Positioning for a-IOT device
By detecting and analyzing carrier wave transmission paths and considering device-specific delays, the method enhances the positioning accuracy and efficiency of A-IoT devices in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/088507
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-04-11
- Publication Date
- 2026-02-19
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems face challenges in efficiently positioning Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices due to their lower complexity and power consumption, necessitating enhancements in positioning methodologies for A-IoT devices across various topologies.
The method involves detecting a carrier wave transmission path from a source and a backscattered path from an A-IoT device to determine a relative time of arrival (RTOA) for accurate positioning, which can be enhanced by considering delay times in the A-IoT device's reception and backscattering capabilities.
This approach enables efficient and accurate positioning of A-IoT devices by determining their location based on RTOA, accounting for device-specific delays, thereby improving the precision and efficiency of A-IoT device positioning.
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Figure CN2025088507_19022026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
POSITIONING FOR A-IOT DEVICETECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to wireless communications, and more specifically to positioning for an ambient Internet of things (A-IoT) device.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communications system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may be otherwise known as an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. Each network communication device, such as a base station may support wireless communications for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as user equipment (UE) , or other suitable terminology. The wireless communications system may support wireless communications with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) . Additionally, the wireless communications system may support wireless communications across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .
[0003] A wireless communication system may include an A-IoT device, which has a lower capability in terms of complexity and power consumption. In this case, the wireless communication system may also be referred to as an A-IoT system. Multiple topologies, for example, Topologies 1 to 4, are supported for the A-IoT device. In Topology 1, the A-IoT device directly and bidirectionally communicates with a BS. In Topology 2, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node between the A-IoT device and a BS. In Topology 3, the A-IoT device communicates uidirectionally with a BS and communicates uidirectionally with an assisting node. In Topology 4, the A-IoT device communicates bidirectionally with a UE. However, some enhancements in the A-IoT system, especially, enhancements on positioning for an A-IoT device considering one or more of the above topologies, are still needed.SUMMARY
[0004] The present disclosure relates to methods, apparatuses, and systems that support positioning for an A-IoT device. With the apparatuses and methods, it is possible to support efficient positioning for the A-IoT device.
[0005] In some implementations, there is provided a reader node. The reader node comprises a processor; and a transceiver coupled to the processor, wherein the processor is configured to: detect a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission; detect a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; and determine a relative time of arrival (RTOA) of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0006] In some implementations, there is provided a method performed by the reader node. The method comprises: detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission; detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; and determining a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0007] In some implementations, there is provided a processor for wireless communication. The processor comprises at least one memory; and a controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to: detect a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission; detect a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; and determine a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0008] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the relative time of arrival may be further based on at least one of the following: a first delay time required for the A-IoT device to begin receiving carrier wave transmission after the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device; or a second delay time required for the A-IoT device to backscatter the carrier wave transmission after receiving carrier wave transmission.
[0009] In a case where the location of the A-IoT device is determined at a first device that is remote to the reader node, some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include transmitting, to the first device, the relative time of arrival. Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include transmitting, to the first device, an indication of at least one of the following: a first delay time required for the A-IoT device to begin receiving carrier wave transmission after the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device; or a second delay time required for the A-IoT device to backscatter the carrier wave transmission after receiving carrier wave transmission.
[0010] Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include determining at least one of the first delay time or the second delay time based on a capability of the A-IoT device. Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include receiving, from the A-IoT device, an indication of the capability of the A-IoT device.
[0011] Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include receiving, from the A-IoT device, an indication of at least one of the first delay time or the second delay time.
[0012] Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include transmitting, to the first device, a location of the reader node. In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the location of the A-IoT device may be determined based on the relative time of arrival, the location of the reader node, and a location of the carrier wave source.
[0013] In a case where the relative time of arrival is a first relative time of arrival, some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include receiving, from a second device, a second relative time of arrival associated with the A-IoT device, wherein the second relative time of arrival is determined by the second device based on a time of detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source and a time of detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from the A-IoT device. Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include determining the location of the A-IoT device based on the first relative time of arrival and the second relative time of arrival. In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, to determine the location of the A-IoT device, the reader node may determine the location of the A-IoT device based on the first relative time of arrival, the second relative time of arrival, a location of the carrier wave source, a location of the reader node, and a location of the second device.
[0014] Some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein may further include transmitting, to the carrier wave source, an indication to start the carrier wave transmission.
[0015] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the reader node may comprise one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .
[0016] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the first path of the carrier wave transmission may be defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the carrier wave source to the reader node in time.
[0017] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the second path of the carrier wave transmission may be defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the A-IoT device to the reader node in time.
[0018] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the first device may comprise one of a location management function (LMF) , a BS, a relay, an IAB node, a UE, or a repeater.
[0019] In some implementations of the method and the reader node described herein, the second device may comprise one of a relay, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, or a BS.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0020] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0021] FIG. 1B illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0022] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0023] FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0024] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0025] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0026] FIG. 2 illustrates an example process flow in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0027] FIGS. 3A and 3B illustrate example communication scenarios associated with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0028] FIG. 3C illustrates example RTOA measurements in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0029] FIG. 3D illustrates an example mathematical model in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0030] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure;
[0031] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure; and
[0032] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar elements.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0034] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0035] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.
[0036] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “some embodiments, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment (s) described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases do not necessarily refer to the same embodiment (s) . Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0037] It shall be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” or the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another element. For example, a first element could also be termed as a second element, and similarly, a second element could also be termed as a first element, without departing from the scope of embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0038] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components, etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0039] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as 5G new radio (NR) , long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) , and so on. Further, the communications between a UE and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the 4G, 4.5G, the 5G communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will also be future type communication technologies and systems in which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned systems.
[0040] As used herein, the term “network device” generally refers to a node in a communication network via which a UE can access the communication network and receive services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , a radio access network (RAN) node, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , an infrastructure device for a vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication, a transmission and reception point (TRP) , a reception point (RP) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto a base station (BS) , a pico BS, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. The network device may further refer to a network function (NF) in the core network, for example, a service management function (SMF) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) , a policy control function (PCF) , a user plane function (UPF) or devices with the same function in future network architectures, and so forth.
[0041] As used herein, the term “user equipment (UE) ” generally refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communications. By way of example rather than a limitation, a UE may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, an end user device, a subscriber station (SS) , an unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The UE may include, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, a voice over IP (VoIP) phone, a wireless local loop phone, a tablet, a wearable UE, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture UE such as a digital camera, a gaming UE, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless UE, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device (for example, a remote surgery device) , an industrial device (for example, a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms: “UE, ” “communication device, ” “terminal, ” and “UE, ” may be used interchangeably.
[0042] As used herein, the term “A-IoT device” refers to a device without batteries or with limited energy storage capabilities. For the A-IoT device, energy is provided by harvesting radio waves, light, motion, heat, or any other suitable source. The A-IoT device can also be called a zero-power terminal, a near-zero power terminal, a passive IoT device, an ambient backscatter communication (AmBC) device, a tag, etc. Compared with low-power and wide-coverage services, such as narrow band (NB) IoT, and enhanced machine type communication (eMTC) , A-IoT has lower complexity and lower power consumption, and is suitable for more application scenarios. For example, the A-IoT device may comprise a UE.
[0043] As used herein, the term “device-to-reader (D2R) transmission” refers to a transmission initiated by an A-IoT device and transmitted to a reader (such as a BS, an intermediate node, an assisting node, or a UE) . As used herein, the term “reader-to-device (R2D) transmission” refers to a transmission initiated by a reader and transmitted to an A-IoT device.
[0044] As used herein, the term “carrier wave (CW) node” refers to a device or system that generates and transmits a carrier wave, which serves as the carrier for modulating and transmitting information. This carrier wave is typically a continuous electromagnetic wave with a constant frequency and amplitude, such as sine waves or square waves, which can be modulated in various ways (such as amplitude modulation, frequency modulation, or phase modulation) to encode and transmit data.
[0045] Principles and implementations of embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the figures.
[0046] FIG. 1A illustrates an example of a wireless communications system (or referred to as a communication network) 100 that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more network entities 102 (also referred to as network equipment) , one or more UEs 104, a core network 106, and a packet data network 108. The wireless communications system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a 5G network, such as an NR network. In other implementations, the wireless communications system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , IEEE 802.20. The wireless communications system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G. Additionally, the wireless communications system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0047] The one or more network entities 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communications system 100. One or more of the network entities 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a radio access network (RAN) , a base transceiver station, an access point, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. A network entity 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link 110, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0048] A network entity 102 may provide a geographic coverage area 112 for which the network entity 102 may support services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area 112. For example, a network entity 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network. In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas 112 may be associated with different network entities 102. Information and signals described herein may be represented using any of a variety of different technologies and techniques. For example, data, instructions, commands, information, signals, bits, symbols, and chips that may be referenced throughout the description may be represented by voltages, currents, electromagnetic waves, magnetic fields or particles, optical fields or particles, or any combination thereof.
[0049] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communications system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a remote unit, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples. In some implementations, a UE 104 may be stationary in the wireless communications system 100. In some other implementations, a UE 104 may be mobile in the wireless communications system 100.
[0050] The one or more UEs 104 may be devices in different forms or having different capabilities. Some examples of UEs 104 are illustrated in FIG. 1A. A UE 104 may be capable of communicating with various types of devices, such as the network entities 102, other UEs 104, or network equipment (e.g., the core network 106, the packet data network 108, a relay device, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, or another network equipment) , as shown in FIG. 1A. Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 104 may support communication with other network entities 102 or UEs 104, which may act as relays in the wireless communications system 100.
[0051] A UE 104 may also be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link 114. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0052] A network entity 102 may support communications with the core network 106, or with another network entity 102, or both. For example, a network entity 102 may interface with the core network 106 through one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The network entities 102 may communicate with each other over the backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an X2, Xn, or another network interface) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other directly (e.g., between the network entities 102) . In some other implementations, the network entities 102 may communicate with each other or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 106) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0053] In some implementations, a network entity 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more network entities 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, a network entity 102 may include one or more of a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a radio unit (RU) , a RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof.
[0054] An RU may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , or a transmission reception point (TRP) . One or more components of the network entities 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network entities 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more network entities 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) , a virtual DU (VDU) , a virtual RU (VRU) ) .
[0055] Split of functionality between a CU, a DU, and an RU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU, a DU, or an RU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host upper protocol layer (e.g., a layer 3 (L3) , a layer 2 (L2) ) functionality and signaling (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) , service data adaption protocol (SDAP) , Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP) ) . The CU may be connected to one or more DUs or RUs, and the one or more DUs or RUs may host lower protocol layers, such as a layer 1 (L1) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or an L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, MAC layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU.
[0056] Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU and an RU such that the DU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or more RUs) . In some implementations, a functional split between a CU and a DU, or between a DU and an RU may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU, a DU, or an RU, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU, the DU, or the RU) .
[0057] A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU may be connected to one or more DUs via a midhaul communication link (e.g., F1, F1-c, F1-u) , and a DU may be connected to one or more RUs via a fronthaul communication link (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface) . In some implementations, a midhaul communication link or a fronthaul communication link may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities 102 that are in communication via such communication links.
[0058] The core network 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management functions (AMF) ) and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more network entities 102 associated with the core network 106.
[0059] The core network 106 may communicate with the packet data network 108 over one or more backhaul links 116 (e.g., via an S1, N2, N2, or another network interface) . The packet data network 108 may include an application server 118. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server 118. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the core network 106 via a network entity 102. The core network 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server 118 using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the core network 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the core network 106) .
[0060] In the wireless communications system 100, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communications) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0061] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communications system 100, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ=1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix.
[0062] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0063] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., OFDM symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0064] In the wireless communications system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communications system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the network entities 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communications over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communications traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the network entities 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0065] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ=1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least 2 numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0066] Reference is made to FIGS. 1B to 1E to give example illustrations of the above Topologies 1 to 4. Reference is first made to FIG. 1B, which illustrates an example of Topology 1 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1B, in Topology 1, an A-IoT device 121 communicates with a BS 122 directly and bi-directionally. The communication between the BS 122 and the A-IoT device 121 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling. This topology includes a possibility of a transmission from the BS 122 to the A-IoT device 121 and a different possibility of a transmission from the A-IoT device 121 to the BS 122.
[0067] FIG. 1C illustrates an example of Topology 2 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1C, in Topology 2, an A-IoT device 131 communicates bidirectionally with an intermediate node 132 between the A-IoT device 131 and base station 133. In this topology, the intermediate node 132 may be a relay node, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, etc., which is capable of A-IoT. The intermediate node 132 transfers A-IoT data and / or signalling between the BS 133 and the A-IoT device 131.
[0068] Topology 3 may comprise two topology types, i.e., Topology 3A and Topology 3B. FIG. 1D illustrates an example of Topology 3 with a topology type of 3B associated with aspects of the present disclosure. In Topology 3B, an A-IoT device 141 receives data / signalling from a BS 142 and transmits data / signalling to an assisting node 143. In this topology, the assisting node 143 may be a relay, IAB, UE, repeater, etc. which is capable of A-IoT. For Topology 3A, the example illustration of FIG. 1D also applies, only with the difference that it has the opposite direction of the A-IoT data / signaling. In Topology 3A, an A-IoT device 141 transmits data / signalling to a BS 142, and receives data / signalling from an assisting node 143.
[0069] FIG. 1E illustrates an example of Topology 4 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1E, in Topology 4, an A-IoT device 151 communicates bidirectionally with a UE 152. The communication between the UE 152 and the A-IoT device 151 includes A-IoT data and / or signalling.
[0070] The above communicate devices involved in Topologies 1 to 4 with reference to FIG. 1B to FIG. 1E may be implemented by devices involved in the wireless communications system 100 as described herein with reference to FIG. 1A. For example, the BS 122, the BS 133, or the BS 142 may be implemented by the base station 102 in FIG. 1A. For example, the BS intermediate node 132 (when implemented by a UE) , the assisting node 143 (when implemented by a UE) , or the UE 152 may be implemented by the UE 104 in FIG. 1A.
[0071] FIG. 1F illustrates another example of a wireless communications system 160 associated with aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1F, the wireless communications system 160 may comprise a reader node 161 and an A-IoT device 162. To transmit data and / or control information, the reader node 161 and the A-IoT device 162 may perform communications.
[0072] In some embodiments for Topoloty 1 with reference to FIG. 1B, a reader (for example, the reader node 161) may comprise the BS 122, and the A-IoT device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 121. In some embodiments for Topoloty 2 with reference to FIG. 1C, a reader (for example, the reader node 161) may comprise the intermediate node 132, and the A-IoT device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 131. In some embodiments for Topoloty 3A and Topoloty 3B with reference to FIG. 1D, a reader (for example, the reader node 161) may comprise the BS 142 or the assisting node 143, and the A-IoT device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 141. In some embodiments for Topoloty 4 with reference to FIG. 1E, a reader (for example, the reader node 161) may comprise the UE 152, and the A-IoT device 162 may comprise the A-IoT device 151.
[0073] In some embodiments, the D2R transmission from the A-IoT device 162 to the reader node 161 may be burst-based and rely on carrier wave backscattering. In this case, the wireless communications system 160 may further comprise a carrier wave source 163. The carrier wave source 163 may comprise a BS, a relay node, a dedicated transmitter, or any other separate device that can provide carrier wave transmission. The carrier wave source 163 may perform a carrier wave transmission, on which the D2R transmission from the A-IoT device 162 to the reader node 161 may be backscattered. The reader node 161 may also receive the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163. One or more of the reader node 161, the A-IoT device 162, and the carrier wave source 163 may communicate with one or more further devices not shown in FIG. 1F.
[0074] It is to be understood that the particular number of various communication devices and the particular number of various communication links as shown in FIG. 1F is for illustration purposes only without suggesting any limitations. The communications system 160 may include any suitable number of communication devices and any suitable number of communication links for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. In addition, it should be appreciated that there may be various wireless as well as wireline communications (if needed) among all of the communication devices. Further, the communications in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable communication protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future.
[0075] In the third generation partnership project (3GPP) , positioning measurements in 3GPP including: - Reference signal (RS) based Rx-Tx measurement; - RS based reference signal time difference (RSTD) and RTOA measurement; - RS based Azimuth of arrival (AoA) and SL zenith of arrival (ZoA) measurement; and - RS based RSRP measurement and RSRPP measurement.
[0076] Further, positioning is considered for the A-IoT system. The RSTD is a downlink (DL) signal-based positioning method. Considering the power consumption of detection / measurement / reporting of the A-IoT device for the RSTD, uplink RTOA (UL-RTOA) may be suitable to be used for positioning in the A-IoT system. For UL-RTOA, the A-IoT device transmits a signal, and the detection / measurement behavior is performed at the reader side, thus reporting from the A-IoT device is not needed. Therefore, the UL-RTOA measurement-based positioning method may be considered to be used for the A-IoT system.
[0077] The positioning calculation steps of the legacy UL-RTOA may comprise the following: - Determining the RTOA reference time. The RTOA reference time is calculated based on the system frame number (SFN) initialization time plus the offset corresponding to the subframe number. This reference time is known and used as a basis for comparison with the measured SRS arrival time; - Measuring the sounding RS (SRS) Arrival Time: At the receiving point (RP) , the arrival time of the SRS transmitted by the UE is measured. This time is measured relative to the local clock of the RP; - Calculating the RTOA: the measured SRS arrival time is compared with the RTOA reference time to calculate the RTOA. This is the UL-RTOA measurement value as mentioned above; and - Reporting the Measurement Value: The calculated UL-RTOA measurement value is then reported to the network side for further processing in UE positioning. For example, the location management function (LMF) sends a measurement request to the serving gNB, specifying the parameters to be measured. The gNB measures the UL-RTOA of the SRS transmitted by the UE based on the request from the LMF and reports the measurement results to the LMF. The LMF then calculates the UE’s position by combining these measurement values with other information, such as the location of the base station.
[0078] However, if the above positioning calculation steps of the legacy UL-RTOA are reused for the A-IoT systems, some potential issues should be considered. First, the A-IoT system does not have a concept of frames or subframes. Therefore, there is no RTOA reference time (i.e., a common SFN) available for calculating the RTOA at the reader side based on D2R transmission, and thus, it is necessary to study how to define the reference time. Further, there is also a need to explore a signal to measure its arrival time. Additionally, the RTOA positioning method should ensure synchronization of different carrier wave sources among multiple reception (or reader) nodes. However, the reception of transmissions from an A-IoT device is handled by multiple readers, and it is hard to guarantee that all the multiple readers have the capabilities to maintain synchronization. In view of the above, how to support the RTOA measurement based positioning in the A-IoT system is still an open issue to be solved.
[0079] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide a solution to resolve the above issue that occurred in the A-IoT communication system or any other applicable issue that the solution can solve. In one aspect of the solution of the present disclosure, a reader node detects a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source. A time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission. Further, the reader node detects a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device. A time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave transmission. Moreover, the reader node determines a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device. The relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0080] By determining the RTOA based on the reference time associated with the carrier wave transmission and the arrival time of the D2R transmission and determining the location of the A-IoT device based on the RTOA, this solution can implement efficient positioning in the A-IoT system. In this way, it is possible to improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0081] In the present disclosure, the terms “location” and “position” may be used interchangeably in some cases.
[0082] Reference is first made to FIG. 2, which illustrates an example process flow 200 in accordance with some example embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the processes 200 will be described with reference to FIG. 1F. It is to be understood that the steps and the order of the steps in FIG. 2 are merely for illustration, and not for limitation. It is to be understood that the process 200 may further include additional blocks not shown and / or omit some shown blocks, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0083] As shown in FIG. 2, the carrier wave source 163 performs (205) perform a carrier wave transmission. For example, the reader node 161 may transmit, to the carrier wave source 163, an indication to start the carrier wave transmission, and on this basis, the carrier wave source 163 may start the carrier wave transmission. Alternatively or additionally, the carrier wave source 163 may start the carrier wave transmission based on indication from a further device (for example, an LMF or an anchor reader for the positioning of the carrier wave source 163) or voluntarily.
[0084] As shown in FIG. 2, the reader node 161 detects (210) a first path of the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163. The first path of the carrier wave transmission may be defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the carrier wave source 163 to the reader node 161 in time. A time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission may be determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission. In other words, the reference time may be determined as the time when the first path of the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163 is detected. The reference time may also referred to as the carrier wave arrival time. In this case, the reader node 161 may measure the carrier wave arrival time, i.e., the time when the first path of the carrier wave transmission is detected, which serves as the reference time for an RTOA measurement in the A-IoT system. In other words, the reference time (for example, denoted as Tref) for the A-IoT system may be defined as the reader (for example, the reader node 161) ’s received time of carrier wave transmission of the direct path, defined by the first detected path of carrier wave transmission in time. In this case, considering that carrier wave transmission of the direct path may arrive at the reader node 161 earlier than a transmission (also referred to as a D2R transmission) related to A-IoT communication from the A-IoT device 162 to the reader node 161, where the D2R transmission is backscattered on the same carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163, the time related to the carrier wave transmission of the direct path may thus be used as the reference time for the RTOA measurement.
[0085] As shown in FIG. 2, the A-IoT device 162 backscatters (215) the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163. In other words, A-IoT device 162 may perform the D2R transmission that is backscattered on the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163. On the receiving side, the reader node 161 detects (220) a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from the A-IoT device 162. The second path of the carrier wave transmission may be defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the A-IoT device 162 to the reader node 161 in time. A time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission may be determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave transmission. In this case, the reader node 161 may measure the backscattering arrival time from the A-IoT device 162. The time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission may be the arrival time of the D2R transmission from the A-IoT device 162. Then, the reader node 161 determines (225) an RTOA of the carrier wave transmission. As an example, the relative time of arrival may be based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission. For example, the reader node 161 may calculate the RTOA based on determining the difference between the carrier wave arrival time and the backscattering arrival time. The RTOA may then be used to determine a location of the A-IoT device 162. For example, the location of the A-IoT device 162 may be determined by the reader node 161. In this case, the reader node 161 may be considered as an anchor reader. As another device, the location of the A-IoT device 162 may be determined by another device (also referred to as a first device) . For example, the first device may be remote to the reader node 161. In this case, the reader node 161 may transmit the RTOA to the first device. For example, the first device may comprise an LMF, a BS, or another reader different from the reader node 161.
[0086] In some embodiments, the A-IoT device 162 may be assumed to immediately backscatter the carrier wave without any delay. In some other embodiments, one or more delay times at the A-IoT device 162 may be considered for the positioning of the A-IoT device 162. Some example implementations regarding the one or more delay times are discussed as follows.
[0087] In some implementations, a first delay time required for the A-IoT device 162 to begin receiving carrier wave transmission after the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device 162 may be considered. The first delay time may be referred to as the response delay time. In this case, although the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device 162, the A-IoT device 162 may not immediately begin backscattering. For example, the A-IoT device 162 may require a wake-up or energy detection time before it can start working. As an embodiment, the A-IoT device 162 may transmit an indication of a capability of the A-IoT device 162 to the reader node 161, and the reader node 161 may determine the first delay time based on the capability of the A-IoT device 162. As another example, the A-IoT device 162 may transmit an indication of the first delay time to the reader node 161. As an example implementation, the reader node 161 may determine the RTOA further based on the first delay time. In this case, the reader node 161 may adjust the RTOA by excluding / reducing the first delay time of the A-IoT device 162. As another example implementation, if the location of the A-IoT device 162 is determined by the first device, the reader node 161 may transmit an indication of the first delay time to the first device.
[0088] In some implementations, a second delay time required for the A-IoT device 162 to backscatter the carrier wave transmission after receiving carrier wave transmission may be considered. The second delay time may be referred to as the backscattering delay time. The second delay time may be a processing delay at the A-IoT device 162. As an embodiment, the reader node 161 may obtain the capability of the A-IoT device 162 from the A-IoT device 162, and determine the second delay time based on the capability of the A-IoT device 162. As another example, the A-IoT device 162 may transmit an indication of the second delay time to the reader node 161. As an example implementation, the reader node 161 may determine the RTOA further based on the second delay time. In this case, the reader node 161 may adjust the RTOA by excluding / reducing the second delay time of the A-IoT device 162. As another example implementation, if the location of the A-IoT device 162 is determined by the first device, the reader node 161 may transmit an indication of the second delay time to the first device.
[0089] In the example embodiments where the location of the A-IoT device 162 is determined by the reader node 161, the reader node 161 may receive, from a further device (also referred to as a second device, for example, another reader different from the reader node 161) , an RTOA associated with the A-IoT device 162. The received RTOA may be determined by the second device based on a time of detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source and a time of detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from the A-IoT device. In other words, the received RTOA may be determined by the second device based on a time when a first path of a carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163 is detected at the second device and an arrival time of a transmission from the A-IoT device 162 to the second device backscattered on the carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source 163. The RTOA may be determined by the second device in a similar way as the way used by the reader node 161 to determine the RTOA as described above. The carrier wave arrival times may vary among different readers. The reader node 161 may determine the location of the A-IoT device 162 based on the RTOA (also referred to as the first RTOA) determined by the reader node 161 and the RTOA (also referred to as the second RTOA) determined by the second device. For example, the reader node 161 may determine the location of the A-IoT device 162 at least based on the first RTOA, the second RTOA, the location of the carrier wave source 163, the location of the reader node 161, and a location of the second device. One or more of the location of the carrier wave source 163 and the location of the second device may be obtained or known by the reader node 161. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the location of the carrier wave source 163 and the location of the second device may be reported from the corresponding node to the reader node 161.
[0090] In the example embodiments where the location of the A-IoT device 162 is determined by the first device, the reader node 161 may also transmit, to the first device, a location of the reader node 161. The location of the A-IoT device 162 may then be determined at least based on the RTOA (i.e., the first RTOA) determined by the reader node 161, the location of the reader node 161, and a location of the carrier wave source 163. For example, the first device may obtain, from the second device, the second RTOA determined by the second device similarly as described above. Then, the first device may determine the location of the A-IoT device 162 at least based on the first RTOA, the second RTOA, the location of the carrier wave source 163, the location of the reader node 161, and the location of the second device. One or more of the location of the carrier wave source 163, the location of the reader node 161, and the location of the second device may be obtained or known by the first device. Alternatively or additionally, one or more of the location of the carrier wave source 163, the location of the reader node 161, and the location of the second device may be reported from the corresponding node to the first device.
[0091] Reference is made to FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B to discuss two example communication scenarios. As shown in FIG. 3A and FIG. 3B, the reader node 161 may be implemented as an example of the reader 1, and the A-IoT device 162 may be implemented as an example of the A-IoT device. For example, the above second device may be implemented as an example of the reader 2. As shown in FIG. 3A, the carrier wave source 163 may not be co-located with a reader of the A-IoT device. As shown in FIG. 3B, the carrier wave source 163 may be co-located with a reader (i.e., reader 3) of the A-IoT device.
[0092] FIG. 3C illustrates example RTOA measurements. As shown in FIG. 3C, the RTOA 1 may be determined based on the arrival time of carrier wave direct path 1 to the reader 1 (for example, the reader node 161) and the arrival time of backscattering to the reader 1. Likewise, the RTOA 2 may be determined based on the arrival time of carrier wave direct path 2 to the reader 2 (for example, the second device) and the arrival time of backscattering to the reader 2. The obtained RTOA 1 and the RTOA 2 may then be used for the location determination of the A-IoT device, in a way as described above.
[0093] Reference is made to FIG. 3D to discuss an example mathematical model for determining a location of an A-IoT device (for example, the A-IoT device 162) . As shown in FIG. 3D, the coordinates of the A-IoT device may be represented as (x, y) , the coordinates of the carrier wave transmission point (for example, the carrier wave source 163) are (a, b) , the coordinates of the reception point reader 1 (for example, the reader node 161) are (c1, d1) , the coordinates of the reception point reader 2 (for example, the second device) are (c2, d2) , and the differences in distance between the direct path and the reflected path are Δd1 and Δd2 respectively. Δd1 is calculated as Δt1*c, and Δd2 is calculated as Δt2*c, where Δt1 and Δt2 represent the RTOA 1 and the RTOA 2 respectively, and c represents the speed of light.
[0094] The total distance of the reflected path is equal to the distance of the direct path plus the distance difference. Therefore, for the reception point reader 1 and reader 2, the following equations hold:
[0095] To simplify the calculations, the following variables are defined: r1=D1+Δd1 r2=D2+Δd2 where D1 represents the distance of the direct path between the carrier wave transmission point and the reception point reader 1, D2 represents the distance of the direct path between the carrier wave transmission point and the reception point reader 2, r1 represents the total distance of the reflected path to the reception point reader 1, and r2 represents the total distance of the reflected path to the reception point reader 2.
[0096] Then, the above equations are simplified as:
[0097] To further simplify the calculations, the following variables are defined:
[0098] Then, the above equations are simplified as: u+v1=r1 u+v2=r2
[0099] Based on elimination from the above equations, the following equation is derived: v1-v2=r1-r2
[0100] By eliminating square roots by squaring, substituting the expressions for v1 and v2, and then squaring to eliminate the square roots, the following equation is derived:
[0101] After squaring, the following equation is derived:
[0102] Through further simplification via algebraic manipulation, linear equations in terms of x and y are derived. Ultimately, solving this system of linear equations will yield the expressions for x and y. The final expressions for x and y may be derived as follows:
[0103] Just for the purpose of discussion, in some example embodiments, two RTOAs from two readers will be taken as an example to discuss the determination of the A-IoT device 162. It is to be understood that the location of the A-IoT device 162 may be determined at least based on more than two RTOAs from more than two readers and the locations of these readers, and the scope of the present disclosure is not limited in this regard.
[0104] According to some embodiments with reference to FIGS. 2 to 3D, the RTOA for a specific reader is determined based on the individual carrier wave arrival time, rather than relying on a common SFN, this approach thus eliminates synchronization constraints of multiple carrier wave sources for the A-IoT system. In this case, it is allowed to implement efficient positioning in the A-IoT system, and thus improve communication performance in the A-IoT system.
[0105] FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a device 400 that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The device 400 may be an example of a reader node 161, an A-IoT device 162, or the carrier wave source 163 as described herein. The device 400 may support wireless communication with one or more other devices in the A-IoT system or one or more other devices external to the A-IoT system. The device 400 may include components for bi-directional communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a processor 402, a memory 404, a transceiver 406, and, optionally, an I / O controller 408. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0106] The processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. For example, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may support a method for performing one or more of the operations described herein.
[0107] In some implementations, the processor 402, the memory 404, the transceiver 406, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some implementations, the processor 402 and the memory 404 coupled with the processor 402 may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 402, instructions stored in the memory 404) .
[0108] For example, the processor 402 may support wireless communication at the device 400 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 402 may be configured to operable to support a means for detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission; a means for detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; and a means for determining a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0109] The processor 402 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, a microcontroller, an ASIC, an FPGA, a programmable logic device, a discrete gate or transistor logic component, a discrete hardware component, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 402 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other implementations, a memory controller may be integrated into the processor 402. The processor 402 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the memory 404) to cause the device 400 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0110] The memory 404 may include random access memory (RAM) and read-only memory (ROM) . The memory 404 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 402 cause the device 400 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some implementations, the code may not be directly executable by the processor 402 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some implementations, the memory 404 may include, among other things, a basic I / O system (BIOS) which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.
[0111] The I / O controller 408 may manage input and output signals for the device 400. The I / O controller 408 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device M02. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may utilize an operating system such as or another known operating system. In some implementations, the I / O controller 408 may be implemented as part of a processor, such as the processor 402. In some implementations, a user may interact with the device 400 via the I / O controller 408 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 408.
[0112] In some implementations, the device 400 may include a single antenna 410. However, in some other implementations, the device 400 may have more than one antenna 410 (i.e., multiple antennas) , including multiple antenna panels or antenna arrays, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. The transceiver 406 may communicate bi-directionally, via the one or more antennas 410, wired, or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 406 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 406 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 410 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 410. The transceiver 406 may include one or more transmit chains, one or more receive chains, or a combination thereof.
[0113] A transmit chain may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) . The transmit chain may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmit chain may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmit chain may also include one or more antennas 410 for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0114] A receive chain may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receive chain may include one or more antennas 410 for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receive chain may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receive chain may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receive chain may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0115] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a processor 500 that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 500 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may include a controller 502 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 500 may optionally include at least one memory 504, such as L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 500 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 506. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0116] The processor 500 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0117] The controller 502 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 502 may operate as a control unit of the processor 500, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 500. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0118] The controller 502 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 504 and determine subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 502 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 504. The controller 502 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 502 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 500 to cause the processor 500 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 502 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 500. The controller 502 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, arithmetic logic units (ALUs) , and other functional units of the processor 500.
[0119] The memory 504 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 500 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 504 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the memory 504 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 500) .
[0120] The memory 504 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 500, cause the processor 500 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 502 and / or the processor 500 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 504 to cause the processor 500 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 500 and / or the controller 502 may be coupled with or to the memory 504, and the processor 500, the controller 502, and the memory 504 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 500 may include multiple processors and the memory 504 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0121] The one or more ALUs 506 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 506 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 500) . One or more ALUs 506 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 506 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 506 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 506 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 506 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0122] The processor 500 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The processor 500 may be configured to or operable to support a means for detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission; a means for detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; and a means for determining a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
[0123] FIG. 6 illustrates a flowchart of a method 600 that supports positioning for an A-IoT device in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 600 may be implemented by a device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 600 may be performed by a reader node 161 as described herein. In some implementations, the device may execute a set of instructions to control the function elements of the device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.
[0124] At 610, the method may include detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission. The operations of 610 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 610 may be performed by a reader node 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0125] At 620, the method may include detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission. The operations of 620 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 620 may be performed by a reader node 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0126] At 630, the method may include determining a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission. The operations of 630 may be performed in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, aspects of the operations of 630 may be performed by a reader node 161 as described with reference to FIG. 1F.
[0127] It should be noted that the methods described herein describe possible implementations, and that the operations and the steps may be rearranged or otherwise modified and that other implementations are possible. Further, aspects from two or more of the methods may be combined.
[0128] The various illustrative blocks and components described in connection with the disclosure herein may be implemented or performed with a general-purpose processor, a DSP, an ASIC, a CPU, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices (e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, or any other such configuration.
[0129] The functions described herein may be implemented in hardware, software executed by a processor, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software executed by a processor, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Other examples and implementations are within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. For example, due to the nature of software, functions described herein may be implemented using software executed by a processor, hardware, firmware, hardwiring, or combinations of any of these. Features implementing functions may also be physically located at various positions, including being distributed such that portions of functions are implemented at different physical locations.
[0130] Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer. By way of example, non-transitory computer-readable media may include RAM, ROM, electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , flash memory, compact disk (CD) ROM or other optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other non-transitory medium that may be used to carry or store desired program code means in the form of instructions or data structures and that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer, or a general-purpose or special-purpose processor.
[0131] As used herein, including in the claims, an article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” may include one or more elements.
[0132] The description herein is provided to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make or use the disclosure. Various modifications to the disclosure will be apparent to a person having ordinary skill in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other variations without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Thus, the disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
Claims
1.A reader node of an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) network, comprising:a processor; anda transceiver coupled to the processor,wherein the processor is configured to:detect a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission;detect a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; anddetermine a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.2.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the relative time of arrival is further based on at least one of the following:a first delay time required for the A-IoT device to begin receiving the carrier wave transmission after the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device; ora second delay time required for the A-IoT device to backscatter the carrier wave transmission after receiving the carrier wave transmission.3.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the location of the A-IoT device is determined at a first device that is remote to the reader node, and wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, to the first device, the relative time of arrival.4.The reader node of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, to the first device, an indication of at least one of the following:a first delay time required for the A-IoT device to begin receiving the carrier wave transmission after the carrier wave transmission arrives at the A-IoT device; ora second delay time required for the A-IoT device to backscatter the carrier wave transmission after receiving the carrier wave transmission.5.The reader node of claim 2 or 4, wherein the processor is further configured to:determine at least one of the first delay time or the second delay time based on a capability of the A-IoT device.6.The reader node of claim 5, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive, from the A-IoT device, an indication of the capability of the A-IoT device.7.The reader node of claim 2 or 4, wherein the processor is further configured to:receive, from the A-IoT device, an indication of at least one of the first delay time or the second delay time.8.The reader node of claim 3, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, to the first device, a location of the reader node.9.The reader node of claim 8, wherein the location of the A-IoT device is determined based on the relative time of arrival, the location of the reader node, and a location of the carrier wave source.10.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the relative time of arrival is a first relative time of arrival, and wherein the processor is further configured to:receive, from a second device, a second relative time of arrival associated with the A-IoT device, wherein the second relative time of arrival is determined by the second device based on a time of detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from the carrier wave source and a time of detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from the A-IoT device.11.The reader node of claim 10, wherein the processor is further configured to:determine the location of the A-IoT device based on the first relative time of arrival and the second relative time of arrival.12.The reader node of claim 11, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the reader node to determine the location of the A-IoT device by:determining the location of the A-IoT device based on the first relative time of arrival, the second relative time of arrival, a location of the carrier wave source, a location of the reader node, and a location of the second device.13.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the processor is further configured to:transmit, to the carrier wave source, an indication to start the carrier wave transmission.14.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the first path of the carrier wave transmission is defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the carrier wave source to the reader node in time.15.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the second path of the carrier wave transmission is defined by a first detected path of the carrier wave transmission transmitted from the A-IoT device to the reader node in time.16.The reader node of claim 1, wherein the reader node comprises one of a relay, an integrated access backhaul (IAB) node, a user equipment (UE) , a repeater, or a base station (BS) .17.The reader node of claim 3, wherein the first device comprises one of a location management function (LMF) , a BS, a relay, an IAB node, a UE, or a repeater.18.The reader node of claim 10, wherein the second device comprises one of a relay, an IAB node, a UE, a repeater, or a BS.19.A method performed by a reader node of an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) network , the method comprising:detecting a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission;detecting a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an A-IoT device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; anddetermining a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.20.A processor for wireless communication, comprising:at least one memory; anda controller coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the controller to:detect a first path of a carrier wave transmission from a carrier wave source, wherein a time of detecting the first path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as a reference time of the carrier wave transmission;detect a second path of the carrier wave transmission that is backscattered from an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device, wherein a time of detecting the second path of the carrier wave transmission is determined as an arrival time of the carrier wave tranmission; anddetermine a relative time of arrival of the carrier wave transmission for use in determining a location of the A-IoT device, wherein the relative time of arrival is based on the reference time and the arrival time of the carrier wave transmission.
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