Compositions and methods for treating tendon and ligament injuries utilizing biomaterials and adiponectin or its mimics
Adiponectin or its mimics, delivered via biocompatible hydrogels, address the limitations of current treatments by reducing inflammation and enhancing tendon healing, offering improved outcomes for tendon and ligament injuries.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/112554
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-08-06
- Filing Date
- 2025-08-04
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-12
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for tendon and ligament injuries, particularly tendinopathy, are ineffective in reducing inflammation and promoting healing, leading to recurrent pain and high rates of tendon re-ruptures, with surgical interventions posing significant risks and limited success.
The use of adiponectin or its mimics, such as AdipoRon, administered through a biocompatible hydrogel like GelMA, for localized and sustained release to suppress inflammation, promote proliferation and migration of tendon-derived stem/progenitor cells, and enhance tendon regeneration.
Adiponectin or its mimics effectively reduce inflammation, enhance tendon healing, and improve surgical repair outcomes by inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase activity, promoting tenogenesis, and reducing pain in tendon and ligament injuries.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025112554_12022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING TENDON AND LIGAMENT INJURIES UTILIZING BIOMATERIALS AND ADIPONECTIN OR ITS MIMICSFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating tendon and / or ligament injuries utilising adiponectin or adiponectin mimics.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Degenerative tendon and ligament injuries, known as tendinopathy, are highly prevalent and debilitating conditions that have a profound impact on tendons and ligaments. These injuries typically arise from the combination of overuse and the natural aging process, resulting in considerable pain, inflammation, and a marked deterioration in patients'physical capabilities. Over time, the affected tendon or ligament undergoes degeneration and eventually reaches a point of rupture. In some cases, patients may also exhibit the presence of ectopic bone. Tendinopathy primarily manifests in the upper and lower limbs, with the rotator cuff tendons, patellar ligaments, and Achilles tendons being frequently affected. Notably, a study conducted in a Dutch general practice in 2012 reported an incidence rate of 10.52 cases per 1000 person-years for lower limb tendinopathy, which was even higher than the incidence of osteoarthritis, recording at 8.4 cases per 1000 person-year in the Dutch general practice population during the same year. The prevalence and impact of tendinopathy underscore its significance as a major health concern. A comprehensive understanding of the underlying causes, clinical presentation, and incidence rates is crucial for its accurate diagnosis and effective treatment.
[0003] Currently, the management of tendinopathy is dependent on the extent of tendon tear and symptoms presented by the patient. Asymptomatic patients are typically advised to undergo conservative management, which primarily involves physical therapy. Similarly, symptomatic patients with full or partial thickness tears are initially advised to undergo physical therapy as a first-line treatment. However, if these conservative approaches fail to yield improvement, surgical interventions such as debridement or repair may be necessary. Unfortunately, both conservative therapies and surgical interventions have demonstrated limited effectiveness in treating tendinopathy, often resulting in high rates of recurrent pain and tendon re-ruptures following surgery. Notably, the prevalence of rotator cuff tears increases from 30%in adults over the age of 60 to 62%in adults over the age of 80. This highlights the growing clinical significance of aging-and overuse-related tendinopathy due to the aging population and the promotion of an active lifestyle.
[0004] Adipokines are hormone-like factors that possess pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties. The dysregulation of adipokines can cause inflammation, thereby impacting the functions of tendon-derived stem / progenitor cells (TDSCs) and contributing to tissue degeneration, tissue metaplasia, and impaired healing in tendinopathy. It is important to note that the effects of adipokines on tendinopathy extends beyond obese individuals, as inflammatory adipokines, such as IL-1β and IL-6, are also elevated in non-obese patients. This highlights the complex relationship between adipokines, inflammation, and tendon health, emphasizing the need to understand the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions.
[0005] Adiponectin, a 244-amino acid protein, is an anti-inflammatory adipokine that positively regulates glucose levels, lipid metabolism, and insulin sensitivity. The human adiponectin protein consists of an N-terminal signal sequence, a variable region, a collagenous domain, and a C-terminal globular domain. While monomeric forms are rare, adiponectin mainly circulates in trimers and hexamers, collectively termed low-molecular oligomers and high-molecular weight (HMW) multimers. The exact roles of all these different isoforms are still unclear. However, it appears that the HMW isoform is the most bioactive and important form. In particular, the HMW isoform has been reported to exhibit anti-diabetic, anti-atherogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-hypertrophic, and anti-ischemic properties. The functions of adiponectin have been extensively studied in various tissues except tendons and ligaments.
[0006] Two adiponectin receptors, AdipoR1 and AdipoR2, mediate the downstream signalling of adiponectin. The high circulating level (about 0.05%of total plasma proteins, with levels ranging from 3 to 30 μg / mL) and the beneficial effects of adiponectin on inflammation make it stand out from the other adipokines, which are mostly pro-inflammatory. Adiponectin exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, mitochondrial protective, and tissue regenerative effects in various cell types, including macrophages, endothelial cells, bone marrow stromal cells , dermal fibroblasts, bronchial epithelial cells, and tubular epithelial cells in vitro. Administration of adiponectin mimics or adiponectin receptor agonists has shown promising results in ameliorating inflammation, restoring mitochondrial biogenesis and function, and promoting healing in various inflammation-associated diseases and disorders, such as skin aging and wound healing, bone healing, spinal cord injury, gastric ulcer, liver injury, traumatic brain injury and muscle aging.
[0007] Considering that tendinopathy is characterized by excessive inflammation and apoptosis, adiponectin may hold promise for its treatment. Studies have reported that adiponectin promoted the proliferation and expression of tenocyte markers in diabetic-ridden TDSCs. Except for that study, the roles of adiponectin in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy and the beneficial effects of adiponectin and its mimics on the repair of tendons and ligaments remain uncertain.
[0008] When non-surgical treatments prove unsuccessful, surgery is often considered as an alternative. However, the outcomes of surgical procedures for chronic tendinopathy can be variable, and there is a notable risk of complications associated with these interventions. It is not uncommon for patients to experience recurrent pain following surgery.
[0009] Moreover, the failure rate after repairing a tendon tear remains high, posing a persistent and unresolved problem in the field. This highlights the urgent need for more effective treatment options for chronic tendinopathy.
[0010] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0011] The present invention relates to compositions and methods for treating tendon and / or ligament injuries utilising adiponectin or adiponectin mimics. In one example, the present invention may also relate to a method for treating and / or slowing down the progression of tendinopathy, or tendon injuries or ligament injuries or chronic inflammation of tendons or ligaments.
[0012] The present disclosure relates to improved methods for treating and slowing down the progression of chronic tendinopathy, as well as promoting healing in cases of inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries.
[0013] In one example form the present disclosure relates to (1) compositions comprising adiponectin or its mimic for treating tendon and ligament injuries, especially chronic tendinopathy; (2) methods for inhibiting the progression of tendinopathy as well as for promoting surgical repair by administering adiponectin or its mimics to a site of injury; wherein a biomaterial, such as hydrogel, is optionally utilized for minimal invasive delivery and sustained release of adiponectin or its mimics in tendons and ligaments.
[0014] In certain example embodiments, adiponectin or its mimics can suppress inflammation, apoptosis, and extracellular matrix (ECM) degeneration mediated by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) . They can also promote the proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, and tenogenesis of inflammatory tendon-derived stem / progenitor cells (TDSCs) and enhance the regeneration of degenerative tendons.
[0015] In certain example embodiments, the subject invention comprises the administration of adiponectin or its mimics to a subject. In certain embodiments, the subject therapy can alleviate collagenase-induced degenerative tendon damages (CI model) , reduce walking pain, and promote tendon healing by reducing inflammation and ECM degradation mediated by MMPs, as well as stimulate proliferation, migration, clonogenicity, tenogenesis, and suppress expression of matrix-degrading enzymes and apoptosis of inflammatory TDSCs. In certain embodiments, a biomaterial, such as a hydrogel, is used to administer the adiponectin or its mimics.
[0016] In embodiments, an adiponectin mimics, such as, ADP355 or AdipoRon, is loaded into a biomaterial, such as gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel. In embodiments, the adiponectin or its mimics or a GelMA hydrogel loaded with AdipoRon can be used in therapies to promote healing after inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries and / or tendinopathy.
[0017] In certain example embodiments, the adiponectin mimics is AdipoRon, which is a selective and potent adiponectin receptor agonist (Kd 1.8μM for adiponectin receptor 1 (AdipoR1) and 3.1μM for adiponectin receptor 2 (AdipoR2) ) . AdipoRon shows very similar effects to adiponectin in muscle and liver, such as the activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) -α pathways.
[0018] In certain embodiments, a biological scaffold can be used for the local delivery and sustained release of adiponectin or its mimics to injured tendons and ligaments in tendinopathy patients. In certain embodiments, the loading of an adiponectin or its mimics into GelMA and injecting them into the injured tendons or ligaments after UV and / or blue light cross-linking allows local administration and sustained drug release as the GelMA gradually dissolves.
[0019] In one example form the present disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a tendon injury or a ligament injury in a subject, the composition comprising: an adiponectin receptor agonist, a biocompatible hydrogel, wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is encapsulated within the biocompatible hydrogel for providing sustained local release of the adiponectin receptor agonist at a site of the tendon or ligament injury, wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is a small molecule mimic of adiponectin, and; wherein the biocompatible hydrogel is an injectable hydrogel and the hydrogel is formed from a photo-crosslinkable pre-polymer.
[0020] In some embodiments the adiponectin receptor agonist is AdipoRon or ADP355.
[0021] In some embodiments the hydrogel comprises gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) .
[0022] In some embodiments the composition further comprising a photoinitiator mixed with the pre-polymer and; wherein the photoinitiator is lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) .
[0023] In some embodiments, the composition further includes a thermosensitive poloxamer (e.g., PluronicTM F-127 (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) ) depending on the water solubility of the adiponectin mimics.
[0024] In some embodiments the sustained local release is for suppressing inflammation at the site of injury and / or for inhibiting apoptosis of cells at the site of injury. In one example, the injury may be a tendon or ligament injury is chronic tendinopathy.
[0025] In one example form the present disclosure relates to a method for treating a tendon or ligament injury in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a site of the injury a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adiponectin receptor agonist encapsulated within a biocompatible hydrogel, thereby providing sustained local release of the agonist to treat the injury, wherein the composition is administered by injecting the composition into the site of the injury and; wherein the composition is in uncross linked, liquid state when injected into the site of the injury.
[0026] In an example embodiment the composition further comprises a photoinitiator, wherein the cross-linking is performed by applying light to the composition, and; wherein the light is blue light having a wavelength of about 405 nm.
[0027] In one example, the method may comprise a step of cross-linking the composition before injection. The composition may be injected into a site to allow the hydrogel composition to solidify in situ.
[0028] In an alternative example, the method comprising a step of cross-linking the composition in situ after injection to form a solid hydrogel scaffold.
[0029] In one example, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating a tendon or ligament injury in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a site of the injury a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adiponectin receptor agonist encapsulated within a biocompatible hydrogel, wherein the composition is administered by applying the pharmaceutical composition topically to the site of the injury; and ; wherein the composition may be in the form of topical cream, ointment, putty, scaffold, spray, bandage, or microneedle patch.
[0030] In another example, the present disclosure relates to a method for treating a tendon or ligament injury in a subject, the method comprising: administering to a site of the injury a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adiponectin receptor agonist, wherein the composition is administered by applying the pharmaceutical composition topically to the site of the injury; and ; wherein the composition may be in the form of topical cream, ointment, putty, scaffold, spray, bandage, or microneedle patch
[0031] In one example embodiment the adiponectin receptor agonist is AdipoRon. In one example embodiment the biocompatible hydrogel comprises gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) .
[0032] In one example embodiment, the treatment is for reducing pain associated with the tendon or ligament injury and / or wherein the treatment is for improving the healing of a surgically repaired or an injured tendon or ligament. In one example, the treatment may be used for a diagnosed tendon injury or tendon pain or tissue pain with or without tendon rupture. The treatment as described can improve healing with or without surgical repair.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0033] Figure 1 illustrates upregulation of adiponectin in clinical samples of patellar tendinopathy and rotator cuff tendinopathy. Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) of adiponectin in patellar tendinopathy samples, rotator cuff tendinopathy samples, healthy patellar ligaments, and hamstring tendons. Scale bar: 100 μm; *: chondrocyte-like cells; red arrow: blood vessels; CR: calcified region; black arrow: immunopositive cell. n=8-10 / group
[0034] Figures 2A-2B illustrate upregulated expressions of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in human tendinopathy TDSCs and in mouse Achilles TDSCs after IL-1β treatment. Figure 2A shows photomicrographs and boxplots illustrating the expressions of (i) adiponectin; (ii) AdipoR1; and (iii) AdipoR2 in human tendinopathy TDSCs compared to healthy TDSCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining (IF) . Scale bar: 100 μm; n=3-4 / group for adiponectin, n=4 / group for AdipoR1 and AdipoR2; white arrow: immunopositive cell; *p<0.05. Figure 2B shows photomicrographs and boxplots illustrating the expressions of (i) adiponectin; (ii) AdipoR1; and (iii) AdipoR2 in healthy mouse Achilles TDSCs treated with or without IL-1β (10 ng / mL) for 24 h as shown by IF. Scale bar: 100 μm; n=4 / group; white arrow: immunopositive cell; *p<0.05 Figure 3 illustrates adiponectin knockout (KO) (Adipoq- / -) inducing early histopathological changes resembling tendinopathy. Photomicrographs showing histology of Achilles tendons of wild type (WT) and Adipoq- / -mice at week 24. Scale bar: 100 μm. Stain: haematoxylin &eosin (H&E) , Alcian blue, Alizarin Red S or Oil Red O; CR: calcified region; Green arrow: fat tissue; blue arrow: cell malalignment; *: chondrocyte-like cells; red arrow: blood vessels; black arrow: positive signal; n= 5 (Adipoq- / -) and 3 (WT) .
[0035] Figure 4 illustrates higher expressions of inflammatory cytokines and MMP-3, and similar expression of TIMP-1 in Adipoq- / -tendons compared to WT tendons. Photomicrographs showing the IHC of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and matrix-remodeling enzymes (MMP-3 and TIMP-1) of Achilles tendons of WT and Adipoq- / -mice at week 24. Scale bar: 100 μm; black arrow: immunopositive cell; CR: calcified region; n = 5 (Adipoq- / -) and 3 (WT)
[0036] Figures 5A-5F illustrate Adipoq- / -TDSCs showing increased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degradation enzymes, lower expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibitor of matrix-degradation enzymes, tenocyte markers, and higher expressions of non-tenocyte markers compared to WT TDSCs. Figure 5A illustrates pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines at 48 h; Figure 5B illustrates matrix-remodeling enzymes at 48 h; Figure 5C illustrates tenocyte markers at 48 h; Figure 5D illustrates osteogenic markers at 48 h; Figure 5E illustrates chondrogenic markers at 48 h; and Figure 5F illustrates adipogenic markers at 48 h. Actb served as the housekeeping gene. n = 6 / group; **p<0.01; “o” above the bar represents an outliner (more extreme than 1.5 *interquartile range) of the dataset.
[0037] Figure 6A-6B illustrate AdipoRon promoting TDSC proliferation at the basal state and under inflammation. Figure 6A shows boxplot illustrating the effect of different doses of AdipoRon on the viability of mouse TDSCs in serum-free medium at 48 h after treatment as measured by Alamar Blue assay. n=5 / group; **p<0.01; “o” above the bar represents an outliner (more extreme than 1.5 *interquartile range) of the dataset. Figure 6B shows boxplot illustrating the effect of two doses of AdipoRon on the viability of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) -treated mouse TDSCs in serum-free medium at 24 h after treatment as measured by Alamar Blue assay. n=5 / group; **p<0.01; “o” above the bar represents an outliner (more extreme than 1.5 *interquartile range) of the dataset.
[0038] Figures 7A-7B illustrate AdipoRon enhancing migration of IL-1β-treated mouse TDSCs. Figure 7A shows photomicrographs and boxplot illustrating the percentage of wound closure relative to baseline after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) as measured by the wound healing assay. Scale bar: 100 μm; n=3 / group. *p<0.05. Figure 7B shows photomicrographs and boxplot illustrating the relative number of migrated cells after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 18 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) as measured by transwell assay. Scale bar: 200 μm; n=5 / group. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; “o” and “*” above the bars represent the outliners (more extreme than 1.5 *interquartile range) and extreme values (more extreme than 3 *interquartile range) , respectively, of the dataset.
[0039] Figure 8 illustrate AdipoRon enhancing clonogenicity of IL-1β-treated mouse TDSCs. Photographs and boxplot illustrating the colony-forming ability of TDSCs after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) for 14 days. n=6 / group; **p<0.01 Figure 9 illustrates AdipoRon inhibition of the expressions of inflammatory cytokines and MMPs in IL-1β-treated mouse TDSCs. Boxplots showing the mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfa, Il6, Il33, Il12a) , anti-inflammatory cytokines (Il10) , and matrix-remodeling enzymes (Mmp3, and Timp1, and Mmp3 / Timp1 ratio) after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 36 h, 48 h, and 24 h, respectively, in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . n=6 / group (Il10) ; 3-4 / group (others) ; *p<0.05; **p<0.01
[0040] Figures 10A-10B illustrate AdipoRon inhibiting apoptosis of IL-1β-treated mouse TDSCs. Figure 10A shows photomicrographs and boxplot illustrating the TUNEL-positive cells after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Scale: 500 μm;white arrow: TUNEL-positive cells; n=4 / group; *p<0.05. Figure 10B illustrates boxplots showing mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic makers in TDSCs after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 36 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . n=4 / group; *p<0.05
[0041] Figure 11A-11D illustrate AdipoRon increasing the expressions of tenocyte markers, and lowering the expressions of non-tenocyte markers in mouse IL-1β-treated TDSCs. Figure 11A illustrates tenocyte markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Figure 11B illustrates osteogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Figure 11C illustrates chondrogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Figure 11D illustrates adipogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Actb served as the housekeeping gene. n=6 / group; *p<0.05; **p<0.01.
[0042] Figure 12A-12D illustrate AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel promoting tendon healing and reducing walking pain in the WT mouse CI model. Figure 12A shows gross morphology (inserts) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showing the surface morphology of GelMA hydrogel with and without loading of AdipoRon (30 mg / mL) . Scale bar: 300 μm (left panels) ; 100 μm (right panels) ; n=2 / group; red arrows: AdipoRon. Figure 12B shows photomicrographs illustrating histology and corresponding polarized images of Achilles tendons of WT mice at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after a single injection of saline, GelMA or AdipoRon (30 mg / mL) -loaded GelMA hydrogel in the collagenase-induced (CI) tendon injury model. Stain: H&E; n=6 / group; Scale bar: 100 μm; yellow arrow: blood vessels; green arrow: inflammatory cells; red arrow: hypercellular region; *: round cells. Figure 12C shows photomicrographs illustrating IHC of TNF-α, IL-6, and TIMP-1 in the Achilles tendons of WT mice at 2 weeks and 4 weeks after a single injection of saline, GelMA, AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel groups in the CI tendon injury model. n=6 / group / time point; Scale bar: 100 μm; black arrow: immunopositive signal. Figure 12D shows boxplots illustrating stand time, swing time, swing speed, mean footprint intensity, footprint area, and stride length of WT mice at 2 weeks after a single injection of saline, GelMA, AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel groups in the CI tendon injury model. n=10 / group; **p<0.05; ***p<0.01
[0043] DETAILED DISCLOSURE
[0044] Selected Definitions
[0045] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. Furthermore, to the extent that the terms “including” , “includes” , “having” , “has” , “with” , or variants thereof are used in either the detailed description and / or the claims, such terms are intended to be inclusive in a manner similar to the term “comprising” . The transitional terms / phrases (and any grammatical variations thereof) “comprising” , “comprises” , “comprise” , “consisting essentially of” , “consists essentially of” , “consisting” and “consists” can be used interchangeably.
[0046] The term “about” means within an acceptable error range for the particular value as determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, which depends in part on how the value is measured, i.e., the limitations of the measurement system. In the context of compositions containing amounts of ingredients where the terms “about” are used, these compositions contain the stated amount of the ingredient with a variation (error range) of 0-10%around the value (X ± 10%) . In other contexts, the term “about” is providing a variation (error range) of 0-10%around a given value (X ±10%) . As is apparent, this variation represents a range that is up to 10%above or below a given value, for example, X ± 1%, X ± 2%, X ± 3%, X ± 4%, X ± 5%, X ± 6%, X ± 7%, X ± 8%, X ± 9%, or X ± 10%.
[0047] In the present disclosure, ranges are stated in shorthand to avoid having to set out at length and describe each and every value within the range. Any appropriate value within the range can be selected, where appropriate, as the upper value, lower value, or the terminus of the range. For example, a range of 0.1-1.0 represents the terminal values of 0.1 and 1.0, as well as the intermediate values of 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, and all intermediate ranges encompassed within 0.1-1.0, such as 0.2-0.5, 0.2-0.8, 0.7-1.0, etc. Values having at least two significant digits within a range are envisioned, for example, a range of 5-10 indicates all the values between 5.0 and 10.0 as well as between 5.00 and 10.00 including the terminal values. When ranges are used herein, combinations and sub combinations of ranges (e.g., subranges within the disclosed range) and specific embodiments therein are explicitly included.
[0048] By “reduces” is meant a negative alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0049] By “increases” is meant as a positive alteration of at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100%.
[0050] As used herein, the term “subject” refers to an animal, needing or desiring delivery of the benefits provided by a therapeutic compound. The animal may be for example, humans, pigs, horses, goats, cats, mice, rats, dogs, apes, fish, chimpanzees, orangutans, guinea pigs, hamsters, cows, sheep, birds, chickens, as well as any other vertebrate or invertebrate. These benefits can include, but are not limited to, the treatment of a health condition, disease or disorder; prevention of a health condition, disease or disorder; immune health; enhancement of the function of an organ, tissue, or system in the body. The preferred subject in the context of this invention is a human. The subject can be of any age or stage of development, including infant, toddler, adolescent, teenager, adult, or senior.
[0051] As used herein, the terms “therapeutically-effective amount, ” “therapeutically-effective dose, ” “effective amount, ” and “effective dose” are used to refer to an amount or dose of a compound or composition that, when administered to a subject, is capable of treating or improving a condition, disease, or disorder in a subject or that is capable of providing enhancement in health or function to an organ, tissue, or body system. In other words, when administered to a subject, the amount is “therapeutically effective. ” The actual amount will vary depending on a number of factors including, but not limited to, the particular condition, disease, or disorder being treated or improved; the severity of the condition; the particular organ, tissue, or body system of which enhancement in health or function is desired; the weight, height, age, and health of the patient; and the route of administration.
[0052] As used herein, the term “treatment” refers to eradicating, reducing, ameliorating, inhibiting, or reversing a sign or symptom of a health condition, disease or disorder to any extent, and includes, but does not require, a complete cure of the condition, disease, or disorder. Treating can be curing, improving, or partially ameliorating a disorder. “Treatment” can also include improving or enhancing a condition or characteristic, for example, bringing the function of a particular system in the body to a heightened state of health or homeostasis.
[0053] As used herein, “preventing” a health condition, disease, or disorder refers to avoiding, delaying, forestalling, or minimizing the onset of a particular sign or symptom of the condition, disease, or disorder. Prevention can, but is not required, to be absolute or complete; meaning, the sign or symptom may still develop at a later time. Prevention can include reducing the severity of the onset of such a condition, disease, or disorder, and / or inhibiting the progression of the condition, disease, or disorder to a more severe condition, disease, or disorder.
[0054] In some embodiments of the invention, the method may comprise administration of multiple doses of the compounds of the subject invention, such as for example a pharmaceutical composition for treating tendon and ligament injuries, the composition comprising: adiponectin or an adiponectin mimic or an adiponectin receptor agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier. The method may comprise administration of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, or more therapeutically effective doses of a composition comprising the compounds of the subject invention as described herein. In some embodiments, doses are administered over the course of 1 day, 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, 7 days, 10 days, 14 days, 21 days, 30 days, or more than 30 days. Moreover, treatment of a subject with a therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of the invention can include a single treatment or can include a series of treatments. It will also be appreciated that the effective dosage of a compound used for treatment may increase or decrease over the course of a particular treatment. Changes in dosage may result and become apparent from the results of diagnostic assays or imaging techniques for detecting tendon and ligament pathological changes known in the art. In some embodiments of the invention, the method comprises administration of the compounds at several time per day, including but not limiting to 2 times per day, 3 times per day, and 4 times per day.
[0055] As used herein, an “isolated” or “purified” compound is substantially free of other compounds. In certain embodiments, purified compounds are at least 60%by weight (dry weight) of the compound of interest. Preferably, the preparation is at least 75%, more preferably at least 90%, and most preferably at least 99%, by weight of the compound of interest. For example, a purified compound is one that is at least 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 98%, 99%, or 100% (w / w) of the desired compound by weight. Purity is measured by any appropriate standard method, for example, by column chromatography, thin layer chromatography, or high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis.
[0056] As used herein, a “pharmaceutical” refers to a compound manufactured for use as a medicinal and / or therapeutic drug.
[0057] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” means compatible with the other ingredients of a pharmaceutical composition and not deleterious to the recipient thereof.
[0058] The recitation of a listing of chemical groups in any definition of a variable herein includes definitions of that variable as any single group or combination of listed groups. The recitation of an embodiment for a variable or aspect herein includes that embodiment as any single embodiment or in combination with any other embodiments or portions thereof.
[0059] Any compositions or methods provided herein can be combined with one or more of any of the other compositions and methods provided herein.
[0060] In one example, the subject invention may relate to novel compositions and methods for treating and slowing down the progression of chronic tendinopathy, as well as promoting healing in cases of inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries. In some embodiments, the upregulation of adiponectin in tendons is used as a cellular mechanism to counteract the destructive inflammatory cycle associated with tendinopathy. Consequently, adiponectin or its mimics, such as AdipoRon, can be utilized for the treatment of tendinopathy. In one example this subject invention encompasses the production of a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics, and its application for treating and preventing chronic tendinopathy, as well as promoting surgical repair subsequent to tendon rupture.
[0061] In some example aspects, the subject invention relates to a pharmaceutical composition for treating tendon and ligament injuries, where the composition comprises adiponectin, or an adiponectin mimic, or an adiponectin receptor agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the compositions according to the subject invention utilize adiponectin. In certain embodiments, the compositions according to the subject invention utilize adiponectin mimics or an adiponectin receptor agonist. In preferred embodiments, the adiponectin mimics is AdipoRon or ADP355. In some embodiments, the composition is loaded into a biomaterial, although it may not necessarily be loaded into a biomaterial. In preferred embodiments, where the composition is loaded into a biomaterial, the biomaterial comprises at least one of hydrogel, including, but not limited to, GelMA. In embodiments, the composition is delivered by utilizing a biomaterial, where the biomaterial comprises hydrogel, including, but not limited to, GelMA.
[0063] In other aspects, the subject invention may relate to a method for treating tendon and ligament injuries, where a composition comprising adiponectin, or an adiponectin mimic, or an adiponectin receptor agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient and / or carrier is administered to a subject in need thereof.
[0064] In certain embodiments, the adiponectin or its mimics can be encapsulated in a biomaterial at a concentration ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL. In certain embodiments, the adiponectin or its mimics can be administrated without the use of a biomaterial to a subject with repeated doses ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL.
[0065] In certain embodiments, the adiponectin or its mimics can be incorporated into a composite scaffold composed of synthetic and / or natural polymers. In certain embodiments, the synthetic polymers include, for example, poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) , poly-L-lactide (PLLA) , and poly (lactin-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) . In certain embodiments, natural polymers include, for example, type I collagen, alginate, chitosan, gelatin and decellularized tendon matrix. Gelatin is a natural hydrophilic polymer produced by hydrolysis and denaturation of collagen under high temperature. It shows good biocompatibility, solubility and degradability as well as lower antigenicity compared to collagen. However, the thermostability of gelatin is poor and chemical cross-linking of gelatin may affect its biocompatibility as some cross-linking agents are poisonousness. In preferred embodiments, the polymer is GelMA, which is produced by modifying gelatin with methacrylic anhydride (MA) . In certain embodiments, a solution containing GelMA pre-polymer, photoinitiator, thermosensitive poloxamer (depending on the water solubility of the adiponectin mimics) and adiponectin or its mimic are crosslinked under UV and / or blue light, resulting in a hydrogel with good thermostability, biocompatibility and degradation properties.
[0066] In certain embodiments, the photoinitiator is lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) or 2-hydroxy-1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2-methyl-1-propanone (Irgacure-2959) , and the thermosensitive poloxamer is poloxamer 407 (e.g., PluronicTM F-127 (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) ) . In certain embodiments, the photoinitiator LAP is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v, about 0.01%w / v to about 5%w / v, about 0.01%w / v to about 1%w / v, or about 0.25%w / v. In certain embodiments, the thermosensitive poloxamer 407 is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v, about 0.01%w / v to about 5%w / v, or about 1%w / v of LAP in the composition. In certain embodiments, the polymer GelMA pre-polymer is at a concentration of about 0.01%w / v to about 50%w / v, about 0.1%w / v to about 10%w / v, or about 5%w / v. In certain embodiments, the mixture can be cross-linked by UV or blue light before application of the composition to the subject. In certain embodiments, the UV light is at a wavelength of about 320 nm to about 390 nm and the blue light is at a wavelength of about 405 nm. In certain embodiments, the cross-linking of the said mixture can occur for about 1 second to about 1 minute. In preferred embodiments, AdipoRon is mixed with GelMA pre-polymers (5%w / v) , LAP (0.25%in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) ) and F127 thermosensitive poloxamer (1%w / v of LAP) and cross-linked with blue light at 405 mm for about 1 second to about 1 minute or about 10 seconds and applied to the injured tendon and / or ligament.
[0067] In some embodiments, the subject compositions are formulated as an orally-consumable product, such as, for example a food item, capsule, pill, or drinkable liquid. An orally deliverable pharmaceutical is any physiologically active substance delivered via initial absorption in the gastrointestinal tract or into the mucus membranes of the mouth. The subject compositions can also be formulated as a solution that can be administered via, for example, injection, which includes intravenously, intraperitoneally, intramuscularly, intra-tendinously, peri-tendinously, or subcutaneously. Biomaterials can be used as scaffold for local sustained delivery of the subject compositions. The subject compositions may also be formulated in cream or spray for topical application over the affected site, or be in the form of a microneedles patch that may be applied over the affected site. In these examples, the biomaterials may or may not be necessary, depending on its application or prefer mode of delivery.
[0068] In certain embodiments, adiponectin is a therapeutic target for the treatment of tendon and ligament injuries, chronic tendinopathy, and for the promotion of healing after inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries.
[0069] In certain embodiments, an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial, such as, for example, GelMA, loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be used for the treatment of tendon and / or ligament injuries, chronic tendinopathy, and for the promotion of healing after inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries. Tendons and ligaments that may develop tendinopathy due to change of loading (e.g., overuse) or aging include Achilles tendon, patellar tendon, rotator cuff, extensor Carpi radialis brevis of the elbow, plantar fascia, and the flexor tendon of finger. In certain embodiments, the affected tendon and ligament can be presented with pain or swelling without or with tear. In certain embodiments, for painful tendinopathy not requiring surgical operation, an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be applied to the painful and / or injured tendon or ligament by, for example, local injection. In certain embodiments, for tendinopathy presented with tendon tear requiring surgical repair, an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be applied during or after surgical repair by, for example, injection after surgery or direct application of an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics to the surgically repaired tendon and / or ligament during surgery.
[0070] In certain embodiments, an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be used for enhancing tissue repair, particularly tendon and ligament tissues. In certain embodiments, the adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be used to promote tendon or ligament regeneration. In certain embodiments, an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics can be used in forms of topical cream, putty, scaffold, spray, bandage, microneedle patch, or injectable hydrogel.
[0071] Carriers and / or excipients can include any and all solvents, diluents, buffers (such as, e.g., neutral buffered saline, phosphate buffered saline, or optionally Tris-HCl, acetate or phosphate buffers) , oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions, aqueous compositions with or without inclusion of organic co-solvents suitable for, e.g., IV use, solubilizers (e.g., Polysorbate 65, Polysorbate 80) , colloids, dispersion media, vehicles, fillers, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA or glutathione) , amino acids (e.g., glycine) , proteins, disintegrants, binders, lubricants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, sweeteners, colorants, flavorings, aromatizers, thickeners (e.g. carbomer, gelatin, or sodium alginate) , coatings, preservatives (e.g., Thimerosal, benzyl alcohol, polyquaternium) , antioxidants (e.g., ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite) , tonicity controlling agents, absorption delaying agents, adjuvants, bulking agents (e.g., lactose, mannitol) and the like. The use of carriers and / or excipients in the field of drugs and supplements is well known. Except for any conventional media or agent that is incompatible with the target health-promoting substance or with the adjuvant composition, carrier or excipient use in the subject compositions may be contemplated.
[0072] In one embodiment, the composition can be formulated for administration via injection, for example, as a solution or suspension. The solution or suspension can comprise suitable non-toxic, parenterally-acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1, 3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, or isotonic sodium chloride solution, or suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, such as sterile, non-irritant, fixed oils, including synthetic mono-or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid. One illustrative example of a carrier for intravenous use includes a mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%USP propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol 600 and the balance USP Water for Injection (WFI) . Other illustrative carriers for intravenous use include 10%USP ethanol and USP WFI; 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in USP WFI; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI; and 1-10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsion. Water or saline solutions and aqueous dextrose and glycerol solutions may be preferably employed as carriers, particularly for injectable solutions. Illustrative examples of carriers for subcutaneous or intramuscular use include phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solution, 5%dextrose in WFI and 0.01-0.1%triethanolamine in 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride in USP WFI, or a 1 to 2 or 1 to 4 mixture of 10%USP ethanol, 40%propylene glycol and the balance an acceptable isotonic solution such as 5%dextrose or 0.9%sodium chloride; or 0.01-0.2%dipalmitoyl diphosphatidylcholine in USP WFI and 1 to 10%squalene or parenteral vegetable oil-in-water emulsions.
[0073] In one embodiment, the composition can be formulated for administration via topical application onto the skin, for example, as topical compositions, which include rinse, spray, or drop, lotion, gel, ointment, cream, foam, powder, solid, sponge, tape, vapor, paste, tincture, or using a transdermal patch. Suitable formulations of topical applications can comprise in addition to any of the pharmaceutically active carriers, for example, emollients such as carnauba wax, cetyl alcohol, cetyl ester wax, emulsifying wax, hydrous lanolin, lanolin, lanolin alcohols, microcrystalline wax, paraffin, petrolatum, polyethylene glycol, stearic acid, stearyl alcohol, white beeswax, or yellow beeswax. Additionally, the compositions may contain humectants such as glycerin, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, sorbitol solution, and 1, 2, 6 hexanetriol or permeation enhancers such as ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, or oleic acid.
[0074] In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics alleviates tendon and ligament damages. In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines such as, for example, TNF-α, and IL-6, and increases the MMP3 / TIMP-1 ratio to inhibit matrix degradation in degenerative tendon and ligament injuries.
[0075] In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin mimics, AdipoRon, increases the proliferation of healthy and inflammatory TDSCs. In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin mimics, AdipoRon, enhances migration of inflammatory TDSCs. In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin mimics, AdipoRon, enhances clonogenicity of inflammatory TDSCs. In certain embodiments, the administration of an adiponectin mimics, AdipoRon enhances inflammation resolution and reduces the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes of inflammatory TDSCs, as indicated by the reduced expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfa, Il6, Il33, Il12a) , and matrix-degrading enzymes (Mmp3 and Mmp3 / Timp1 ratio) , as well as increased expression of an anti-inflammatory cytokine (Il10) . In certain embodiments, the administration of AdipoRon directs inflammatory TDSCs towards tenogenic lineage. In certain embodiments, the administration of AdipoRon inhibits apoptosis of inflammatory TDSCs.
[0076] In certain embodiments, the present invention discloses the method of producing a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics, and the use of adiponectin or its mimics and / or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics for treating or retarding the progression of chronic tendinopathy as well as promotion of healing and reducing walking pain after inflammatory degenerative tendon tear and surgical repair.
[0077] In certain embodiments, the present invention provides methods for treating chronic tendinopathy in a patient with an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics. In certain embodiments, the symptoms and pathological changes of tendons and ligaments in a patient with tendinopathy are reversed after local administration of adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics. In certain embodiments, the progression of tendinopathy is retarded after local administration of adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics. In certain embodiments, the development of tendinopathy is prevented after local administration of an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics. In certain embodiments, healing after degenerative tendon / ligament tear and surgical repair is improved after local administration of an adiponectin or its mimics or a biomaterial loaded with adiponectin or its mimics.
[0078] In certain embodiments, pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutic agent to treat tendinopathy e.g., chronic tendinopathy or injuries to tendons or ligaments. The therapeutic agent may be adiponectin or an adiponectin mimic (e.g., AdipoRon) . The adiponectin or an adiponectin mimic can be used in situ to directly counteract the pathological processes (inflammation, apoptosis, matrix degradation) and stimulates the body's own regenerative cells (TDSCs) . Optionally, one example of the therapeutic agent may be an adiponectin receptor agonist. In one example, the pharmaceutical agent may comprise a biomaterial that may be used to deliver the therapeutic agent (e.g., adiponectin or adiponectin mimic) . The biomaterial may be a hydrogel e.g., a biocompatible hydrogel. The adiponectin receptor agonist may be encapsulated in the hydrogel. The hydrogel can be injected into the body at the appropriate injury site and provides sustained, localized release of the therapeutic agent e.g., adiponectin receptor agonist (or adiponectin mimic) . The hydrogel functions like a local reservoir, ensuring the therapeutic agent is present and released at a therapeutic concentration throughout the healing process.
[0079] The pharmaceutical composition is provided in situ with a minimally invasive application e.g., minimally invasive injection. This makes the therapy practical and broadly applicable. It allows the sustained release system to be delivered precisely to the injury site without requiring major surgery. This provides a viable alternative or adjunct to current, often failing, treatment paradigms.
[0080] In one example, the disclosure relates to a pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a tendon or ligament injury in a subject, the composition comprising an adiponectin receptor agonist; and a biocompatible hydrogel. The adiponectin receptor agonist may be encapsulated within the biocompatible hydrogel for providing sustained local release of the adiponectin receptor agonist at a site of the tendon or ligament injury. The adiponectin receptor agonist may be a small molecule mimic of adiponectin. In one example the biocompatible hydrogel may be an injectable hydrogel. In one example, the hydrogel may be formed from a photo-crosslinkable pre-polymer. The hydrogel may comprise gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) . The pharmaceutical composition may comprise a photoinitiator mixed with the pre-polymer. The photoinitiator may be lithium phenyl-2,4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) . The sustained local release of the adiponectin receptor agonist is for promoting tenogenic differentiation of tendon-derived stem / progenitor cells (TDSCs) at the site of injury. The composition is advantageous because it uses upregulation of adiponectin in tendons as a cellular mechanism to counteract the destructive inflammatory cycle associated with tendinopathy. Consequently, adiponectin receptor agonists or mimics, such as AdipoRon, can be utilized for the treatment of tendinopathy.
[0081] In one example, the disclosure relates to the production of biomaterial loaded with adiponectin mimics and its application for treating and preventing chronic tendinopathy, as well as promoting surgical repair subsequent to tendon rupture.
[0082] The use of an adiponectin mimic (e.g., AdipoRon) is advantageous because it acts as a small molecule agonist for adiponectin receptors (AdipoR1 / R2) , initiating anti-inflammatory and pro-regenerative signaling. This use provides the therapeutic effect of adiponectin in a more stable, practical, and deliverable form than the large native protein. The use of adiponectin mimic is also useful as it directly targets the underlying pathology.
[0083] Additionally, AdipoRon reduces the expression of matrix-degrading enzymes (MMPs) and increases the MMP / TIMP ratio. This is advantageous as it prevents the breakdown of the tendon's collagenous extracellular matrix, preserving structural integrity. AdipoRon also enhances the key functions of tendon-derived stem / progenitor cells (TDSCs) that are essential for tissue repair. Using AdipoRon may boost the number and activity of the patient's own repair cells at the injury site, leading to more robust and effective healing. AdipoRon directs TDSCs to differentiate into functional tendon cells (tenocytes) rather than non-functional cell types (e.g., bone, cartilage) . Using AdipoRon may help to ensure that the new tissue formed is true, functional tendon tissue, which is crucial for restoring mechanical strength and preventing re-rupture.
[0084] The use of a biomaterial (e.g., a hydrogel as described) is advantageous as the delivery mechanism because it serves as biocompatible scaffold and a reservoir for the adiponectin mimic. Additionally, use of hydrogel enables localized delivery, minimizing systemic exposure and potential side effects. Use of hydrogel also protects the drug from rapid clearance. As described earlier, in one example, the hydrogel may be Gelatin Methacryloyl (GelMA) . Using GelMA hydrogel is advantageous as it provides an injectable, biocompatible and a photo cross linkable matrix.
[0085] A photoinitiator (LAP) in the GelMA solution may be used as a crosslinking agent in the hydrogel. The photoinitiator may be activated by blue light (405 nm) , causing the solution to rapidly form a solid hydrogel. This is advantageous as it provides rapid, on-demand gelation. Blue light offers better tissue penetration and is safer for surrounding cells compared to UV light.
[0086] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0087] All patents, patent applications, provisional applications, and publications referred to or cited herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety, including all figures and tables, to the extent they are not inconsistent with the explicit teachings of this specification.
[0088] Following are examples that illustrate procedures for practicing the invention. These examples should not be construed as limiting. All percentages are by weight and all solvent mixture proportions are by volume unless otherwise noted.
[0089] EXAMPLE 1-UPREGULATION OF ADIPONECTIN IN PATELLAR AND ROTATOR CUFF TENDINOPATHY
[0090] Adult patients with tendinopathy at the patellar tendons or rotator cuff tendons as verified by ultrasound (US) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) , tendon pain or weakness prior to surgery and unsatisfactory physiotherapy treatment were recruited. Guided by clinical findings and US or MRI scans, the pathological tendon tissue was excised. Healthy tendons were obtained from the remnant of hamstring autograft or bone-patellar tendon-bone autograft during anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) . These control patients had no history or current clinical signs of tendon injury and tendon pain. The tendon tissues in the tendinopathy group and control groups were fixed, dehydrated and paraffinized in tissue blocks for storage. For IHC, 5-μm-thick sections were cut and mounted on coated slides. After deparaffination, the sections were rehydrated, decalcified, quenched of endogenous peroxidase activity, and treated with 10 mM citrate buffer at 65℃ for 20 min for antigen retrieval. After blocking with 1%BSA in PBS, the sections were incubated with specific antibodies against adiponectin (1: 100) at 4℃ overnight. The primary antibodies were replaced with blocking solution in the controls. After washing, the sections were incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP) -conjugated goat anti-rabbit secondary antibody (1: 200) for 1 h at room temperature and the immunopositivity was visualized using the 3,3’ Diaminobenzidine (DAB) substrate kit according to the manufacturer’s protocol. After counterstaining with hematoxylin, the sections were dehydrated with graded ethanol and xylene, mounted with p-xylene-bis-pyridinium bromide (DPX) permount (SigmaAldrich, St Louis, MO) and examined under light microscopy (DM5500; Leica Microsystems Wetzlar GmbH, Wetzlar, Germany) . A positive signal was shown as brown color. All the incubation times and conditions were strictly controlled. The pathological and healthy tendons were stained in the same batch. Representative images 102, 104, 106 and 108 were presented (Figure 1) .
[0091] The expression of adiponectin was significantly upregulated in the tendon cells, chondrocyte-like cells, calcified regions, and blood vessels of human patellar tendinopathy samples and rotator cuff tendinopathy samples compared to the healthy hamstring tendons and healthy patellar ligaments, supporting the association of adiponectin expression with the disease pathogenesis.
[0092] EXAMPLE 2 –INCREASED EXPRESSION OF ADIPONECTIN AND ADIPONECTIN RECEPTORS IN HUMAN TENDINOPATHY TDSCS AND INFLAMMATORY MOUSE TDSCS
[0093] TDSCs were isolated from human rotator cuff tendinopathy and healthy human hamstring tendons as well as mouse Achilles tendons as described before for example in Rui YF, Lui PP, Li G, Fu SC, Lee YW, Chan KM. Isolation and characterization of multipotent rat tendon-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 May; 16 (5) : 1549-58.. Human tendinopathy TDSCs, healthy human TDSCs and mouse TDSCs were seeded on coated glass slides. For mouse Achilles TDSCs, the cells were treated with IL-1β (10 ng / mL) for 24 h in serum-free medium. The cells were rinsed, fixed with 4%of paraformaldehyde and stained with primary antibodies against adiponectin (1: 1000) , AdipoR1 (1: 1000) or AdipoR2 (1:1000) for 1 h at room temperature. The cells were washed and stained with anti-rabbit Alexa 488 (1: 1000) for 1 h at room temperature. After washing, the slides were counter-stained with 4′-6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) . The fluorescence signals were viewed using a fluorescent microscope (Figure 2A, Figure 2B) .
[0094] The percentage of adiponectin-positive cells was significantly higher in human tendinopathy TDSCs and inflammatory mouse TDSCs. The percentages of AdipoR1-positive cells in both human tendinopathy TDSCs and inflammatory mouse TDSCs, as well as the percentages of AdipoR2-positive cells in inflammatory mouse TDSCs were also significantly higher, supporting an increase in adiponectin signaling in human tendinopathy TDSCs and mouse TDSCs under inflammation.
[0095] Figures 2A-2B illustrate upregulated expressions of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in human tendinopathy TDSCs and in mouse Achilles TDSCs after IL-1β treatment. More specifically, in this example, Figures 2A to 2B illustrate various plots that illustrate upregulated expressions of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in human tendinopathy TDSCs and in inflammatory mouse Achilles TDSCs. These plots indicate the expression of adiponectin and adiponectin receptors in pathological TDSCs from patients after tendon injury and mouse TDSCs under inflammation.
[0096] More specifically the illustrated graphs of Figure 2A (i) , (ii) and (iii) will now be described. Figure 2A shows photomicrographs and boxplots illustrating the expressions of (i) adiponectin as shown in plot 202; (ii) AdipoR1 as shown in plot 204; and (iii) AdipoR2 as shown in plot 206; in human tendinopathy TDSCs compared to healthy TDSCs as shown by immunofluorescence staining (IF) . Scale bar: 100 μm; n=3-4 / group for adiponectin, n=4 / group for AdipoR1 and AdipoR2; white arrow: immunopositive cell; *p<0.05. Figure 2B illustrates photomicrographs and boxplots illustrating the expressions of (i) adiponectin as shown in plot 210; (ii) AdipoR1 as shown in plot 212; and (iii) AdipoR2 as shown in plot 214, as shown in healthy mouse Achilles TDSCs treated with or without IL-1β (10 ng / mL) for 24 h as shown by IF. Scale bar: 100 μm; n=4 / group; white arrow: immunopositive cell; *p<0.05.
[0097] The data shown in plots illustrate the increased adiponectin signaling in human TDSCs isolated from a diseased tendon and mouse TDSCs under inflammation. The increase in adiponectin and adiponectin receptor expression indicates that the endogeneous adiponectin may attempt to foster tendon repair and suppress tendon inflammation but was insufficient to counter the negative consequences caused by tendon injury. Hence the application of additional adiponectin may have positive effects on tendon repair.
[0098] EXAMPLE 3 -ADIPOQ- / -INDUCED EARLY HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES RESEMBLING TENDINOPATHY
[0099] The Achilles tendons of adiponectin wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice on C57BL / 6J background (Adipoq- / -) at week 24 were harvested and prepared for histology. The tendon samples were stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) , Alcian blue, Alizarin Red S, or Oil Red O after sectioning, deparaffinization, and rehydration. The stained slides 300 were dehydrated, mounted, and visualized under light and polarization microscopy (Figure 3) .
[0100] Adiponectin knockout (Adipoq- / -) induced early histopathological changes resembling tendinopathy in mouse tendons. Hypercellularity, hypervascularity, cell rounding, cell mal-alignment, chondrocyte-like cells, adipocytes, increased glycoaminoglycans, calcification, and lipid droplets were observed in Adipoq- / -tendons. The results supported that adiponectin is important for maintaining normal tendon physiology.
[0101] EXAMPLE 4 -HIGHER EXPRESSIONS OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MMP-3, AND SIMILAR EXPRESSION OF TIMP-1 IN ADIPOQ- / -TENDONS
[0102] The Achilles tendons of adiponectin wild type (WT) and knockout (KO) mice on C57BL / 6J background (Adipoq- / -) at week 24 were harvested and prepared for IHC staining as described in Example 1. Primary antibodies against IL-1β (1: 100) , IL-6 (1: 100) , IL-10 (1: 100) , MMP-3 (1: 100) , TIMP-1 (1: 100) and the UltraVision Quanto Detection System (Thermo Fisher Scientific, Massachusetts, USA) were used for detecting the positive signals. The stained slides 400 were dehydrated, mounted, and visualized under light and polarization microscopy (Figure 4) .
[0103] IHC showed increased expression of inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10) and matrix-degrading enzymes (MMP-3) in Adipoq- / -tendons compared to WT tendons. There was no difference in the expression of TIMP-1 between WT and Adipoq- / -tendons. The increase in the expression of IL-10 might be a cellular defense to control excessive inflammation.
[0104] EXAMPLE 5 -ADIPOQ- / -TDSCS SHOWED HIGHER EXPRESSION OF PRO-INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES, MATRIX-DEGRADATION ENZYMES, AND LOWER EXPRESSION OF TENOCYTE MARKERS COMPARED TO WT TDSCS
[0105] TDSCs were isolated from the Achilles tendons of Adiponectin WT and Adipoq- / -of mice (24-week-old) as described for example in Rui YF, Lui PP, Li G, Fu SC, Lee YW, Chan KM. Isolation and characterization of multipotent rat tendon-derived stem cells. Tissue Eng Part A. 2010 May; 16 (5) : 1549-58.. The expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfa, Il6, Il1b) , anti-inflammatory cytokine (Il10) , matrix-remodeling enzymes (Mmp3, Timp1, and Mmp3 / Timp1) , tenocyte markers (Col1a1, Col3a1, Col1a1 / Col3a1 ratio, Tnmd, and Scx) , and non-tenocyte markers (Bsp, Runx2, Bglap, Acan, Col2a1, Sox9. Pparg, Cebpa, and Fabp4) in Adipoq- / -TDSCs and WT TDSCs cultured in medium supplemented with 2%FBS for 48 h were compared by qRT-PCR. Actb served as the housekeeping gene (Figures 5A-5F) .
[0106] Adiponectin KO promoted inflammation, matrix degeneration, and predisposed non-tenocyte differentiation of TDSCs, supporting the important roles of adiponectin in maintaining tendon homeostasis.
[0107] Figures 5A-5F illustrate Adipoq- / -TDSCs showing increased expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines and matrix-degradation enzymes, lower expressions of anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibitor of matrix-degradation enzymes, tenocyte markers, and higher expressions of non-tenocyte markers compared to WT TDSCs. Figure 5A illustrates pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines at 48 h, in plot 502. Figure 5A illustrates the four cytokines at 48 h. Figure 5B illustrates matrix-remodeling enzymes at 48 h, in plot 504. The enzymes shown are Mmp3, Timp1 and Mmp3 / Timp1. Figure 5C illustrates tenocyte markers at 48 h. Five separate tenocyte markers are shown at 48h, in plot 506. Figure 5D illustrates osteogenic markers at 48 h, in particular three osteogenic markers are shown in plot 508. Figure 5E illustrates chondrogenic markers at 48 h. Three chondrogenic markers are shown in plot 510. Figure 5F illustrates adipogenic markers at 48 h. Three adipogenic markers are shown in plot 512. Actb served as the housekeeping gene. n = 6 / group; **p<0.01; “o” above the bar represents an outliner (more extreme than 1.5 *interquartile range) of the dataset.
[0108] The expression of adiponectin increased in human tendinopathy samples (Figure. 1) as well as in human tendinopathy TDSCs and inflammatory mouse TDSCs (Figure 2A and Figure 2B) . Adiponectin KO induced tendinopathy-like histopathological changes (Figure 3) and tendon inflammation (Figure 4) , which might be caused by excessive inflammation, matrix degeneration, and altered fate of Adipoq- / -TDSCs (Figures 5A to 5F) . The results suggests that adiponectin might attempt to foster tendon repair and control excessive inflammation but was unable to counter the negative consequences caused by tendon injury.
[0109] EXAMPLE 6 –ADIPORON PROMOTED TDSC PROLIFERATION
[0110] TDSCs were isolated from WT mouse Achilles tendons. TDSCs were seeded in 24-well plates in plain culture medium overnight. Plain culture medium with different concentrations of AdipoRon was then added. At 0 h (baseline) and after 48 h, the Alamar blue solution (Thermo Fisher Scientific, MA, US) was added to the plate for 2 h. OD at 570 nm and 600 nm were measured. Cell viability relative to the DMSO control was calculated for each group (Figure 6A) , as shown in the plot 602. In another experiment, TDSCs were treated with plain culture medium supplemented with IL-1β (10 ng / mL) and the optimal concentration of AdipoRon. At 0 h (baseline) and after 24 h, cell viability was determined by Alamar blue assay (Figure 6B) , as shown in plot 604.
[0111] AdipoRon at all doses tested promoted the viability and hence proliferation of both healthy and inflammatory mouse TDSCs.
[0112] EXAMPLE 7 –ADIPORON ENHANCED INFLAMMATORY TDSC MIGRATION
[0113] The migration of inflammatory TDSCs after treatment with AdipoRon was assessed by wound healing assay and transwell assay. TDSCs were isolated from WT mouse Achilles tendons. For the wound healing assay, TDSCs were seeded in 6-well plates for 24 h. A wound was created in the middle of the cell layer with the tip of a P200 pipette. After washing with PBS, TDSCs were treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in complete culture medium. The gap was photographed at baseline and after 24 h. The percentage of wound area relative to the baseline was calculated (Figure 7A) , and shown in diagram 702. For the transwell assay, TDSCs were seeded in the upper chamber of a transwell plate and treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Cell culture medium supplemented with 2%fetal calf serum (FBS) was placed in the lower chamber. The cells were cultured for 18 h and the percentage of migrated cells related to the DMSO group was calculated (Figure 7B) , and shown in diagram 704.
[0114] IL-1β reduced the migration of TDSCs. The administration of AdipoRon significantly enhanced IL-1β-treated TDSC migration.
[0115] EXAMPLE 8 –ADIPORON ENHANCED CLONOGENICITY OF INFLAMMATORY TDSCS
[0116] TDSCs were isolated from mouse Achilles tendons. A total of 1000 nucleated cells were seeded in one well of a 6-well plate overnight. The cells were treated with IL-1β (10 ng / mL) and with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) in culture medium supplemented with 10%FBS for 14 days. The cell colonies were counted after 0.5%crystal violet staining. Colonies less than 2 mm in diameter and faintly stained were ignored (Figure 8) and shown in diagram 802 and in the box plot 804.
[0117] IL-1β reduced the colony number of TDSCs. The administration of AdipoRon significantly restored the colony-forming ability of IL-1β-treated TDSCs.
[0118] EXAMPLE 9 –ADIPORON INHIBITED THE EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY CYTOKINES AND MMPS IN INFLAMMATORY TDSCS
[0119] TDSCs were isolated from WT mouse Achilles tendons. The cells were seeded in 24-well plates overnight. The cells were treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 36 h, 48 h, or 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in culture medium supplemented with 2%FBS. The mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnfa, Il6, Il33, Il12a) at 36 h, anti-inflammatory cytokine (Il10) at 48 h, and matrix-remodeling enzymes (Mmp3, Timp1, and Mmp3 / Timp1) at 24 h were assessed by qRT-PCR. Actb served as the housekeeping gene (Figure 9) , as shown in the plots 902.
[0120] IL-1β increased the mRNA expressions of Tnfa, Il6, Il33, Il12a, Mmp3, Timp1 and decreased the expression of Il10 in TDSCs. The Mmp3 / Timp1 ratio in TDSCs increased after IL-1β exposure. The addition of AdipoRon reversed the effects of IL-1β and reduced the expressions of Tnfa, Il6, Il33, Il12a, Mmp3, Mmp3 / Timp1 ratio as well as increased the expression of Il10 in TDSCs.
[0121] EXAMPLE 10 –ADIPORON INHIBITED APOPTOSIS OF INFLAMMATORY TDSCS
[0122] TDSCs were isolated from WT mouse Achilles tendons. For the TUNEL assay, the cells were seeded on coated glass slides and treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in serum-free medium. After washing, the apoptotic cells were stained with the TUNEL assay kit and counter-stained with DAPI. The fluorescence signals were viewed using a fluorescent microscope. For the study of mRNA expression of apoptotic markers, mouse Achilles TDSCs were seeded on culture plates and treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 36 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in culture medium supplemented with 2%FBS, the mRNA expressions of pro-apoptotic makers (Bad, Bak1, Casp3, Casp6, p53) were assessed by qRT-PCR. Actb served as the housekeeping gene (Figure 10) .
[0123] Figure 10A, in diagram 1002, shows photomicrographs and boxplot illustrating the TUNEL-positive cells after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 24 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Scale: 500 μm; white arrow: TUNEL-positive cells; n=4 / group; *p<0.05. Figure 10B, in diagram 1004, illustrates boxplots showing mRNA expression of pro-apoptotic makers in TDSCs after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 36 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . n=4 / group; *p<0.05
[0124] IL-1β increased the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and the mRNA expressions of pro-apoptotic makers (Bad, Bak1, Casp3, Casp6, p53) in TDSCs. The supplementation of AdipoRon reversed the effects of IL-1β and reduced the percentage of TUNEL-positive cells and the mRNA expressions of apoptotic markers in inflammatory cells.
[0125] EXAMPLE 11 –ADIPORON PROMOTED TENOGENESIS OF INFLAMMATORY TDSCS
[0126] TDSCs were isolated from WT mouse Achilles tendons. The expressions of tenocyte markers (Col1a1, Col3a1, Col1a1 / Col3a1 ratio, Tnmd, Scx) and non-tenocyte markers (Runx2, Bglap, Acan, Col2a1, Sox9. Pparg, Cebpa, Fabp4) in TDSCs treated with or without AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in medium supplemented with 2%FBS were compared by qRT-PCR. Actb served as the housekeeping gene (Figure 11) .
[0127] Figure 11A illustrates tenocyte markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in diagram 1102. Figure 11B illustrates osteogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in diagram 1104. Figure 11C illustrates chondrogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) in diagram 1106. Figure 11D illustrates adipogenic markers after treatment with AdipoRon (2.5 μM) for 48 h in the presence of IL-1β (10 ng / mL) . Actb served as the housekeeping gene. n=6 / group; *p<0.05; **p<0.01, as shown in diagram 1108.
[0128] As shown in Figures 11A-11D, AdipoRon increased the expressions of tenocyte markers and reduced the expressions of non-tenocyte markers, supporting its roles in directing tenogenic differentiation of TDSCs under an inflammatory condition.
[0129] EXAMPLE 12 -GELMA LOADED WITH ADIPORON PROMOTED TENDON HEALING AND REDUCED EXPRESSION OF INFLAMMATION CYTOKINES AND TENDON PAIN IN THE WT MOUSE CI MODEL
[0130] AdipoRon was dissolved in DMSO to make a 10x stock solution (300 mg / mL) . Photoinitiator lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) (0.25%w / v in PBS) at 200 μL was mixed with 2 mg of F127 thermosensitive poloxamer (final 1%w / v of LAP) and 10 mg GelMA pre-polymers (final 5%w / v) . The mixture was dissolved at 60℃ for 15 min. Afterwards, it was filtered and 22.5 μL of the mixture was then mixed without or with 2.5 μL of 10x AdipoRon stock solution. Twenty microliters of the mixture were drawn into a syringe, irradiated with blue light at 405 nm for 10 s. The incorporation of AdipoRon into GelMA hydrogel was examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (Figure 12A) as shown in diagram 1202. Twenty microliters of the optimized preparation containing 30 mg / mL AdipoRon were injected into the Achilles tendon of each mouse before polymerization (i.e., 0.6 mg of AdipoRon / mouse) .
[0131] CI tendon injury was induced by injecting 20 μL of 1%bacterial collagenase I (0.1 mg) into the mid-substance of Achilles tendon of WT mice. The same volume of saline was injected in the control group. At week 1 after CI tendon injury, the injured tendons of WT mice were injected either with GelMA, or AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel once. At week 2 and week 4 after treatment, the Achilles tendons were harvested for histology (Figure 12B) as per diagram 1204 and IHC staining (Figure 12C) as per diagram 1206. The gait pattern of the animals were assessed at week 2 after intervention and normalized with the results in the contralateral limb (Figure 12D) as shown in plots 1208. The IHC staining protocol was described in Example 1. Primary antibodies against TNF-α (1: 200) , IL-6 (1: 100) , TIMP-1 (1: 200) , and HRP-conjugated secondary antibody (1: 100) were used. For the assessment of gait pattern, the mouse ran along a 1.5-m transparent track while its movement was recorded by a high-speed CCD camera positioned at 40 cm vertically below the transparent track, with detection set at 20.00 dB gain and 0.04 intensity threshold. The region of interest for imaging was set at 20 x 5 cm. A successful trial consisted of 3 consecutive strides with less than 30%speed variation.
[0132] GelMA hydrogel loaded with AdipoRon was milky white. The GelMA hydrogel surface was smooth under SEM. The successful loading of AdipoRon into GelMA hydrogel was confirmed by the deposition of small sheet-like substances on the surface of the GelMA hydrogel.
[0133] CI induced histopathological changes in tendon including hypercellularity, hypervascularity, cell rounding, infiltration of inflammatory cells, and loss of collagen birefringence. The gait pattern was also altered after CI, with pain-associated reduction of stand time, swing speed, mean footprint intensity, footprint area, and stride length, as well as an increase in swing time. Local injection of AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel promoted tendon healing in WT mice as shown by reduced cellularity, vascularity, and cell rounding as well as improvement of collagen fiber alignment at week 2 and week 4. The expressions of TNF-α and IL-6 were reduced while the expressions of TIMP-1 was slightly increased in the WT Achilles tendons of the CI model at week 2 and week 4 after treatment with AdipoRon-loaded GelMA hydrogel. AdipoRon reversed pain-associated changes of gait pattern of the animals induced by CI injury.
[0134] Single injection of GelMA loaded with AdipoRon therefore promoted tendon healing and reduced walking pain in the CI tendon injury model with improvement in tendon histology, reduced the expressions of inflammatory cytokines, increased the expression of an inhibitor of matrix-degradation enzyme, and reversed collagenase-induced changes of gait pattern. GelMA loaded with AdipoRon therefore can be used as a novel therapeutic for treating inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injuries as well as tendinopathy.
[0135] It should be understood that the examples and embodiments described herein are for illustrative purposes only and that various modifications or changes in light thereof will be suggested to persons skilled in the art and are to be included within the spirit and purview of this application and the scope of the appended claims. In addition, any elements or limitations of any invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein can be combined with any and / or all other elements or limitations (individually or in any combination) or any other invention or embodiment thereof disclosed herein, and all such combinations are contemplated with the scope of the invention without limitation thereto.
[0136] EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS
[0137] Embodiment 1. A pharmaceutical composition for treating tendon and ligament injuries, the composition comprising: adiponectin or an adiponectin mimic or an adiponectin receptor agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.
[0138] Embodiment 2. The composition of embodiment 1, wherein the adiponectin mimic comprises ADP355 or AdipoRon.
[0139] Embodiment 3. The composition of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition is loaded into a biomaterial, wherein the biomaterial comprises hydrogel.
[0140] Embodiment 4. The composition of any preceding embodiment, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is incorporated into a composite scaffold comprising a synthetic or natural polymer, wherein the synthetic or natural polymer comprises poly-ε-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, type I collagen, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, decellularized tendon matrix, or GelMA.
[0141] Embodiment 5. A method for treating tendon and ligament injuries, the method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of any preceding embodiment.
[0142] Embodiment 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the subject has tendon or ligament injury, chronic tendinopathy, or inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injury.
[0143] Embodiment 7. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the subject is a mammal.
[0144] Embodiment 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mammal is a human.
[0145] Embodiment 9. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the adiponectin mimic comprises ADP355 or AdipoRon.
[0146] Embodiment 10. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition is delivered by utilizing a biomaterial.
[0147] Embodiment 11. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the biomaterial comprises hydrogel.
[0148] Embodiment 12. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the biomaterial is used for minimal invasive delivery and sustained release of adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist in tendons or ligaments.
[0149] Embodiment 13. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is encapsulated in the biomaterial at a concentration ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL.
[0150] Embodiment 14. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is administered to the subject with repeated doses ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL per dose and without the use of a biomaterial.
[0151] Embodiment 15. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is incorporated into a composite scaffold comprising a synthetic or natural polymer.
[0152] Embodiment 16. The method of embodiment 15, wherein the synthetic or natural polymer comprises poly-ε-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, type I collagen, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, decellularized tendon matrix, or GelMA.
[0153] Embodiment 17. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition is administered to the subject via injection, wherein the injection comprises intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intra-tendinous, peri-tendinous, or subcutaneous.
[0154] Embodiment 18. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the composition or a biomaterial loaded with the composition is administered to a surgically repaired tendon or ligament.
[0155] Embodiment 19. The method of any preceding embodiment, wherein the biomaterial comprises a mixture comprising GelMA pre-polymer, a photoinitiator, a thermosensitive poloxamer, and adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist, wherein the GelMA pre-polymer, the photoinitiator, the thermosensitive poloxamer, and adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist are crosslinked under UV and / or blue light.
[0156] Embodiment 20. The method of embodiment 19, wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) or 2-hydroxy-1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2-methyl-1-propanone, wherein the thermosensitive poloxamer comprises poloxamer 407, wherein the photoinitiator LAP is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v, wherein the thermosensitive poloxamer 407 is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v of LAP in the composition, wherein the GelMA pre-polymer is at a concentration of about 0.01%w / v to about 50%w / v, wherein the mixture is cross-linked by UV or blue light before application of the composition to the subject, wherein the UV light is at a wavelength of about 320 nm to about 390 nm, and wherein the blue light is at a wavelength of about 405 nm.
Claims
1.A pharmaceutical composition for treating tendon and ligament injuries, the composition comprising: adiponectin or an adiponectin mimic or an adiponectin receptor agonist, and a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient or carrier.2.The composition of claim 1, wherein the adiponectin mimic comprises ADP355 or AdipoRon.3.The composition of claim 1, wherein the composition is loaded into a biomaterial, wherein the biomaterial comprises hydrogel.4.The composition of claim 1, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is incorporated into a composite scaffold comprising a synthetic or natural polymer, wherein the synthetic or natural polymer comprises poly-ε-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, type I collagen, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, decellularized tendon matrix, or GelMA.5.A method for treating tendon and ligament injuries, the method comprising administering to a subject an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition of claim 1.6.The method of claim 5, wherein the subject has tendon or ligament injury, chronic tendinopathy, or inflammatory degenerative tendon and ligament injury.7.The method of claim 5, wherein the subject is a mammal.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the mammal is a human.9.The method of claim 5, wherein the adiponectin mimic comprises ADP355 or AdipoRon.10.The method of claim 5, wherein the composition is delivered by utilizing a biomaterial.11.The method of claim 10, wherein the biomaterial comprises hydrogel.12.The method of claim 10, wherein the biomaterial is used for minimal invasive delivery and sustained release of adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist in tendons or ligaments.13.The method of claim 10, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is encapsulated in the biomaterial at a concentration ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL.14.The method of claim 5, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is administered to the subject with repeated doses ranging from about 5 to about 100 mg / mL per dose and without the use of a biomaterial.15.The method of claim 5, wherein the adiponectin or the adiponectin mimic or receptor agonist is incorporated into a composite scaffold comprising a synthetic or natural polymer.16.The method of claim 15, wherein the synthetic or natural polymer comprises poly-ε-caprolactone, poly-L-lactide, type I collagen, alginate, chitosan, gelatin, decellularized tendon matrix, or GelMA.17.The method of claim 5, wherein the composition is administered to the subject via injection, wherein the injection comprises intravenous, intraperitoneal, intramuscular, intra-tendinous, peri-tendinous, or subcutaneous.18.The method of claim 5, wherein the composition or a biomaterial loaded with the composition is administered to a surgically repaired tendon or ligament.19.The method of claim 10, wherein the biomaterial comprises a mixture comprising GelMA pre-polymer, a photoinitiator, a thermosensitive poloxamer, and adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist, wherein the GelMA pre-polymer, the photoinitiator, the thermosensitive poloxamer, and adiponectin or its mimic or receptor agonist are crosslinked under UV and / or blue light.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the photoinitiator comprises at least one of lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) or 2-hydroxy-1- [4- (2-hydroxyethoxy) phenyl] -2-methyl-1-propanone, wherein the thermosensitive poloxamer comprises poloxamer 407, wherein the photoinitiator LAP is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v, wherein the thermosensitive poloxamer 407 is at a concentration of about 0.001%w / v to about 10%w / v of LAP in the composition, wherein the GelMA pre-polymer is at a concentration of about 0.01%w / v to about 50%w / v, wherein the mixture is cross-linked by UV or blue light before application of the composition to the subject, wherein the UV light is at a wavelength of about 320 nm to about 390 nm, and wherein the blue light is at a wavelength of about 405 nm.21.A pharmaceutical composition for use in treating a tendon injury or a ligament injury in a subject, the composition comprising:an adiponectin receptor agonist,a biocompatible hydrogel,wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is encapsulated within the biocompatible hydrogel for providing sustained local release of the adiponectin receptor agonist at a site of the tendon or ligament injury,wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is a small molecule mimic of adiponectin, and;wherein the biocompatible hydrogel is an injectable hydrogel and the hydrogel is formed from a photo-crosslinkable pre-polymer.22.The composition of claim 21, wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is AdipoRon or ADP355.23.The composition of claim 21, wherein the hydrogel comprises gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) .24.The composition of claim 21, further comprising a photoinitiator mixed with the pre-polymer and; wherein the photoinitiator is lithium phenyl-2, 4, 6-trimethylbenzoylphosphinate (LAP) .25.The composition of claim 24, wherein the sustained local release is for suppressing inflammation at the site of injury and / or for inhibiting apoptosis of cells at the site of injury.26.The composition of claim 21 wherein the tendon or ligament injury is chronic tendinopathy.27.A method for treating a tendon or ligament injury in a subject, the method comprising:administering to a site of the injury a pharmaceutical composition comprising an adiponectin receptor agonist encapsulated within a biocompatible hydrogel, thereby providing sustained local release of the agonist to treat the injury,wherein the composition is administered by injecting the composition into the site of the injury and;wherein the composition is in a liquid state when injected into the site of the injury.28.The method of claim 27, further comprising a step of cross-linking the composition in situ after injection to form a solid hydrogel scaffold,wherein the composition further comprises a photoinitiator,wherein the cross-linking is performed by applying light to the composition prior to injecting the composition, and;wherein the light is blue light having a wavelength of about 405 nm.29.The method of claim 27, wherein the adiponectin receptor agonist is AdipoRon.30.The method of claim 27, wherein the biocompatible hydrogel comprises gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) .31.The method of claim 27 wherein the treatment is for reducing pain associated with the tendon or ligament injury and / or wherein the treatment is for improving the healing of a surgically repaired tendon or ligament, or an injured tendon or ligament, or a degenerated tendon or ligament.
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