Nucleic acids and uses thereof for plakophilin 2 (PKP2) gene therapy
Nucleic acids encoding PKP2, with stabilizing elements and cardiac-specific promoters, are delivered via vectors to correct PKP2 mutations, addressing the lack of curative treatments for cardiac conditions by enhancing PKP2 expression and improving heart function.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2025/118210
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2024-09-02
- Filing Date
- 2025-09-01
- Publication Date
- 2026-03-05
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for cardiac conditions caused by PKP2 gene mutations, such as Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy, are palliative and lack a curative solution, necessitating a safe and efficient therapeutic approach.
Development of nucleic acids encoding a heart-specific plakophilin 2 (PKP2) protein, including a 3' transcript stabilizing element and a heterologous promoter, delivered via vectors like lentiviral or adeno-associated virus (AAV) to correct PKP2 gene mutations in cardiomyocytes.
The approach effectively increases PKP2 protein expression, reducing fibrosis, improving cardiac function, and decreasing arrhythmias in affected hearts, offering a potential cure for conditions like ARVC.
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Figure CN2025118210_05032026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
NUCLEIC ACIDS AND USES THEREOF FOR PLAKOPHILIN 2 (PKP2) GENE THERAPYFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] The application relates to gene therapy vectors and uses thereof. REFERENCE TO AN ELECTRONIC SEQUENCE LISTING
[0002] The contents of the electronic sequence listing (F090870000US00-SEQ-KUW. xml; Size: 376, 639 bytes; and Date of Creation: August 14, 2024) are herein incorporated by reference in their entirety.BACKGROUND
[0003] Plakophilin 2 (PKP2) protein is a desmosomal protein that is highly expressed in cardiomyocytes and is involved in linking cadherins to intermediate filaments in the cytoskeleton. Desmosomes are membrane protein complexes specialized for cell-to-cell adherence and maintenance of the structural integrity of the myocardium. Among desmosomal proteins, pathogenic variants of PKP2 are the most common cause of a desmosomal disease and PKP2 mutations account for about 36-92%of mutations identified in desmosomal genes. Mutations of the PKP2 gene are associated with different inherited cardiac conditions including Arrhythmogenic Cardiomyopathy (ACM) , Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy (ARVC) , Brugada Syndrome, and Idiopathic Ventricular Fibrillation. PKP2 is mainly expressed in the heart with low levels found in colon and very low levels in other tissues.
[0004] Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy is characterized by early right ventricular electrical defects, followed by fibrofatty tissue infiltration within the myocardium, which can lead to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. Mutations in the PKP2 gene are estimated to be responsible for ~45%of ARVC cases. Currently available treatments are palliative, not curative. Therefore, there is a need for a safe and efficient treatment of patients suffering from a cardiac condition caused by a mutation in the PKP2 gene.SUMMARY
[0005] Provided are nucleic acids comprising a polynucleotide encoding a plakophilin 2 (PKP2) protein for the treatment of a disease or disorder caused by a mutation in a PKP2 gene, e.g., an Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy.
[0006] Provided is a nucleic acid comprising a polynucleotide encoding a heart-specific plakophilin 2 (PKP2) or a functional variant thereof, an untranslated element, and a heterologous promoter.
[0007] In some aspects, the untranslated element is a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element or a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene.
[0008] In some aspects, the untranslated element is a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element and comprises a woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) or a modified WPRE (e.g., oPRE) sequence.
[0009] In some aspects, the untranslated element is a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene and further comprises a PKP2 5’ untranslated region.
[0010] In some aspects, the PKP2 5’ untranslated region comprises a sequence upstream of an ATG start codon of a PKP2 gene.
[0011] In some aspects, the PKP2 5’ untranslated region is a modified PKP2 5’ untranslated region.
[0012] In some aspects, the untranslated element is a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene and further comprises an intron from a PKP2 gene.
[0013] In some aspects, the intron is a truncated PKP2 intron 1.
[0014] In some aspects, the truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises one or more nucleotide substitutions relative to a wildtype PKP2 intron 1.
[0015] In some aspects, the truncated PKP2 intron 1 locates before a start codon or anywhere within the polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 or a functional variant thereof.
[0016] In some aspects, the truncated PKP2 intron 1 locates between exon 1 and exon 2 of the polynucleotide encoding the PKP2 or a functional variant thereof.
[0017] In some aspects, the PKP2 intron comprises between about 50 and about 1000 nucleotides. In some aspects, the PKP2 intron comprises about 600 nucleotides.
[0018] In some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding a heart specific PKP2 is a wild type heart-specific PKP2 sequence.
[0019] In some aspects, the polynucleotide encoding a heart-specific PKP2 is codon-modified.
[0020] In some aspects, the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises an altered number of CpG dinucleotides compared to a wild-type heart-specific PKP2.
[0021] In some aspects, the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises less than 100, 80, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 CpG dinucleotides.
[0022] In some aspects, the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises about 8 CpG dinucleotides.
[0023] In some aspects, the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the PKP2 does not comprise CpG dinucleotides.
[0024] In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein comprises a 3’ untranslated element and further comprises an intron selected from a SV40 intron, EF1-alpha intron (EF1Ai) , hemoglobin beta gene intron (HBBi) , rabbit β-globin intron, chimeric intron, hybrid intron, and a synthetic intron.
[0025] In some aspects, the heterologous promoter of a nucleic acid described herein is operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2.
[0026] In some aspects, the heterologous promoter is a cardiac myocyte-specific promoter.
[0027] In some aspects, the cardiac myocyte-specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of cardiac troponin T (TNNT2 or cTnT) promoter, an alpha myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter, a beta myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) promoter, a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) promoter, a cardiac troponin C promoter, a natriuretic peptide A gene (NPPA) promoter, a myosin light chain 2v (MLC-2v) promoter, a cardiac sodium–calcium exchanger-1 (NCX1) promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, a cardiac myosin-binding protein C promoter, and a sarco / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) promoter.
[0028] In some aspects, the nucleic acid comprises a TNNT2 promoter and further comprises a fragment of exon 1 of a TNNT2 gene.
[0029] In some aspects, the MLC2 promoter comprises an enhancer sequence.
[0030] In some aspects, the enhancer sequence is selected from a CMV enhancer or a cardiac-specific enhancer.
[0031] In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein further comprises a Kozak sequence.
[0032] In some aspects, the Kozak sequence is modified.
[0033] In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein further comprises a polyadenylation (poly (A) ) sequence.
[0034] In some aspects, the poly (A) sequence is selected from a human growth hormone (hGH) poly (A) , a bovine growth hormone poly (A) , a SV40 poly (A) , a rabbit beta-globin poly (A) , or a synthetic poly (A) .
[0035] Also provided is a plasmid comprising a nucleic acid described herein.
[0036] In some aspects, the plasmid further comprises a regulatory element for replication of the nucleic acid in a cell.
[0037] In some aspects, the regulatory element is for replication in a mammalian cell.
[0038] In some aspects, the regulatory element is for replication in an insect cell.
[0039] Further provided is a vector comprising a nucleic acid described herein.
[0040] In some aspects, the vector is a lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, adeno-associated virus vector, or non-viral vector.
[0041] In some aspects, the vector is an AAV vector and the nucleic acid comprises an AAV ITR flanking the polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 or a functional variant thereof, untranslated element, and heterologous promoter.
[0042] In some aspects, the vector comprises a first and / or a second AAV ITR and the first and / or second AAV ITR is selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, and MyoAAV, or fragments or variants thereof.
[0043] In some aspects, a non-viral vector described herein is present in a lipid particle.
[0044] Provided is a viral particle comprising a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, or a vector described herein.
[0045] In some aspects, the viral particle is a lentiviral particle, adenoviral particle or an adeno-associated virus particle.
[0046] In some aspects, the viral particle further comprises a viral capsid protein.
[0047] In some aspects, the viral particle is an AAV particle and the viral capsid protein is selected from a AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, MyoAAV or fragments or variants thereof.
[0048] Alo provided is a composition comprising a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, or a viral particle described herein.
[0049] In some aspects, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
[0050] In some aspects, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.
[0051] Further provided is a method comprising contacting a cell with a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, a viral particle described herein, or a composition described herein.
[0052] In some aspects, the cell is a human cell.
[0053] In some aspects, the cell is a myocyte.
[0054] In some aspects, the cell is a cardiac myocyte.
[0055] In some aspects, the cell is a right ventricular cardiac myocyte.
[0056] In some aspects, the cell is a left ventricular cardiac myocyte.
[0057] In some aspects, the cell comprises a mutation in a PKP2 gene.
[0058] Also provided is a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, a viral particle described herein, or a composition described herein, wherein the contacting provides the nucleic acid, plasmid, vector, viral particle or composition in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.
[0059] In some aspects, the treating comprises prophylactic treatment and / or therapeutic treatment.
[0060] In some aspects, the disease or disorder is a cardiac disease or disorder.
[0061] In some aspects, the cardiac disease or disorder is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of a myocardium.
[0062] In some aspects, the disease or disorder is a cardiomyopathy.
[0063] In some aspects, the cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) .
[0064] In some aspects, the disease or disorder is heart failure.
[0065] In some aspects, the subject is a mammal.
[0066] In some aspects, the mammal is a primate.
[0067] In some aspects, the subject is a human.
[0068] In some aspects, the subject has a mutation in a PKP2 gene.
[0069] Provided is a method comprising administering to a subject having a cardiac disease or disorder or being at risk of developing a cardiac disease or disorder a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, a viral particle described herein, or a composition described herein.
[0070] In some aspects, the cardiac disease or disorder is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of a myocardium.
[0071] In some aspects, the cardiac disease or disorder is a cardiomyopathy.
[0072] In some aspects, the cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) .
[0073] In some aspects, the cardiac disease or disorder is heart failure.
[0074] In some aspects, the subject is a mammal.
[0075] In some aspects, the mammal is a primate.
[0076] In some aspects, the subject is a human.
[0077] In some aspects, the subject has a mutation in a PKP2 gene.
[0078] In some aspects, the contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, a viral particle described herein or a composition described herein comprises administering a nucleic acid described herein, a plasmid described herein, a vector described herein, a viral particle described herein or a composition described herein to the subject.
[0079] In some aspects, the administering is by intravenous injection, by intracardiac injection, by intracardiac infusion, by right atrial infusion, by left atrial infusion, by right ventricular infusion, by left ventricular infusion, and / or by coronary artery infusion.
[0080] In some aspects, the administering is by intravenous injection.
[0081] In some aspects, the administering increases cardiac wall thickness.
[0082] In some aspects, the administering increases right ventricular wall thickness.
[0083] In some aspects, the administering decreases fibrosis in a heart muscle.
[0084] In some aspects, the administering decreases fibrosis in a right ventricular heart muscle.
[0085] In some aspects, the administering decreases fibrosis in a left ventricular heart muscle.
[0086] In some aspects, the administering increases cardiac ejection fraction.
[0087] In some aspects, the administering increases cardiac output.
[0088] In some aspects, the administering reduces ventricular arrhythmias.
[0089] In some aspects, the administering reduces expression of a tissue remodeling marker and / or a fibrosis marker in a heart muscle.
[0090] In some aspects, the tissue remodeling marker is selected from TIMP-1 and MMP-2 and the fibrosis marker is Col1a1.
[0091] In some aspects, the administering reduces expression of a heart failure marker in a heart muscle.
[0092] In some aspects, the heart failure marker is selected from NPPA and NPPB.
[0093] Further provided is a viral particle described herein or a composition described herein for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof.
[0094] In some aspects, the disease or disorder is ACM or ARVC.
[0095] In some aspects, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0096] The following drawings form part of the present specification and are included to further demonstrate certain aspects of the present disclosure, which can be better understood by reference to one or more of these drawings in combination with the detailed description of specific aspects presented herein.
[0097] FIGs. 1A-1E show western blots of in vitro evaluation of designed plasmid constructs by plasmid transfection in 293T and AC16 cells. FIG. 1A shows a western blot of PKP2 protein expression at various levels after plasmid transfection of 293T cells. Control stands for the sample without plasmid transfection. Constructs 21 and 22 are two GFP construct controls. Three independent replicates are shown. FIG. 1B shows a western blot of PKP2 protein expression at various levels after plasmid transfection of AC16 cells. Constructs 21 and 22 are two GFP construct controls. Three independent replicates are shown. FIG. 1C shows a LI-COR fluorescence-based western blot of PKP2 protein expression from multiple plasmid constructs after transfection of AC16 cells. Constructs 21 and 22 are two GFP construct controls. Two independent replicates are shown. FIG. 1D shows a western blot of PKP2 protein expression at different levels after plasmid transfection of 293T cells. FIG. 1E shows a western blot of PKP2 protein expression after plasmid transfection of Constructs 11, 30, or 31 in 293T cells.
[0098] FIG. 2 shows a DNA gel electrophoresis of PCR amplicons of cDNAs of constructs with and without intron demonstrating that the sizes of PCR amplicons were the same.
[0099] FIG. 3A-3B show western blot quantification data of constructs containing PKP2 intron 1t. FIG. 3A shows a comparison of PKP2 protein expression in 293T cells transfected with PKP2 plasmids with and without intron 1t. “+” indicates with intron 1t, and “-” indicates no intron 1t but with a WPRE sequence. FIG. 3B shows a comparison of PKP2 protein expression in AC16 cells transfected with PKP2 plasmids with and without intron 1t. “+” indicates with intron 1t, and “-” indicates no intron 1t but with a WPRE sequence.
[0100] FIG. 4 shows a western blot of PKP2 protein expression in 293T cells infected with AAV9 viral vectors containing different expression constructs. Mock stands for no viral infection sample and GFP stands for cells infected with an AAV9-GFP virus. Mock and GFP are negative controls to show baseline PKP2 expression.
[0101] FIG. 5 shows a timeline of an in vivo study in a Pkp2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model.
[0102] FIG. 6A-6B shows Kaplan–Meier survival curves and survival rates of AAV9-PKP2 vector injected Pkp2-cKO mice after tamoxifen injection to induce conditional Pkp2 knockout in the mouse heart. FIG. 6A shows Kaplan–Meier survival curve for AAV9-PKP2 vector Constructs 1, 3, 5, 9, 10, 11, and 24. FIG 6B shows Kaplan–Meier survival curve for AAV9-PKP2 vector Constructs 25 and 30.
[0103] FIG. 7 shows histology of Masson’s Trichrome-stained hearts of Pkp2 cKO mice 7 weeks post-injection of AAV-PKP2 (4 weeks post-tamoxifen induction) .
[0104] FIG. 8 shows left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in Pkp2 cKO mice at 14 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 injection (11 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) .
[0105] FIG. 9 shows cardiac output (CO, ml / min) in Pkp2 cKO mice at 14 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 injection (11 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) .
[0106] FIG. 10A-10B shows fibrosis levels measured by Masson’s Trichrome stain in heart tissues. FIG. 10A shows percent collagen positive tissue at 7 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 injection (4 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) . The statistics was performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons and Tukey correction. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01. FIG. 10B shows percent collagen positive tissue at 7 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 injection (4 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) . The statistics was performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons and Tukey correction. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01.
[0107] FIG. 11A-11B shows PKP2 expression efficiency determined in heart tissue of Pkp2 cKO following treatment with AAV9-PKP2. FIG. 11A shows PKP2 IHC staining of longitudinal heart sections of Pkp2 cKO hearts at 7 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 vector injection. FIG. 11B shows the transduction efficiency of AAV9-PKP2 vectors based on average PKP2 positive counts per nuclei from 4 IHC areas per slide.
[0108] FIG. 12 shows AAV9-PKP2 vector genome copy numbers per μg DNA in mouse liver, muscle and heart 16 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 intravenous injection.
[0109] FIG. 13A-13B shows PKP2 expression in heart tissues. FIG. 13A shows a western blot of PKP2 expression 16 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 vector injection. FIG. 13B shows the relative PKP2 expression in the heart from Pkp2 cKO mice treated with AAV9-PKP2 vectors.
[0110] FIG. 14 shows western blots of PKP2 expression in animal tissues (heart, liver and muscle) of Pkp2 cKO mice 16 weeks post AAV9-PKP2 injection.
[0111] FIG. 15A-15C shows relative expression levels of fibrosis and tissue remodeling biomarkers in the hearts of AAV9-PKP2 treated Pkp2 cKO mice. FIG. 15A shows relative expression of tissue fibrosis biomarker collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain (Col1a1) . The statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to Pkp2 cKO treated with Vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ***P<0.001. FIG. 15B shows relative expression of tissue fibrosis biomarker Timp metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (Timp1) . The statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to Pkp2 cKO treated with Vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. FIG. 15C shows relative expression of tissue fibrosis biomarker Matrix metalloproteinase 2 (Mmp2) . The statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to Pkp2 cKO treated with Vehicle control. **P<0.01, ***P<0.001, ****P<0.0001.
[0112] FIG. 16A-16B shows heart failure biomarkers in the hearts of AAV9-PKP2 treated Pkp2 cKO mice. FIG. 16A shows relative expression of heart failure biomarker Natriuretic peptide precursor A (Nppa) . The statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to Pkp2 cKO treated with Vehicle control. *P<0.05, **P<0.01. FIG. 16B shows relative expression of heart failure biomarker Natriuretic peptide precursor B (Nppb) . The statistics were performed using one-way ANOVA with multiple comparisons to Pkp2-cKO treated with Vehicle control. *P<0.05.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0113] The present application is based at least in part on the development of nucleic acids, vectors, and methods of using the same to treat a cardiomyopathy (e.g., a cardiomyopathy caused by a mutation in the PKP2 gene) . Nucleic acids and vectors can comprise a wild-type PKP2 gene in an expression cassette designed to promote PKP2 protein expression in a cardiomyocyte. The term “PKP2 gene, ” as used herein can refer to a wild-type PKP2 gene or a variant PKP2 gene as described herein. I. Amino Acids and Nucleic Acids
[0114] In some aspects, provided is an amino acid sequence of a heart-specific wild-type human plakophilin 2 (PKP2) . In some aspects, provided is an amino acid sequence of a human heart-specific wild-type PKP2 protein. The term “heart-specific PKP2 protein, ” as used herein, refers to human PKP2 variant 2a. An amino acid sequence of a human heart-specific PKP2 protein is provided in SEQ ID NO: 1. In some aspects, an amino acid provided herein encodes a functional variant of a human heart-specific wild-type PKP2 protein. A “functional variant” of a human heart-specific PKP2 protein, as used herein, refers to a PKP2 protein that exerts similar functionality as the human heart-specific PKP2 variant 2a but comprises one or more amino acid insertions, deletions, and / or substitutions compared to the amino acid sequence of human heart-specific PKP2 variant 2a of SEQ ID NO: 1. For example, a functional variant of a PKP2 protein can be a PKP2 protein comprising about 1 to about 5, about 6 to about 10, about 11 to about 15, about 16 to about 20, about 21 to about 25, about 26 to about 30, about 31 to about 35, about 36 to about 40, about 41 to about 45, about 46 to about 50 or more amino acid insertions, deletions and / or substitutions. In some aspects, the between about 1 and about 50 amino acid or more insertions, deletions and / or substitutions are at the C-terminus or N-terminus of a PKP2 protein.
[0115] In some aspects, a functional variant of a human heart-specific PKP2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is about 50%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1. In some aspects, a functional variant of a human heart-specific PKP2 protein comprises an amino acid sequence that is about 50%to about 60%identical, about 61%to about 70%identical, about 71%to about 80%identical, about 81%to about 90%identical, or about 91%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0116] In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid substitutions present in a human heart-specific PKP2 protein are conservative amino acid substitutions. A “conservative amino acid substitution, ” as used herein, refers to an amino acid substitution that does not alter the relative charge or size characteristics of the PKP2 protein in which the amino acid substitution is made. Conservative substitutions of amino acids include substitutions made amongst amino acids within the following groups: (a) methionine (M) , isoleucine (I) , leucine (L) , and valine (V) ; (b) phenylalanine (F) , tyrosine (Y) , and tryptophan (W) ; (c) lysine (K) , arginine (R) , and histidine (H) ; (d) alanine (A) and glycine (G) ; (e) serine (S) and threonine (T) ; (f) glutamine (Q) and asparagine (N) ; and (g) glutamate (E) and aspartate (D) . In some aspects, an amino acid substitution comprises a non-conservative amino acid substitution. In some aspects, a non-conservative amino acid substitution alters the relative charge or size characteristics of a PKP2 protein.
[0117] In some aspects, a nucleic acid encodes a heart-specific wild-type PKP2 protein. In some aspects, the nucleic acid encodes a human heart-specific wild-type PKP2 protein. A nucleic acid sequence of a human heart-specific PKP2 gene is provided SEQ ID NO: 2. In some aspects, a nucleic acid encodes a functional variant of a human heart-specific wild-type PKP2 protein. The phrase a “nucleic acid encodes a functional variant of a human heart-specific PKP2 protein, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid that encodes a PKP2 protein that exerts similar functionality as the human heart-specific PKP2 variant 2a, which nucleic acid comprises a variation in its sequence compared to the nucleic acid sequence of human heart-specific PKP2 variant 2a of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequence variants can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 2. The terms “nucleic acid” and “polynucleotide” are used herein interchangeably and refer to a nucleic acid sequence that comprises a plurality of nucleotides to encode a protein of interest, e.g., a PKP2 protein.
[0118] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a codon-modified polynucleotide encoding a human PKP2 protein or a functional variant thereof. In some aspects, “codon-modified, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 protein and / or a functional variant thereof, which nucleic acid sequence has been modified to increase the presence of the PKP2 protein and / or functional variant thereof in a human cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, the codon modification comprises rebalancing codon usage to enhance translation of the nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 protein and / or functional variant thereof in a human cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, the codon modification comprises avoidance of codons that are rare in human cardiomyocytes. In some aspects, the codon modification comprises decreasing sequence complexity of a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 protein and / or functional variant thereof. In some aspects, the codon modification comprises reduction in secondary structure (s) in a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 protein and / or a functional variant thereof. In some aspects, the codon modification comprises removal of nucleotides involved in the formation of secondary structure (s) from a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 protein and / or a functional variant thereof.
[0119] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a human PKP2 protein or a functional variant thereof, which nucleic acid sequence comprises an altered number of CpG dinucleotides compared to a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2. In some aspects, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a human PKP2 protein or a functional variant thereof comprises less than about 100, about 95, about 90, about 85, about 80, about 75, about 70, about 65, about 60, about 55, about 50, about 45, about 40, about 35, about 30, about 25, about 20, about 15, about 10, about 9, about 8, about 7, about 6, about 5, about 4, about 3, about 2, or 1 CpG dinucleotide (s) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid sequence encoding a human PKP2 protein, or a functional variant thereof, comprises no CpG dinucleotides.
[0120] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 3.
[0121] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 4. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 4.
[0122] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 5.
[0123] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 6. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 6.
[0124] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0125] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0126] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9. In some aspects, one or more of the amino acid sequences (e.g., one or more amino acid sequence variants or the same amino acid sequence) can be encoded by a nucleic acid or polynucleotide that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0127] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises an untranslated element. In some aspects, an untranslated element is a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element. A “transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid sequence that, when present in a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence encoding a PKP2 gene, stabilizes the PKP2 transcript produced in a cell, e.g., relative to a PKP2 transcript that differs by not having the transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element and / or enhances the number of PKP2 transcripts present in a cell, e.g., relative to a PKP2 transcript that differs by not having the transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element is a nucleic acid sequence that decreases degradation of a PKP2 transcript, e.g., relative to a PKP2 transcript that differs by not having the transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element is a ‘3 transcript stabilizing element. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element is a transcript stabilizing element of a PKP2 gene.
[0128] In some aspects, a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprises a woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) sequence.
[0129] In some aspects, a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprises a wildtype WPRE sequence of SEQ D NO: 10 or 11. In some aspects, a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprises a modified WPRE (e.g., oPRE) sequence. A “WPRE, ” as used herein, refers to a DNA sequence that, when transcribed, creates a tertiary structure enhancing PKP2 expression. In some aspects, a WPRE or a modified WPRE sequence, when present in a nucleic acid provided herein increases the level of PKP2 protein expression in a cell in a transgene-, promoter-, and vector-independent manner. A wildtype WPRE contains three sub-elements: α, β, and γ. Sub-elements α and γ of the wildtype WPRE contribute to most of the enhancing function of a wild-type WPRE, while sub-element β contains a WHV X protein, which can contribute to toxicity. In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises sub-elements α and γ of the wildtype WPRE but does not comprise sub-element β. In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0130] In some aspects, a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a nucleic acid described herein comprises a wild-type WPRE or a modified WPRE sequence that is present downstream of a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 protein. In some aspects, a wild-type WPRE or a modified WPRE sequence is present in the nucleic acid proximal to a poly A sequence. In some aspects, a wild-type WPRE or a modified WPRE sequence increases transcript stability of a PKP2 transcript. In some aspects, a wild-type WPRE or a modified WPRE sequence increases transcript number of a PKP2 transcript in a cell. In some aspects, a modified WPRE sequence increases transcript stability and / or enhances transcript number of a PKP2 transcript while reducing toxicity compared to a wild-type WPRE of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11.
[0131] In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises a sequence that is about 85%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11. In some aspects, an untranslated element of a nucleic acid described herein comprises a sequence that is about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11. In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises at least one nucleotide substitution, insertion, or deletion compared to SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11.
[0132] In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises a sequence that is about 85%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some aspects, a modified WPRE comprises a sequence that is about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0133] In some aspects, an untranslated element present in the nucleic acids provided herein comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene. In some aspects, an untranslated element comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a heart-specific PKP2 gene. In some aspects, an untranslated element present in the nucleic acids provided herein comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a human heart-specific PKP2 gene.
[0134] In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a sequence of a PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a portion of a sequence of a PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a sequence of a heart-specific PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a sequence of a human heart-specific PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing PKP2 intron 1 comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing PKP2 intron 1 comprises a portion of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing PKP2 intron 1 comprises a sequence that is about 75%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some aspects, a transcript level increasing element comprises a sequence that is about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0135] In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a sequence of a truncated PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a portion of a PKP2 intron 1 of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises a sequence of a truncated PKP2 intron 1 of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing PKP2 intron 1 comprises a sequence that is about 85%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some aspects, a transcript level increasing element comprises a sequence that is about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59.
[0136] In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 50 to about 1000 nucleotides of a human heart-specific PKP2 intron 1. In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 50 to about 1000 nucleotides of a PKP2 intron of SEQ ID NO: 58. In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 60 to about 980 nucleotides, or about 120 to about 960 nucleotides, about 160 to about 940 nucleotides, about 180 to about 920 nucleotides, about 200 to about 900 nucleotides, about 220 to about 880 nucleotides, about 240 to about 860 nucleotides, about 260 to about 840 nucleotides of a PKP2 intron of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0137] In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 100 to about 200 nucleotides, about 201 to about 300 nucleotides, about 301 to about 400 nucleotides, about 401 to about 500 nucleotides, about 501 to about 600 nucleotides, about 601 to about 700 nucleotides, about 701 to about 800 nucleotides, about 801 to about 900 nucleotides, or about 901 to about 1000 nucleotides or any number of nucleotides therein between of a human heart-specific PKP2 intron 1 of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0138] In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950 or 1000 nucleotides or any number of nucleotides thereinbetween of a human heart-specific PKP2 intron 1 of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0139] n. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 120, about 140, about 160, about 180, about 200, about 220, about 240, about 260, about 280, about 300, about 320, about 340, about 360, about 380, about 400, about 420, about 440, about 460, about 480, about 500, about 520, about 540, about 560, about 580, about 600, about 620, about 640, about 660, about 680, about 700, about 720, about 740, about 760, about 780, about 800, about 820, about 840, about 860, about 880, about 900, about 920, about 940, about 960, about 980, or about 1000 or more nucleotides of a human heart-specific PKP2 intron 1 of SEQ ID NO: 58.
[0140] In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises about 50 to about 600 nucleotides of a truncated PKP2 intron 1 of a PKP2 intron of SEQ ID NO: 59. In some aspects, a truncated PKP2 intron comprises about 50, about 60, about 70, about 80, about 90, about 100, about 120, about 140, about 160, about 180, about 200, about 220, about 240, about 260, about 280, about 300, about 320, about 340, about 360, about 380, about 400, about 420, about 440, about 460, about 480, about 500, about 520, about 540, about 560, about 580, or about 600 nucleotides of a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 59.
[0141] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a sequence encoding a human PKP2 gene and a truncated PKP2 intron. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 3. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 5. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a SV40 intron. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 24.
[0142] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprising a 5’ untranslated region sequence upstream of a start codon of a PKP2 gene. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprising a 5’ untranslated region sequence upstream of a start codon of a heart-specific wildtype PKP2 gene. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprising a 5’ untranslated region sequence upstream of a start codon of a human heart-specific wildtype PKP2 gene.
[0143] In some aspects, a 5’ UTR of a PKP2 gene comprises about 5 to about 46 nucleotides. In some aspects, a 5’ UTR comprises about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24 about 25, about 25, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, or about 46 nucleotides.
[0144] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some aspects, a 5’ UTR comprises about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24 about 25, about 25, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, or about 46 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 17.
[0145] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. In some aspects, a 5’ UTR comprises about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24 about 25, about 25, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, or about 47 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 61.
[0146] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62. In some aspects, a 5’ UTR comprises about 5, about 6, about 7, about 8, about 9, about 10, about 11, about 12, about 13, about 14, about 15, about 16, about 17, about 18, about 19, about 20, about 21, about 22, about 23, about 24 about 25, about 25, about 27, about 28, about 29, about 30, about 31, about 32, about 33, about 34, about 35, about 36, about 37, about 38, about 39, about 40, about 41, about 42, about 43, about 44, about 45, about 46, about 47, about 48, about 49, about 50, about 51, about 52, or about 53 nucleotides of SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0147] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that is about 50%to about 60%identical, about 61%to about 70%identical, about 71%to about 80%identical, about 81%to about 90%identical, or about 91%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 17. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that is about 50%to about 60%identical, about 61%to about 70%identical, about 71%to about 80%identical, about 81%to about 90%identical, or about 91%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 61. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that is about 50%to about 60%identical, about 61%to about 70%identical, about 71%to about 80%identical, about 81%to about 90%identical, or about 91%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 62. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that can have about 1 to about 20 nucleotide deletions, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ ID NO: 17, e.g., 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and / or 16-20 nucleotide deletion, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ ID NO: 17. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that can have about 1 to about 20 nucleotide deletions, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ D NO: 61, e.g., 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and / or 16-20 nucleotide deletion, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ ID NO: 61. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a 5’ UTR transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element comprising a sequence that can have about 1 to about 20 nucleotide deletions, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ D NO: 67, e.g., 1-5, 6-10, 11-15, and / or 16-20 nucleotide deletion, insertions and / or substitutions compared to SEQ ID NO: 62.
[0148] In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises about 10 to about 46 nucleotides of a wild-type PKP2 exon 1 (see Ensembl Transcript ENST00000340811, PKP2-202) . In some aspects a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises about 12 to about 46 nucleotides, or about 14 to about 46 nucleotides, about 16 to about 46 nucleotides, about 18 to about 46 nucleotides, about 20 to about 46 nucleotides, about 22 to about 46 nucleotides, about 24 to about 46 nucleotides, about 26 to about 46 nucleotides, about 28 to about 46 nucleotides, about 30 to about 46 nucleotides, about 32 to about 46 nucleotides, about 34 to about 46 nucleotides, about 36 to about 946nucleotides, about 38 to about 46 nucleotides, about 40 to about 46 nucleotides, or about 42 to about 46 nucleotides, or any number of nucleotides thereinbetween of a wild-type PKP2 exon 1 sequence. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises about 40 to about 53 nucleotides, or about 42 to about 52 nucleotides, about 44 to about 50 nucleotides, or about 46 nucleotides, about 47 nucleotides, or about 53 nucleotides of a wild-type PKP2 exon 1 sequence. In some aspects, a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene comprises about 46 nucleotides, about 47 nucleotides, or about 53 nucleotides of a wild-type PKP2 exon 1 sequence upstream of a PKP2 start codon.
[0149] In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein comprises an expression cassette comprising a PKP2 gene and one or more regulatory elements, such as regulatory elements operably linked to the PKP2 gene. The term “expression cassette, ” as used herein, refers to a nuclei acid comprising a gene of interest, e.g., a PKP2 gene operably linked to a promoter, e.g., a cardiomyocyte-specific promoter and a poly A sequence, e.g., a bovine growth hormone poly A.
[0150] The term “operably linked, ” as used herein refers to a nucleic acid sequence joined to another nucleic acid sequence as part of the same nucleic acid molecule, wherein, e.g., a promoter is positioned and oriented for transcription of a gene of interest, e.g., a PKP2 gene from a nucleic acid described herein.
[0151] The term “regulatory element, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleotide sequence or structural component of a nucleic acid described herein which regulates expression of components of the nucleic acid (e.g., a PKP2 gene) . Regulatory elements include, but are not limited to, promoters as described herein, enhancers, silencers, insulators, response elements, initiation sites, termination signals, and ribosome binding sites. In some aspects, regulatory elements can be one or more naturally occurring and / or engineered regulatory elements.
[0152] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a promoter that is heterologous to the PKP2 gene. A promoter that is “heterologous” to the PKP2 gene, as used herein, refers to a promoter that is not the natural promoter of PKP2. In some aspects, a “heterologous” promoter is a natural promoter of another gene. In some aspects, a heterologous promoter is an engineered promoter. In some aspects, a promoter is selected from the group consisting of a cardiac troponin T (TNNT2 or cTnT) promoter, an alpha myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter, a beta myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) promoter, a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) promoter, a cardiac troponin C promoter, a natriuretic peptide A gene (NPPA) promoter, a myosin light chain 2v (MLC-2v) promoter, a cardiac sodium–calcium exchanger-1 (NCX1) promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, a cardiac myosin-binding protein C promoter, and a sarco / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) promoter. In some aspects, a promoter used in the nucleic acids provided herein can be any cardiac promoter. In some aspects, a promoter used in the nucleic acids provided herein can be any promoter that drives expression of a PKP2 protein in a cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a promoter sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-22.
[0153] In some aspects, a promoter comprises a sequence that is about 85%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-22. In some aspects, a transcript level increasing element comprises a sequence that is about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NOs: 18-22.
[0154] In some aspects, a TNNT2 promoter comprises a fragment of exon 1 of a TNNT2 gene. In some aspects, a fragment of exon 1 of a TNNT2 gene comprises a sequence that is about 85%to about 99%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60. In some aspects, a fragment of exon 1 of a TNNT2 gene comprises a sequence that is about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or about 100%identical to a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 60.
[0155] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises an enhancer sequence. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a CMV enhancer sequence of SEQ ID NO: 23. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a cardiac enhancer sequence. A “cardiac enhancer sequence, ” as used herein, refers to a sequence that binds a transcription factor protein to increase the likelihood that transcription of a PKP2 gene in a cardiomyocyte occurs. In some aspects, a cardiac enhancer sequence is a synthetic sequence that binds a transcription factor protein and increases transcription of a PKP2 gene in a cardiomyocyte.
[0156] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a Kozak sequence. The term “Kozak sequence, ” as used herein, refers to a nucleic acid motif that functions as a protein translation initiator site in a PKP2 transcript. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a modified Kozak sequence. In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a modified Kozak sequence. A “modified Kozak sequence, ” as used herein, refers to a Kozak sequence that has been adapted to increase functionality in a human cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, a modified Kozak sequence comprises a 5’ -gccRcc-3’s equence, where “R” indicates a purine (adenine or guanine) . In some aspects, a modified Kozak sequence comprises the sequence GCCACC. In some aspects, a modified Kozak sequence comprises a sequence that is about 60%to about 95%identical to a sequence of GCCACC. In some aspects, a modified Kozak sequence comprises a sequence that is about 60%, about 70%, about 80%, about 90%, about 95%, or about 100%identical to a sequence of GCCACC.
[0157] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a polyadenylation (poly (A) ) sequence. In some aspects, the poly (A) sequence is selected from a human growth hormone poly (A) , bovine growth hormone poly (A) and a SV40 poly (A) . In some aspects, a poly (A) sequence comprises a sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13 or 14.
[0158] In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 gene, a regulatory element, and a viral element, e.g., an inverted terminal repeat (ITR) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid encoding a PKP2 gene and comprising a regulatory element is located between two ITRs, e.g., a 5' ITR and a 3' ITR. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located upstream of or 5' relative to a PKP2 gene. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located downstream of or 3' relative to the 5' ITRs as described herein. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located upstream of or 5' relative to a PKP2 gene and downstream of or 3' relative to a 5' ITR. As described herein, an AAV ITR refers to a hairpin structure-forming sequence at the 5' terminus and the 3’ terminus of a nucleic acid comprising an AAV genome. Each ITR in its native or wild-type form is or is about 145 nucleotides in length (e.g., about 140 nucleotides, about 145 nucleotides, about 150 nucleotides, about 155 nucleotides, about 160 nucleotides, or about 165 nucleotides) and comprises distinct elements, e.g., a D-sequence, A, B, B’, C, and C’ domains and a Rep protein binding domain. Each ITR can independently be of any AAV serotype (e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, AAVrh10, or AAVrh74) , or both ITRs may be of the same serotype. ITRs are described, for example, in Grimm et al. J. Virol. 80 (1) : 426-439 (2006) . An exemplary 5’ ITR sequence of AAV serotype 2 is provided below. A 3’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence which is the reverse complement of the corresponding 5’ ITR (e.g., the AAV2 3’ ITR has a nucleotide sequence which is the reverse complement of the AAV2 5’ ITR) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein comprises a 5’ ITR of SEQ ID NO: 15. ITR) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein comprises a 3’ ITR of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0159] In some aspects, an AAV ITR sequence of a nucleic acid described herein has at least 80%identity, at least 85%identity, at least 90%identity, at least 91%identity, at least 92%identity, at least 93%identity, at least 94%identity, at least 95%identity, at least 96%identity, at least 97%identity, at least 98%identity, or at least 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 15. In some aspects, an AAV ITR sequence of a nucleic acid described herein has at least 80%identity, at least 85%identity, at least 90%identity, at least 91%identity, at least 92%identity, at least 93%identity, at least 94%identity, at least 95%identity, at least 96%identity, at least 97%identity, at least 98%identity, or at least 99%identity with the sequence of SEQ ID NO: 16.
[0160] In some aspects, a construct described herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91.
[0161] In some aspects, a nucleic acid provided herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91.
[0162] In some aspects, a construct described herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 63-91.
[0163] In some aspects, a construct described herein comprises a promoter, a PKP2 gene and a polyadenylation sequence, e.g., as illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 63-91 or a sequence having about 60%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 63-91.
[0164] some aspects, a construct described herein comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 25-53.
[0165] In some aspects, a construct described herein comprises a promoter, a PKP2 gene, a polyadenylation sequence, and two ITRs, e.g., as illustrated in SEQ ID NO: 25-53 or a sequence having about 60%to about 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NOs: 25-53. II. Plasmids, Vectors, Lipid Nanoparticles
[0166] Provided are plasmids comprising a nucleic acid described herein. In some aspects, a plasmid comprises elements for replication in a cell. In some aspects, a plasmid comprises regulatory elements for replication in a bacterial cell. In some aspects, a plasmid comprises regulatory elements for replication in an insect cell.
[0167] Also provided are vectors comprising a nucleic acid described herein. In some aspects, a vector is a viral vector. In some aspects, a viral vector is selected from an adenoviral vector, a lentiviral vector and an adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector.
[0168] In some aspects, an AAV vector can be of any AAV serotype, such as AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAV11, AAV12, AAV13, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, or MyoAAV, or a combination of serotypes. In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises an AAV ITR. In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises an AAV ITR from any AAV serotype. In some aspects, an AAV vector is encapsidated within an AAV capsid. In some aspects, an AAV vector is encapsidated within an AAV capsid to form a pseudotyped AAV particle, such that the genome is of an AAV serotype distinct from the capsid in which it is encapsidated. For example, an AAV vector of serotype AAV2 may be encapsidated within a capsid of serotype AAV9.
[0169] In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises a modification, e.g., an insertion, a deletion and / or a substitution of at least one nucleotides of the nucleic acid sequence of the vector.
[0170] In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises an insertion to increase the size of the vector genome. For example, wild-type AAV genomes are approximately 4.7 kilobases (kb) in length and recombinant AAV genomes are typically limited to approximately the same length. See, e.g., Wu, et al., Mol Ther. (2010) 18 (1) : 80-86.
[0171] In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises an AAV genome having a length greater than a length of a corresponding wild-type AAV genome without substantial negative impacts on AAV genome rescue, replication, and / or packaging.
[0172] In some aspects, an AAV genome described herein has a length of about 4 kilobases (kb) , 4.2 kb, 4.3 kb, 4.4 kb, 4.5 kb, 4.6 kb, 4.7 kb, 4.8 kb, 4.9 kb, 5 kb, 5.1 kb, 5.2 kb, 5.3 kb, 5.4 kb, 5.5 kb, 5.6 kb, 5.7 kb, 5.8 kb, 5.9 kb, or 6 kb in length. It should be understood that an AAV genome described herein can be of any size or size range within the kb values described herein (e.g., an AAV genome can be 4-6 kb in length, or any length thereinbetween) .
[0173] A vector as described herein in some aspects comprises an expression cassette comprising a PKP2 gene and one or more regulatory elements, such as regulatory elements operably linked to the PKP2 gene. In some aspects, a vector is an AAV vector and comprises an expression cassette located between two ITRs, a 5'ITR and a 3'ITR. In some aspects, an expression cassette comprises a marker gene. In some aspects, a marker gene is a gene encoding a green fluorescent protein. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located upstream of or 5'relative to a PKP2 expression cassette. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located downstream of or 3'relative to the 5'ITRs as described herein. In some aspects, a regulatory element is located upstream of or 5' relative to a PKP2 expression cassette and downstream of or 3' relative to a 5' ITR. In some aspects, a regulatory element is selected from a promoter, enhancer, silencer, insulator, response element, initiation site, termination signal, and ribosome binding site.
[0174] In some aspects, a nucleic acid described herein is comprised in a delivery vehicle such as a liposome, nanocapsule, microparticle, microsphere, lipid particle, vesicle, and the like. In some aspects, a nucleic acid is formulated for delivery either encapsulated in a lipid particle, a liposome, a vesicle, a nanosphere, or a nanoparticle. Viral Particles
[0175] According to some aspects, provided herein are viral particles that comprise any of the nucleic acids and / or vectors described herein. In some aspects, a viral particle is selected from an adenoviral particle, a lentiviral particle and an AAV particle. The term “AAV particle, ” as used herein refers to a supramolecular assembly of 60 individual capsid protein subunits forming a non-enveloped T-1 icosahedral lattice capable of protecting a single-stranded DNA genome. For example, a mature AAV2 particle is approximately 20 nm in diameter, and its capsid is formed from three structural capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3, with molecular masses of about 87, 73, and 62 kDa, respectively, in a ratio of about 1: 1: 18. The 60 capsid proteins are arranged in an anti-parallel β-strand barreloid arrangement, resulting in a defined tropism and a high resistance to degradation.
[0176] In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a capsid encapsidating a nucleic acid (e.g., a nucleic acid comprising a PKP2 expression cassette) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid encapsidated within an AAV capsid to generate an AAV particle comprises a nucleic acid and / or a vector described herein. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein comprises a capsid protein comprising one or more mutations, e.g., one or more amino acid substitutions.
[0177] In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein is replicative. A replicative AAV particle is capable of replicating within a host cell (e.g., a host cell within a subject or a host cell in culture) . In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein is non-replicating. A non-replicating AAV particle is not capable of replicating within a host cell (e.g., a host cell within a subject or a host cell in culture) but can infect the host and deliver a nucleic acid comprising, e.g., a PKP2 expression cassette to the host cell. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein is capable of facilitating stable integration of a genetic component, e.g., a PKP2 encoding polynucleotide into the genome of a host cell. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein is not capable of facilitating integration of a genetic component into the genome of a host cell.
[0178] In some aspects, an AAV vector comprises two inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) adjacent to the ends of a sequence comprising a polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 gene operably linked to a promoter, e.g., a PKP2 expression cassette. In some aspects, an AAV vector is a single-stranded DNA vector. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein comprises one single-stranded DNA. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein comprises two complementary DNA strands, forming a self-complementary AAV (scAAV) .
[0179] An AAV particle described herein may comprise a capsid protein of any AAV serotype (e.g., AAV serotype 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or 13) , including any derivative (including non-naturally occurring variants of a serotype) or pseudotype. Non-limiting examples of derivatives and pseudotypes include AAV2-AAV3 hybrid, AAVrh. 10, AAVhu. 14, AAV3a / 3b, AAVrh32.33, AAV-HSC15, AAV-HSC17, AAVhu. 37, AAVrh. 8, CHt-P6, AAV2.5, AAV6.2, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, MyoAAV, AAV-HSC15 / 17, AAVM41, AAV9.45, AAV2.5T, AAV-HAE1 / 2, AAV clone 32 / 83, AAVShH10, AAV2.15, AAV2.4, AAVM41, and AAVr3.45. Such AAV serotypes and derivatives / pseudotypes, and methods of producing such derivatives / pseudotypes are known in the art (see, e.g., Mol. Ther. 2012 Apr; 20 (4) : 699-708. doi: 10.1038 / mt. 2011.287. Epub 2012 Jan 24. The AAV vector toolkit: poised at the clinical crossroads. Asokan A, Schaffer DV, Samulski RJ. ) . In some aspects, the AAV particle is a pseudotyped AAV particle, which comprises a vector comprising ITRs from one serotype (e.g., AAV2) and a capsid comprised of capsid proteins derived from another serotype (i.e., a serotype other than AAV2 like an AAV9) . Methods for producing and using pseudotyped rAAV vectors are known in the art (see, e.g., Duan et al., J. Virol., 75: 7662-7671 (2001) ; Halbert et al., J. Virol., 74: 1524-1532 (2000) ; Zolotukhin et al., Methods, 28: 158-167 (2002) ; and Auricchio et al., Hum. Molec. Genet., 10: 3075-3081 (2001) ) .
[0180] In some aspects, a vector comprises a first and / or a second AAV ITR and the first and / or second AAV ITR is selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, and MyoAAV, or fragments or variants thereof.
[0181] In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a capsid protein selected from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, and MyoAAV, or fragments or variants thereof.
[0182] In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from one serotype and a capsid comprised of capsid proteins derived from the same serotype. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from an AAV2 serotype and a capsid from an AAV2 serotype. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from an AAV9 serotype and a capsid from an AAV9 serotype.
[0183] In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from one serotype and a capsid comprised of capsid proteins derived from another serotype. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from an AAV2 serotype and a capsid from an AAV9 serotype. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a vector comprising an ITR from an AAV9 serotype and a capsid from an AAV2 serotype. For example, in some aspects, an AAV particle comprises an AAV vector with two AAV2 ITRs framing a PKP2 expression cassette, wherein the AAV vector is encapsulated in an AAV9 capsid. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises an AAV vector with two AAV9 ITRs framing a PKP2 expression cassette, wherein the AAV vector is encapsulated in an AAV9 capsid.
[0184] Example of an amino acid sequence of wild-type AAV2 VP1 capsid protein:
[0185] Example of an amino acid sequence of wild-type AAV9 VP1 capsid protein
[0186] In some aspects, an AAV particle comprises a capsid protein having one or more modifications characterized by an amino acid substitution. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein comprises a capsid protein having one or more modifications compared to an AAV2 capsid protein of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some aspects, an AAV particle described herein comprises a capsid protein having one or more modifications compared to an AAV9 capsid protein of SEQ ID NO: 55.
[0187] In some aspects, an AAV capsid protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 54. In some aspects, an AAV capsid protein comprises an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 55. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprising a modified AAV2 capsid protein binds selectively to a cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, an AAV particle comprising a modified AAV9 capsid protein binds selectively to a cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, an AAV capsid protein comprising an amino acid substitution at one or more positions corresponding to an amino acid substitution of an AAV2 capsid protein of SEQ ID NO: 54 selectively binds to a cardiomyocyte compared to an AAV2 capsid protein that does not comprise the amino acid substitution at one or more positions. In some aspects, an AAV capsid protein comprising an amino acid substitution at the one or more positions corresponding to an amino acid substitution of an AAV9 capsid protein of SEQ ID NO: 55 binds with higher efficiency to a cardiomyocyte compared to an AAV9 capsid protein that does not comprise the amino acid substitution at the one or more positions. Corresponding positions in capsid proteins having different baseline amino acid sequences can be determined by methods known in the art, such as by constructing structural alignments of the amino acid sequences of capsid proteins of various AAV serotypes and identifying corresponding amino acids. A “corresponding” amino acid to be substituted is one which is at the corresponding position, and may have the same amino acid identity (i.e., the amino acid at the corresponding position in the second capsid protein sequence is the same as the amino acid in the reference capsid protein sequence) , or may be an amino acid with similar properties (e.g., similar hydrophobicity, size, charge, etc. ) as the amino acid in the reference capsid protein. The different capsid proteins VP1, VP2, and VP3 are defined according to numbering of the full-length VP1 protein. In some aspects, an AAV9 VP1 capsid protein is defined by amino acids 1-736 of SEQ ID NO: 55. Numbering of AAV capsid proteins is provided according to the VP1 sequence.
[0188] An AAV capsid protein described herein can be of any serotype, or can be a chimeric capsid protein (i.e., comprising segments from capsid proteins of two or more serotypes) . In some aspects, a capsid protein described herein is from AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, and MyoAAV, or variants thereof.
[0189] In some aspects, a capsid protein is a chimeric capsid protein comprising an N-terminal sequence of a capsid protein of one AAV serotype and a C-terminal sequence of a capsid protein of another AAV serotype. For example, in some aspects, a chimeric capsid protein comprises an N-terminal sequence of an AAV2 capsid protein and a C-terminal sequence of an AAV9 capsid protein. In some aspects, a chimeric capsid protein comprises about 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34 35, 36 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, or more amino acids of an N-terminal sequence of a capsid protein of one AAV serotype and the remaining amino acid sequence to prepare a full-length capsid protein sequence is a capsid protein sequence of another AAV serotype.
[0190] Also provided herein are nucleic acids encoding capsid proteins. In some aspects, a nucleic acid comprises a sequence that encodes a capsid protein described herein (e.g., an AAV9 capsid protein or a chimeric capsid protein) . A sequence encoding a capsid protein can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art by known methods. A nucleic acid encoding a capsid protein may comprise a promoter or other regulatory sequence operably linked to the coding sequence. A nucleic acid encoding a capsid protein may be in the form of a plasmid, an mRNA, or another nucleic acid capable of being used by enzymes or machinery of a host cell to produce a capsid protein. Nucleic acids encoding capsid proteins as provided herein can be used to make AAV particles that can be used for delivering a gene to a cell. Methods of making AAV particles are known in the art. For example, see Scientific Reports volume 9, Article number: 13601 (2019) ; Methods Mol Biol. 2012; 798: 267–284; and thermofisher. com / us / en / home / clinical / cell-gene-therapy / gene-therapy / aav-production-workflow. html. Example sequences of nucleic acids encoding capsid proteins are provided below.
[0191] Example of a nucleotide sequence encoding AAV2 capsid proteins:
[0192] Example of a nucleotide sequence encoding AAV9 capsid proteins: Transgene expression
[0193] According to some aspects, a PKP2 protein encoded by a nucleic acid, a vector, and / or a viral particle described herein is specifically expressed in a cardiomyocyte following administration of the nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle to a subject. In some aspects, a PKP2 protein is not expressed in a non-cardiomyocyte following administration of the nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle to the subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle as described herein results in a greater copy number per nucleus of a PKP2 encoding nucleic acid in a cardiomyocyte compared to a non-cardiomyocyte following administration of a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle described herein to a subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle as described herein results in a greater copy number per nucleus of a PKP2 encoding nucleic acid in a cardiomyocyte compared to a non-cardiac muscle cell, e.g., a skeletal muscle cell following administration of a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle described herein to a subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle as described herein results in a higher PKP2 protein expression in a cardiomyocyte compared to a non-cardiomyocyte on a per nucleic acid vector copy number basis (e.g., PKP2 protein expression in a cell, when normalized to the total amount of PKP2 encoding nucleic acid in the cell, is altered) . Relative protein expression levels can be determined, for example, by measuring expression, e.g., of a PKP2 protein in a cell by methods known in the art following contacting the cell with a nucleic acid, vector and / or viral particle comprising a polynucleotide encoding, e.g., a PKP2 protein.
[0194] In some aspects, the PKP2 protein expression from a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle as described herein in a cardiomyocyte is at least 5%higher (e.g., at least 10%higher, at least 15%higher, at least 20%higher, at least 25%higher, at least 30%higher, at least 35%higher, at least 40%higher, at least 50%higher, at least 60%higher, at least 70%higher, at least 80%higher, at least 90%higher, at least 100%higher, at least 150%higher, at least 200%higher, at least 250%higher, or more) than the expression of a PKP2 protein in a non-cardiomyocyte following administration of a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle to a subject.
[0195] In some aspects, the PKP2 protein expression from a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle as described herein in a cardiomyocyte is at least 1.5-fold higher (e.g., at least 2-fold higher, at least 2.5-fold higher, at least 3-fold higher, at least 3.5-fold higher, at least 4-fold higher, at least 4.5-fold higher, at least 5-fold higher, at least 5.5-fold higher, at least 6-fold higher, at least 6.5-fold higher, at least 7-fold higher, at least 7.5-fold higher, at least 8-fold higher, at least 8.5-fold higher, at least 9-fold higher, at least 9.5-fold higher, at least 10-fold higher, at least 10.5-fold higher, at least 11-fold higher, at least 11.5-fold higher, at least 12-fold higher, at least 12.5-fold higher, at least 13-fold higher, at least 13.5-fold higher, at least 14-fold higher, at least 14.5-fold higher, at least 15-fold higher, at least 15.5-fold higher, at least 16-fold higher, at least 16.5-fold higher, at least 17-fold higher, at least 17.5-fold higher, at least 18-fold higher, at least 18.5-fold higher, at least 19-fold higher, at least 19.5-fold higher, at least 20-fold higher, at least 25-fold higher, at least 30-fold higher, at least 35-fold higher, at least 40-fold higher, at least 45-fold higher, at least 50-fold higher, at least 55-fold higher, at least 60-fold higher, at least 65-fold higher, at least 70-fold higher, at least 75-fold higher, at least 80-fold higher, at least 85-fold higher, at least 90-fold higher, at least 100-fold higher or more) than the expression of a PKP2 protein in a non-cardiomyocyte following administration of a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle to a subject. Compositions
[0196] In some aspects, a composition provided herein comprises a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91. In some aspects, a composition comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91.
[0197] Any one of the nucleic acids, vectors, and / or viral particles described herein may be prepared by dissolving the nucleic acids, vectors, and / or viral particles in a suitable solvent. Suitable solvents include but are not limited to water, saline solutions (e.g., NaCl) , buffer solutions, or other solvents. In some aspects, the solvent is sterile.
[0198] In some aspects, an aqueous solution and diluent for the suspension used in the preparation of a composition includes distilled water or physiological saline. Various additives can be included. These additives may include additional ingredients, additives, or carriers suitable for contact with or administration to a subject without excessive toxicity, incompatibility, instability, irritation, and / or allergy. Exemplary additives include solvents, bases, cosolvents, suspending agents, thickeners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, buffers, isotonicity adjusters, pH adjusters, chelating agents, soothing agents, preservatives, flavoring agents, flavoring agents, colorants, excipients, binders, lubricants, surfactants, absorption enhancers, dispersants, preservatives, and / or solubilizers. For example, a buffer is added to keep the pH constant, and the buffer may include a pharmaceutically acceptable buffer, such as borate buffer, citrate buffer, tartrate buffer, phosphate buffer, acetate buffer or Tris-HCl buffer (containing tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane and HCl) . In addition to the buffer, an isotonic agent may be added to the composition to prepare a preparation that is isotonic with blood. Isotonic agents include, but are not limited to sugars, such as dextrose, glucose, sucrose, and fructose; sugar alcohols, such as mannitol and sorbitol; polyols, such as glycerin, polyethyleneglycol, and propylene glycol; and salts, such as chlorinated sodium, sodium citrate, benzalkonium chloride, phedrine chloride, potassium chloride, procaine chloride, chloram phenicol and sodium succinate. An isotonic agent is added in such an amount that the osmotic pressure of the composition is equal to the osmotic pressure blood.
[0199] In some aspects, a pharmaceutical composition is prepared by dissolving the nucleic acids, vectors, and / or viral particles described herein in an appropriate solvent. The appropriate solvent includes, but is not limited to, water, salt solutions (such as NaCl) , buffer solutions (such as phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) ) or other solvents. In some aspects, the solvent is sterile. In some aspects, the pharmaceutical composition is prepared by aseptic operation, or alternatively, sterilized at a suitable preparation stage. For example, a sterile pharmaceutical composition may be prepared by aseptically mixing sterile ingredients. Alternatively, a sterile pharmaceutical composition may be prepared by first mixing ingredients and then sterilizing a final preparation. A sterilization method may include, but is not limited to, heat sterilization, radiation, and filtration.
[0200] Pharmaceutical compositions as described herein, e.g., comprising a nucleic acid, vector, and / or viral particle can be sterilized, e.g., via filtration, etc. Kits
[0201] In some aspects, provided are kits that comprise a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition as described herein and components for preparing the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition for administration to a subject. In some aspects, a kit comprises a vessel for mixing a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition in a carrier to arrive at a therapeutically effective amount of the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition for administration to a subject in need thereof. In some aspects, a kit comprises a device for administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition to a subject in need thereof. Methods
[0202] According to some aspects, methods of contacting a cell with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein are provided. In some aspects, a method provided herein comprises contacting a cell with a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91. In some aspects, a method comprises contacting a cell with a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91.
[0203] Methods of contacting a cell may comprise, for example, contacting a cell in a culture with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition. In some aspects, contacting a cell comprises adding a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition to the supernatant of a cell culture (e.g., a cell culture on a tissue culture plate or dish) or mixing a composition comprising a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition with a cell culture (e.g., a suspension cell culture) . In some aspects, contacting a cell comprises mixing a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition with another solution, such as a cell culture media, and incubating a cell with the mixture.
[0204] In some aspects, contacting a cell with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition comprises administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition to a subject or device in which the cell is located. In some aspects, contacting a cardiomyocyte with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition comprises administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition to a subject in which the cardiomyocyte is located. In some aspects, contacting a cell comprises injecting a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition into a subject in which the cell, e.g., cardiomyocyte is located. In some aspects, contacting a cell, e.g., a cardiomyocyte comprises administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition directly to a cell, e.g., a cardiomyocyte or into or substantially adjacent to a tissue of a subject in which the cell, e.g., cardiomyocyte is present.
[0205] In some aspects, “administering” or “administration” means providing a material to a subject in a manner that is pharmacologically useful. In some aspects, a method provided herein comprises administering to a subject a nucleic acid comprising a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91. In some aspects, a method comprises administering to a subject a nucleic acid sequence that is about 60%to about 99%, e.g., about 65%to about 70%, about 71%to about 75%, about 76%to about 80%, about 81%to about 90%, about 91%to about 95%, or about 96%to about 99%identical to a sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-9, 10-24, 25-53, 58-62, or 63-91. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to a subject enterally. In some aspects, an enteral administration is oral administration. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject parenterally. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to a subject by intravenous injection or infusion (IV) , by intracardiac injection, by intracardiac infusion, by right atrial infusion, by left atrial infusion and / or by coronary artery infusion or by direct injection to one or more cells, tissues, or organs. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into a vena cava. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into the heart muscle (intramyocardial administration) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into the right myocardium (right ventricle muscle) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into the left myocardium (left ventricle muscle) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into a right ventricle of the subject’s heart (right ventricular chamber) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into a left ventricle of the subject’s heart (left ventricular chamber) . In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by injection into a coronary artery of the subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by anterograde injection into a coronary artery of the subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by retrograde injection into a coronary artery of the subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to the subject by pericardial injection into the pericardial space of the heart of a subject. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to a subject to treat a disease or condition. To "treat" a disease as the term is used herein, means to reduce the frequency or severity of at least one sign or symptom of a disease or disorder experienced by a subject. “Treating” encompasses preventing the onset, delaying, slowing the progression, or reducing the severity of a disease in addition to encompassing reversing (at least partially) one or more symptoms of the disease. In some aspects, “treating” comprises prophylactic treatment and therapeutic treatment. A nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein is typically administered to a subject in an effective amount, that is, an amount capable of producing a desirable result. The desirable result will depend upon the active agent being administered. For example, an effective amount of a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition may be an amount of the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition that is capable of transferring, e.g., a PKP2 expression cassette to a host organ, tissue, or cell. A therapeutically acceptable amount may be an amount that is capable of treating a disease, e.g., ARVC. As is well known in the medical and veterinary arts, dosage for any one subject depends on many factors, including the subject's size, body surface area, age, the particular composition to be administered, the active ingredient (s) in the composition, time and route of administration, general health, and other drugs being administered concurrently. In some aspects, a cell is contacted with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein, wherein the contacting treats the disease or disorder.
[0206] In some aspects, a cell described herein is a cell isolated or derived from a subject. In some aspects, a cell is a mammalian cell (e.g., a cell isolated or derived from a mammal) . In some aspects, a cell is a human cell. In some aspects, a cell is isolated or derived from a particular tissue of a subject, such as cardiac muscle tissue. In some aspects, a cell is a cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, a cell is a human cardiomyocyte. In some aspects, a cell is in vitro. In some aspects, a cell is ex vivo. In some aspects, a cell is in vivo. In some aspects, a cell is within a subject (e.g., within a heart of a subject) . In some aspects, a cell is a primary cell. In some aspects, a cell is from a cell line (e.g., a cardiomyocyte cell line) . In some aspects a cell is a cancer cell or an immortalized cell.
[0207] In certain circumstances it will be desirable to deliver a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein in a suitably formulated pharmaceutical composition described herein.
[0208] In some aspects, the concentration of viral particles in a composition administered to a subject may be on the order ranging from 106 to 1014 particles / ml or 103 to 1015 particles / ml, or any values therebetween for either range, such as for example, about 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014 particles / ml. In some aspects, viral particles of a higher concentration than 1013 particles / ml are administered. In some aspects, the concentration of viral particles administered to a subject may be on the order ranging from 106 to 1014 vector genomes (vg) / ml or 103 to 1015 vg / ml, or any values therebetween for either range (e.g., 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014 vg / ml) . In some aspects, viral particles of higher concentration than 1013 vg / ml are administered. The viral particles can be administered as a single dose, or divided into two or more administrations as may be required to achieve therapy of the particular disease or disorder being treated. In some aspects, 0.0001 ml to 10 ml are delivered to a subject. In some aspects, the number of viral particles administered to a subject may be on the order ranging from 106-1014 vg / kg body mass of the subject, or any values therebetween (e.g., 106, 107, 108, 109, 1010, 1011, 1012, 1013, or 1014 vg / kg) . In some aspects, the dose of viral particles administered to a subject may be on the order ranging from 1012-1014 vg / kg.
[0209] In some aspects, the volume of a composition comprising a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle delivered to a subject (e.g., via one or more routes of administration as described herein) is 0.0001 ml to 10 ml.
[0210] In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein is administered to a subject once. In some aspects, a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition is administered to a subject multiple times (e.g., twice, three times, four times, five times, six times, or more) . Repeated administration to a subject may be conducted at a regular interval (e.g., daily, every other day, twice per week, weekly, twice per month, monthly, every six months, once per year, or less or more frequently) as necessary to treat (e.g., improve or alleviate) one or more symptoms of a disease, disorder, or condition in the subject.
[0211] In some aspects, provided is a method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein wherein the contacting provides the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle or composition in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.
[0212] In some aspects, provided is a method of treating a cardiomyopathy in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein wherein the contacting provides the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle or composition in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.
[0213] In some aspects, provided is a method of treating an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) . In some aspects, provided is a method of treating an arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) . In some aspects, a method of treating an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy or an arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy in a subject in need thereof comprises contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein wherein the contacting provides the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle or composition in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.
[0214] In some aspects, provided is a method of administering to a subject having a cardiac disease or disorder or being at risk of developing a cardiac disease or disorder a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein wherein the nucleic acid, vector, viral particle or composition is administered in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.
[0215] In some aspects, a method described herein comprises administering a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition to a subject in need thereof by intravenous injection, by intracardiac injection, by intracardiac infusion, by right atrial infusion, by left atrial infusion and / or by coronary artery infusion. Subjects
[0216] Aspects of the disclosure relate to methods for use with a subject, such as human or non-human primate subjects; with a host cell in situ in a subject; or with a host cell derived from a subject (e.g., ex vivo or in vitro) . Non-limiting examples of non-human primate subjects include macaques (e.g., cynomolgus or rhesus macaques) , marmosets, tamarins, spider monkeys, owl monkeys, vervet monkeys, squirrel monkeys, baboons, gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans. In some aspects, the subject is a human subject. Other exemplary subjects include domesticated animals such as dogs and cats; livestock such as horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, goats, and chickens; and other animals such as mice, rats, guinea pigs, and hamsters.
[0217] In some aspects, the subject has or is suspected of having a disease or disorder that may be treated with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein. A disease or disorder that may be treated with a nucleic acid, vector, viral particle and / or composition described herein may be characterized by one or more mutation (s) in the genome, e.g., in a PKP2 gene that results in abnormal structure or function of a PKP2 protein associated with a cardiac or disorder. In some aspects, the subject has or is suspected of having an arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) . In some aspects, the subject has or is suspected of having heart failure (e.g., the subject has one or more signs or symptoms of heart failure) . In some aspects, the subject has or is suspected of having a cardiac disease or disorder characterized by fibrofatty infiltration in the subject’s myocardium.
[0218] Diseases and disorders can be characterized and identified, e.g., through laboratory tests and / or evaluation by a clinician. In some aspects, the subject has or is suspected of having a cardiac disease, e.g., a disease caused by a defect, such as a genetic mutation in a PKP2 gene. In some aspects, a nucleic acid isolated or derived from the subject (e.g., genomic DNA, mRNA, or cDNA from the subject) is identified via sequencing (e.g., Sanger or next-generation sequencing) to comprise a mutation, e.g., in a PKP2 gene. EXAMPLES Example 1. In vitro and in vivo analysis of PKP2 expression cassettes.
[0219] In this Example, nucleic acids comprising a nucleic acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 1-24 were used to construct twenty-nine PKP2 expression cassette designs (and two GFP control designs) . The constructs were evaluated for the potential of the PKP2 expression cassette design vectors to treat ARVC through gene therapy. The Construct designs were:
[0220] Construct 1 comprises SEQ ID NO: 25.
[0221] Construct 2 comprises SEQ ID NO: 26.
[0222] Construct 3 comprises SEQ ID NO: 27.
[0223] Construct 4 comprises SEQ ID NO: 28.
[0224] Construct 5 comprises SEQ ID NO: 29.
[0225] Construct 6 comprises SEQ ID NO: 30.
[0226] Construct 7 comprises SEQ ID NO: 31.
[0227] Construct 8 comprises SEQ ID NO: 32.
[0228] Construct 9 comprises SEQ ID NO: 33.
[0229] Construct 10 comprises SEQ ID NO: 34.
[0230] Construct 11 comprises SEQ ID NO: 35.
[0231] Construct 12 comprises SEQ ID NO: 36.
[0232] Construct 13 comprises SEQ ID NO: 37.
[0233] Construct 14 comprises SEQ ID NO: 38.
[0234] Construct 15 comprises SEQ ID NO: 39.
[0235] Construct 16 comprises SEQ ID NO: 40.
[0236] Construct 17 comprises SEQ ID NO: 41.
[0237] Construct 18 comprises SEQ ID NO: 42.
[0238] Construct 19 comprises SEQ ID NO: 43.
[0239] Construct 20 comprises SEQ ID NO: 44.
[0240] Construct 21 comprises a MHCK promoter-GFP control nucleic acid.
[0241] Construct 22 comprises a human TNNT2 promoter-GFP control nucleic acid.
[0242] Construct 23 comprises SEQ ID NO: 45.
[0243] Construct 24 comprises SEQ ID NO: 46.
[0244] Construct 25 comprises SEQ ID NO: 47.
[0245] Construct 26 comprises SEQ ID NO: 48.
[0246] Construct 27 comprises SEQ ID NO: 49.
[0247] Construct 28 comprises SEQ ID NO: 50.
[0248] Construct 29 comprises SEQ ID NO: 51.
[0249] Construct 30 comprises SEQ ID NO: 52.
[0250] Construct 31 comprises SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0251] Each cassette of Constructs 1-20 and 23-31 comprised a promoter and a polynucleotide encoding PKP2, a poly (A) tail and optionally an intron sequence, a woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) or functional variant thereof and flanking ITRs. The sequences from promoter to poly (A) for the same constructs without ITR and linker sequences before the promoter and after the poly (A) are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 63-91. The expression cassettes were screened and validated in vitro in two cell lines, as well as in vivo in PKP2 conditional knockout (cKO) mice.
[0252] For the in vitro studies, plasmids for each of the initial expression cassettes and two GFP control cassettes (Constructs 21 and 22) were transfected into HEK293T cells or cardiomyocyte AC16 cells and PKP2 expression was detected by Western blot analysis. Western blotting showed PKP2 protein expression at various levels after plasmid transfection of 293T cells. (FIG. 1A and 1D) . Western blotting also showed PKP2 protein expression at various levels after plasmid transfection of AC16 cells (FIGs. 1B and 1C) .
[0253] Truncated PKP2 intron 1 (intron 1t) was correctly spliced out in mature PKP2 mRNA after transfecting 293T cells. The sizes of PCR amplicons of cDNA generated from 293T cells transfected with different constructs were detected by DNA gel electrophoresis. The gels demonstrated same sizes of PCR amplicons generated from cells transfected with constructs with and without introns (FIG. 2) indicating that intron 1t was correctly spliced out during mRNA maturation, which was confirmed by sequencing. Sequencing demonstrated that the cDNA sequence of the mature PKP2 mRNA in the region spanning exon1 and exon2 (where the intron 1t was inserted) did not contain intron 1t sequence or any other unintended sequence. This sequencing data indicated that intron 1t had been properly spliced out in mature mRNA which resulted in proper wild type PKP2 protein expression.
[0254] Western quantification data showed that constructs containing PKP2 intron 1t gave higher PKP2 protein expression in 293T cells than the corresponding constructs containing a WPRE sequence (FIG. 3A) . Similarly, constructs containing PKP2 intron 1t gave higher PKP2 protein expression in AC16 cells than the corresponding constructs containing a WPRE sequence (FIG. 3B) .
[0255] AAV9 viral vectors containing different expression constructs gave rise to PKP2 protein expression at various levels after 293T cell infection at an MOI of 5E6 (FIG. 4) .
[0256] For the in vivo studies, a Pkp2 conditional knockout (cKO) mouse model was used. The Pkp2 cKO model had been produced using the Cre / Lox system (Cerrone et al. Nat. Comm. 8: 106, 2017) . Briefly, two LoxP sites were introduced in intron 1 and intron 3 of the mouse Pkp2 gene to generate Pkp2 fl / fl mice. These mice were crossed with an αMyHC-Cre-ER (T2) line. Half of the progeny were Cre-positive and designated as Pkp2 cKO mice, while the Cre-negative littermates were used as controls. Using the Pkp2 cKO mice, an in vivo study was conducted in which 3-4 month old mice were injected with either vehicle (AAV formulation buffer) or 3x1013 vector genomes (VG) / kg of AAV comprising a human PKP2 construct. Tamoxifen was used to induce Pkp2 knock-out at three weeks post-injection, and a subset of mice were euthanized at 7 weeks post-injection (4 weeks post tamoxifen induction) for tissue analysis. Survival was monitored for the remaining mice until 16 weeks post-injection (13 weeks post tamoxifen induction) , at which time remaining mice were euthanized for tissue analysis (FIG. 5) . Echocardiographic analyses were performed at week 14 post-injection (11 weeks post tamoxifen induction) (FIG. 5) . All Pkp2 cKO mice receiving vehicle injection died by 9 weeks post-tamoxifen induction and 100%of mice that received Constructs 1, 5, 9, 11 or 30 survived (FIG. 6A-6B) .
[0257] Collagen staining of longitudinal heart sections in Ppkp2 cKO mice showed a decrease in right ventricular wall thickness and fibrosis upon knockout of Pkp2 in vehicle treated mice (FIG. 7) . However, AAV9-PKP2 treated Pkp2 cKO mice showed an improvement in heart structure including an increase in right ventricular wall thickness and reduction in fibrosis. Fibrosis was quantified by Masson’s Trichome straining at 7-and 16-weeks post-injection.
[0258] Some viral vectors led to higher improvement in percent left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) compared to AAV9 Construct 10 at 14 weeks post AAV injection (11 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) (FIG. 8) . Further, some viral vectors led to higher improvement in cardiac output (CO, ml / min) at 14 weeks post AAV injection (11 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) (FIG. 9) .
[0259] Fibrosis levels were measured as percent collagen positive tissue by Trichrome staining of heart tissues collected at 7 weeks post AAV injection (4 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) (FIG. 10A) and at 16 weeks post AAV injection (13 weeks post Pkp2 knockout) (FIG. 10B) .
[0260] PKP2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining of longitudinal heart sections of Pkp2 cKO hearts at 7 weeks post AAV vector injection demonstrated PKP2 expression in infected hearts (FIG. 11A) . The transduction efficiency of AAV9-PKP2 vectors in the hearts of Pkp2-cKO mice was quantified based on average PKP2 positive counts per nuclei from IHC areas. (FIG. 11B) .
[0261] AAV9-PKP2 vector genome copy number in the heart, liver, and muscle of infected Pkp2 cKO mice was quantified using qPCR with TaqMan primer / probe targeting ITR region. (FIG. 12)
[0262] PKP2 protein expression in the mouse heart tissues was determined by western blot 16 weeks post AAV vector injection (FIG. 13A-13B) .
[0263] Protein lysates collected 16 weeks post AAV infection from heart, liver and muscle in infected Pkp2 cKO mice showed that most AAV9-PKP2 vectors resulted in heart-specific PKP2 protein expression (FIG. 14) .
[0264] AAV9-PKP2 vectors reduced mRNA expression of fibrosis and tissue remodeling biomarkers Col1a1 (FIG. 15A) , Timp1 (FIG. 15B) , and Mmp2 (FIG. 15C) in the hearts.
[0265] AAV9-PKP2 vectors also reduced mRNA expression of heart failure biomarkers Nppa (FIG. 16A) and Nppb (FIG. 16B) . EQUIVALENTS AND SCOPE
[0266] While several inventive aspects have been described and illustrated herein, those of ordinary skill in the art will readily envision a variety of other means and / or structures for performing the function and / or obtaining the results and / or one or more of the advantages described herein, and each of such variations and / or modifications is deemed to be within the scope of the inventive aspects described herein. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials, and configurations described herein are meant to be exemplary and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials, and / or configurations will depend upon the specific application or applications for which the inventive teachings is / are used. Those skilled in the art will recognize, or be able to ascertain using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific inventive aspects described herein. It is, therefore, to be understood that the foregoing aspects are presented by way of example only and that, within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereto, inventive aspects may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. Inventive aspects of the present disclosure are directed to each individual feature, system, article, material, kit, and / or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods, if such features, systems, articles, materials, kits, and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent, is included within the inventive scope of the present disclosure.
[0267] All definitions, as defined and used herein, should be understood to control over dictionary definitions, definitions in documents incorporated by reference, and / or ordinary meanings of the defined terms.
[0268] All references, patents, and patent applications described herein are incorporated by reference with respect to the subject matter for which each is cited, which in some cases may encompass the entirety of the document.
[0269] The indefinite articles “a” and “an, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, should be understood to mean “at least one. ”
[0270] The phrase “and / or, ” as used herein in the specification and in the claims, should be understood to mean “either or both” of the elements so conjoined, i.e., elements that are conjunctively present in some cases and disjunctively present in other cases. Multiple elements listed with “and / or” should be construed in the same fashion, i.e., “one or more” of the elements so conjoined. Other elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified by the “and / or” clause, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, a reference to “A and / or B” , when used in conjunction with open-ended language such as “comprising” can refer, in one aspect, to A only (optionally including elements other than B) ; in another aspect, to B only (optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another aspect, to both A and B (optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0271] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, “or” should be understood to have the same meaning as “and / or” as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, “or” or “and / or” shall be interpreted as being inclusive, i.e., the inclusion of at least one, but also including more than one, of a number or list of elements, and, optionally, additional unlisted items. Only terms clearly indicated to the contrary, such as “only one of” or “exactly one of, ” or, when used in the claims, “consisting of, ” will refer to the inclusion of exactly one element of a number or list of elements. In general, the term “or” as used herein shall only be interpreted as indicating exclusive alternatives (i.e. “one or the other but not both” ) when preceded by terms of exclusivity, such as “either, ” “one of, ” “only one of, ” or “exactly one of. ” “Consisting essentially of, ” when used in the claims, shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.
[0272] As used herein in the specification and in the claims, the phrase “at least one, ” in reference to a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements, but not necessarily including at least one of each and every element specifically listed within the list of elements and not excluding any combinations of elements in the list of elements. This definition also allows that elements may optionally be present other than the elements specifically identified within the list of elements to which the phrase “at least one” refers, whether related or unrelated to those elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, “at least one of A and B” (or, equivalently, “at least one of A or B, ” or, equivalently “at least one of A and / or B” ) can refer, in one aspect, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, with no B present (and optionally including elements other than B) ; in another aspect, to at least one, optionally including more than one, B, with no A present (and optionally including elements other than A) ; in yet another aspect, to at least one, optionally including more than one, A, and at least one, optionally including more than one, B (and optionally including other elements) ; etc.
[0273] It should also be understood that, unless clearly indicated to the contrary, in any methods claimed herein that include more than one step or act, the order of the steps or acts of the method is not necessarily limited to the order in which the steps or acts of the method are recited.
[0274] In the claims, as well as in the specification above, all transitional phrases such as “comprising, ” “including, ” “carrying, ” “having, ” “containing, ” “involving, ” “holding, ” “composed of, ” and the like are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., to mean including but not limited to. Only the transitional phrases “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” shall be closed or semi-closed transitional phrases, respectively, as set forth in the United States Patent Office Manual of Patent Examining Procedures, Section 2111.03. It should be appreciated that aspects described in this document using an open-ended transitional phrase (e.g., “comprising” ) are also contemplated, in alternative aspects, as “consisting of” and “consisting essentially of” the feature described by the open-ended transitional phrase. For example, if the disclosure describes “a composition comprising A and B, ” the disclosure also contemplates the alternative aspects “a composition consisting of A and B” and “a composition consisting essentially of A and B. ”
Claims
1.A nucleic acid comprising: a polynucleotide encoding a heart-specific plakophilin 2 (PKP2) or a functional variant thereof, an untranslated element, and a heterologous promoter.2.The nucleic acid of claim 1, wherein the untranslated element is:(i) a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element; or(ii) a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene.3.The nucleic acid of claim 1 or 2, wherein the untranslated element is a 3’ transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element and comprises a woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element (WPRE) or a modified WPRE (e.g., oPRE) sequence.4.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the untranslated element is a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene and comprises a PKP2 5’ untranslated region.5.The nucleic acid of claim 4, wherein the PKP2 5’ untranslated region comprises a sequence upstream of an ATG start codon of a PKP2 gene.6.The nucleic acid of claim 4 or 5, wherein the PKP2 5’ untranslated region is a modified PKP2 5’ untranslated region.7.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the untranslated element is a transcript stabilizing and / or enhancing element of a PKP2 gene and further comprises an intron from a PKP2 gene.8.The nucleic acid of claim 7, wherein the intron is a truncated PKP2 intron 1.9.The nucleic acid of claim 8, wherein the truncated PKP2 intron 1 comprises one or more nucleotide substitutions relative to a wildtype PKP2 intron 1.10.The nucleic acid of claim 8 or 9, wherein the truncated PKP2 intron 1 locates before a start codon or anywhere within the polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 or functional variant thereof.11.The nucleic acid of claim 8 or 9, wherein the truncated PKP2 intron 1 locates between exon 1 and exon 2 of the polynucleotide encoding a PKP2 or a functional variant thereof.12.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 7 to 11, wherein the PKP2 intron comprises between about 50 and about 1000 nucleotides.13.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 7 to 12, wherein the PKP2 intron comprises about 600 nucleotides.14.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the polynucleotide encoding a heart specific PKP2 is a wild type heart-specific PKP2 sequence.15.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein the polynucleotide encoding a heart-specific PKP2 is codon-modified.16.The nucleic acid of claim 15, wherein the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises an altered number of CpG dinucleotides compared to a wild-type heart-specific PKP2.17.The nucleic acid of claim 16, wherein the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises less than 100, 80, 50, 40, 35, 30, 25, 20, 15, 10, or 5 CpG dinucleotides.18.The nucleic acid of claim 16 or 17, wherein the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 comprises about 8 CpG dinucleotides.19.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 16 to 18, wherein the codon-modified polynucleotide encoding the PKP2 does not comprise CpG dinucleotides.20.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a 3’ untranslated element and further comprises an intron selected from a SV40 intron, EF1-alpha intron (EF1Ai) , hemoglobin beta gene intron (HBBi) , rabbit β-globin intron, chimeric intron, hybrid intron, and a synthetic intron.21.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the heterologous promoter is operably linked to the polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 or functional variant thereof.22.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the heterologous promoter is a cardiac myocyte-specific promoter.23.The nucleic acid of claim 22, wherein the cardiac myocyte-specific promoter is selected from the group consisting of cardiac troponin T (TNNT2 or cTnT) promoter, an alpha myosin heavy chain (α-MHC) promoter, a beta myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) promoter, a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) promoter, a cardiac troponin C promoter, a natriuretic peptide A gene (NPPA) promoter, a myosin light chain 2v (MLC-2v) promoter, a cardiac sodium–calcium exchanger-1 (NCX1) promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, an alpha-cardiac actin promoter, an alpha-tropomyosin promoter, a cardiac myosin-binding protein C promoter, and a sarco / endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase isoform 2 (SERCA2) promoter.24.The nucleic acid of claim 23, wherein the nucleic acid comprises a TNNT2 promoter and further comprises a fragment of exon 1 of a tnnt2 gene.25.The nucleic acid of claim 23, wherein the MLC2 promoter comprises an enhancer sequence.26.The nucleic acid of claim 25, wherein the enhancer sequence is selected from a CMV enhancer or a cardiac-specific enhancer.27.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 26, further comprising a Kozak sequence.28.The nucleic acid of claim 27, wherein the Kozak sequence is modified.29.The nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 28, further comprising a polyadenylation (poly (A) ) sequence.30.The nucleic acid of claim 29, wherein the poly (A) sequence is a human growth hormone (hGH) poly (A) , a bovine growth hormone poly (A) , a SV40 poly (A) , a rabbit beta-globin poly (A) , or a synthetic poly (A) .31.A plasmid comprising a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30.32.The plasmid of claim 31, further comprising a regulatory element for replication of the nucleic acid in a cell.33.The plasmid of claim 32, wherein the regulatory element is for replication in a mammalian cell.34.The plasmid of claim 32, wherein the regulatory element is for replication in an insect cell.35.A vector comprising a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30.36.The vector of claim 35, wherein the vector is a lentiviral vector, adenoviral vector, adeno-associated virus vector, or non-viral vector.37.The vector of claim 35 or 36, wherein the vector is an AAV vector and the nucleic acid comprises an AAV ITR flanking the polynucleotide encoding the heart-specific PKP2 or a functional variant thereof, the untranslated element, and the heterologous promoter.38.The vector of claim 37, wherein the vector comprises a first and / or a second AAV ITR and the first and / or second AAV ITR is from an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, and MyoAAV, or fragments or variants thereof.39.The vector of claim 36, wherein the non-viral vector is present in a lipid particle.40.A viral particle comprising a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, or a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39.41.The viral particle of claim 40, wherein the viral particle is a lentiviral particle, adenoviral particle, or an adeno-associated virus particle.42.The viral particle of claim 40 or 41, further comprising a viral capsid protein.43.The viral particle of claim 42, wherein the viral particle is an AAV particle, and the viral capsid protein is an AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV8, AAV9, AAV10, AAVrh74, AAV2i8, Anc80L65, MyoAAV capsid protein or fragments or variants thereof.44.A composition comprising a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39, or a viral particle of any one of claims 40 to 43.45.The composition of claim 44, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.46.The composition of claim 45, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable excipient.47.A method comprising contacting a cell with a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39, a viral particle of any one of claims 40 to 43, or a composition of any one of claims 44 to 46.48.The method of claim 47, wherein the cell is a human cell.49.The method of claim 47 or 48, wherein the cell is a myocyte.50.The method of any one of claims 47 to 49, wherein the cell is a cardiac myocyte.51.The method of any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein the cell is a right ventricular cardiac myocyte.52.The method of any one of claims 47 to 50, wherein the cell is a left ventricular cardiac myocyte.53.The method of any one of claims 47 to 52, wherein the cell comprises a mutation in a PKP2 gene.54.A method of treating a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, a vector of any one of claims 35-39, a viral particle of any one of claims 40 to 43, or a composition of any one of claims 44 to 46, wherein the contacting provides the nucleic acid, plasmid, vector, viral particle or composition in a therapeutically effective amount to the subject.55.The method of claim 54, wherein treating comprises prophylactic treatment or therapeutic treatment.56.The method of claim 54 or 55, wherein the disease or disorder is a cardiac disease or disorder.57.The method of claim 56, wherein the cardiac disease or disorder is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of a myocardium.58.The method of any one of claims 54 to 57, wherein the disease or disorder is a cardiomyopathy.59.The method of claim 58, wherein the cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) .60.The method of any one of claims 54 to 59, wherein the disease or disorder is heart failure.61.The method of any one of claims 54 to 60, wherein the subject is a mammal.62.The method of claim 61, wherein the mammal is a primate.63.The method of claim 61 or 62, wherein the subject is a human.64.The method of any one of claims 54 to 63, wherein the subject has a mutation in a PKP2 gene.65.A method comprising administering to a subject having a cardiac disease or disorder or being at risk of developing a cardiac disease or disorder a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39, a viral particle of any one of claims 40-43, or a composition of any one of claims 44 to 46.66.The method of claim 65, wherein the cardiac disease or disorder is characterized by fibrofatty infiltration of a myocardium.67.The method of any one of claims 65 or 66, wherein the cardiac disease or disorder is a cardiomyopathy.68.The method of claim 67, wherein the cardiomyopathy is arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy (ACM) or arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC) .69.The method of any one of claims 65 to 68, wherein the cardiac disease or disorder is heart failure.70.The method of any one of claims 65 to 69, wherein the subject is a mammal.71.The method of claim 70, wherein the mammal is a primate.72.The method of claim 70 or 71, wherein the subject is a human.73.The method of any one of claims 65 to 72, wherein the subject has a mutation in a PKP2 gene.74.The method of any one of claims 47 to 64, wherein the contacting a cell of the subject with a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39, a viral particle of any one of claims 40-43, or a composition of any one of claims 44 to 46 comprises administering a nucleic acid of any one of claims 1 to 30, a plasmid of any one of claims 31 to 34, , a vector of any one of claims 35 to 39, a viral particle of any one of claims 40 to 43, or a composition of any one of claims 40 to 46 to the subject.75.The method of any one of claims 65 to 73, wherein the administering is by intravenous injection, by intracardiac injection, by intracardiac infusion, by right atrial infusion, by left atrial infusion, by right ventricular infusion, by left ventricular infusion, and / or by coronary artery infusion.76.The method of claim 74 or 75, wherein the administering is by intravenous injection.77.The method of any one of claims 74 to 76, wherein the administering increases cardiac wall thickness.78.The method of claim 77, wherein the administering increases right ventricular wall thickness.79.The method of any one of claims 74 to 78, wherein the administering decreases fibrosis in a heart muscle.80.The method of claim 79, wherein the administering decreases fibrosis in a right ventricular heart muscle.81.The method of claim 79 or 80, wherein the administering decreases fibrosis in a left ventricular heart muscle.82.The method of any one of claims 74 to 81, wherein the administering increases cardiac ejection fraction.83.The method of any one of claims 74 to 82, wherein the administering increases cardiac output.84.The method of any one of claims 74 to 83, wherein the administering reduces expression of a tissue remodeling marker and / or a fibrosis marker in a heart muscle.85.The method of claim 84, wherein the tissue remodeling marker is selected from TIMP-1 and MMP-2 and the fibrosis marker is Col1a1.86.The method of any one of claims 74 to 85, wherein the administering reduces expression of a heart failure marker in a heart muscle.87.The method of claim 86, wherein the heart failure marker is selected from NPPA and NPPB.88.A viral particle of any one of claims 40 to 43 or a composition of any one of claims 44 to 46 for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder in a subject in need thereof.89.The viral particle or composition of claim 88, wherein the disease or disorder is ACM or ARVC.90.The viral particle or composition of claim 88 or 89, wherein composition is a pharmaceutical composition.
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