digital twin applications, asset management, and universal coverage applications using non-terrestrial and / or aerial platforms, among other examples. The methods, operations, apparatuses, and techniques described herein may enable one or more of the foregoing technologies and / or support one or more of the foregoing use cases.
[0043] Fig. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication network 100, in accordance with the present disclosure. The wireless communication network 100 may be or may include elements of a 5G (or NR) network or a 6G network, among other examples. The wireless communication network 100 may include multiple network nodes 110, shown as a network node (NN) 110a, a network node 110b, a network node 110c, and a network node 110d. The network nodes 110 may support communications with multiple UEs 120, shown as a UE 120a, a UE 120b, a UE 120c, a UE 120d, and a UE 120e.
[0044] The network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using the electromagnetic spectrum, which may be subdivided by frequency or wavelength into various classes, bands, carriers, and / or channels. For example, devices of the wireless communication network 100 may communicate using one or more operating bands. In some aspects, multiple wireless communication networks 100 may be deployed in a given geographic area. Each wireless communication network 100 may support a particular RAT (which may also be referred to as an air interface) and may operate on one or more carrier frequencies in one or more frequency ranges. Examples of RATs include a 4G RAT, a 5G / NR RAT, and / or a 6G RAT, among other examples. In some examples, when multiple RATs are deployed in a given geographic area, each RAT in the geographic area may operate on different frequencies to avoid interference with one another.
[0045] Various operating bands have been defined as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz through 7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz through 52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz through 24.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz through 71 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz through 114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz through 300 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “Sub-6 GHz” band in some documents and articles. Similarly, FR2 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in some documents and articles, despite being different than the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz through 300 GHz) , which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band. The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies, which include FR3. Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. Thus, “sub-6 GHz, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are less than 6 GHz, that are within FR1, and / or that are included in mid-band frequencies. Similarly, the term “millimeter wave, ” if used herein, may broadly refer to frequencies that are included in mid-band frequencies, that are within FR2, FR4, FR4-a or FR4-1, or FR5, and / or that are within the EHF band. Higher frequency bands may extend 5G NR operation, 6G operation, and / or other RATs beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, each of FR4a, FR4-1, FR4, and FR5 falls within the EHF band. In some examples, the wireless communication network 100 may implement dynamic spectrum sharing (DSS) , in which multiple RATs (for example, 4G / Long Term Evolution (LTE) and 5G / NR) are implemented with dynamic bandwidth allocation (for example, based on user demand) in a single frequency band. It is contemplated that the frequencies included in these operating bands (for example, FR1, FR2, FR3, FR4, FR4-a, FR4-1, and / or FR5) may be modified, and techniques described herein may be applicable to those modified frequency ranges.
[0046] A network node 110 may include one or more devices, components, or systems that enable communication between a UE 120 and one or more devices, components, or systems of the wireless communication network 100. A network node 110 may be, may include, or may also be referred to as an NR network node, a 5G network node, a 6G network node, a Node B, an eNB, a gNB, an access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , a mobility element, a core, a network entity, a network element, a network equipment, and / or another type of device, component, or system included in a radio access network (RAN) .
[0047] A network node 110 may be implemented as a single physical node (for example, a single physical structure) or may be implemented as two or more physical nodes (for example, two or more distinct physical structures) . For example, a network node 110 may be a device or system that implements part of a radio protocol stack, a device or system that implements a full radio protocol stack (such as a full gNB protocol stack) , or a collection of devices or systems that collectively implement the full radio protocol stack. For example, and as shown, a network node 110 may be an aggregated network node (having an aggregated architecture) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a full radio protocol stack that is physically and logically integrated within a single node (for example, a single physical structure) in the wireless communication network 100. For example, an aggregated network node 110 may consist of a single standalone base station or a single TRP that uses a full radio protocol stack to enable or facilitate communication between a UE 120 and a core network of the wireless communication network 100.
[0048] Alternatively, and as also shown, a network node 110 may be a disaggregated network node (sometimes referred to as a disaggregated base station) , meaning that the network node 110 may implement a radio protocol stack that is physically distributed and / or logically distributed among two or more nodes in the same geographic location or in different geographic locations. For example, a disaggregated network node may have a disaggregated architecture. In some deployments, disaggregated network nodes 110 may be used in an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, in an open radio access network (O-RAN) (such as a network configuration in compliance with the O-RAN Alliance) , or in a virtualized radio access network (vRAN) , also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) , to facilitate scaling by separating base station functionality into multiple units that can be individually deployed.
[0049] The network nodes 110 of the wireless communication network 100 may include one or more central units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , and / or one or more radio units (RUs) . A CU may host one or more higher layer control functions, such as radio resource control (RRC) functions, packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) functions, and / or service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) functions, among other examples. A DU may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and / or one or more higher physical (PHY) layers depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as a functional split defined by the 3GPP. In some examples, a DU also may host one or more lower PHY layer functions, such as a fast Fourier transform (FFT) , an inverse FFT (iFFT) , beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, and / or scheduling of resources for one or more UEs 120, among other examples. An RU may host RF processing functions or lower PHY layer functions, such as an FFT, an iFFT, beamforming, or PRACH extraction and filtering, among other examples, according to a functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, each RU can be operated to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 120.
[0050] In some aspects, a single network node 110 may include a combination of one or more CUs, one or more DUs, and / or one or more RUs. Additionally, or alternatively, a network node 110 may include one or more Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controllers (RICs) and / or one or more Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RICs. In some examples, a CU, a DU, and / or an RU may be implemented as a virtual unit, such as a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) , among other examples. A virtual unit may be implemented as a virtual network function, such as associated with a cloud deployment.
[0051] Some network nodes 110 (for example, a base station, an RU, or a TRP) may provide communication coverage for a particular geographic area. In the 3GPP, the term “cell” can refer to a coverage area of a network node 110 or to a network node 110 itself, depending on the context in which the term is used. A network node 110 may support one or multiple (for example, three) cells. In some examples, a network node 110 may provide communication coverage for a macro cell, a pico cell, a femto cell, or another type of cell. A macro cell may cover a relatively large geographic area (for example, several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A pico cell may cover a relatively small geographic area and may allow unrestricted access by UEs 120 with service subscriptions. A femto cell may cover a relatively small geographic area (for example, a home) and may allow restricted access by UEs 120 having association with the femto cell (for example, UEs 120 in a closed subscriber group (CSG) ) . A network node 110 for a macro cell may be referred to as a macro network node. A network node 110 for a pico cell may be referred to as a pico network node. A network node 110 for a femto cell may be referred to as a femto network node or an in-home network node. In some examples, a cell may not necessarily be stationary. For example, the geographic area of the cell may move according to the location of an associated mobile network node 110 (for example, a train, a satellite base station, an unmanned aerial vehicle, or an NTN network node) .
[0052] The wireless communication network 100 may be a heterogeneous network that includes network nodes 110 of different types, such as macro network nodes, pico network nodes, femto network nodes, relay network nodes, aggregated network nodes, and / or disaggregated network nodes, among other examples. In the example shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110a may be a macro network node for a macro cell 130a, the network node 110b may be a pico network node for a pico cell 130b, and the network node 110c may be a femto network node for a femto cell 130c. Various different types of network nodes 110 may generally transmit at different power levels, serve different coverage areas, and / or have different impacts on interference in the wireless communication network 100 than other types of network nodes 110. For example, macro network nodes may have a high transmit power level (for example, 5 to 40 watts) , whereas pico network nodes, femto network nodes, and relay network nodes may have lower transmit power levels (for example, 0.1 to 2 watts) .
[0053] In some examples, a network node 110 may be, may include, or may operate as an RU, a TRP, or a base station that communicates with one or more UEs 120 via a radio access link (which may be referred to as a “Uu” link) . The radio access link may include a downlink and an uplink. “Downlink” (or “DL” ) refers to a communication direction from a network node 110 to a UE 120, and “uplink” (or “UL” ) refers to a communication direction from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Downlink channels may include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. A downlink control channel may be used to transmit downlink control information (DCI) (for example, scheduling information, reference signals, and / or configuration information) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. A downlink data channel may be used to transmit downlink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a network node 110 to a UE 120. Downlink control channels may include one or more physical downlink control channels (PDCCHs) , and downlink data channels may include one or more physical downlink shared channels (PDSCHs) . Uplink channels may similarly include one or more control channels and one or more data channels. An uplink control channel may be used to transmit uplink control information (UCI) (for example, reference signals and / or feedback corresponding to one or more downlink transmissions) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. An uplink data channel may be used to transmit uplink data (for example, user data associated with a UE 120) from a UE 120 to a network node 110. Uplink control channels may include one or more physical uplink control channels (PUCCHs) , and uplink data channels may include one or more physical uplink shared channels (PUSCHs) . The downlink and the uplink may each include a set of resources on which the network node 110 and the UE 120 may communicate.
[0054] Downlink and uplink resources may include time domain resources (frames, subframes, slots, and / or symbols) , frequency domain resources (frequency bands, component carriers, subcarriers, resource blocks, and / or resource elements) , and / or spatial domain resources (particular transmit directions and / or beam parameters) . Frequency domain resources of some bands may be subdivided into bandwidth parts (BWPs) . A BWP may be a continuous block of frequency domain resources (for example, a continuous block of resource blocks) that are allocated for one or more UEs 120. A UE 120 may be configured with both an uplink BWP and a downlink BWP (where the uplink BWP and the downlink BWP may be the same BWP or different BWPs) . A BWP may be dynamically configured (for example, by a network node 110 transmitting a DCI configuration to the one or more UEs 120) and / or reconfigured, which means that a BWP can be adjusted in real-time (or near-real-time) based on changing network conditions in the wireless communication network 100 and / or based on the specific requirements of the one or more UEs 120. This enables more efficient use of the available frequency domain resources in the wireless communication network 100 because fewer frequency domain resources may be allocated to a BWP for a UE 120 (which may reduce the quantity of frequency domain resources that a UE 120 is required to monitor) , leaving more frequency domain resources to be spread across multiple UEs 120. Thus, BWPs may also assist in the implementation of lower-capability UEs 120 by facilitating the configuration of smaller bandwidths for communication by such UEs 120.
[0055] As described above, in some aspects, the wireless communication network 100 may be, may include, or may be included in, an IAB network. In an IAB network, at least one network node 110 is an anchor network node that communicates with a core network. An anchor network node 110 may also be referred to as an IAB donor (or “IAB-donor” ) . The anchor network node 110 may connect to the core network via a wired backhaul link. For example, an Ng interface of the anchor network node 110 may terminate at the core network. Additionally, or alternatively, an anchor network node 110 may connect to one or more devices of the core network that provide a core access and mobility management function (AMF) . An IAB network also generally includes multiple non-anchor network nodes 110, which may also be referred to as relay network nodes or simply as IAB nodes (or “IAB-nodes” ) . Each non-anchor network node 110 may communicate directly with the anchor network node 110 via a wireless backhaul link to access the core network, or may communicate indirectly with the anchor network node 110 via one or more other non-anchor network nodes 110 and associated wireless backhaul links that form a backhaul path to the core network. Some anchor network node 110 or other non-anchor network node 110 may also communicate directly with one or more UEs 120 via wireless access links that carry access traffic. In some examples, network resources for wireless communication (such as time resources, frequency resources, and / or spatial resources) may be shared between access links and backhaul links.
[0056] In some examples, any network node 110 that relays communications may be referred to as a relay network node, a relay station, or simply as a relay. A relay may receive a transmission of a communication from an upstream station (for example, another network node 110 or a UE 120) and transmit the communication to a downstream station (for example, a UE 120 or another network node 110) . In this case, the wireless communication network 100 may include or be referred to as a “multi-hop network. ” In the example shown in Fig. 1, the network node 110d (for example, a relay network node) may communicate with the network node 110a (for example, a macro network node) and the UE 120d in order to facilitate communication between the network node 110a and the UE 120d. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 120 may be or may operate as a relay station that can relay transmissions to or from other UEs 120. A UE 120 that relays communications may be referred to as a UE relay or a relay UE, among other examples.
[0057] The UEs 120 may be physically dispersed throughout the wireless communication network 100, and each UE 120 may be stationary or mobile. A UE 120 may be, may include, or may be included in an access terminal, another terminal, a mobile station, or a subscriber unit. A UE 120 may be, include, or be coupled with a cellular phone (for example, a smart phone) , a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a wireless modem, a wireless communication device, a handheld device, a laptop computer, a cordless phone, a wireless local loop (WLL) station, a tablet, a camera, a gaming device, a netbook, a smartbook, an ultrabook, a medical device, a biometric device, a wearable device (for example, a smart watch, smart clothing, smart glasses, a smart wristband, and / or smart jewelry, such as a smart ring or a smart bracelet) , an entertainment device (for example, a music device, a video device, and / or a satellite radio) , an XR device, a vehicular component or sensor, a smart meter or sensor, industrial manufacturing equipment, a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) device (such as a Global Positioning System device or another type of positioning device) , a UE function of a network node, and / or any other suitable device or function that may communicate via a wireless medium.
[0058] A UE 120 and / or a network node 110 may include one or more chips, system-on-chips (SoCs) , chipsets, packages, or devices that individually or collectively constitute or comprise a processing system. The processing system includes processor (or “processing” ) circuitry in the form of one or multiple processors, microprocessors, processing units (such as central processing units (CPUs) , graphics processing units (GPUs) , neural processing units (NPUs) and / or digital signal processors (DSPs) ) , processing blocks, application-specific integrated circuits (ASIC) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) (such as field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) ) , or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “processors” or collectively as “the processor” or “the processor circuitry” ) . One or more of the processors may be individually or collectively configurable or configured to perform various functions or operations described herein. A group of processors collectively configurable or configured to perform a set of functions may include a first processor configurable or configured to perform a first function of the set and a second processor configurable or configured to perform a second function of the set, or may include the group of processors all being configured or configurable to perform the set of functions.
[0059] The processing system may further include memory circuitry in the form of one or more memory devices, memory blocks, memory elements or other discrete gate or transistor logic or circuitry, each of which may include tangible storage media such as random-access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM) , or combinations thereof (all of which may be generally referred to herein individually as “memories” or collectively as “the memory” or “the memory circuitry” ) . One or more of the memories may be coupled (for example, operatively coupled, communicatively coupled, electronically coupled, or electrically coupled) with one or more of the processors and may individually or collectively store processor-executable code (such as software) that, when executed by one or more of the processors, may configure one or more of the processors to perform various functions or operations described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software. The processing system may further include or be coupled with one or more modems (such as a Wi-Fi (for example, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) compliant) modem or a cellular (for example, 3GPP 4G LTE, 5G, or 6G compliant) modem) . In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the modems. The processing system may further include or be coupled with multiple radios (collectively “the radio” ) , multiple RF chains, or multiple transceivers, each of which may in turn be coupled with one or more of multiple antennas. In some implementations, one or more processors of the processing system include or implement one or more of the radios, RF chains or transceivers. The UE 120 may include or may be included in a housing that houses components associated with the UE 120 including the processing system.
[0060] Some UEs 120 may be considered machine-type communication (MTC) UEs, evolved or enhanced machine-type communication (eMTC) , UEs, further enhanced eMTC (feMTC) UEs, or enhanced feMTC (efeMTC) UEs, or further evolutions thereof, all of which may be simply referred to as “MTC UEs” . An MTC UE may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with a robot, an uncrewed aerial vehicle, a remote device, a sensor, a meter, a monitor, and / or a location tag. Some UEs 120 may be considered IoT devices and / or may be implemented as NB-IoT (narrowband IoT) devices. An IoT UE or NB-IoT device may be, may include, or may be included in or coupled with an industrial machine, an appliance, a refrigerator, a doorbell camera device, a home automation device, and / or a light fixture, among other examples. Some UEs 120 may be considered Customer Premises Equipment, which may include telecommunications devices that are installed at a customer location (such as a home or office) to enable access to a service provider's network (such as included in or in communication with the wireless communication network 100) .
[0061] Some UEs 120 may be classified according to different categories in association with different complexities and / or different capabilities. UEs 120 in a first category may facilitate massive IoT in the wireless communication network 100, and may offer low complexity and / or cost relative to UEs 120 in a second category. UEs 120 in a second category may include mission-critical IoT devices, legacy UEs, baseline UEs, high-tier UEs, advanced UEs, full-capability UEs, and / or premium UEs that are capable of URLLC, eMBB, and / or precise positioning in the wireless communication network 100, among other examples. A third category of UEs 120 may have mid-tier complexity and / or capability (for example, a capability between UEs 120 of the first category and UEs 120 of the second capability) . A UE 120 of the third category may be referred to as a reduced capacity UE ( “RedCap UE” ) , a mid-tier UE, an NR-Light UE, and / or an NR-Lite UE, among other examples. RedCap UEs may bridge a gap between the capability and complexity of NB-IoT devices and / or eMTC UEs, and mission-critical IoT devices and / or premium UEs. RedCap UEs may include, for example, wearable devices, IoT devices, industrial sensors, and / or cameras that are associated with a limited bandwidth, power capacity, and / or transmission range, among other examples. RedCap UEs may support healthcare environments, building automation, electrical distribution, process automation, transport and logistics, and / or smart city deployments, among other examples.
[0062] In some examples, two or more UEs 120 (for example, shown as UE 120a and UE 120e) may communicate directly with one another using sidelink communications (for example, without communicating by way of a network node 110 as an intermediary) . As an example, the UE 120a may directly transmit data, control information, or other signaling as a sidelink communication to the UE 120e. This is in contrast to, for example, the UE 120a first transmitting data in an UL communication to a network node 110, which then transmits the data to the UE 120e in a DL communication. In various examples, the UEs 120 may transmit and receive sidelink communications using peer-to-peer (P2P) communication protocols, device-to-device (D2D) communication protocols, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication protocols (which may include vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) protocols, vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I) protocols, and / or vehicle-to-pedestrian (V2P) protocols) , and / or mesh network communication protocols. In some deployments and configurations, a network node 110 may schedule and / or allocate resources for sidelink communications between UEs 120 in the wireless communication network 100. In some other deployments and configurations, a UE 120 (instead of a network node 110) may perform, or collaborate or negotiate with one or more other UEs to perform, scheduling operations, resource selection operations, and / or other operations for sidelink communications.
[0063] In various examples, some of the network nodes 110 and the UEs 120 of the wireless communication network 100 may be configured for full-duplex operation in addition to half-duplex operation. A network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a half-duplex mode may perform only one of transmission or reception during particular time resources, such as during particular slots, symbols, or other time periods. Half-duplex operation may involve time-division duplexing (TDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 and UL transmissions of the UE 120 do not occur in the same time resources (that is, the transmissions do not overlap in time) . In contrast, a network node 110 or a UE 120 operating in a full-duplex mode can transmit and receive communications concurrently (for example, in the same time resources) . By operating in a full-duplex mode, network nodes 110 and / or UEs 120 may generally increase the capacity of the network and the radio access link. In some examples, full-duplex operation may involve frequency-division duplexing (FDD) , in which DL transmissions of the network node 110 are performed in a first frequency band or on a first component carrier and transmissions of the UE 120 are performed in a second frequency band or on a second component carrier different than the first frequency band or the first component carrier, respectively. In some examples, full-duplex operation may be enabled for a UE 120 but not for a network node 110. For example, a UE 120 may simultaneously transmit an UL transmission to a first network node 110 and receive a DL transmission from a second network node 110 in the same time resources. In some other examples, full-duplex operation may be enabled for a network node 110 but not for a UE 120. For example, a network node 110 may simultaneously transmit a DL transmission to a first UE 120 and receive an UL transmission from a second UE 120 in the same time resources. In some other examples, full-duplex operation may be enabled for both a network node 110 and a UE 120.
[0064] In some examples, the UEs 120 and the network nodes 110 may perform MIMO communication. “MIMO” generally refers to transmitting or receiving multiple signals (such as multiple layers or multiple data streams) simultaneously over the same time and frequency resources. MIMO techniques generally exploit multipath propagation. MIMO may be implemented using various spatial processing or spatial multiplexing operations. In some examples, MIMO may support simultaneous transmission to multiple receivers, referred to as multi-user MIMO (MU-MIMO) . Some RATs may employ advanced MIMO techniques, such as mTRP operation (including redundant transmission or reception on multiple TRPs) , reciprocity in the time domain or the frequency domain, single-frequency-network (SFN) transmission, or non-coherent joint transmission (NC-JT) .
[0065] As indicated above, Fig. 1 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 1.
[0066] Fig. 2 is a diagram illustrating an example network node 110 in communication with an example UE 120 in a wireless network, in accordance with the present disclosure.
[0067] As shown in Fig. 2, the network node 110 may include a data source 212, a transmit processor 214, a transmit (TX) MIMO processor 216, a set of modems 232 (shown as 232a through 232t, where t ≥ 1) , a set of antennas 234 (shown as 234a through 234v, where v ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 236, a receive processor 238, a data sink 239, a controller / processor 240, a memory 242, a communication unit 244, a scheduler 246, and / or a communication manager 150, among other examples. In some configurations, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 234, the modem (s) 232, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, the transmit processor 214, and / or the TX MIMO processor 216 may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 240, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 242, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, and / or operations described herein. In some aspects, the network node 110 may include one or more interfaces, communication components, and / or other components that facilitate communication with the UE 120 or another network node.
[0068] The terms “processor, ” “controller, ” or “controller / processor” may refer to one or more controllers and / or one or more processors. For example, reference to “a / the processor, ” “a / the controller / processor, ” or the like (in the singular) should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2, such as a single processor or a combination of multiple different processors. Reference to “one or more processors” should be understood to refer to any one or more of the processors described in connection with Fig. 2. For example, one or more processors of the network node 110 may include transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, and / or controller / processor 240. Similarly, one or more processors of the UE 120 may include MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, and / or controller / processor 280.
[0069] In some aspects, a single processor may perform all of the operations described as being performed by the one or more processors. In some aspects, a first set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a first operation described as being performed by the one or more processors, and a second set of (one or more) processors of the one or more processors may perform a second operation described as being performed by the one or more processors. The first set of processors and the second set of processors may be the same set of processors or may be different sets of processors. Reference to “one or more memories” should be understood to refer to any one or more memories of a corresponding device, such as the memory described in connection with Fig. 2. For example, operation described as being performed by one or more memories can be performed by the same subset of the one or more memories or different subsets of the one or more memories.
[0070] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the transmit processor 214 may receive data ( “downlink data” ) intended for the UE 120 (or a set of UEs that includes the UE 120) from the data source 212 (such as a data pipeline or a data queue) . In some examples, the transmit processor 214 may select one or more modulation and coding schemes (MCSs) for the UE 120 in accordance with one or more channel quality indicators (CQIs) received from the UE 120. The network node 110 may process the data (for example, including encoding the data) for transmission to the UE 120 on a downlink in accordance with the MCS (s) selected for the UE 120 to generate data symbols. The transmit processor 214 may process system information (for example, semi-static resource partitioning information (SRPI) ) and / or control information (for example, CQI requests, grants, and / or upper layer signaling) and provide overhead symbols and / or control symbols. The transmit processor 214 may generate reference symbols for reference signals (for example, a cell-specific reference signal (CRS) , a demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , or a channel state information (CSI) reference signal (CSI-RS) ) and / or synchronization signals (for example, a primary synchronization signal (PSS) or a secondary synchronization signals (SSS) ) .
[0071] The TX MIMO processor 216 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, T output symbol streams) to the set of modems 232. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 232. Each modem 232 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) ) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 232 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a time domain downlink signal. The modems 232a through 232t may together transmit a set of downlink signals (for example, T downlink signals) via the corresponding set of antennas 234.
[0072] A downlink signal may include a DCI communication, a MAC control element (MAC-CE) communication, an RRC communication, a downlink reference signal, or another type of downlink communication. Downlink signals may be transmitted on a PDCCH, a PDSCH, and / or on another downlink channel. A downlink signal may carry one or more transport blocks (TBs) of data. A TB may be a unit of data that is transmitted over an air interface in the wireless communication network 100. A data stream (for example, from the data source 212) may be encoded into multiple TBs for transmission over the air interface. The quantity of TBs used to carry the data associated with a particular data stream may be associated with a TB size common to the multiple TBs. The TB size may be based on or otherwise associated with radio channel conditions of the air interface, the MCS used for encoding the data, the downlink resources allocated for transmitting the data, and / or another parameter. In general, the larger the TB size, the greater the amount of data that can be transmitted in a single transmission, which reduces signaling overhead. However, larger TB sizes may be more prone to transmission and / or reception errors than smaller TB sizes, but such errors may be mitigated by more robust error correction techniques.
[0073] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, uplink signals from the UE 120 may be received by an antenna 234, may be processed by a modem 232 (for example, a demodulator component, shown as DEMOD, of a modem 232) , may be detected by the MIMO detector 236 (for example, a receive (Rx) MIMO processor) if applicable, and / or may be further processed by the receive processor 238 to obtain decoded data and / or control information. The receive processor 238 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 239 (which may be a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or another type of data sink) and provide the decoded control information to a processor, such as the controller / processor 240.
[0074] The network node 110 may use the scheduler 246 to schedule one or more UEs 120 for downlink or uplink communications. In some aspects, the scheduler 246 may use DCI to dynamically schedule DL transmissions to the UE 120 and / or UL transmissions from the UE 120. In some examples, the scheduler 246 may allocate recurring time domain resources and / or frequency domain resources that the UE 120 may use to transmit and / or receive communications using an RRC configuration (for example, a semi-static configuration) , for example, to perform semi-persistent scheduling (SPS) or to configure a configured grant (CG) for the UE 120.
[0075] One or more of the transmit processor 214, the TX MIMO processor 216, the modem 232, the antenna 234, the MIMO detector 236, the receive processor 238, and / or the controller / processor 240 may be included in an RF chain of the network node 110. An RF chain may include one or more filters, mixers, oscillators, amplifiers, analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) , and / or other devices that convert between an analog signal (such as for transmission or reception via an air interface) and a digital signal (such as for processing by one or more processors of the network node 110) . In some aspects, the RF chain may be or may be included in a transceiver of the network node 110.
[0076] In some examples, the network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to communicate with a core network and / or with other network nodes. The communication unit 244 may support wired and / or wireless communication protocols and / or connections, such as Ethernet, optical fiber, common public radio interface (CPRI) , and / or a wired or wireless backhaul, among other examples. The network node 110 may use the communication unit 244 to transmit and / or receive data associated with the UE 120 or to perform network control signaling, among other examples. The communication unit 244 may include a transceiver and / or an interface, such as a network interface.
[0077] The UE 120 may include a set of antennas 252 (shown as antennas 252a through 252r, where r ≥ 1) , a set of modems 254 (shown as modems 254a through 254u, where u ≥ 1) , a MIMO detector 256, a receive processor 258, a data sink 260, a data source 262, a transmit processor 264, a TX MIMO processor 266, a controller / processor 280, a memory 282, and / or a communication manager 140, among other examples. One or more of the components of the UE 120 may be included in a housing 284. In some aspects, one or a combination of the antenna (s) 252, the modem (s) 254, the MIMO detector 256, the receive processor 258, the transmit processor 264, or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be included in a transceiver that is included in the UE 120. The transceiver may be under control of and used by one or more processors, such as the controller / processor 280, and in some aspects in conjunction with processor-readable code stored in the memory 282, to perform aspects of the methods, processes, or operations described herein. In some aspects, the UE 120 may include another interface, another communication component, and / or another component that facilitates communication with the network node 110 and / or another UE 120.
[0078] For downlink communication from the network node 110 to the UE 120, the set of antennas 252 may receive the downlink communications or signals from the network node 110 and may provide a set of received downlink signals (for example, R received signals) to the set of modems 254. For example, each received signal may be provided to a respective demodulator component (shown as DEMOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to condition (for example, filter, amplify, downconvert, and / or digitize) a received signal to obtain input samples. Each modem 254 may use the respective demodulator component to further demodulate or process the input samples (for example, for OFDM) to obtain received symbols. The MIMO detector 256 may obtain received symbols from the set of modems 254, may perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and may provide detected symbols. The receive processor 258 may process (for example, decode) the detected symbols, may provide decoded data for the UE 120 to the data sink 260 (which may include a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) , and may provide decoded control information and system information to the controller / processor 280.
[0079] For uplink communication from the UE 120 to the network node 110, the transmit processor 264 may receive and process data ( “uplink data” ) from a data source 262 (such as a data pipeline, a data queue, and / or an application executed on the UE 120) and control information from the controller / processor 280. The control information may include one or more parameters, feedback, one or more signal measurements, and / or other types of control information. In some aspects, the receive processor 258 and / or the controller / processor 280 may determine, for a received signal (such as received from the network node 110 or another UE) , one or more parameters relating to transmission of the uplink communication. The one or more parameters may include a reference signal received power (RSRP) parameter, a received signal strength indicator (RSSI) parameter, a reference signal received quality (RSRQ) parameter, a CQI parameter, or a transmit power control (TPC) parameter, among other examples. The control information may include an indication of the RSRP parameter, the RSSI parameter, the RSRQ parameter, the CQI parameter, the TPC parameter, and / or another parameter. The control information may facilitate parameter selection and / or scheduling for the UE 120 by the network node 110.
[0080] The transmit processor 264 may generate reference symbols for one or more reference signals, such as an uplink DMRS, an uplink sounding reference signal (SRS) , and / or another type of reference signal. The symbols from the transmit processor 264 may be precoded by the TX MIMO processor 266, if applicable, and further processed by the set of modems 254 (for example, for DFT-s-OFDM or CP-OFDM) . The TX MIMO processor 266 may perform spatial processing (for example, precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, the overhead symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide a set of output symbol streams (for example, U output symbol streams) to the set of modems 254. For example, each output symbol stream may be provided to a respective modulator component (shown as MOD) of a modem 254. Each modem 254 may use the respective modulator component to process (for example, to modulate) a respective output symbol stream (for example, for OFDM) to obtain an output sample stream. Each modem 254 may further use the respective modulator component to process (for example, convert to analog, amplify, filter, and / or upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain an uplink signal.
[0081] The modems 254a through 254u may transmit a set of uplink signals (for example, R uplink signals or U uplink symbols) via the corresponding set of antennas 252. An uplink signal may include a UCI communication, a MAC-CE communication, an RRC communication, or another type of uplink communication. Uplink signals may be transmitted on a PUSCH, a PUCCH, and / or another type of uplink channel. An uplink signal may carry one or more TBs of data. Sidelink data and control transmissions (that is, transmissions directly between two or more UEs 120) may generally use similar techniques as were described for uplink data and control transmission, and may use sidelink-specific channels such as a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0082] One or more antennas of the set of antennas 252 or the set of antennas 234 may include, or may be included within, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays, among other examples. An antenna panel, an antenna group, a set of antenna elements, or an antenna array may include one or more antenna elements (within a single housing or multiple housings) , a set of coplanar antenna elements, a set of non-coplanar antenna elements, or one or more antenna elements coupled with one or more transmission or reception components, such as one or more components of Fig. 2. As used herein, “antenna” can refer to one or more antennas, one or more antenna panels, one or more antenna groups, one or more sets of antenna elements, or one or more antenna arrays. “Antenna panel” can refer to a group of antennas (such as antenna elements) arranged in an array or panel, which may facilitate beamforming by manipulating parameters of the group of antennas. “Antenna module” may refer to circuitry including one or more antennas, which may also include one or more other components (such as filters, amplifiers, or processors) associated with integrating the antenna module into a wireless communication device.
[0083] In some examples, each of the antenna elements of an antenna 234 or an antenna 252 may include one or more sub-elements for radiating or receiving radio frequency signals. For example, a single antenna element may include a first sub-element cross-polarized with a second sub-element that can be used to independently transmit cross-polarized signals. The antenna elements may include patch antennas, dipole antennas, and / or other types of antennas arranged in a linear pattern, a two-dimensional pattern, or another pattern. A spacing between antenna elements may be such that signals with a desired wavelength transmitted separately by the antenna elements may interact or interfere constructively and destructively along various directions (such as to form a desired beam) . For example, given an expected range of wavelengths or frequencies, the spacing may provide a quarter wavelength, a half wavelength, or another fraction of a wavelength of spacing between neighboring antenna elements to allow for the desired constructive and destructive interference patterns of signals transmitted by the separate antenna elements within that expected range.
[0084] The amplitudes and / or phases of signals transmitted via antenna elements and / or sub-elements may be modulated and shifted relative to each other (such as by manipulating phase shift, phase offset, and / or amplitude) to generate one or more beams, which is referred to as beamforming. The term “beam” may refer to a directional transmission of a wireless signal toward a receiving device or otherwise in a desired direction. “Beam” may also generally refer to a direction associated with such a directional signal transmission, a set of directional resources associated with the signal transmission (for example, an angle of arrival, a horizontal direction, and / or a vertical direction) , and / or a set of parameters that indicate one or more aspects of a directional signal, a direction associated with the signal, and / or a set of directional resources associated with the signal. In some implementations, antenna elements may be individually selected or deselected for directional transmission of a signal (or signals) by controlling amplitudes of one or more corresponding amplifiers and / or phases of the signal (s) to form one or more beams. The shape of a beam (such as the amplitude, width, and / or presence of side lobes) and / or the direction of a beam (such as an angle of the beam relative to a surface of an antenna array) can be dynamically controlled by modifying the phase shifts, phase offsets, and / or amplitudes of the multiple signals relative to each other.
[0085] Different UEs 120 or network nodes 110 may include different numbers of antenna elements. For example, a UE 120 may include a single antenna element, two antenna elements, four antenna elements, eight antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. As another example, a network node 110 may include eight antenna elements, 24 antenna elements, 64 antenna elements, 128 antenna elements, or a different number of antenna elements. Generally, a larger number of antenna elements may provide increased control over parameters for beam generation relative to a smaller number of antenna elements, whereas a smaller number of antenna elements may be less complex to implement and may use less power than a larger number of antenna elements. Multiple antenna elements may support multiple-layer transmission, in which a first layer of a communication (which may include a first data stream) and a second layer of a communication (which may include a second data stream) are transmitted using the same time and frequency resources with spatial multiplexing.
[0086] While blocks in Fig. 2 are illustrated as distinct components, the functions described above with respect to the blocks may be implemented in a single hardware, software, or combination component or in various combinations of components. For example, the functions described with respect to the transmit processor 264, the receive processor 258, and / or the TX MIMO processor 266 may be performed by or under the control of the controller / processor 280.
[0087] Fig. 3 is a diagram illustrating examples 300, 310, and 320 associated with different types of A-IoT devices.
[0088] Example 300 illustrates components of a passive ambient IoT device. As shown, passive ambient IoT devices may include a passive radio 330. For example, the passive radio 330 may be configured to backscatter a CW.
[0089] Example 310 illustrates components of a semi-passive ambient IoT device. As shown, semi-passive ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity semi-passive radio 360. For example, the low-complexity semi-passive radio 360 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0090] Example 320 illustrates components of an active ambient IoT device. As shown, active ambient IoT devices may include an energy harvester 340, an energy storage 350, and / or a low-complexity (for example, low-cost) active radio 370. For example, the low-complexity active radio 370 may be configured to harvest energy from a CW using the energy harvester 340, store energy from a CW using the energy storage 350, and / or backscatter a CW.
[0091] Ambient IoT devices may be categorized into at least three types of devices: device 1, device 2a, and device 2b. Device 1 type ambient IoT devices may include at least some passive and / or semi-passive devices. A device 1 type ambient IoT device may have approximately 1 μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, use an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) up to 10X ppm (for example, where X can be any suitable value) , and communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs.
[0092] Device 2a type ambient IoT devices may include at least some semi-passive devices, and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may include active devices. Both device 2a and device 2b type ambient IoT devices may have less than or equal to a few hundred μW peak power consumption, support energy storage, and use an initial SFO up to 10X ppm. A device 2a type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by backscattering externally-provided CWs. A device 2b type ambient IoT device may communicate uplink transmissions by internally generating the uplink transmission.
[0093] In some examples, device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices that are located indoors may support a maximum distance of 10-50 m, a range which may be sub-selected. In Topology 1 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may directly and bidirectionally communicate with one or more network nodes 110) and in Topology 2 (for example, in which an ambient IoT device may communicate bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the ambient IoT device and a network node 110) , device 1, device 2a, and / or device 2b type ambient IoT devices may not support RRC states, mobility (for example, cell-selection / re-selection-like functionality) , automatic repeat request (ARQ) , or hybrid ARQ (HARQ) .
[0094] Fig. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example 400 associated with A-IoT communications. Some wireless communication devices may be considered IoT devices, such as A-IoT devices (sometimes referred to as ultra-light IoT devices) , or similar IoT devices. In A-IoT, a terminal (for example, a radio frequency identification (RFID) device, a tag, or a similar device) may not include a battery, and the terminal may accumulate energy from radio signaling. To achieve further cost reduction and zero-power communication, wireless networks may utilize a type of ambient IoT device referred to as an “ambient backscatter device” or a “backscatter device. ”
[0095] As shown in Fig. 4, an A-IoT device 405 (for example, a tag or a sensor, among other examples) , which may be one example of an ambient IoT device such as a passive, semi-passive, or active ambient IoT device described with regard to Fig. 3, may employ a simplified hardware design (for example, including a power splitter, an energy harvester, and a microcontroller) that does not include a battery, such that the A-IoT device 405 relies on energy harvesting for power, and that does not include a radio wave generation circuit, such that the A-IoT device 405 is capable of transmitting information only by reflecting a radio wave. More particularly, the A-IoT device 405 communicates with a reader device 408 (for example, a UE 120, a network node 110, or another network device) by modulating a reflecting radio signal from an RF source 410 (for example, a network node 110, a UE 120, or another network device) . In some examples, the RF source 410 and the reader device 408 may be the same device and / or may be co-located. For example, in some instances, the reader device 408 and the RF source 410 may be associated with the same network node 110.
[0096] To facilitate communication of the A-IoT device 405, the RF source 410 may transmit an energy harvesting wave to the A-IoT device 405. The energy harvesting wave may be transmitted for a sufficient duration in order to enable a communication phase for a target range between the reader device 408 and the A-IoT device 405. Additionally, or alternatively, in some instances, a range between the RF source 410 and the A-IoT device 405 may be limited by a minimum received power for triggering energy harvesting at the A-IoT device 405, such as -20 decibel milliwatts (dBm) .
[0097] Once energy is sufficiently accumulated at the A-IoT device 405, the A-IoT device 405 may begin to reflect the radio wave that is radiated onto the A-IoT device 405 via a backscatter link 415. For example, the RF source 410 may initiate a communication session (sometimes referred to as a query-response communication) with a query, which may be a modulating envelope of a CW. The A-IoT device 405 may respond by backscattering of the CW. The communication session may include multiple rounds, such as for purposes of contention resolution when multiple backscatter devices respond to a query. A channel between the RF source 410 and the A-IoT device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a first backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a first backscatter link channel coefficient or a first backscatter link gain value) , hBD. As described below, the A-IoT device 405 may have reflection-on periods and reflection-off periods that follow a pattern that is based at least in part on the transmission of information bits by the A-IoT device 405. The reader device 408 may detect the reflection pattern of the A-IoT device 405 and obtain the backscatter communication information via the backscatter link 415. A channel between the reader device 408 and the A-IoT device 405 of the backscatter link 415 may be associated with a second backscatter link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a second backscatter link channel coefficient or a second backscatter link channel gain value) , hDU. In addition, the RF source 410 and the reader device 408 may communicate (for example, reference signals and / or data signals) via a direct link 420. A channel between the RF source 410 and the reader device 408 of the direct link 420 may be associated with a direct link channel response value (sometimes referred to as a direct link channel coefficient or a direct link channel gain value) , hBU. A signal from the RF source 410 to the reader device 408 is shown by reference number 425.
[0098] Thus, the resulting signal received at the reader device 408, which is the superposition of the signal received via the direct link 420 and the signal received via the backscatter link 415, may be denoted as y (n) . This signal, y (n) , is shown by reference number 435. As shown, when s (n) =0 (indicated by reference number 440 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the A-IoT device 405 may switch off reflection, and thus the reader device 408 receives only the direct link 420 signal. When s (n) =1 (indicated by reference number 445 in the plot shown at reference number 430) , the A-IoT device 405 may switch on reflection, and thus the reader device 408 receives a superposition of both the direct link 420 signal and the backscatter link 415 signal. To receive the information bits transmitted by the A-IoT device 405, the reader device 408 may first decode x (n) based at least in part on the direct link channel response value of hBU (n) by treating the backscatter link 415 signal as interference. The reader device 408 may then detect the existence of the signal component.
[0099] In some aspects, the A-IoT device 405 may include a communication manager 140. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may receive, from the reader device 408, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device 405 is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, and may transmit, to the reader device 408, a response using the first waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 140 may receive, from the reader device 408, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave, and may transmit, to the reader device 408, a message using the frequency shift. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 140 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0100] In some aspects, the reader device 408 may include a communication manager 150. As described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may transmit, to the A-IoT device 405, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device 405 is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, and may receive, from the A-IoT device 405, a response using the first waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, as described in more detail elsewhere herein, the communication manager 150 may transmit, to the A-IoT device 405, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave, and may receive, from the A-IoT device 405, a message using the frequency shift. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 150 may perform one or more other operations described herein.
[0101] The network node 110, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the UE 120, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, the A-IoT device 405, the reader device 408, or any other component (s) of Figs. 1, 2, or 3 may implement one or more techniques or perform one or more operations associated with configuring waveforms and frequencies for A-IoT devices, as described in more detail elsewhere herein. For example, the controller / processor 240 of the network node 110, the controller / processor 280 of the UE 120, any other component (s) of Fig. 2, the A-IoT device 405, or the reader device 408, may perform or direct operations of, for example, process 1000 of Fig. 10, process 1100 of Fig. 11, process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or other processes as described herein (alone or in conjunction with one or more other processors) . The memory 242 may store data and program codes for the network node 110 or the reader device 408. The memory 282 may store data and program codes for the UE 120, the A-IoT device 405, or the reader device 408. In some examples, the memory 242 or the memory 282 may include a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions (for example, code or program code) for wireless communication. The memory 242 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . The memory 282 may include one or more memories, such as a single memory or multiple different memories (of the same type or of different types) . For example, the set of instructions, when executed (for example, directly, or after compiling, converting, or interpreting) by one or more processors of the network node 110, the UE 120, the A-IoT device 405, or the reader device 408, may cause the one or more processors to perform process 1000 of Fig. 10, process 1100 of Fig. 11, process 1200 of Fig. 12, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or other processes as described herein. In some examples, executing instructions may include running the instructions, converting the instructions, compiling the instructions, and / or interpreting the instructions, among other examples. In some aspects, the A-IoT device and / or the reader device described herein is the UE 120, is included in the UE 120, or includes one or more components of the UE 120 shown in Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device described herein is the network node 110, is included in the network node 110, or includes one or more components of the network node 110 shown in Fig. 2.
[0102] In some aspects, an A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 405 and / or apparatus 1400 of Fig. 14) may include means for receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, and / or means for transmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, the A-IoT device may include means for receiving, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave, and / or means for transmitting, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift . In some aspects, the means for the A-IoT device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0103] In some aspects, a reader device (e.g., reader device 408 and / or apparatus 1500 of Fig. 15) may include means for transmitting, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, and / or means for receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform. Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device may include means for transmitting, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave, and / or means for receiving, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift. In some aspects, the means for the reader device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 150, transmit processor 214, TX MIMO processor 216, modem 232, antenna 234, MIMO detector 236, receive processor 238, controller / processor 240, memory 242, or scheduler 246. Additionally, or alternatively, the means for the reader device to perform operations described herein may include, for example, one or more of communication manager 140, antenna 252, modem 254, MIMO detector 256, receive processor 258, transmit processor 264, TX MIMO processor 266, controller / processor 280, or memory 282.
[0104] As indicated above, Fig. 4 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with regard to Fig. 4.
[0105] Fig. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example 500 associated with resource pools for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure. In the example 500, a reader device 408 may communicate with an A-IoT device 405. The A-IoT device 405 may be configured to use a first waveform (e.g., backscattering) from a plurality of possible waveforms. The A-IoT device 405 may be further be configured to ignore communications in a second waveform (e.g., modulated RF signals) from the plurality of possible waveforms or may be further configured to use the second waveform as well.
[0106] As shown in Fig. 5, the reader device 408 may determine resource pools (e.g., in time and / or frequency) to associate with different waveforms. For example, pool 501 and pool 503 may be associated with the first waveform while pool 505 and pool 507 may be associated with the second waveform. Accordingly, the reader device 408 may transmit a message (e.g., a broadcast message) including a mapping associating a first set of resources (e.g., the pools 501 and 503) with the first waveform, and the A-IoT device 405 may transmit a response using the first waveform and in the first set of resources. On the other hand, an A-IoT device using the second waveform may receive a message (e.g., a broadcast message) including a mapping associating a second set of resources (e.g., the pools 505 and 507) with the second waveform, and the A-IoT device may transmit a response using the second waveform and in the second set of resources.
[0107] The reader device 408 may subsequently modify the mapping. For example, more A-IoT devices may use the first waveform than the second waveform. Accordingly, the reader device 408 may transmit an additional message (e.g., an additional broadcast message) including an updated mapping associating additional resources (e.g., the pool 505) with the first waveform, and the A-IoT device 405 may transmit a response using the first waveform and in the third set of resources. Similarly, the reader device 408 may transmit an additional message (e.g., an additional broadcast message) including an updated mapping indicating that the pool 505 is no longer associated with the second waveform, and any A-IoT device using the second waveform may refrain from using the pool 505.
[0108] By using techniques as described in connection with Fig. 5, the reader device 408 distinguishes A-IoT devices using different waveforms with different resource pools. As a result, the reader device 408 may reduce interference between communications with the A-IoT devices, which improves quality and reliability of the communications.
[0109] As indicated above, Fig. 5 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 5.
[0110] Fig. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example 600 associated with control messages for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 6, a reader device 408 may communication with a first A-IoT device 405a and a second A-IoT device 405b. The A-IoT device 405a may be configured to use a first waveform (e.g., backscattering) from a plurality of possible waveforms while the A-IoT device 405b may be configured to use a second waveform (e.g., modulated RF signals) from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0111] As shown by reference number 605, the reader device 408 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 405 may receive, a control message associated with the first waveform. For example, the control message may include at least one bit that indicates the first waveform (e.g., included in a command identity (ID) field of the message) . The control message may be a query command, a read command, a write command, a selection command, a kill command, a paging message, an initial trigger message, a retransmission, and / or a generic command, among other examples. The control message may be a lower layer command (e.g., a PHY or MAC layer message) or an upper layer command (e.g., an RRC layer message) .
[0112] As further shown in Fig. 6, the control message may be broadcast. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 405b may discard the control message (e.g., because the A-IoT device 405b is configured to respond to messages of the second waveform) . The A-IoT device 405a may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a response using the first waveform, as shown by reference number 610.
[0113] Similarly, as shown by reference number 615, the reader device 408 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 405 may receive, an additional control message associated with the second waveform. For example, the additional control message may include at least one bit that indicates the second waveform (e.g., included in a command ID field of the additional message) . The additional control message may be a query command, a read command, a write command, a selection command, a kill command, a paging message, an initial trigger message, a retransmission, and / or a generic command, among other examples. The additional control message may be a lower layer command (e.g., a PHY or MAC layer message) or an upper layer command (e.g., an RRC layer message) .
[0114] As further shown in Fig. 6, the additional control message may be broadcast. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 405a may discard the additional control message (e.g., because the A-IoT device 405a is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform) . The A-IoT device 405b may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a response using the second waveform, as shown by reference number 620.
[0115] In some aspects, the at least one bit indicating a waveform results in different control messages. Accordingly, to multicast or groupcast control messages to the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b, the reader device 408 may transmit a first control message, associated with the first waveform, including device IDs for the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b, and the reader device 408 may further transmit a second control message, associated with the second waveform, also including the device IDs for the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b. Alternatively, the at least one bit indicating a waveform may be a portion of a multi-staged control message. Accordingly, to multicast or groupcast control messages to the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b, the reader device 408 may transmit a control message including a first stage, associated with the first waveform, that indicates device IDs for the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b, and including a second stage, associated with the second waveform, that also indicates the device IDs for the A-IoT device 405a and the A-IoT device 405b.
[0116] By using techniques as described in connection with Fig. 6, the reader device 408 distinguishes the A-IoT devices 405 using different control messages. As a result, the reader device 408 may reduce interference between communications with the A-IoT devices 405, which improves quality and reliability of the communications.
[0117] As indicated above, Fig. 6 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 6.
[0118] Fig. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example 700 associated with control messages for A-IoT devices, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 7, a reader device 408 may communication with a first A-IoT device 405a and a second A-IoT device 405b. The A-IoT device 405a may be configured to use a first waveform (e.g., backscattering) from a plurality of possible waveforms while the A-IoT device 405b may be configured to use a second waveform (e.g., modulated RF signals) from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0119] As shown by reference number 705, the reader device 408 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 405 may receive, an initial access message associated with the first waveform. For example, the initial access message may include at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.
[0120] As further shown in Fig. 7, the initial access message may be broadcast. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 405b may discard the initial access message (e.g., because the A-IoT device 405b is configured to respond to messages of the second waveform) . The A-IoT device 405a may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a response using the first waveform, as shown by reference number 710. The response may indicate an identifier associated with the A-IoT device 405a, such as a device ID.
[0121] Similarly, as shown by reference number 715, the reader device 408 may transmit, and the A-IoT devices 405 may receive, an additional initial access message associated with the second waveform. For example, the additional initial access message may include at least one bit that indicates the second waveform.
[0122] As further shown in Fig. 7, the additional initial access message may be broadcast. Accordingly, the A-IoT device 405a may discard the control message (e.g., because the A-IoT device 405a is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform) . The A-IoT device 405b may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a response using the second waveform, as shown by reference number 720. The response may indicate an identifier associated with the A-IoT device 405b, such as a device ID.
[0123] Therefore, the reader device 408 may map device IDs (e.g., received in the responses) to waveform indicators, and the reader device 408 may store the device IDs in association with the waveform indicators. Accordingly, the reader device 408 is aware of which waveform to use for each A-IoT device.
[0124] In some aspects, the reader device 408 may use a single waveform for initial access (e.g., the first waveform) , and all A-IoT devices 405 may respond to an initial access message associated with the single waveform. Therefore, the reader device 408 may initially use the first waveform with both A-IoT devices 405. The A-IoT device 405b may (use the first waveform to) transmit, and the reader device 408 may receive, an indication that the A-IoT device 405b further supports the second waveform. The reader device 408 may subsequently use the second waveform with the A-IoT device 405b (but not with the A-IoT device 405a) .
[0125] By using techniques as described in connection with Fig. 7, the reader device 408 distinguishes the A-IoT devices 405 using different initial access messages. As a result, the reader device 408 may reduce interference between communications with the A-IoT devices 405, which improves quality and reliability of the communications.
[0126] As indicated above, Fig. 7 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 7.
[0127] Fig. 8 is a diagram illustrating examples 800, 810, 820, and 830 associated with frequency offsets for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure. In the example 800, an A-IoT device using a first waveform may apply a frequency shift (e.g., represented by fb) to a CW 801 from a reader device in order to generate backscattered signals 803a and 803b. Accordingly, the reader device may transmit, and the A-IoT device may receive, an indication of the frequency shift (relative to the CW 801) . Therefore, the A-IoT device may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a message using the frequency shift. For example, the reader device may transmit, and the A-IoT device may receive, the CW 801, such that the A-IoT device may transmit, and the reader device may receive, the message using the CW 801 (as shifted by the indicated frequency shift) .
[0128] On the other hand, an A-IoT device using a second waveform may generate modulated RF signals independent of the CW 801. Therefore, the reader device may indicate both the frequency shift (e.g., represented by fb) and a frequency of the CW 801 (e.g., represented by fc) to the A-IoT device. Therefore, the A-IoT device may use the frequency shift and the frequency of the CW 801 to determine a target carrier frequency 811 (e.g., represented by fc′) . In the example 810, the A-IoT device may transmit, and the reader device may receive, a message using the target carrier frequency 811. In some aspects, the reader device may indicate the target carrier frequency 811 directly in addition to, or in lieu of, indicating the frequency shift and the frequency of the CW 801. The target carrier frequency 811 may be outside of the frequency of the CW 801, as shown in the example 810, in order to reduce interference (e.g., as described in connection with Fig. 9A) . Alternatively, the reader device may indicate a target carrier frequency 821 equal to the frequency of the CW 801, as shown in the example 820. For example, the reader device may mute the CW 801 during communication with the A-IoT device (e.g., as described in connection with Fig. 9B) . Alternatively, the reader device may indicate a target carrier frequency 831 outside of the frequency of the CW 801 as well as separated (e.g., by a guard band) from the backscattered signals 803a and 803b, as shown in the example 830. The guard band may be larger between separate waveforms than within a same waveform (e.g., for different A-IoT devices using the same waveform) . Additionally, in some aspects, the guard band within one waveform may be larger than a guard band within another waveform (e.g., because some waveforms may have fewer harmonics than other waveforms) . Alternatively, waveforms may be mixed within a single frequency band.
[0129] In some aspects, the reader device may indicate frequencies to A-IoT device using messages of fixed length (e.g., bits a and bits b) . Accordingly, the reader device may indicate the frequency shift in a first portion using a first granularity (e.g., bits a encode how many hundreds of kilohertz (kHz) are included in the frequency shift) and in a second portion using a second granularity (e.g., bits b encode how many tens of kHz are included in the frequency shift) . In another example, the reader device may indicate the frequency shift in bits a and the frequency of the CW 801 in bits b. In another example, the reader device may indicate the target carrier frequency in a first portion using a first granularity (e.g., bits a encode how many hundreds of kHz are included in the target carrier frequency) and in a second portion using a second granularity (e.g., bits b encode how many tens of kHz are included in the target carrier frequency) .
[0130] In some aspects, the reader device may perform single-tone hopping for the CW 801. Accordingly, the reader device may indicate a set of tones associated with the CW 801, such that an A-IoT device may transmit based at least in part on the set of tones. For example, the A-IoT device may transmit outside of the set of tones for the CW 801 in order to reduce interference (e.g., as described in connection with Fig. 9A) . Additionally, for backscattering A-IoT devices, the reader device may indicate the set of tones, and the A-IoT devices may apply the frequency shift to different tones accordingly.
[0131] Additionally, or alternatively, the reader device may perform parallel multi-tone hopping for the CW 801. Accordingly, the reader device may indicate a tone hopping schedule associated with the CW 801, such that an A-IoT device may transmit based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule. For example, the A-IoT device may transmit outside active tones for the CW 801, according to the tone hopping schedule, in order to reduce interference (e.g., as described in connection with Fig. 9A) . Additionally, for backscattering A-IoT devices, the reader device may indicate the tone hopping schedule, and the A-IoT devices may apply the frequency shift to different tones at different times accordingly.
[0132] By using techniques as described in connection with Fig. 8, the reader device may configure different frequency resources for A-IoT devices that use different waveforms. As a result, the reader device may reduce interference between communications with the A-IoT devices, which improves quality and reliability of the communications.
[0133] As indicated above, Fig. 8 is provided as an example. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Fig. 8.
[0134] Figs. 9A and 9B are diagrams illustrating examples 900 and 950 associated with external CWs for A-IoT waveforms, in accordance with the present disclosure. As shown in Fig. 9A, the example 900 includes frequency resources used by a reader device 408 with an A-IoT device 405a (configured to respond to messages of a first waveform using a CW 901) and frequency resources used by the reader device 408 with an A-IoT device 405b (configured to respond to message of a second waveform) . In Fig. 9A, the A-IoT device 405b always avoids frequencies occupied by the CW 901 in order to reduce interference between the A-IoT devices 405.
[0135] As shown in Fig. 9B, the example 950 includes frequency resources used by a reader device 408 with an A-IoT device 405a (configured to respond to messages of a first waveform using a CW 901) and frequency resources used by the reader device 408 with an A-IoT device 405b (configured to respond to message of a second waveform) . In Fig. 9B, the A-IoT device 405b may use a same frequency as the CW 901 whenever the reader device 408 mutes the CW 901.
[0136] As indicated above, Figs. 9A and 9B are provided as examples. Other examples may differ from what is described with respect to Figs. 9A and 9B.
[0137] Fig. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1000 performed, for example, at an A-IoT device or an apparatus of an A-IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1000 is an example where the apparatus or the A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 405) performs operations associated with waveform configuration for A-IoT devices.
[0138] As shown in Fig. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may include receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform (block 1010) . For example, the A-IoT device (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may receive, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, as described herein. In some aspects, the message may be received in a manner similar to that described in connection with the message of Fig. 5, reference number 605 of Fig. 6, and / or reference number 705 of Fig. 7.
[0139] As further shown in Fig. 10, in some aspects, process 1000 may include transmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform (block 1020) . For example, the A-IoT device (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may transmit, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform, as described herein. In some aspects, the response may be transmitted in a manner similar to that described in connection with the response of Fig. 5, reference number 610 of Fig. 6, and / or reference number 710 of Fig. 7.
[0140] Process 1000 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0141] In a first aspect, the message includes a mapping associating a first set of resources with the first waveform, and the response is transmitted in the first set of resources.
[0142] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 1000 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an additional message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform, and transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406) , to the reader device, a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0143] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the message includes a control message including at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.
[0144] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 1000 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms, and discarding (e.g., using communication manager 1406) the additional control message.
[0145] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the message includes an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.
[0146] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, process 1000 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406) , to the reader device, an indication that the A-IoT device further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms, and receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0147] Although Fig. 10 shows example blocks of process 1000, in some aspects, process 1000 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 10. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1000 may be performed in parallel.
[0148] Fig. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1100 performed, for example, at a reader device or an apparatus of a reader device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1100 is an example where the apparatus or the reader device (e.g., reader device 408) performs operations associated with waveform configuration for A-IoT devices.
[0149] As shown in Fig. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include transmitting, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform (block 1110) . For example, the reader device (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may transmit, to an A-IoT device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, where the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform, as described herein. In some aspects, the message may be transmitted in a manner similar to that described in connection with the message of Fig. 5, reference number 605 of Fig. 6, and / or reference number 705 of Fig. 7.
[0150] As further shown in Fig. 11, in some aspects, process 1100 may include receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform (block 1120) . For example, the reader device (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may receive, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform, as described herein. In some aspects, the response may be received in a manner similar to that described in connection with the response of Fig. 5, reference number 610 of Fig. 6, and / or reference number 710 of Fig. 7.
[0151] Process 1100 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0152] In a first aspect, the message includes a mapping associating a first set of resources with the first waveform, and the response is received in the first set of resources.
[0153] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 1100 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an additional message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform, and receiving (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506) , from the A-IoT device, a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0154] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, the message includes a control message including at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.
[0155] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, process 1100 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0156] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the message further includes at least one additional bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0157] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the message includes an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.
[0158] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, process 1100 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506) , from the A-IoT device, an indication that the A-IoT device further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms, and transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0159] Although Fig. 11 shows example blocks of process 1100, in some aspects, process 1100 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 11. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1100 may be performed in parallel.
[0160] Fig. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1200 performed, for example, at an A-IoT device or an apparatus of an A-IoT device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1200 is an example where the apparatus or the A-IoT device (e.g., A-IoT device 405) performs operations associated with frequency configuration for A-IoT devices.
[0161] As shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include receiving, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a CW (block 1210) . For example, the A-IoT device (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may receive, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a CW, as described herein. In some aspects, the indication may be received in a manner similar to that described in connection with the indication of Fig. 8.
[0162] As further shown in Fig. 12, in some aspects, process 1200 may include transmitting, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift (block 1220) . For example, the A-IoT device (e.g., using transmission component 1404 and / or communication manager 1406, depicted in Fig. 14) may transmit, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift, as described herein. In some aspects, the message may be transmitted in a manner similar to that described in connection with the message of Fig. 8.
[0163] Process 1200 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0164] In a first aspect, process 1200 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted using the CW.
[0165] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 1200 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an indication of a frequency of the CW.
[0166] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, process 1200 includes determining (e.g., using communication manager 1406) a target carrier frequency using the frequency of the CW and the frequency shift, where the message is transmitted using the target carrier frequency.
[0167] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the message is transmitted outside of the frequency of the CW.
[0168] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the indication indicates a first portion of the frequency shift using a first granularity and a second portion of the frequency shift using a second granularity.
[0169] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the frequency shift is indicated using a target carrier frequency.
[0170] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the indication indicates a first portion of the target carrier frequency using a first granularity and a second portion of the target carrier frequency using a second granularity.
[0171] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, the message is transmitted based at least in part on a guard band between a first waveform and a second waveform.
[0172] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 1200 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an indication of a set of tones associated with the CW, where the message is transmitted based at least in part on the set of tones.
[0173] In a tenth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through ninth aspects, process 1200 includes receiving (e.g., using reception component 1402 and / or communication manager 1406) , from the reader device, an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the CW, where the message is transmitted based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0174] Although Fig. 12 shows example blocks of process 1200, in some aspects, process 1200 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 12. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1200 may be performed in parallel.
[0175] Fig. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example process 1300 performed, for example, at a reader device or an apparatus of a reader device, in accordance with the present disclosure. Example process 1300 is an example where the apparatus or the reader device (e.g., reader device 408) performs operations associated with frequency configuration for A-IoT devices.
[0176] As shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include transmitting, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a CW (block 1310) . For example, the reader device (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may transmit, to an A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a CW, as described herein. In some aspects, the indication may be transmitted in a manner similar to that described in connection with the indication of Fig. 8.
[0177] As further shown in Fig. 13, in some aspects, process 1300 may include receiving, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift (block 1320) . For example, the reader device (e.g., using reception component 1502 and / or communication manager 1506, depicted in Fig. 15) may receive, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift, as described herein. In some aspects, the message may be received in a manner similar to that described in connection with the message of Fig. 8.
[0178] Process 1300 may include additional aspects, such as any single aspect or any combination of aspects described below and / or in connection with one or more other processes described elsewhere herein.
[0179] In a first aspect, process 1300 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) the CW.
[0180] In a second aspect, alone or in combination with the first aspect, process 1300 includes muting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) the CW during a transmission from an additional A-IoT device.
[0181] In a third aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first and second aspects, process 1300 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency of the CW.
[0182] In a fourth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through third aspects, the indication indicates a first portion of the frequency shift using a first granularity and a second portion of the frequency shift using a second granularity.
[0183] In a fifth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fourth aspects, the frequency shift is indicated using a target carrier frequency.
[0184] In a sixth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through fifth aspects, the indication indicates a first portion of the target carrier frequency using a first granularity and a second portion of the target carrier frequency using a second granularity.
[0185] In a seventh aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through sixth aspects, the message is received based at least in part on a guard band between a first waveform and a second waveform.
[0186] In an eighth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through seventh aspects, process 1300 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an indication of a set of tones associated with the CW, where the message is received outside of the set of tones.
[0187] In a ninth aspect, alone or in combination with one or more of the first through eighth aspects, process 1300 includes transmitting (e.g., using transmission component 1504 and / or communication manager 1506) , to the A-IoT device, an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the CW, where the message is received based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0188] Although Fig. 13 shows example blocks of process 1300, in some aspects, process 1300 may include additional blocks, fewer blocks, different blocks, or differently arranged blocks than those depicted in Fig. 13. Additionally, or alternatively, two or more of the blocks of process 1300 may be performed in parallel.
[0189] Fig. 14 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1400 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1400 may be an A-IoT device, or an A-IoT device may include the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 includes a reception component 1402, a transmission component 1404, and / or a communication manager 1406, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1406 is the communication manager 140 described in connection with Fig. 4. As shown, the apparatus 1400 may communicate with another apparatus 1408, such as a reader device (e.g., a network node or a UE) , using the reception component 1402 and the transmission component 1404.
[0190] In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 5-8, 9A, and / or 9B. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1400 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1000 of Fig. 10, process 1200 of Fig. 12, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 1400 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may include one or more components of the A-IoT device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0191] The reception component 1402 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1408. The reception component 1402 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1400. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the A-IoT device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
[0192] The transmission component 1404 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1400 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1404 for transmission to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1408. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the A-IoT device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1404 may be co-located with the reception component 1402 in one or more transceivers.
[0193] The communication manager 1406 may support operations of the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404. For example, the communication manager 1406 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1402 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1404. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1406 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1402 and / or the transmission component 1404 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0194] In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms. Accordingly, the transmission component 1404 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1408) a response using the first waveform. The apparatus 1400 may be configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. The apparatus 1400 may further be configured to also respond to messages of a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms or to discard messages of the second waveform.
[0195] In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) a message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform. Accordingly, the transmission component 1404 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1408) a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0196] In some aspects, the message may be a control message, and the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates the second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms. Therefore, the communication manager 1406 may discard the additional control message.
[0197] Alternatively, the transmission component 1404 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1408) an indication that the apparatus 1400 further supports the second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms. Accordingly, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0198] In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an indication of a frequency shift relative to a CW. Accordingly, the transmission component 1404 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1408) a message using the frequency shift. In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) the CW, and the transmission component 1404 may transmit the message using the CW.
[0199] In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may further receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an indication of a frequency of the CW. Therefore, the communication manager 1406 may determine a target carrier frequency using the frequency of the CW and the frequency shift, and the transmission component 1404 may transmit the message using the target carrier frequency.
[0200] In some aspects, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an indication of a set of tones associated with the CW. Accordingly, the transmission component 1404 may transmit the message based at least in part on the set of tones. Additionally, or alternatively, the reception component 1402 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1408) an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the CW. Accordingly, the transmission component 1404 may transmit the message based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0201] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 14 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 14. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 14 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 14 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 14.
[0202] Fig. 15 is a diagram of an example apparatus 1500 for wireless communication, in accordance with the present disclosure. The apparatus 1500 may be a reader device, or a reader device may include the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 includes a reception component 1502, a transmission component 1504, and / or a communication manager 1506, which may be in communication with one another (for example, via one or more buses and / or one or more other components) . In some aspects, the communication manager 1506 is the communication manager 140 described in connection with Fig. 4. Alternatively, the communication manager 1506 is the communication manager 150 described in connection with Fig. 3. As shown, the apparatus 1500 may communicate with another apparatus 1508, such as an A-IoT device (e.g., a UE) , using the reception component 1502 and the transmission component 1504.
[0203] In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more operations described herein in connection with Figs. 5-8, 9A, and / or 9B. Additionally, or alternatively, the apparatus 1500 may be configured to perform one or more processes described herein, such as process 1100 of Fig. 11, process 1300 of Fig. 13, or a combination thereof. In some aspects, the apparatus 1500 and / or one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may include one or more components of the reader device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within one or more components described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. Additionally, or alternatively, one or more components of the set of components may be implemented at least in part as software stored in one or more memories. For example, a component (or a portion of a component) may be implemented as instructions or code stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium and executable by one or more controllers or one or more processors to perform the functions or operations of the component.
[0204] The reception component 1502 may receive communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, from the apparatus 1508. The reception component 1502 may provide received communications to one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may perform signal processing on the received communications (such as filtering, amplification, demodulation, analog-to-digital conversion, demultiplexing, deinterleaving, de-mapping, equalization, interference cancellation, or decoding, among other examples) , and may provide the processed signals to the one or more other components of the apparatus 1500. In some aspects, the reception component 1502 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more demodulators, one or more MIMO detectors, one or more receive processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the reader device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.
[0205] The transmission component 1504 may transmit communications, such as reference signals, control information, data communications, or a combination thereof, to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, one or more other components of the apparatus 1500 may generate communications and may provide the generated communications to the transmission component 1504 for transmission to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may perform signal processing on the generated communications (such as filtering, amplification, modulation, digital-to-analog conversion, multiplexing, interleaving, mapping, or encoding, among other examples) , and may transmit the processed signals to the apparatus 1508. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may include one or more antennas, one or more modems, one or more modulators, one or more transmit MIMO processors, one or more transmit processors, one or more controllers / processors, one or more memories, or a combination thereof, of the reader device described in connection with Fig. 1 and Fig. 2. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may be co-located with the reception component 1502 in one or more transceivers.
[0206] The communication manager 1506 may support operations of the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504. For example, the communication manager 1506 may receive information associated with configuring reception of communications by the reception component 1502 and / or transmission of communications by the transmission component 1504. Additionally, or alternatively, the communication manager 1506 may generate and / or provide control information to the reception component 1502 and / or the transmission component 1504 to control reception and / or transmission of communications.
[0207] In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms. The apparatus 1508 may be configured to respond to messages of the first waveform. Accordingly, the reception component 1502 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1508) a response using the first waveform.
[0208] In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) a message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform. Accordingly, the reception component 1502 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1508) a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0209] In some aspects, the message may be a control message, and the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms. Therefore, the apparatus 1508 may discard the additional control message.
[0210] Alternatively, the reception component 1502 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1508) an indication that the apparatus 1508 further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms. Accordingly, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0211] In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave. Accordingly, the reception component 1502 may receive (e.g., from the apparatus 1508) a message using the frequency shift.
[0212] In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) the CW. In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 and / or the communication manager 1506 may mute the CW during a transmission from an additional apparatus.
[0213] In some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an indication of a frequency of the CW. Additionally, in some aspects, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an indication of a set of tones associated with the CW, and the reception component 1502 may receive the message outside of the set of tones. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmission component 1504 may transmit (e.g., to the apparatus 1508) an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the CW, and the reception component 1502 may receive the message based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0214] The number and arrangement of components shown in Fig. 15 are provided as an example. In practice, there may be additional components, fewer components, different components, or differently arranged components than those shown in Fig. 15. Furthermore, two or more components shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented within a single component, or a single component shown in Fig. 15 may be implemented as multiple, distributed components. Additionally, or alternatively, a set of (one or more) components shown in Fig. 15 may perform one or more functions described as being performed by another set of components shown in Fig. 15.
[0215] The following provides an overview of some Aspects of the present disclosure:
[0216] Aspect 1: A method of wireless communication performed by an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, comprising: receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform; and transmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.
[0217] Aspect 2: The method of Aspect 1, wherein the message includes a mapping associating a first set of resources with the first waveform, and the response is transmitted in the first set of resources.
[0218] Aspect 3: The method of Aspect 2, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an additional message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform; and transmitting, to the reader device, a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0219] Aspect 4: The method of any of Aspects 1-3, wherein the message comprises a control message including at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.
[0220] Aspect 5: The method of Aspect 4, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms; and discarding the additional control message.
[0221] Aspect 6: The method of any of Aspects 1-5, wherein the message comprises an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.
[0222] Aspect 7: The method of any of Aspects 1-6, further comprising: transmitting, to the reader device, an indication that the A-IoT device further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms; and receiving, from the reader device, an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0223] Aspect 8: A method of wireless communication performed by a reader device, comprising: transmitting, to an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform; and receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response using the first waveform.
[0224] Aspect 9: The method of Aspect 8, wherein the message includes a mapping associating a first set of resources with the first waveform, and the response is received in the first set of resources.
[0225] Aspect 10: The method of Aspect 9, further comprising: transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an additional message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform; and receiving, from the A-IoT device, a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.
[0226] Aspect 11: The method of any of Aspects 8-10, wherein the message comprises a control message including at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.
[0227] Aspect 12: The method of Aspect 11, further comprising: transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0228] Aspect 13: The method of Aspect 11, wherein the message further includes at least one additional bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms.
[0229] Aspect 14: The method of any of Aspects 8-13, wherein the message comprises an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.
[0230] Aspect 15: The method of any of Aspects 8-14, further comprising: receiving, from the A-IoT device, an indication that the A-IoT device further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms; and transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an instruction to use the second waveform.
[0231] Aspect 16: A method of wireless communication performed by an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, comprising: receiving, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave; and transmitting, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0232] Aspect 17: The method of Aspect 16, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted using the carrier wave.
[0233] Aspect 18: The method of any of Aspects 16-17, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an indication of a frequency of the carrier wave.
[0234] Aspect 19: The method of Aspect 18, further comprising: determining a target carrier frequency using the frequency of the carrier wave and the frequency shift, wherein the message is transmitted using the target carrier frequency.
[0235] Aspect 20: The method of any of Aspects 18-19, wherein the message is transmitted outside of the frequency of the carrier wave.
[0236] Aspect 21: The method of any of Aspects 16-20, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the frequency shift using a first granularity and a second portion of the frequency shift using a second granularity.
[0237] Aspect 22: The method of any of Aspects 16-21, wherein the frequency shift is indicated using a target carrier frequency.
[0238] Aspect 23: The method of Aspect 22, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the target carrier frequency using a first granularity and a second portion of the target carrier frequency using a second granularity.
[0239] Aspect 24: The method of any of Aspects 18-23, wherein the message is transmitted based at least in part on a guard band between a first waveform and a second waveform.
[0240] Aspect 25: The method of any of Aspects 18-24, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an indication of a set of tones associated with the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted based at least in part on the set of tones.
[0241] Aspect 26: The method of any of Aspects 18-25, further comprising: receiving, from the reader device, an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the carrier wave, wherein the message is transmitted based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0242] Aspect 27: A method of wireless communication performed by a reader device, comprising: transmitting, to an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave; and receiving, from the A-IoT device, a message using the frequency shift.
[0243] Aspect 28: The method of Aspect 27, further comprising: transmitting the carrier wave.
[0244] Aspect 29: The method of Aspect 28, further comprising: muting the carrier wave during a transmission from an additional A-IoT device.
[0245] Aspect 30: The method of any of Aspects 27-29, further comprising: transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an indication of a frequency of the carrier wave.
[0246] Aspect 31: The method of any of Aspects 27-30, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the frequency shift using a first granularity and a second portion of the frequency shift using a second granularity.
[0247] Aspect 32: The method of any of Aspects 27-31, wherein the frequency shift is indicated using a target carrier frequency.
[0248] Aspect 33: The method of Aspect 32, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the target carrier frequency using a first granularity and a second portion of the target carrier frequency using a second granularity.
[0249] Aspect 34: The method of any of Aspects 27-33, wherein the message is received based at least in part on a guard band between a first waveform and a second waveform.
[0250] Aspect 35: The method of any of Aspects 27-34, further comprising: transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an indication of a set of tones associated with the carrier wave, wherein the message is received outside of the set of tones.
[0251] Aspect 36: The method of any of Aspects 27-35, further comprising: transmitting, to the A-IoT device, an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the carrier wave, wherein the message is received based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.
[0252] Aspect 37: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more processors; one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors; and instructions stored in the one or more memories and executable by the one or more processors to cause the apparatus to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0253] Aspect 38: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0254] Aspect 39: An apparatus for wireless communication, the apparatus comprising at least one means for performing the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0255] Aspect 40: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communication, the code comprising instructions executable by one or more processors to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0256] Aspect 41: A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing a set of instructions for wireless communication, the set of instructions comprising one or more instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of a device, cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0257] Aspect 42: A device for wireless communication, the device comprising a processing system that includes one or more processors and one or more memories coupled with the one or more processors, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0258] Aspect 43: An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, the apparatus comprising one or more memories and one or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of Aspects 1-36.
[0259] The foregoing disclosure provides illustration and description but is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the aspects to the precise forms disclosed. Modifications and variations may be made in light of the above disclosure or may be acquired from practice of the aspects.
[0260] As used herein, the term “component” is intended to be broadly construed as hardware or a combination of hardware and at least one of software or firmware. “Software” shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software modules, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, or functions, among other examples, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. As used herein, a “processor” is implemented in hardware or a combination of hardware and software. It will be apparent that systems or methods described herein may be implemented in different forms of hardware or a combination of hardware and software. The actual specialized control hardware or software code used to implement these systems or methods is not limiting of the aspects. Thus, the operation and behavior of the systems or methods are described herein without reference to specific software code, because those skilled in the art will understand that software and hardware can be designed to implement the systems or methods based, at least in part, on the description herein. A component being configured to perform a function means that the component has a capability to perform the function, and does not require the function to be actually performed by the component, unless noted otherwise.
[0261] As used herein, “satisfying a threshold” may, depending on the context, refer to a value being greater than the threshold, greater than or equal to the threshold, less than the threshold, less than or equal to the threshold, equal to the threshold, or not equal to the threshold, among other examples.
[0262] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a + b, a + c, b + c, and a + b + c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (for example, a + a, a + a + a, a + a + b, a + a + c, a + b + b, a + c + c, b + b, b + b + b, b + b + c, c + c, and c + c + c, or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0263] No element, act, or instruction used herein should be construed as critical or essential unless explicitly described as such. Also, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Further, as used herein, the article “the” is intended to include one or more items referenced in connection with the article “the” and may be used interchangeably with “the one or more. ” Furthermore, as used herein, the terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more items and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where only one item is intended, the phrase “only one” or similar language is used. Also, as used herein, the terms “has, ” “have, ” “having, ” and similar terms are intended to be open-ended terms that do not limit an element that they modify (for example, an element “having” A may also have B) . Further, the phrase “based on” is intended to mean “based on or otherwise in association with” unless explicitly stated otherwise. Also, as used herein, the term “or” is intended to be inclusive when used in a series and may be used interchangeably with “and / or, ” unless explicitly stated otherwise (for example, if used in combination with “either” or “only one of” ) . It should be understood that “one or more” is equivalent to “at least one. ”
[0264] Even though particular combinations of features are recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification, these combinations are not intended to limit the disclosure of various aspects. Many of these features may be combined in ways not specifically recited in the claims or disclosed in the specification. The disclosure of various aspects includes each dependent claim in combination with every other claim in the claim set.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to:receive, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform; andtransmit, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the message includes a mapping associating a first set of resources with the first waveform, and the response is transmitted in the first set of resources.3.The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, an additional message including a mapping associating a second set of resources with the first waveform; andtransmit, to the reader device, a response in the second set of resources and using the first waveform.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the message comprises a control message including at least one bit that indicates the first waveform.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, an additional control message including at least one bit that indicates a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms; anddiscard the additional control message.6.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the message comprises an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:transmit, to the reader device, an indication that the A-IoT device further supports a second waveform from the plurality of possible waveforms; andreceive, from the reader device, an instruction to use the second waveform.8.An apparatus for wireless communication at an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors coupled to the one or more memories, the one or more processors individually or collectively configured to:receive, from a reader device, an indication of a frequency shift relative to a carrier wave; andtransmit, to the reader device, a message using the frequency shift.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, the carrier wave,wherein the message is transmitted using the carrier wave.10.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, an indication of a frequency of the carrier wave.11.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:determine a target carrier frequency using the frequency of the carrier wave and the frequency shift,wherein the message is transmitted using the target carrier frequency.12.The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the message is transmitted outside of the frequency of the carrier wave.13.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the frequency shift using a first granularity and a second portion of the frequency shift using a second granularity.14.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the frequency shift is indicated using a target carrier frequency.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the indication indicates a first portion of the target carrier frequency using a first granularity and a second portion of the target carrier frequency using a second granularity.16.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the message is transmitted based at least in part on a guard band between a first waveform and a second waveform.17.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, an indication of a set of tones associated with the carrier wave,wherein the one or more processors, to transmit the message, are individually or collectively configured to transmit the message based at least in part on the set of tones.18.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively configured to:receive, from the reader device, an indication of a tone hopping schedule associated with the carrier wave,wherein the message is transmitted based at least in part on the tone hopping schedule.19.A method of wireless communication performed by an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, comprising:receiving, from a reader device, a message associated with a first waveform from a plurality of possible waveforms, wherein the A-IoT device is configured to respond to messages of the first waveform; andtransmitting, to the reader device, a response using the first waveform.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the message comprises an initial access message, and the response indicates an identifier associated with the A-IoT device.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method and system of information exchange between an interrogator device and transponder devices that takes into account the level of ambient noise
US7369036B1
Hybrid spatial domain and frequency domain basis selection for coherent joint transmission feedback
WO2024007243A1