Adaptive control in vertically rotating photovoltaic trackers

Abstract

A wind-responsive solar tracking system featuring active vertical-axis rotation and passive horizontal-axis feathering. The system comprises photovoltaic panels mounted to rotatable vertical support members with passive horizontal hinges, enabling panels to lift under wind-induced aerodynamic forces. A computing unit derives a wind load index based on environmental data, issuing motor commands to orient panels rear-surface-to-wind when thresholds are met. Zone-aware logic allows perimeter panels to form a dynamic wind-dampening curtain, reducing structural loads and preserving interior energy production. The system achieves 360° wind protection using minimal actuators, enhancing resilience, operational efficiency, and energy yield.

Description

[0001] ADAPTIVE CONTROL IN VERTICALLY ROTATING PHOTOVOLTAIC TRACKERS

[0002] TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present invention relates to photovoltaic tracking systems, and more particularly to methods and systems for wind responsive control of solar tracker arrays that use vertical axis rotation and passively lifting panel assemblies.

[0004] BACKGROUND

[0005] The present invention pertains to the field of photovoltaic (PV) tracking systems, and more specifically to wind responsive control strategies for solar tracker arrays that utilise vertical axis rotation and passive panel lift mechanisms. It addresses the challenges associated with dynamic panel orientations under varying wind conditions, aiming to enhance structural protection while maintaining energy yield.

[0006] In conventional solar tracking systems, panels are often mounted on structures designed to withstand high wind loads in fixed orientations, leading to increased material costs and structural rigidity. For instance, prior art such as W02018227090A1 discusses single-axis trackers designed with sufficient rigidity to survive high wind loading in virtually all orientations throughout a day of tracking. These systems typically employ global stow commands that orient all panels to a uniform position when wind speeds exceed a certain threshold, regardless of individual row exposure or location within the array.

[0007] Some advancements have introduced adaptive stow strategies that consider wind direction and speed to determine optimal stow positions. For example, US11251746B2 describes a method where solar trackers are positioned at predetermined angles at intervals starting from the windward side, allowing for a staggered stow approach. However, these systems often rely on per-row sensors or actuators, increasing complexity and cost.

[0008] The present invention seeks to overcome these limitations at least in part, by implementing a zonebased control strategy that differentiates between perimeter and interior tracker rows based on their relative exposure to wind conditions. While suitable for solar mounting solutions where panels are rigidly fixated to the mounting structures, solutions in which panels can, under high wind, rotate or "feather" about a horizontal axis pose particular challenges that must be overcome such as the fact that, once panels begin to lift, conventional wind load measurements (e.g., drive cable tension or motor current) no longer correspond to a fixed panel orientation. As a result, the controller cannot reliably determine which rows require adjustments such as protection mode. At moderate wind levels, individual panels may rest at intermediate angles— neither fully tracking nor fully stowed— so without dedicated tilt sensors, the system must infer hinge position indirectly, risking misclassification of row status leading to uncertain results. Furthermore, repeatedly crossing the hinge preload threshold during gusty conditions can cause panels to lift and drop against mechanical stops, leading to rapid oscillations that damage components and degrade energy output. In tandem, partially open panels may cast uneven shading on adjacent rows or impose conflicting torque demands on coupled drive loops, forcing the control logic to balance interior energy yield against protecting every panel from excessive wind loads.

[0009] Another challenge lies in defining suitable hysteresis margins and transition logic for passively lifting hinges. Unlike rigid-fixed panels, which resume tracking at a single, well-defined wind threshold, passively feathering panels require separate recovery criteria to ensure each has fully settled against its stop before normal operation resumes. If the controller fails to wait for complete re-settling, it can inadvertently issue a power-tracking command while panels are still tilted off their intended angle, leading to mechanical stress and reduced energy output.

[0010] In addition to control challenges, passively feathering panels introduce mechanical and environmental reliability concerns. Under certain wind conditions, particularly those involving turbulence or rapidly shifting gusts, panels may not just lift and drop at large angles but also exhibit high-frequency flutter or vibration while held partially open. These oscillations, even if small in amplitude, can cause long-term fatigue in hinge joints, panel frames, and contact points— especially if damping is minimal or absent. Over time, this can degrade structural components in ways not typically seen in rigidly mounted systems, demanding careful design of both the mechanical hinge and any damping or stop mechanisms.

[0011] Feathering behaviour can also vary unpredictably across the array due to minor differences in hinge preload, panel weight, installation angle, or local wind exposure. As a result, even in the same wind event, some panels may lift fully while others remain down or only partially deflect, leading to uneven structural loading and shading patterns. These inconsistencies may further be exacerbated by snow, ice, or debris accumulating near hinges or stop members, which can prevent full feathering when protection is most needed or cause panels to jam in a partially open position. After a gust subsides, panels may not return to their precise original tracking angle due to friction, hinge asymmetry, or stiction effects, introducing gradual alignment drift over time. If not actively corrected, this drift can reduce energy yield and interfere with coordinated tracking behaviour across rows or loops. The disclosed approach thus offers a cost-effective and efficient solution for managing wind-induced challenges in PV tracker systems, enhancing both structural resilience and operational performance.

[0012] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0013] There is therefore a need for improved vertical-axis tracking solutions that not only respond intelligently to wind loads and shading events but also preserve the high energy-yield advantages of single-motor, gravity-biased panel architectures. An objective of the present invention is to alleviate or eliminate one or more of the shortcomings of prior art trackers— such as global stow commands, excessive structural rigidity, shading-induced power loss, hinge oscillations, and complex sensor networks— by combining active azimuth control with passive horizontal hinge lift in a zone-aware, adaptive control framework.

[0014] According to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a wind-responsive solar tracking system for a photovoltaic installation. The system comprises one or more motors driving one or more solar-tracking assemblies about a vertical axis. Each assembly carries a photovoltaic panel or panels on a horizontal hinge so that, when wind blows on the panel's rear surface, the panel can lift passively. A computing unit, with processor and memory, derives a wind-load index from environmental data, compares it to at least one stored threshold, and commands the motor to either maintain power-tracking orientation when loads are below threshold or rotate the assemblies so their rear surfaces face into the wind— thereby triggering passive lift— when loads exceed the threshold.

[0015] According to a further aspect, the memory stores two wind-load thresholds (TT < Tz). When the computed wind-load index meets or exceeds T1;only assemblies at the field's perimeter or corners are rotated into wind-protection orientation; once it meets or exceeds Tz, all assemblies are rotated into wind-protection orientation.

[0016] According to a further aspect, the wind-load threshold itself is adaptive: the processor continually revises the threshold during operation in response to changing conditions (e.g., measured load indices, weather forecasts, elapsed time, ambient temperature or hinge behavior) so that protection remains tuned over the system's lifetime.

[0017] According to a further aspect, before moving into wind-protection orientation, the system evaluates each assembly's current azimuth relative to the wind vector. If the rotation path would cause the panel's front face to be exposed to wind, a lower threshold is applied; otherwise a higher threshold is permitted. According to a further aspect, once wind-protection mode is commanded, the system requires the wind-load index to fall below TT by a predefined hysteresis margin before resuming power-tracking, preventing rapid mode toggling under gusty conditions.

[0018] According to a further aspect, the computing unit may derive wind data from multiple sources— such as anemometers, motor-current sensors, wire-tension sensors, remotely sourced forecasts or camera-based vegetation motion— to ensure robust load estimation.

[0019] According to a further aspect, if all wind data become invalid or absent, the system defaults to windprotection orientation to guarantee structural safety.

[0020] According to a further aspect, assemblies may be grouped into subsets driven by independent wire- and-wheel loops, enabling selective loop-by-loop wind-protection commands.

[0021] According to a further aspect, when assemblies are arranged in an array, the processor first rotates only perimeter assemblies toward the wind so that their lifted panels form an adaptive winddampening barrier shielding interior assemblies.

[0022] According to a further aspect, to break row-to-row symmetry (and reduce resonance or vibration), the system can impose fixed angular offsets between adjacent assemblies— e.g., rotating one in every five by at least 20° relative to its neighbor.

[0023] According to a further aspect, the wind-load index may be calculated as

[0024] W = 0.613 C_d A sin X cos Y SA2, where C_d is drag coefficient, A is panel area, X is tilt angle, Y is yaw angle, and S is wind speed.

[0025] According to a further aspect, each assembly is classified at commissioning as perimeter, corner, interior or protected, and the processor applies wind-protection only to the appropriate classes based on real-time wind loads.

[0026] According to a further aspect, the system determines prevailing wind direction and always aligns the panel rear surfaces directly into the wind to maximize passive lift.

[0027] According to a further aspect, if a panel is already lifted to a safe angle, the processor inhibits further rotation to wind-protection orientation.

[0028] According to a further aspect, for shared-drive loops, the computing unit compares wire tensions or wheel torques at spaced locations and issues wind-protection commands only for segments exceeding local thresholds. According to a further aspect, the system can perform a small "nudge" rotation (e.g. 2-5°) and measure motor current or cable tension changes to detect whether a panel has lifted; further rotation is inhibited until it is confirmed seated.

[0029] According to a further aspect, after each gust event the lower threshold is adjusted by blending its previous value with the wind-load index recorded at first lift, using a weighting factor (a between 0.05-0.2) to track hinge behavior drift.

[0030] According to a further aspect, perimeter rows may be split into two groups driven in opposite directions; the computing unit selects the group whose rotation best aligns panel rear surfaces into the wind, or energizes both for winds from intermediate quadrants.

[0031] According to a further aspect, during a predetermined non-tracking interval (e.g., overnight), all support members may be commanded into wind-protection orientation regardless of the current wind-load index.

[0032] According to a further aspect, the computing unit can command a predefined "maintenance heading" for each support member; a mechanical lock may be engaged at that heading to inhibit passive lift and provide safe access for service personnel. Maintenance headings may align panels parallel to panel rows (to facilitate mowing or harvesting) and adjacent rows may be oriented in opposing directions to maximize corridor space.

[0033] According to a further aspect, during commissioning each support member is driven through a range of azimuth angles while logging motor current or wire tension; a mapping between logged values and angles is stored for later diagnostics and threshold calibration.

[0034] According to a further aspect, the system may suspend normal wind-responsive operation in response to non-wind environmental signals— such as wildlife activity, snow load or hail detection— and adopt a predefined wildlife-safe, snow-avoiding or hail-avoiding orientation.

[0035] According to a further aspect, the computing unit can detect shading events by comparing measured aggregate power output for one group of panels to expected output based on sun position and commanded orientation, and issue limited corrective azimuth offsets when shading is detected upstream.

[0036] According to a further aspect, there is provided a method of wind-responsive solar tracking for a photovoltaic installation. The method comprises providing one or more solar-tracking assemblies with vertical and horizontal axes arranged for passive panel lift under wind; obtaining environmental data representative of wind conditions; deriving a wind-load index; comparing it to at least one stored threshold; and commanding maintenance of power-tracking orientation when loads are below threshold or commanding rotation into wind-protection orientation when loads exceed threshold, thereby enabling passive lift.

[0037] According to a further aspect, the method stores two thresholds and Tz, issues wind-protection commands first only to perimeter or corner assemblies when loads exceed T1;and then to all assemblies when loads exceed Tz.

[0038] According to a further aspect, the method adaptively revises the wind-load threshold during operation in response to changing conditions (e.g., measured loads, forecasts, elapsed time, temperature, hinge data).

[0039] According to a further aspect, the method determines current azimuth orientation relative to wind, evaluates whether rotation to protection requires passing through increased-exposure angles, and adjusts thresholds downward or upward accordingly.

[0040] According to a further aspect, the method resumes power-tracking only after wind-load index falls below TT minus a hysteresis margin.

[0041] According to a further aspect, obtaining environmental data may include anemometer readings, motor-current measurements, wire-tension sensor data, remote weather information, or camerabased motion detection.

[0042] According to a further aspect, the method detects missing or invalid wind data and, in response, issues wind-protection commands irrespective of the computed index.

[0043] According to a further aspect, when assemblies are grouped into loop subsets, the method issues commands separately to each loop.

[0044] According to a further aspect, with array arrangements the method orients perimeter assemblies into the wind and interior assemblies to permit passive lift.

[0045] According to a further aspect, the method applies rotational offsets (e.g., 20° every fifth assembly) to break symmetry and avoid resonance.

[0046] According to a further aspect, the method calculates the wind-load index by the same formula as above (0.613-Ce-A-sinX-cosY-S2).

[0047] According to a further aspect, the method assigns each assembly to a zone classification at commissioning and applies wind-protection selectively based on zone.

[0048] According to a further aspect, the method determines prevailing wind direction and aligns panel rear surfaces with the wind when issuing protection commands. According to a further aspect, the method inhibits further rotation for assemblies already passively lifted to a safe angle.

[0049] According to a further aspect, for shared-wire drives the method compares tensions at multiple points and issues protection only for segments exceeding local thresholds.

[0050] According to a further aspect, the method commands a small diagnostic rotation, measures current or tension change, determines hinge state, and inhibits further rotation until the panel reseats.

[0051] According to a further aspect, after each gust the method adjusts by blending it with the measured index at first lift using a weighting factor a (0.05-0.2).

[0052] According to a further aspect, opposed perimeter rows in the array may rotate in opposite directions; the method activates the group whose rear surfaces best face the wind.

[0053] According to a further aspect, lifted perimeter panels collectively form an elevated, semi-porous wind barrier reducing loads on interior assemblies.

[0054] According to a further aspect, when W > T1;wire-tension differences are compared and rotation continues until differences fall within tolerance.

[0055] According to a further aspect, during non-tracking intervals (e.g., night) each support member is commanded into wind-protection orientation regardless of wind loads.

[0056] According to a further aspect, the method includes commanding maintenance headings, engaging mechanical locks, and optimizing corridor spacing by opposing row orientations.

[0057] According to a further aspect, during commissioning each support member is driven through azimuth angles while logging loads for later mapping.

[0058] According to a further aspect, in response to wildlife, snow or hail signals the method suspends normal orientation and applies predefined safe postures.

[0059] According to a further aspect, the method detects shading by comparing measured and expected power outputs and issues limited corrective azimuth offsets.

[0060] According to a still further aspect, there is provided a computer-implemented method of operating a wind-responsive solar tracking system. Executed by a processor of the computing unit, it includes providing motors and solar-tracking assemblies arranged for passive hinge lift, obtaining wind-related environmental data, deriving a wind-load index in software, comparing it to stored thresholds, and issuing motor-drive commands— either to maintain or resume power-tracking when loads are below threshold, or to rotate assemblies into wind-protection orientation when loads exceed threshold— thereby enabling passive panel lift under wind loading. According to a further aspect, the computer-implemented method stores and compares dual thresholds (TT < Tz) within a single sampling cycle to provide differentiated perimeter and full-array stow responses.

[0061] According to a further aspect, the processor adaptively revises the threshold during operation in response to one or more changing conditions (e.g., measured indices, forecasts, elapsed time, temperature, hinge-behavior).

[0062] According to a further aspect, the method determines current azimuth orientation relative to wind, evaluates required rotation path exposure, and dynamically applies reduced or elevated thresholds accordingly.

[0063] According to further aspects, the computer-implemented method enforces hysteresis margins, derives environmental data from heterogeneous sensors, invokes failsafe wind-protection under data faults, selectively drives independent loops, orients perimeter vs. interior assemblies, applies symmetry-breaking offsets, calculates the same aerodynamic formula, classifies assemblies by zone, aligns rear surfaces to wind, inhibits redundant rotation for already lifted panels, compares wire tensions on shared drives, performs diagnostic nudge tests, self-adapts after gusts, selects between clockwise / counter-clockwise perimeter loops, forms dynamic wind-barriers, compares tensions within tolerance, enacts fixed maintenance headings with mechanical locks, respects wildlife / snow / hail signals, logs commissioning data for angle-vs-load mapping, and detects shading to issue corrective offsets— all under control of program code stored in non-transitory memory and executed by the processor.

[0064] BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0065] Figure 1 is a perspective view of a wind-responsive solar-tracking assembly according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0066] Figure 2 is a schematic perspective view of two linked solar-tracking assemblies driven by a tensioned wire-and-wheel loop according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0067] Figure 3 is a perspective view of the solar-tracking assembly of Figure 1 fitted with a stop according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0068] Figure 4 is a perspective view of the solar-tracking assembly of Figure 1 with its panels passively lifted by wind according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0069] Figure 5 is a perspective view of a solar-tracking assembly that employs a stop wire to limit downward panel rotation according to one embodiment of the present invention. Figure 6 is a flow-chart illustrating a dual-threshold, zone-aware wind-mitigation routine executed by the controller according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0070] Figure 7 is a plan view of a photovoltaic field in which perimeter tracker rows are grouped into independent cable loops to form an adaptive wind-dampening curtain according to one embodiment of the present invention.

[0071] Figure 8 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a capturing subsystem of the computing unit and / or system, or modules of the system, according to at least some embodiments herein.

[0072] Figure 9 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, upper and lower solar panel support members, and a motor for driving rotation.

[0073] Figure 10 shows a solar tracking system with a motor-driven rotatable vertical support member and a solar panel rotated by wind force.

[0074] Figure 11 shows a solar tracking system with a motor-driven rotatable vertical support member and solar panels.

[0075] Figure 12 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, upper and lower solar panel support members, and a motor for driving rotation.

[0076] Figure 13 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, lower and upper solar panel support members, and at least one solar panel.

[0077] Figure 14 shows a solar tracking system with multiple support members and a rotatable vertical support member.

[0078] Figure 15 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, upper and lower solar panel support members, and a foundation.

[0079] Figure 16 demonstrates a solar tracking system with a vertical support member, a solar panel support member, and counterweights attached to the solar panels.

[0080] Figure 17 demonstrates a solar tracking system with a vertical support member, a solar panel support member, and a counterweight mechanism.

[0081] Figure 18 demonstrates a solar tracking system with a vertical support member, a solar panel support member, and a counterweight mechanism.

[0082] Figure 19 demonstrates a solar tracking system with a vertical support member, solar panel support member, rotatable solar panel, and counterweights. Figure 20 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, a solar panel support member, and a solar panel attached via connection members.

[0083] Figure 21 shows a solar tracking system with a rotatable vertical support member, a solar panel support member, and a solar panel attached via a connection member.

[0084] Figure 22 shows a system diagram of a wind-responsive solar panel system with wire-based rotational control.

[0085] Figure 23 shows a locking member securing a wire onto a wheel in a wire-based rotational control system for solar panels.

[0086] Figure 24 shows a system diagram of multiple solar panel arrays driven by a single motor through a wire-based transmission system.

[0087] Figure 25 shows a release mechanism securing a wire within a wheel in a wire-based rotational control system for solar panels.

[0088] Figure 26 shows a fastening mechanism for independent rotation of a rotatable vertical member in a solar tracking system.

[0089] Figure 27 shows a system diagram of dual motors with wire loops for counteracting torque in a solar panel tracking system.

[0090] Figure 28 shows a system diagram of a dual-motor configuration with wire loops for solar panel rotation control.

[0091] Figure 29 shows a system diagram illustrating the rotation of solar panels around two axes in a wind- responsive solar panel system.

[0092] DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0093] Throughout the present disclosure, the following terms and definition may be used.

[0094] As used herein, a solar cell, aka a photovoltaic cell, is capable of generating electricity when illuminated by light. Solar cells are commonly available on the market, such as crystalline solar cells, mono crystalline solar cells, poly crystalline solar cells, thin-film solar cells, or the like.

[0095] As used herein, the term "solar panel" refers to a panel comprising one or more photovoltaic cells, aka solar cells.

[0096] As used herein, "rear surface" designates the broad planar face of a photovoltaic (PV) module or module assembly that lies opposite the primary light-receiving face. During normal operation this rear surface faces generally away from incident solar radiation, while the front surface is directed toward the sun. For monofacial modules, the rear surface typically comprises the polymeric backsheet or rear glass laminate together with any attached junction box, wiring, labels, or frame members that extend behind the cell plane; for bifacial modules, it is the outward-facing glass pane opposite the primary cell-viewing pane. The rear surface extends across the entire footprint of the module(s), including openings or cut-outs, but excludes external mounting hardware.

[0097] Although bifacial modules are capable of converting light on both of their broad faces and may appear optically symmetrical, they are still assigned a functional "front" and "rear" in the context of the present invention. The distinction is installation-dependent: the face that, in the tracker's normal power-tracking orientation, presents the larger solid angle toward the sky and thus receives the predominance of direct and diffuse solar irradiance is defined as the front, while the opposite face is defined as the rear. Accordingly, even a glass-glass bifacial module mounted in a portrait frame will have a front (sky-facing) surface and a rear (ground-facing) surface as those terms are used herein. All references in this description to wind acting on the "rear surface," or to orienting the module so its "rear surface" confronts the wind vector, should therefore be interpreted with respect to this installation-based front / rear assignment rather than intrinsic cell architecture.

[0098] In the context of the present wind-responsive tracker, the rear surface is intentionally aligned toward the oncoming wind vector when the system enters a wind-protection orientation. Aerodynamic pressure acting on this face generates an upward moment about the horizontal hinge, enabling the panel to pivot (feather) passively and thereby shed wind load without powered tilt actuation.

[0099] Accurate identification of the rear surface is therefore critical: presenting the front surface to the wind would negate the passive-lift mechanism and expose the structure to elevated loads.

[0100] The term "wind responsive," as used in the present invention, refers to a solar tracking architecture in which wind-related protection and survivability are achieved not through powered actuators or real-time sensing at the tilt axis, but instead through an intelligent combination of active vertical-axis rotation and passive horizontal-axis response. In this configuration, the system does not attempt to rigidly resist wind loads across two axes with sensors and motors, but rather accommodates aerodynamic forces through controlled structural behaviour. The tracker may be controlled to actively rotate around its vertical post to orient the panels, while the panels themselves are mounted on horizontal hinges or mounting members that allow them to feather upward under wind induced lift forces. This passive mechanical tilt— requiring no powered drive or control signal— automatically reduces aerodynamic torque as wind intensity increases, and then restores the panels to their original position once conditions subside. Such a system must be capable of detecting wind direction and reacting promptly, while tolerating the fact that horizontal tilt is neither directly sensed nor motorized.

[0101] Conventional dual-axis solar trackers require complex mechanical systems, active tilt actuation, and extensive sensor networks to achieve wind protection, leading to increased hardware costs, higher maintenance requirements, and delayed wind-response times. The present invention addresses the technical problem of providing reliable, efficient, and rapid wind protection for photovoltaic panel assemblies using a wind-responsive tracker architecture that combines active vertical-axis rotation with passive tilt relief, thereby reducing structural loads, simplifying hardware design, and maximizing energy production uptime.

[0102] A component of the present invention is rotation about a vertical axis. Fundamentally this rotation is imparted to each vertical support member by a "torque receiving element" — that is, any structure fixed to the post and arranged to take up rotary drive delivered from a shared transmission such as an endless cable, chain, belt, torque-tube or shaft.

[0103] The torque receiving element may, without limitation, be:

[0104] • a wheel, sheave, capstan or drum with an outer groove, crown, knurl, high-friction lining or sprocket teeth for engaging a flexible tensile element (wire rope, braided cable, timing belt, V-belt, flat belt, chain or textile tape);

[0105] • a gear, pinion or segment gear that meshes with a complementary gear train, rack or ring gear;

[0106] • a splined hub, keyed hub, taper-lock bushing or clamped collar secured to a torque tube, drive shaft or telescopic coupling running between neighbouring tracker posts;

[0107] • a universal, Cardan or constant-velocity joint— or another flexible coupling— that accepts angular misalignment while transmitting torque;

[0108] • a clutched or over-running mechanism such as a sprag clutch, wrap-spring clutch or magnetic-particle clutch that can disengage the post when a preset torque, tension or angular displacement is exceeded;

[0109] • a swaged ferrule, wedge socket or swage-less cable fitting crimped, bolted or otherwise anchored to the post to terminate a continuous loop or pull-rod;

[0110] • a radial arm, crank or link plate pinned to the post and actuated by a push-pull rod, hydraulic cylinder or linear actuator.

[0111] Suitable materials include steel, stainless steel, aluminium, engineering plastics and fibre-reinforced composites, optionally treated by shot-peening, anodising, galvanising or polymer coating to improve fatigue life and corrosion resistance.

[0112] The element may be machined or cast as one piece with the support member, or attached by fasteners, welding, adhesive bonding or interference fit; the interface can allow indexed repositioning or fine circumferential adjustment so that cable wrap, chain pitch or gear backlash can be set during commissioning. In some embodiments the same element carries ancillary devices such as angular position encoders, load cells, strain gauges or frangible couplings.

[0113] Unless otherwise indicated, references to rotation of the vertical support member should be understood as rotation transmitted via such a torque receiving element, and the term "drive linkage" is used herein to denote any continuous or segmented mechanical path— cables, shafts, tubes, belts, chains or gear trains— through which the motor delivers torque to the torque receiving elements. Several illustrative implementations are described in further detail below.

[0114] The present invention utilises a dual-rotation solar tracker in which a photovoltaic panel assembly is supported for movement about two mutually orthogonal axes. A first, substantially vertical axis is defined by a post that can be turned through at least three-hundred degrees by any convenient actuator— such as a wire-and-wheel transmission, a direct-drive gear-motor, a hydraulic rotary actuator, or an equivalent mechanism capable of controlled azimuth rotation. A second, substantially horizontal axis is defined by a support member that carries the panel and is biased toward a nominal operating tilt by a resilient or damped element; the bias is calibrated so that the panel can lift or feather when the aerodynamic overturning moment imposed by wind exceeds a predetermined threshold.

[0115] By rotating the vertical post, the controller positions the panel so that its rear surface directly faces the wind, whichever direction the wind comes from, thereby maximizing aerodynamic force on the rear surface to cause passive lifting of the panel and reducing overall structural load. As wind pressure increases, the panel support lifts, raising the leading edge, lowering the angle of attack and damping aerodynamic effects such as flutter. When the gust passes, a spring or damper returns the panel to its normal tilt without any powered drive.

[0116] This dual-axis arrangement enables the control algorithms disclosed herein to:

[0117] • align perimeter trackers rear surface to wind while allowing interior trackers to continue power production under higher thresholds;

[0118] • introduce small azimuth perturbations for real time power optimisation without compromising structural safety;

[0119] • shed wind load automatically, avoiding premature full-array stow commands; and • reach elevated or steep orientations, when required, for snow removal or wildlife clearance, using only the single active drive on the vertical post.

[0120] Consequently, the invention achieves wind protection across the full 360-degree horizon while reducing peak structural loads and drive train complexity, all with minimal additional sensor or actuator cost.

[0121] The mechanical arrangements illustrated in Figures 1-5 are provided only as examples of how to achieve the core functional elements of the invention— specifically, rotating each panel about a vertical axis and permitting passive feathering under wind load. A person of ordinary skill will appreciate that these functions may be implemented by alternative mechanical means (e.g., different hinge geometries, strut configurations, or drive linkages), so long as any substitute hardware still (a) imparts controlled rotation of the panel about a vertical axis and (b) allows the panel to lift or "feather" when wind force upon a surface of the panel (particularly the rear) exceeds a preset threshold. Variations in geometry, material selection, actuator type, sensing modality, power supply, communication protocol, and installation environment do not depart from the scope of the invention so long as the substituted components continue to provide vertical-axis rotation and passive feathering functionality as herein described and claimed.

[0122] In various aspects of the present invention, the wind responsive control logic leverages the combination of motor-driven vertical axis rotation and passive feathering about a horizontal hinge to address the operational and structural challenges posed by variable wind conditions. This dual-axis architecture enables each panel to be actively positioned in azimuth while remaining free to lift in tilt under aerodynamic load, allowing the system to implement responsive protection strategies without relying on powered tilt drives or complex sensor networks.

[0123] To support differentiated responses to local wind exposure, the computing unit may assign each solar tracking assembly to a positional classification based on its location within the array. For example, assemblies located along the outermost edges of the field may be classified as perimeter or corner zones, while those located deeper within the array may be classified as interior or protected zones. Because vertical axis rotation is controlled independently for each row or subset, the system can selectively apply wind response logic to more exposed zones while maintaining normal operation elsewhere. This zonal framework enables wind mitigation strategies that are adaptive to array layout, addressing the problem of global stow commands that unnecessarily reduce energy yield for shielded trackers.

[0124] Additionally, the computing unit may further refine the wind-load threshold logic by considering the initial tracking orientation of each solar tracking assembly relative to the incoming wind direction. Specifically, panels oriented with their front (sun-facing) surfaces partially or fully toward the incoming wind experience higher aerodynamic vulnerability and thus may require earlier initiation of wind protection mode. Conversely, panels whose rear surfaces initially face the incoming wind can sustain higher wind loads before entering stow mode due to their inherent aerodynamic stability and passive feathering capability. This orientation-dependent threshold adjustment is particularly beneficial for perimeter tracker rows, providing an optimized balance between structural safety and sustained energy production.

[0125] Based on these zone assignments, the computing unit may selectively command assemblies in more exposed classifications to enter a wind protection orientation, rotating their vertical support members such that the rear surface of each panel structure faces the oncoming wind. This orientation is critical for enabling passive feathering: aerodynamic force applied to the rear surface produces a lifting moment about the horizontal hinge, allowing the panel to tilt upward and reduce its effective frontal area. Panels facing into the wind with their front surfaces would not lift, and may instead experience increased structural loading. By actively rotating only those assemblies that benefit from passive lift, the system addresses the problem of over-stowing while ensuring that protective mechanisms are engaged precisely where needed.

[0126] The system may further determine whether such rotation is necessary based on inferred panel state. In some embodiments, if a given panel has already lifted passively under wind pressure— indicated by a drop in drive cable tension, motor current, or other indirect feedback— the computing unit may suppress further rotation for that tracker. Because the tilt axis is passive and cannot be directly sensed or commanded, this inference relies on a coordinated understanding of both axes. This approach avoids redundant or unnecessary movements, reduces wear on the drivetrain, and mitigates the problem of instability during fluctuating wind conditions where panels may otherwise enter a cycle of unnecessary repositioning.

[0127] In tracker configurations where multiple assemblies are connected through a shared drive system, such as a tensioned wire loop or linked torque tube, the dual-axis design enables additional control refinements. The computing unit may compare torque or tension values at different points in the drive system to estimate where wind-induced loads are highest. It can then command wind protection rotation selectively, targeting only those assemblies experiencing high local load. This enables distributed wind response using a minimal number of sensors or actuators, overcoming the challenge of non-uniform wind pressure in large, mechanically linked fields.

[0128] While certain embodiments employ a shared drive configuration in which a single motor actuates multiple solar tracking assemblies via a common mechanical linkage— such as a continuous tensioned wire, belt, or torque tube— it is also contemplated that each solar tracking assembly may be equipped with a dedicated motor. In such implementations, each vertical support member is individually motorized, providing independent azimuth control for every tracker. This arrangement simplifies mechanical interconnection, enhances system modularity, and allows for localized control responses to wind conditions on a per-assembly basis. The invention, therefore, encompasses both shared-drive and single-motor-per-assembly configurations, provided that each assembly retains the wind-responsive features, including vertical-axis rotation and passive lifting about a horizontal hinge, as described herein.

[0129] Further, when perimeter assemblies are rotated so that their rear surfaces face into the wind, and feathering occurs in response to gusts, the outer edges of the array begin to act as a dynamic aerodynamic barrier. The lifted panels create a semi-open structure that reduces wind velocity and turbulence experienced by interior rows. This wind-dampening perimeter allows interior assemblies to remain in power-tracking mode even during elevated wind conditions. By combining active azimuth positioning with passive hinge lift, the system effectively forms an adaptive buffer that shields the core of the array without requiring a full-field stow. This directly addresses the trade-off between structural protection and energy yield, enabling higher uptime and reduced mechanical stress through intelligent coordination of the system's two rotational axes.

[0130] These methods and control behaviours exemplify the practical advantages of the invention's dualaxis, wind responsive configuration. By integrating active azimuthal rotation with passive tilt response, the system delivers structural resilience and performance flexibility under conditions that would typically require complete stow or rigid structural overdesign. The result is a solar tracking architecture that dynamically adapts to environmental conditions while preserving both system integrity and power output.

[0131] In one aspect of the present invention, as shown in Figure 1, there is a solar panel mounting system 100. A rotatable vertical support member 102 extends upward from a foundation or ground anchor (not shown) and is arranged to rotate about its substantially vertical longitudinal axis. Rotation of support member 102 is effected by a suitable drive means— such as a direct-drive gear-motor, a hydraulic rotary actuator, or a remote motor acting through a tensioned wire-and-wheel transmission— none of which is shown in this view for clarity.

[0132] Rigidly attached to the upper end of vertical support member 102 is an upper solar panel support member 105, depicted in this example as a tube that defines a substantially horizontal hinge axis. A series of connection members 400, illustrated in this example as sleeve-type hinge brackets, are spaced along support member 105 and pivotally couple respective solar panels 502 to the upper solar panel support member 105. Collectively solar panels 502 form a solar panel structure 500. Each connection member 400 allows its associated panel 502 to swing about the horizontal axis so that the panel can feather under wind load. In the embodiment shown three connection members 400 secure two side-by-side panels 502, but any spacing, module count or bracket style may be used.

[0133] Optionally, located beneath the upper solar panel support member 105 is a lower solar panel support member 104 which spans between the solar panels 502 and provides a mechanical stop that arrests downward rotation of the panels when wind subsides. Member 104 may carry bumpers, dampers or spring elements (not illustrated) to cushion contact.

[0134] The rear surface 500B of each panel faces away from incident sunlight during normal powerproducing operation. When a gust is detected or forecast, the drive means rotates support member 102 so that the rear surfaces 500B of each panel structure directly confront the oncoming wind. If wind pressure rises further, the aerodynamic moment acting below the hinge axis causes panels 502 to pivot upward about member 105, thereby reducing frontal area and relaxing tension in any drive cables, significantly reducing the overall forces transmitted to structural components and ground anchoring. When the gust passes, gravity or a torsion-bias element within each connection member 400 returns the panels to their nominal tilt against the lower support member 104.

[0135] Although Figure 1 depicts a single post carrying two rectangular modules, the invention encompasses any number of panels, hinge brackets and support member geometries, as well as alternative drive arrangements capable of rotating the vertical support member about its axis.

[0136] Figure 2 illustrates, in schematic perspective, a portion of a solar tracking system according to one aspect of the present invention, in which two vertical axis tracker assemblies are driven in unison by a single tensioned wire loop.

[0137] A first tracker includes a rotatable vertical support member 102 surmounted by an upper solar panel support member 105. Support member 105 defines the horizontal hinge axis on which the panel structure 500 is mounted. A wheel 200 is fixed to the lower end of support member 102, which in turn accepts a wire 202 around a portion of the circumference of the wheel 200 to facilitate rotation of the vertical support member 102.

[0138] Wind flowing in direction Q. contacts the rear surface 500B of the panel structure 500, causing the panel structure to passively rotate upwards about the connection members 400. Such rotation may take the form of any combination of pivoting, hinging or feathering motion permitted by the connection members 400, and can be accommodated by, for example, one or more of: a simple pin or sleeve hinge; a pre-loaded torsion spring; an elastomeric or viscous damper; a cam-follower or sliding bearing; a flexible composite joint; or any other mechanical arrangement that yields under the aerodynamic moment to allow controlled lift of the panel, and subsequently returns the panel to its rest position either by gravity, spring bias, or damping action once wind pressure subsides.

[0139] A second, identical tracker is arranged down-loop to the right. Both trackers are coupled by a continuous drive wire 202 that runs from a motor unit 300. The motor unit contains a power train (for example, a gear-motor) that rotates a drive wheel 302; the drive wheel grips the wire and, when energised, advances the loop in either direction, thereby turning wheels 200 at each post and rotating the trackers in unison.

[0140] Located inline with the wire loop is a motion-transmission system 204. System 204 may house a spring tensioner, shock absorber, shear pin, magnetic breakaway, or any equivalent component that moderates transient loads and, if wind torque exceeds a preset threshold, decouples the wire so the trackers can re-orient freely without overstressing the motor or cable.

[0141] In operation the computing unit (not shown) commands motor 300 to rotate a wheel 302 attached thereto, to pay out or reel in wire 202, thus rotating both vertical support members 102 as required. The conditions, instructions and method for commanding the motor 300 will be further described with reference to the present invention.

[0142] Although Figure 2 depicts two trackers driven by a single loop, additional posts may be added in series, further motion-transmission devices 204 may be inserted as required, and any equivalent motor, wheel or cable arrangement may be substituted without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0143] In another aspect of the present invention, illustrated in Figure 3, the solar panel mounting system 100 of Figure 1 is adapted to employ a wire-and-wheel drive arrangement and a compact stop geometry. A rotatable vertical support member 102 again projects upward from a ground anchor (not shown) and is arranged to turn about its substantially vertical longitudinal axis under the action of a suitable drive means. In this embodiment the drive means may include a tensioned wire (not visible in this view) that is wrapped about a wheel 200 mounted at the base of support member 102; wheel 200 provides one illustrative form of the "wire-receiving wheel" referenced elsewhere in the specification and may incorporate a circumferential groove, capstan ribs or a tapered drum profile to grip the wire during bidirectional rotation.

[0144] Rigidly secured to the upper end of support member 102 is the upper solar panel support member 105, again defining the horizontal hinge axis about which a plurality of panel frames 500 can pivot. To prevent the panels from over-rotating past their nominal rest position when wind loading diminishes, a stop member 104B is provided. Stop member 104B constitutes a downsized variant of the lower support member 104 described with reference to Figure 1; it is located adjacent upper support member 105— preferably attached to the torque tube or an adjacent bracket— and presents a fixed abutment surface that limits further downward travel of the associated panel 500 once a preset angular threshold is reached.

[0145] An auxiliary support member 106 spans between the rear surface 500B of the panel and the upper support member 105 (or a neighbouring structural element) to stiffen the module frame against torsion and cross-wind loads. Support member 106 may be a removable brace, strut or tie-rod and can incorporate quick-release couplers to facilitate panel replacement.

[0146] Except for the modified wire-drive wheel 200, compact stop 104B and auxiliary brace 106, the materials, dimensions and modes of operation of the components shown in Figure 3 correspond to those already described for Figure 1. Any optional features disclosed elsewhere herein— such as elastomeric bumpers on the stop surface, tension sensors in the wire, or torsion-bias elements in the hinge brackets— may likewise be incorporated into the embodiment of Figure 3 where compatible. Except as expressly noted above, the materials, dimensions, and modes of operation of the components in FIG. 3 may correspond to those already described for FIG. 1, and any of the optional features disclosed elsewhere herein can be incorporated into the embodiment of FIG. 3 where compatible.

[0147] Figure 4 depicts the system of Figure 1 in a wind-reacted state. A gust acting on the rear surfaces 500B has generated an aerodynamic moment sufficient to lift each solar panel 502 about the horizontal hinge axis defined by upper support member 105. As a result, the panels have pivoted upward from their nominal rest position.

[0148] Throughout this motion the connection members (or equivalent hinge brackets) permit free rotation, while the wire-and-wheel drive— represented in this embodiment by wheel 200 at the base of the vertical support member 102— maintains tension without impeding panel feathering. Stop member 104B remains spaced from the underside of the adjacent panel frame; once the gust subsides, gravity or any torsion-bias elements in the hinges will cause each panel 502 to swing downward until it again contacts stop 104B, thereby returning the array to its power-producing orientation.

[0149] In a further aspect of the invention, illustrated in Figure 5, the tracker assembly 100 of the foregoing figures is provided with a cable-suspended stop arrangement that constrains downward panel rotation without requiring a full-width lower rail. A rotatable vertical support member 102 extends upward from a ground anchor (not shown), or a wheel, and is driven about its substantially vertical longitudinal axis in the manner previously described. Rigidly coupled to the upper end of support member 102 is an upper solar panel support member 105 that defines the horizontal hinge axis for a solar panel 502; the panel's rear surface is identified at 500B Pivotable attachment of the module to the upper support member may be provided by at least one connection member 400.

[0150] Instead of the rigid lower support of Figure 1, downward travel of panel 502 is arrested by a stop member 104 in cooperation with a tensile stop wire 103. Stop member 104 is secured to, or integrally formed with, the lower edge of the panel frame and projects outward so as to engage the stop wire 103 once a predetermined tilt limit is reached. The opposite end of stop wire 103 is anchored to the vertical support member 102 at a selected height and radial offset, thereby defining the maximum allowable pivot angle of the panel about hinge axis 105.

[0151] During normal power-producing operation the stop wire 103 remains slack or lightly tensioned, and the panel follows commanded tracking motions imparted by rotation of support member 102. When wind loading subsides after a gust event, gravity and / or any torsion-bias elements in the connection members 400 cause the panel 502 to swing downward until stop member 104 contacts the stop wire 103, at which point further rotation is mechanically limited. The tensile nature of wire 103 permits a lightweight implementation and accommodates manufacturing tolerances, while still providing a positive, repeatable stop action. Except for the cable-based stop arrangement just described, the materials, dimensions and modes of operation of the components shown in Figure 5 may correspond to those already detailed with respect to Figures 1, 2, 3 and 4, and any optional features disclosed elsewhere herein can be incorporated where compatible.

[0152] A central tenet of the herein described invention is the concept of passive lift, tilt, or rotation. This refers to a self-acting (in other words, not driven via power such as a motor) mechanical behaviour built into each solar panel's mounting hardware, whereby wind forces alone cause the panel to "feather" or pivot to a safer angle. In practical terms, each panel is supported on a horizontal hinge that provides a controlled resisting torque— typically provided solely by gravity —such that under light or moderate wind the panel remains fixed at its normal sun-tracking tilt. When wind speed increases and the aerodynamic influence acting on the large, flat panel (preferably rear) surface exceeds this resisting torque, the hinge yields and the panel automatically pivots upward. As the panel lifts, its angle of attack relative to the oncoming wind decreases, which rapidly reduces the wind-induced torque. The pivot continues until a new equilibrium is reached— either at a partially open angle where hinge resistance balances diminished wind moment or, in higher gusts, until the panel either ceases to rotate or optionally contacts a mechanical stop.

[0153] In configurations where a calibrated return spring or torsion element is employed, gravity and spring force work together to bring the panel back down once wind forces drop below the hinge's preload threshold. In other embodiments, no return spring is required: the panel simply rests against a support bar, cable, or rigid stop at its normal tilt. In that case, gravity alone causes the panel to swing back down; the support member limits further downward rotation, ensuring the panel returns precisely to its intended tracking angle. Whether using a spring-loaded hinge or a simple gravitybased rest stop, the critical feature is that no active power or external command is needed to move the panel during gusts or to return it afterward.

[0154] Because passive lift engages instantaneously— without waiting for an electronic controller to detect wind conditions or for a motor to spool up— the system reduces peak structural loads and greatly speeds response to sudden gusts. The only active control required is rotation about the vertical axis: once each panel is oriented rear surface to the wind by the azimuth motor, any remaining aerodynamic moment is handled passively by the hinge. When wind levels subside, panels automatically pivot downward around their horizontal hinges to return to their optimal tilt angle for power production; however, active motor-driven rotation about the vertical axis is required to restore their azimuth orientation for more optimal energy yield. By relying on this purely mechanical, self-regulating tilt relief, the invention minimises hardware complexity, eliminates extra actuators and wiring for the tilt axis, and provides a built-in, failsafe wind protection function that both preserves energy yield and enhances structural durability.

[0155] In one embodiment each panel is mounted on a pre-loaded torsion spring (diameter 12 mm, eight active coils). In on illustrative build, the spring constant may be approximately 220 N-m rad-1, yielding a static resisting torque of around 18 N-m at the nominal tracking angle. Torque increases approximately linearly to approximately 55 N-m at 14 ° of deflection, after which a rubber-capped stop arrests further rotation at about 22 °.

[0156] Values given herein are illustrative and may be adjusted by a person of ordinary skill in the art to accommodate different module masses, wind zones, or structural codes without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.

[0157] For the present disclosure, in the context of wind protection and stow logic, the term "zone" refers to the positional classification of a tracker row or assembly within the broader array layout. Zones are primarily determined by proximity to the perimeter of the field: for example, outermost rows are considered perimeter zones, while inner rows are assigned to secondary or protected zones depending on their relative distance from the edge. This classification reflects the fact that perimeter rows experience the highest direct exposure to wind loading and therefore require earlier or more frequent stow action. In addition, mechanical considerations may also inform zone assignment: in wire-driven tracker arrays, aerodynamic torque induced by wind accumulates progressively along the drive path, with the greatest cumulative tension typically occurring farthest from the drive motor. As a result, zone-based logic may take into account both spatial placement (e.g., "first outer row") and dynamic factors such as local wire tension or motor-side proximity. This dual framework enables the system to apply differentiated control strategies— such as staggered stow thresholds or shielded tracking windows— based on each row's structural role and exposure profile. In one example, any reference in this disclosure to a wind load index, load metric, aerodynamic force estimate, or similar term may be understood to represent a scalar quantity that characterises the effective wind loading on a solar panel or tracker assembly. This quantity may be derived analytically, empirically, or via sensor input. In one example implementation, the total wind force FWjnd acting on a module may be approximated by the equation:

[0158] F_wind = 0.613 C_d A sin X cos Y SA2 where:

[0159] C_d is the drag coefficient of the module and support frame (typically between 1.1 and 1.3 for flat plates normal to flow),

[0160] A is the panel surface area in square metres,

[0161] X is the panel tilt angle from horizontal (0° = flat, 90° = vertical),

[0162] Y is the yaw or attack angle between the wind vector and the panel normal (0° = full-on, 90° = edge-on), and

[0163] S is the wind speed in metres per second.

[0164] This computed value may be used as the wind load index for triggering stow decisions, adjusting thresholds by zone, or validating tension-based estimates. The specific formulation used may vary between embodiments depending on available sensor data and computational resources.

[0165] Further, during installation or commissioning, the system may perform a set of baseline measurements to establish reference values for normal operation. These include measuring the initial preload in each tensioned drive wire, which may be approximately 500 N in a typical configuration. This wire tension may be measured using inline load cells, strain gauges affixed to structural members, or mechanical tensiometers applied during setup. In addition, the system may be calibrated by recording the angular response of each tracker row to known motor commands, verifying the relationship between motor rotation and panel orientation. Other parameters such as initial panel tilt angles, wind sensor alignment, and module geometry may also be recorded to ensure correct operation of the tracking, wind-stow, and orientation-estimation algorithms. By way of example, initial wire tension may be set to 500 N (±25 N) using an inline S-beam load cell. Figure 6 demonstrates a zone-aware wind mitigation routine whose sequential operations are identified herein by reference numerals 1000 through 1016.

[0166] At step 1000 the routine is initialised and enters its recurring environmental-sampling loop. At step 1001 the controller acquires a wind load index, the index being derived either from direct (e.g., an anemometer), remote wind-speed data retrieved from external sources, wind forecasts provided by predictive modeling or weather services, or from the tensile or electrical loading of the drive train as elsewhere described. At step 1002 the controller retrieves, from non-volatile memory, the zone identifier that was assigned to the present solar panel structure 500 during site commissioning. Proceeding to the decision node of step 1003, the controller selects the appropriate pair of windtrigger thresholds— namely a first (lower) threshold and a second (higher) threshold— according to whether the row is classified as outer (step 1004), corner (step 1005), inner (step 1006) or protected (step 1007).

[0167] The first comparison is performed at step 1008. If the wind load index is less than the first threshold the tracker remains in its normal sun-tracking state, represented by step 1009, and the routine returns to step 1001 on the next cycle. If, however, the wind load index meets or exceeds the first threshold the controller advances to step 1010, energising the drive means to rotate the vertical support member 102 until the rear surface of the panel structure 500 is aligned with the incident wind vector.

[0168] Upon completion of the rotation the routine enters step 1011, a dwell period during which residual motor load or wire tension is sampled; during this period any aerodynamic moment that exceeds the hinge preload may cause the panel to feather passively about the horizontal axis defined by the upper support member 105. At the termination of the dwell the residual load is compared with the second, higher threshold at step 1012. If the load is less than the second threshold the tracker is deemed to be within the safe operating band and is held at the rear surface to wind azimuth while the controller continues to monitor wind conditions, as represented by step 1013. If, on the other hand, the residual load meets or exceeds the second threshold, step 1014 is executed; in this escalation branch the controller may command any still-tracking rows to adopt the same orientation, may initiate a full-array stow, may disengage a release mechanism in the motion-transmission system 204, and / or may transmit an alarm to site supervision.

[0169] Regardless of whether the routine resides in the hold branch of step 1013 or the escalation branch of step 1014, it next performs the recovery test of step 1015. Normal sun-tracking operation is permitted to resume only when the wind load index has fallen below the first threshold reduced by a hysteresis margin, thereby ensuring stable state transitions and preventing oscillation between stow and track. In one embodiment, the hysteresis margin is defined as 20% of the first threshold value. For example, if the first threshold is triggered at a wind load index of W = 100, normal operation will not resume until W < 80. This prevents rapid toggling between modes in fluctuating wind conditions and ensures that trackers do not exit stow prematurely during intermittent gusts. When this condition is satisfied, control returns to step 1009; otherwise the routine loops back to the monitoring state of step 1011. Step 1016 denotes the termination of the current execution cycle, after which the algorithm returns to step 1001 at the next scheduled sampling interval. As used herein A may denote the predefined hysteresis margin by which W must fall below TT before resuming power tracking.

[0170] By employing zone-specific dual thresholds and relying solely on rotation of the vertical support member 102 together with the passive feathering capability of the hinge, the foregoing method supplies graded, self-recovering storm protection without the need for active hinge actuation or additional sensor hardware. As used herein, a hysteresis margin refers to the deliberate offset between the activation and deactivation thresholds for wind protection, typically defined as 20% of the activation threshold unless otherwise configured.

[0171] In an alternative aspect of the present invention, the computing unit is further configured to modify the wind load threshold for initiating wind protection based on the current azimuth orientation of the solar tracking assembly relative to the prevailing wind vector. In this context, a baseline wind load threshold is defined for the general case in which rotation to the wind protection orientation can be accomplished without significant aerodynamic penalty— such as when the incoming wind direction is from the rear or rearward-angled quadrants of the panel structure.

[0172] If the processor determines that rotating the solar tracking assembly to the wind protection orientation would require passing through intermediate azimuth angles that increase aerodynamic exposure— specifically, angles in which the front surface of the panel structure presents an enlarged projected area to the incoming wind— the computing unit applies a reduced wind load threshold, lower than said baseline threshold. This ensures that wind protection is initiated earlier under conditions where the rotation itself would momentarily subject the tracker to elevated aerodynamic forces, thereby reducing mechanical stress and structural loading during the transition.

[0173] Conversely, if the prevailing wind direction is such that the solar tracking assembly can be rotated into the wind protection orientation without passing through increased-exposure angles— such as when the wind approaches from the rear or from lateral directions that do not cause the front surface to face into the wind— the computing unit applies an elevated wind load threshold, higher than the baseline threshold. This permits the system to maintain power-tracking operation until more severe wind conditions arise, thereby maximising energy production under favourable orientations.

[0174] To further aid in understanding the present invention, the following sections provide illustrative examples of control logic in pseudo-code form. These examples are intended to demonstrate one possible implementation of the control routines described in this specification and are not limiting as to the scope of the invention.

[0175] Example 1: Estimate Tracker Heading

[0176] Function EstimateTrackerHeading():

[0177] Loop: load_metric = ReadLoadFeedback() / / Obtain motor current or cable tension wind_speed = ReadWindSensor()

[0178] OR EstimateWindSpeedFromLoadO normalizedjoad = NormalizeLoad(load_metric, wind_speed) heading_estimate = MapLoadToHeading(normalized_load, wind_speed)

[0179] StoreHeadingEstimate(heading_estimate)

[0180] If LoadOutOfExpectedRange():

[0181] RaiseDiagnosticFlagO

[0182] TransmitHeadingAndDiagnosticsO

[0183] Wait(Samplelnterval)

[0184] Example 2: Zone-Aware Wind Stow Routine

[0185] Function ZoneAwareWindStow(): windjoad = GetWindLoadlndex() zone = GetTrackerZone() thresholds = GetThresholdsForZone(zone)

[0186] If windjoad >= thresholds. low:

[0187] RotateRearSurfaceToWind()

[0188] Wait(FeatheringDwellTime)

[0189] If ResidualLoad >= thresholds. high:

[0190] EnterFullStowMode()

[0191] Else If windjoad < thresholds. low - HysteresisMargin:

[0192] ResumePowerTrackingO Example 3: Hinge State Diagnostic Nudge

[0193] Function HingeStateDiagnostic():

[0194] ApplyAzimuthNudge(3 degrees) deltajoad = MeasureLoadChange()

[0195] If deltajoad < LoadChangeThreshold: lnhibitFurtherRotation()

[0196] Else:

[0197] PermitNormalRotationO

[0198] It is further contemplated that a three-threshold system could be implemented, wherein a baseline threshold, a reduced threshold, and an elevated threshold are each defined to provide progressively greater sensitivity to wind conditions based on the rotational path and current orientation. For example, the elevated threshold would apply only when the system is confident that rotation to the wind protection orientation can be achieved entirely through low-exposure angles, thus allowing the system to tolerate higher wind loads before initiating stow. However, in most practical implementations, the baseline threshold is conservatively defined to already account for worst-case scenarios, effectively serving the role of an elevated threshold where applicable. As a result, a two- threshold approach— comprising the baseline and reduced thresholds— is sufficient to achieve the desired balance of structural protection, mechanical simplicity, and operational efficiency, without introducing unnecessary complexity to the control logic or claim structure.

[0199] In this manner, the system dynamically adjusts its wind protection trigger logic based not only on the magnitude of the wind load but also on the rotational trajectory required to achieve a safe wind protection orientation, optimising both structural resilience and operational efficiency.

[0200] In this manner, the system dynamically adjusts its wind protection trigger logic based not only on the magnitude of the wind load but also on the rotational trajectory required to achieve a safe wind protection orientation, optimising both structural resilience and operational efficiency. Figure 7 illustrates, in plan view, a tracker field in which every solar tracking assembly 100 (shown schematically as a shaded circle that represents the 360° rotation envelope of its module array) is wired so that the perimeter rows can be driven independently of the interior rows and thereby act as an active windbreak.

[0201] Four dedicated wire-and-wheel loops are provided, which may be referred to as perimeter loops, as would be understood using information elsewhere disclosed in this patent application: loop A extends across the entire top edge of the field and interconnects the northernmost row of trackers 100; loop D runs along the opposite bottom edge and interconnects the southernmost row; loop B links the trackers that constitute the western perimeter; and loop C links the corresponding eastern perimeter.

[0202] Each loop engages a respective drive wheel fixed to the vertical support member of every tracker 100 that lies on the relevant row. The four loops are anchored to, and tensioned by, one or more centrally located motors— e.g., reversible gear-motors or hydraulic rotary actuators— so that all trackers within the same loop rotate together when the motor is energised. Interior trackers are driven by separate loops or by row-by-row drive shafts (not shown for clarity).

[0203] In operation the site controller monitors instantaneous wind direction and speed (by direct anemometer input or by the load-based estimator described elsewhere). When the first, lower wind- stow threshold is reached, the controller energises only the perimeter loops A, B, C and D, turning every tracker 100 within a row so that its panel rear surface faces into the gust. The perimeter rows thus form a rigid, low-drag curtain that reduces the dynamic pressure experienced by the interior rows, allowing those interior trackers to remain in their productive orientation until a higher second threshold is met.

[0204] Because each row forms a continuous mechanical chain, only a single drive per loop is required, greatly reducing actuator count relative to approaches in which every tracker is motorised individually. The rectangular geometry of the perimeter loops also creates straight cable corridors along the site boundary, simplifying installation and maintenance.

[0205] When wind speed subsides below the first threshold minus a hysteresis margin, the controller reverses the perimeter motors; loops A-D return the perimeter trackers to their normal sun-tracking schedule, restoring full-field energy production without manual intervention. The same loop architecture can be combined with the hexagonal or triangular foundation lattices disclosed elsewhere, with the perimeter loops simply following the outermost tracker vertices of the chosen lattice.

[0206] According to one aspect of the invention, the computing unit calculates a normalised wind load index defined as W = S2• cos(Y), with the constant factor 0.613Cd • A • sin X absorbed into the stored threshold T, so that W remains a dimensionless, computation-light scalar while still remaining proportional to the full aerodynamic force expression. Where S is the wind speed in metres per second, and Y is the yaw angle between the incoming wind direction and the panel normal. When the index exceeds a first threshold value of W > 100, the controller activates Mode 1 protection: the trackers in the affected perimeter zone (A, B, C, or D, depending on wind direction) are rotated so that their panels align rear surface to the incoming wind vector. This configuration reduces frontal area and forms a low-drag curtain that shields the interior trackers from wind loading.

[0207] For example, if the wind originates from directly above the array (i.e., from the north), zone A would be the first to exceed the threshold. In that case, only the trackers in zone A are commanded to stow, thereby reducing wind exposure for the rest of the field. Similarly, wind from the west, east, or south would selectively trigger stow commands in zones B, C, or D respectively.

[0208] If the wind load index exceeds a second, higher threshold— W > 200— then Mode 2 protection is activated. In this state, all remaining interior trackers are also commanded to rotate into a wind-safe orientation. This typically means turning so that the rear face of each panel is exposed to the wind, thus minimising aerodynamic torque and structural loading across the array.

[0209] This perimeter-loop layout therefore enables the zone-based stow logic to be implemented with minimal hardware, ensuring that outer rows always shield inner rows while preserving high energy yield and keeping drive complexity low.

[0210] In various embodiments, the computing unit responsible for executing the wind responsive control logic may be implemented as a standalone processor integrated within each tracker assembly, a distributed network of microcontrollers managing multiple rows, or a centralised supervisory controller overseeing the entire field. The control unit may be mounted locally on the tracker structure, positioned within a nearby control cabinet, or hosted remotely and communicatively linked to the field via a wired or wireless network. In a hybrid architecture, low-level actuation commands— such as rotation of the vertical support member— may be executed on an embedded microcontroller, while high-level decision-making processes, including zone classification, wind-stow threshold evaluation, and coordinated shielding logic, are performed on a site-level edge processor or cloud-based controller.

[0211] Communication between the computing unit and the tracker's mechanical components may occur via serial interfaces such as RS-485 or CAN bus, IP-based protocols such as Modbus TCP over Ethernet, or wireless protocols such as LoRa, ZigBee, or proprietary Radio Frequency systems. In some cases, cellular or satellite links may provide connectivity for remote supervision, software updates, or environmental data synchronisation. The control system may include redundant communication paths— for example, a wireless fallback in case of Ethernet failure— and support secure firmware updates over-the-air (OTA). Event logs, environmental conditions, and control actions may be recorded locally or transmitted to a remote server for diagnostic or predictive maintenance purposes.

[0212] In further embodiments, the computing unit is configured to detect and respond to missing, inconsistent, or implausible sensor inputs. For example, if a wind speed sensor fails to report data within a defined timeout interval, if the reported values remain continuously saturated or invalid, or if communication from the sensor is disrupted or delayed, the controller may invoke a failsafe mode. In this condition, the system defaults to a pre-established wind-safe orientation, typically by rotating the solar panel structure rear surface to the most probable wind direction or to a known conservative configuration. If available, the controller may fall back to site-specific historical wind profiles or forecast data retrieved from an external source to estimate current wind exposure. In the absence of any reliable input, the system prioritises structural safety by assuming worst-case loading and entering a full stow condition. Such failsafe logic ensures continuous protection of the tracker assembly even under degraded sensor or communication conditions, without requiring manual intervention.

[0213] This architectural flexibility and operational resilience enable the invention to be deployed in a wide range of installation scenarios— from fully autonomous edge-controlled trackers to centrally managed utility-scale fields— while maintaining robust wind protection and minimal hardware overhead.

[0214] In one aspect of the present invention, which specifically addresses the unequal loading that arises only in wind responsive trackers whose panels can lift under gusts, every solar tracking assembly is given, during commissioning, a positional classification— perimeter, corner, interior, or protected— that is written to non-volatile memory as a zone identifier. On every control cycle the computing unit retrieves that identifier and applies wind load thresholds and hysteresis margins tailored to the zone, such that rows exposed to the highest free-stream pressure respond at lower values of the wind load index, while shielded interior rows remain in power-tracking mode. This zonal differentiation mitigates the premature curtailment and over-designed structures that would otherwise result from applying a single threshold to rows that lift at markedly different wind speeds.

[0215] In another aspect of the invention, the computing unit resolves the ambiguity that occurs when a panel has partly feathered and conventional torque-to-angle correlations are lost. Whenever uncertainty exists as to hinge status, the processor commands a diagnostic azimuth rotation of between two and five degrees and measures the concurrent change in drive motor current or wire tension. A negligible change confirms that aerodynamic torque has been decoupled and the panel remains lifted; a substantial change confirms the panel is seated. Until a seated condition is verified, further azimuth commands are inhibited, thereby preventing the oscillatory lift-drop cycles unique to wind responsive arrays without requiring dedicated tilt sensors.

[0216] In a further wind responsive aspect, the system self-adjusts its lower stow threshold after every gust event. The controller records the wind load index at the moment a given panel first lifts and blends that value with the prior threshold using a weighting factor a, preferably between 0.05 and 0.20. In this way the stow sensitivity automatically tracks changes in hinge preload, friction, and local shielding, avoiding the false stows and delayed reactions that arise when a fixed factory threshold is applied to hinges whose mechanical properties drift over time.

[0217] In yet another aspect, opposing sets of perimeter trackers are wired to separate wire-and-wheel loops that rotate in opposite angular directions about their respective vertical axes. The computing unit selects the loop whose azimuth rotation will cause the rear faces of its panel structures to meet the prevailing wind vector, or energises both loops concurrently when the wind approaches from an intermediate quadrant. This configuration provides full bidirectional shielding while maintaining the low actuator count that is a hallmark of economical wind responsive systems.

[0218] In a further aspect, differential azimuth offsets are applied along mechanically linked rows so that, under skewed wind, each passively lifting panel experiences a similar yaw angle at the moment of hinge release. The processor does this by rotating every Nth assembly— preferably one in five— by at least twenty degrees relative to its neighbour. The resulting chevron pattern equalises hinge lift across the string, maintaining balanced cable tension and reducing asymmetric structural loads that would otherwise occur in a uniformly oriented wind responsive array.

[0219] In another aspect directed to cross-wind compensation, when the wind load index for a perimeter row exceeds its threshold the computing unit reads wire tensions on opposite sides of the drive path. If the differential exceeds a preset yaw-tolerance value, the processor commands a corrective azimuth rotation until balance is restored, thereby recentering the wind vector on each lifting panel and preventing torsional overload of the shared drive cable.

[0220] In a further wind responsive aspect of the invention, the computing unit mitigates the uneven shading and counter-torque that arise when only part of a mechanically linked drive loop lifts in response to wind or wind gust . Because all panels in the loop share a common wire, a wind vector that strikes the array obliquely can cause the up-wind panels to feather while the down-wind panels remain flat, twisting the cable and casting angled shadows across the interior rows. Moreover, uneven shading may occur when a common drive element, such as a wire, chain, or torque tube, elongates or undergoes temporary creep under transient wind loading. Because the magnitude of stretch varies with the instantaneous aerodynamic force on each panel section, a single wind-gust can impose differential angular displacements along the drive loop even when every panel was initially commanded to the same set-point. In other words, a strong wind or gust may result in panels being at different orientations than intended or initially provided. To balance this, the controller imposes differential azimuth offsets along the loop: every N-th assembly— preferably one in five— is rotated at least twenty degrees relative to its neighbour, creating a chevron-like pattern. The offset aligns the yaw angle of each panel with the local wind direction at the moment hinge preload is first exceeded, so all panels along the string reach their passive lift condition nearly simultaneously. By synchronising hinge release in this manner, the system equalises aerodynamic torque, maintains uniform wire tension, and minimises the shading differentials that would otherwise reduce interior energy yield in a wind responsive tracker.

[0221] Finally, when the perimeter rows have rotated into their wind protection azimuths— positioning their rear surfaces toward the oncoming wind— the resulting aerodynamic forces cause the panels to feather upward passively. Once lifted, the panels collectively form an elevated, semi-porous barrier that reduces wind velocity and turbulence experienced by interior rows. This dynamic winddampening curtain enables interior rows to continue producing energy at wind speeds that would otherwise necessitate a full-field stow. By integrating active azimuth positioning with passive aerodynamic lift, the invention achieves a structurally efficient and energy-optimized response uniquely suited to wind-responsive dual-axis trackers.

[0222] In one aspect of the present invention there is provided a wind-relief strategy suited to a wind responsive tracker which possesses only a single powered degree of freedom— vertical azimuth rotation— while horizontal tilt is effected solely by passive feathering. The problem addressed is that sudden gusts can arrive from any direction, yet the controller cannot tilt the panel on demand because the horizontal hinge is un-motorised. This aspect solves the problem by calculating a windload index W and, when W meets or exceeds a stored threshold T, rotating the tracker until the rear surface of the panel faces the wind, whereupon aerodynamic lift pivots the panel upward about the hinge without further actuation, thereby delivering 360-degree storm protection using only one motor.

[0223] In another aspect of the present invention a dual-threshold, zone-aware stow routine is provided. This addresses a problem whereby perimeter rows experience far higher wind pressure than interior rows; applying one global stow trigger forces the entire field to curtail whenever the outermost row is threatened, wasting energy where wind loading is modest. This aspect overcomes the difficulty by storing two thresholds, TT and Tz, and assigning every row to a perimeter, corner, interior or protected zone during commissioning. When W > TT only perimeter and corner rows rotate, creating a live wind curtain; when W > Tzthe controller extends the stow to the remaining zones, thus safeguarding exposed trackers promptly while preserving production from shielded rows.

[0224] In a further aspect of the invention a hysteresis margin is introduced between the stow and recovery thresholds. There is a problem in wind responsive systems where gusty conditions can cause a lifted panel to reseat, trigger sun-tracking, and then lift again within seconds, resulting in repeated impacts on hinges and stops that are unique to passive-lift systems. By requiring that W fall below ( - A) before tracking resumes, the controller ensures each panel has fully settled before a new azimuth command, thereby preventing oscillatory lift-and-drop cycles.

[0225] In yet another aspect of the present invention the wind-load index W is derived from multiple interchangeable signals rather than relying on a dedicated anemometer at every row. The problem addressed is that ice, fouling or cost can render wind sensors unreliable, and in a wind responsive system passive feathering breaks the torque-to-angle relationship that rigid trackers use for proxy wind sensing. The disclosed system therefore allows W to be computed from any combination of anemometer speed, drive-motor current and wire-loop tension, and if all inputs become invalid the tracker defaults to a conservative rear surface to the wind heading, maintaining structural safety without per-row wind instrumentation.

[0226] In a still further aspect the invention subdivides the perimeter of the array into independent wire- and-wheel drive loops that can rotate in opposite directions. A single endless cable cannot rotate opposing perimeters appropriately in a wind responsive system when wind approaches from alternating quadrants, leading to over-stress or jamming. By providing separate clockwise and counter-clockwise loops and energising the loop that best aligns the rear faces of its panels with the wind— or energising both loops for quartering winds— the system delivers directional shielding while preserving the low actuator count that characterises wind responsive economics.

[0227] In another aspect of the present invention differential azimuth offsets are applied between adjacent assemblies. The problem addressed is that oblique wind causes up-wind panels in a shared cable loop to feather first, leaving down-wind panels flat, which twists the cable and casts diagonal shadows. The controller therefore rotates every N-th tracker (preferably one in five) at least twenty degrees relative to its neighbour, forming a chevron pattern that equalises yaw at the moment hinge preload is exceeded, so all panels feather nearly simultaneously and cable tension remains balanced.

[0228] In a further aspect the invention infers hinge state without a tilt sensor. In a wind responsive system, once a panel has lifted the usual correlation between azimuth torque and angle collapses, so the controller cannot know whether it is safe to rotate. The computing unit introduces a diagnostic nudge of two to five degrees and measures the resulting change in motor current or loop tension; a negligible change confirms the panel is still elevated and inhibits further azimuth motion, whereas a substantial change confirms reseating and permits normal tracking, thereby resolving ambiguity without added sensors.

[0229] In yet another aspect the lower stow threshold TT is rendered self-adaptive. There exists a problem in wind responsive systems where hinge preload drifts with wear, temperature and contamination, so a fixed factory threshold leads to premature or delayed stow events over time. After each gust the controller blends the W value recorded at first panel lift into the stored using a weighting factor a between 0.05 and 0.20, ensuring that stow sensitivity continuously tracks the real mechanical behaviour of each row.

[0230] According to a further aspect of the present invention the system performs continuous left-right or upstream-downstream tension comparison along long cable loops. A snow-jammed, stuck or partially feathered panel can create a local tension spike long before a global wind threshold is reached, risking cable failure unique to wire-driven architectures. By identifying sustained differentials and selectively stowing or alarming only the offending segment, the controller prevents cascade damage while unaffected rows continue to operate.

[0231] In an additional aspect the single vertical-axis drive is repurposed for non-tracking operational modes that conventional dual-axis systems address with separate actuators. Night-time gust protection, wildlife-safe postures, snow shedding and maintenance access normally require extra drives or locks, conflicting with the minimalist design of wind responsive trackers. The disclosed system therefore rotates the array rear surface to the wind overnight, moves to a wildlife-safe or snow-shed heading when externally signalled, or locks at a maintenance position with passive lift inhibited, all using the same azimuth motor and without increasing hardware complexity.

[0232] Further examples of suitable solar tracking assemblies for use with the present invention will now be described with reference to Figures 9 to 16.

[0233] According to one such example, as shown in Figures 9 and 10, there is provided a solar tracking system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor 300 for driving rotation of the rotatable vertical support member 102.

[0234] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 400, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member 105. The connection member 400 may be in the form of a hinge or alternative mechanism that allows relative rotation between components. In this case, the solar panel 500 rotates relative to the upper solar panel support member 105, while the upper solar panel support member 105 remains static.

[0235] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102 to place the solar tracking system into a desired orientation relative to the position of the sun in the sky or the direction of wind force present. One desired position may be such that the rear surface 500B faces the direction of any wind force present; upon the wind force contacting the rear surface 500B, the rear surface 500B rotates around the upper solar panel support member 105 via the connection member(s) 400. Figure 10 illustrates an example of the solar tracking system 100 of Figure 9, where the solar panel 500 is rotated in the presence of wind from direction X.

[0236] Figure 11 shows the solar tracking system of Figures 9 and 10, where the motor 300 has rotated the solar tracking system via the rotatable vertical support member 102. This Figure clearly shows the front surface 500A of the at least one solar panel 500.

[0237] In another example of a suitable solar tracking assembly, shown in Figure 12, there is provided a solar tracking system 100 comprising a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B. Optionally, the rotatable vertical support member 102 may be connected to a motor 300 for driving rotation.

[0238] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 400, which in turn are connected to the upper solar panel support member 105. Provided on the lower solar panel support member 104 are one or more dampening members 110, which function to cushion contact between the one or more solar panels 500 and the lower solar panel support member 104. The dampening members 110 may comprise foam, rubber, springs, or any suitable cushioning element as would be readily understood by a person of skill in the art.

[0239] The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102 to place the solar tracking system into a desired orientation relative to the location of the sun or the direction of wind force present.

[0240] A further example of a solar tracking assembly suitable for use with the present invention is shown in Figure 13. The system 100 comprises a rotatable vertical support member 102, a lower solar panel support member 104, an upper solar panel support member 105, at least one vertical solar panel support member 106, and at least one solar panel 500 having a front surface 500A and a rear surface 500B.

[0241] The at least one solar panel 500 is attached to one or more connection members 400, which in turn are connected to the vertical solar panel support member 106. The motor 300 rotates the rotatable vertical support member 102 to place the solar tracking system into a desired orientation relative to wind direction.

[0242] A further suitable example is illustrated in Figure 14, where the system 100 additionally includes diagonal solar panel support members 107 to provide increased rigidity. The solar panels 500 are again attached via connection members 400 to the upper solar panel support member 105, allowing the panels to rotate relative to the support structure in response to wind forces.

[0243] In yet another example, shown in Figure 15, the solar tracking system 100 includes a horizontal support member 109 located at one distal end of the rotatable vertical support member 102, and arms 108 connecting the horizontal support member to the upper and lower support members 105, 104. This configuration allows rotation of the horizontal support member 109 to raise the solar panels 500 in response to wind.

[0244] Figure 16 demonstrates a solar tracking assembly 100 according to a further example of the present invention, where there is provided a vertical support member 102 supporting a solar panel support member 105, rotatably attached to the solar panel support member 105 is at least one solar panel 500. The rotatable attachment between the solar panel 500 and the solar panel support member 105 is achieved by at least one connection member 400. Weights 450 are attached to the solar panel 500, or to the solar tracking assembly 100 such that the weights 450 provide a counterweight to the weight of the solar panel 500. In other words, the weights 450 bias the solar panel 500 about the solar panel support member 105 to a resting position when there is no, or little, wind present against the solar panel 500.

[0245] Figure 17 demonstrates a solar tracking assembly 100 according to a further example of the present invention, where there is provided a vertical support member 102 supporting a solar panel support member 105, rotatably attached to the solar panel support member 105 is at least one solar panel 500. The rotatable attachment between the solar panel 500 and the solar panel support member 105 is achieved by at least one connection member 400. Further provided are additional solar panel support members 107 supporting the solar panel 500, attached to which is a weight 450. In this example, the weight 450 is in the form of one or more cylinders; however, it should be understood by a person of skill in the art that any form of weight or heavy material may be suitable. The weight 450 provides a counterweight to the weight of the solar panel 500. In other words, the weight 450 biases the solar panel 500 about the solar panel support member 105 to a resting position when there is no, or little, wind present against the solar panel 500.

[0246] Figure 18 demonstrates a solar tracking assembly 100 according to a further example of the present invention, where there is provided a vertical support member 102 supporting a solar panel support member 105, rotatably attached to the solar panel support member 105 is at least one solar panel 500. The rotatable attachment between the solar panel 500 and the solar panel support member 105 is achieved by at least one connection member 400. Further provided are additional solar panel support members 107 supporting the solar panel 500; these additional solar panel support members 107 form a prism-shaped cross section, attached to which is a weight 450. In this example, the weight 450 is in the form of one or more cylinders; however, it should be understood by a person of skill in the art that any form of weight or heavy material may be suitable. In this example, the vertical support member 102 attaches to the solar panel support member 105. The weight 450 provides a counterweight to the weight of the solar panel 500. In other words, the weight 450 biases the solar panel 500 about the solar panel support member 105 to a resting position when there is no, or little, wind present against the solar panel 500.

[0247] Figure 19 demonstrates a solar tracking assembly 100 according to a further example of the present invention, where there is provided a vertical support member 102 supporting a solar panel support member 105, rotatably attached to the solar panel support member 105 is at least one solar panel 500. The rotatable attachment between the solar panel 500 and the solar panel support member 105 is achieved by at least one connection member 400. Further provided are additional solar panel support members 107 supporting the solar panel 500; these additional solar panel support members 107 form a prism-shaped cross section, attached to which is a weight 450. In this example, the weight 450 is in the form of one or more cylinders; however, it should be understood by a person of skill in the art that any form of weight or heavy material may be suitable. In this example, the vertical support member 102 attaches to the solar panel support member 105 by a connection member 400. The weight 450 provides a counterweight to the weight of the solar panel 500. In other words, the weight 450 biases the solar panel 500 about the solar panel support member 105 to a resting position when there is no, or little, wind present against the solar panel 500.

[0248] Figure 20 illustrates a solar tracking assembly 100, highlighting the connection between the rotatable vertical support member 102 and the solar panel support member 105. The rotatable vertical support member 102 is designed to support the solar panel support member 105, allowing it to rotate and adjust the orientation of the attached solar panel 500. The connection between the vertical support member 102 and the solar panel support member 105 is crucial for enabling the rotational movement necessary to optimize the panel's position in response to wind forces. The solar panel 500 is attached to the solar panel support member 105 via connection members 400, which allow the solar panel 500 to rotate relative to the support member 105. This configuration ensures that the solar panel 500 can adjust its orientation to minimize wind resistance and optimize energy production, while the robust connection between the vertical support member 102 and the solar panel support member 105 provides stability and support for the entire system.

[0249] Figure 21 illustrates a solar tracking assembly 100, demonstrating the effect of a strong wind Z coming from the right. The system comprises a rotatable vertical support member 102, a solar panel support member 105, and a solar panel 500 attached via a connection member 400. In this scenario, the strong wind Z exerts force on the solar panel 500, causing it to rotate upwards around the connection member 400. The connection member 400 allows the solar panel 500 to pivot relative to the solar panel support member 105, enabling the panel to adjust its orientation in response to the wind force. This rotation helps to minimize the wind resistance and reduce the stress on the solar panel and its mounting structure. The robust connection between the vertical support member 102 and the solar panel support member 105 ensures stability and support for the entire system, even under strong wind conditions.

[0250] In a further example of a solar tracking assembly according to the present invention, a resilient member may be added to the solar tracking assembly to hold the solar panel 500 in a rest position (i.e., a position where there is little or no wind). The resilient member may be a spring, elastic, string, rope, or the like. The resilient member may extend between the weight 450 and a solar panel support member 105, and in the rest position, the resilient member is in a substantially taut state. When force is exerted against the solar panel 500, in one direction, the resilient member changes to a substantially non-elastic state and allows movement of the solar panel 500; in the other direction, the resilient member stretches and extends in a taut state, biasing the solar panel 500 against the force, back to a rest position.

[0251] In a further example of the present invention, the weight 450 is placed at 90-120 degrees from the solar panel 500. At 90 degrees, the weight 450 has no effect when the panel 500 is at a horizontal position. When there are panels three times as wide as they are high, the optimal angle is approximately 110 degrees.

[0252] In a further improvement of the present invention, according to any of the examples herein described, a measurement device (not shown) may be used to drive rotation of a solar panel 500 via a motor 300. The measurement device may measure properties of wind or other external forces present; these properties include, but are not limited to, speed and direction. Upon the measurement device measuring a property at a predetermined threshold, the motor may be directed to rotate the solar panel 500 to a determined orientation. This determination of the required orientation and control of the motor may be performed by a computing unit (not shown). Ideally, the solar panel 500 is rotated such that the rear surface 500B faces the direction of wind force present, such that the wind force causes the solar panel 500 to rotate to a position such as that demonstrated in Figure 21, whereby the solar panel 500 is substantially parallel to the direction of the wind. In this manner, in the presence of high wind or other external forces, the solar panel 500 may rotate to a position whereby wind or other external force is permitted to pass by the solar panel 500 with minimal resistance.

[0253] In all embodiments and examples of the present invention, the solar tracking assembly 100 may be secured to the ground via a ground anchor (not shown) or similar. The ground anchor may be attached to the vertical support member 102. The ground anchor may be in the form of a ground screw as would be understood by a person of skill in the art; preferably, the ground screw extends above ground by approximately 20-80 cm and contains a hollow aperture within which the vertical support member 102 may be placed. In this manner, the ground anchor is embedded within the ground, and the vertical support member 102 is secured within it. This provides a solid and stable foundation for the solar tracking assembly 100. Other forms of ground anchors would also be suitable as would be understood by a person of skill in the art, for example, multiple ground anchors 103 could be embedded in the ground at different angles, or alternative ballast or weight could be placed atop the ground in place of a ground anchor. The ground anchors, for example, may be in the form of a screw which, upon rotation into the ground, secures the ground anchor within the ground, or they may be in the form of a metal bar having a cross-section designed to provide strength, which may include a "C" cross-section, "H" cross-section, "I" cross-section, or the like, which may be driven into the ground by force. Further, the ground anchor may have a substantially flat bottom portion.

[0254] Further solar tracking assembly designs and improvements are shown in Figures 22 to 29. According to one aspect of the present invention as shown in Figure 22, there is provided a wheel for rotating a solar panel, where the wheel is driven via a wire and second wheel attached to a motor.

[0255] A rotatable vertical member 102 supports a solar panel support member 105. The solar panel support member 105 holds one or more solar panels 500. A wheel 200 is positioned below the solar panel support member 105 and is connected to a wire 202. The wire 202 wraps around the wheel 200 and extends to a second wheel 200, which is connected to a motor 300. The motor 300 drives the second wheel 200, which in turn controls the tension and movement of the wire 202.

[0256] The wire 202, by being wrapped around the wheel 200, enables the rotation of the solar panel support member 105 and the attached solar panels 500 around the vertical axis of the rotatable vertical member 102. The motor 300, through the second wheel 200, provides the necessary force to adjust the orientation of the solar panels 500 by controlling the wire 202. The configuration allows for the solar panels 500 to adapt to strong winds by rotating around the horizontal axis, thereby reducing the torque exerted on the panels. The wire 202 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. The placement of the wire 202 and the wheel 200 below the point of the solar panels 500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference.

[0257] To further elaborate on the above, the solar panels 500 may rotate freely around the solar panel support member 105 which reduces force exerted on the panels 500 and thus the torque exerted on the vertical member 102. One possible method by which the solar panels 500 are rotated around the solar panel support member 105 is via wind force on the solar panels 500. The solar panels 500 may be rotatably connected to the solar panel support member 105 via a rotatable connection such as a hinge, or they may be fixedly connected to the solar panel support member 105 which may then rotate itself. Any form of rotation of the solar panels 500 around the solar panel support member 105 is contemplated and should be understood by a person of skill in the art.

[0258] The rotatable vertical member 102 is rotatable, typically via mechanical means but may be by any form of force. It may be directly rotated through connection to a motor, which may be achieved via gears or the like as would be understood by a person of skill in the art. One possible method for achieving rotation of the rotatable vertical member 102 is via a wheel 200 as is further described in this document. Utilising a wheel 200 to rotate the vertical member 102 allows the solar panels 500 to be fixed in a certain orientation to allow for reduced torque on the vertical member 102 in the presence of certain wind conditions. In an embodiment comprising multiple solar panel systems according to the present invention, each system comprises solar panels 500, a vertical member 102, and a solar panel support member 105, each system may have one or more wheels 200 to orient the solar panels 500 to reduce torque exerted on the respective vertical members 102. Driving of the wheels 200 to cause rotation of the vertical members 102 will be described further herein.

[0259] In an alternative embodiment, the solar panels are fixed in the horizontal direction but rotate around the rotatable vertical support member 102. This configuration allows for the solar panels 500 to adapt to strong winds by rotating around the vertical axis, thereby reducing the torque exerted on the panels. The wire 202 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. The placement of the wire 202 and the wheel 200 below the point of the solar panels 500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference.

[0260] As shown in Figure 29, the rotatable vertical member 102 rotates around axis A, while the solar panels 500 attached to the solar panel support member 105 rotate around axis B. Rotation of the rotatable vertical member 102 may be driven by a wheel 200 and wire 202 as herein described, or by any other suitable method, including direct rotation via the wire 202. Rotation of the solar panels

[0261] 500 around axis B is driven by the wind.

[0262] Additionally, the system can connect multiple wheels 200 to the same wire 202, allowing for the control of multiple solar panels 500 simultaneously. The motor 300 can control multiple wire loops, each loop managing one or more solar panels 500, enhancing the scalability and efficiency of the system.

[0263] According to a further aspect of the present invention as shown in Figure 23, there is provided a locking member for locking the wire into place on the wheel.

[0264] The wheel 200 is a component in the wire-based rotational control system for wind-responsive solar panels. The wheel 200 facilitates the movement and positioning of the solar panels by interacting with the wire 202. The wire 202 wraps around the wheel 200, enabling the transmission of rotational force from a motor to the solar panels.

[0265] The wire 202 is secured onto the wheel 200 using a locking member 270. The locking member 270 ensures that the wire 202 remains fixed in position on the wheel 200, preventing any slippage that could disrupt the control and orientation of the solar panels. The locking member 270 engages with the wire 202 at a specific point, providing a secure attachment that maintains the wire's tension and alignment.

[0266] The locking member 270 is designed to hold the wire 202 firmly against the wheel 200, ensuring consistent and reliable operation of the solar tracking system. By locking the wire 202 in place, the locking member 270 allows the system to accurately control the rotation of the solar panels, even under varying wind conditions. This configuration enhances the stability and responsiveness of the solar tracking system, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the solar tracking system.

[0267] According to another aspect of the present invention, the locking member for securing the wire onto the wheel can be implemented using a screw mechanism. This mechanism allows for the wheel to be adjustable even after the wire has been tightened, providing fine-tuning capabilities for the orientation of the solar panels.

[0268] In one embodiment, the screw mechanism includes screws that can be released slightly to allow the wheel to turn. When the screws are loosened, the wheel can be rotated, which in turn adjusts the orientation of the attached solar panels. The screws are positioned within grooves on the wheel, allowing for free movement within the groove when the screws are loosened. If the fine-tuning provided by the groove is not sufficient, the wheel can be further adjusted by utilizing additional holes positioned along the groove. Once the wheel is turned all the way to the end of the groove, another hole becomes visible. The screw can then be unscrewed from its current position and inserted into the next hole, allowing for further adjustment of the wheel and the attached solar panels.

[0269] This screw mechanism is crucial for ensuring that all solar panels face the same direction after the wire has been tightened. During the initial installation and tightening of the wire, the panels may end up pointing in slightly different directions, leading to a loss of production. The ability to fine-tune the direction of the panels using the screw mechanism ensures optimal alignment and maximizes energy capture.

[0270] The locking member 270, as shown in Figure 23, is designed to hold the wire 202 firmly against the wheel 200, ensuring consistent and reliable operation of the solar tracking system. By locking the wire 202 in place, the locking member 270 allows the system to accurately control the rotation of the solar panels, even under varying wind conditions. This configuration enhances the stability and responsiveness of the solar tracking system, contributing to the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the solar tracking system.

[0271] According to one aspect of the present invention, the wire makes at least one and a half full loops around the wheel. This configuration, as shown in Figure 22, enables the rotation of the solar panel support member 105 and the attached solar panels 500 around the vertical axis of the rotatable vertical member 102. By making at least one and a half full loops (i.e., at least 540 degrees) around the wheel 200, the system ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation. This design allows the panels to be rotated an additional 90 degrees in either direction, regardless of their initial position, thereby enhancing the system's adaptability to varying wind conditions and sun positions.

[0272] Another aspect of the present invention involves the placement of the wire and wheel below the lowest point of the solar panels. As depicted in Figure 22, the wire 202 and the wheel 200 are positioned below the solar panel support member 105, which holds the solar panels 500. This strategic placement ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference from the wire 202. By positioning the wire and wheel below the panels, the system avoids potential obstructions and allows for smooth, unobstructed rotation, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency and reliability of the solar tracking system.

[0273] Additionally, the present invention includes at least one wire tensioner configured to adjust the tension of the wire. As shown in Figure 23, the wire tensioners are integrated into the system to maintain optimal wire tension, which is crucial for precise control of the solar panel orientation. The wire tensioners allow for adjustments to be made to the wire's tension, ensuring that the wire remains taut and responsive to the motor's movements. In an embodiment containing two wire tensioners, by shortening one wire tensioner and lengthening the other, the direction of the panels can be adjusted between the wire tensioners, providing fine-tuned control over the panel orientation. This feature enhances the system's ability to adapt to varying wind conditions and ensures consistent, reliable operation.

[0274] According to a further aspect of the present invention as shown in Figure 24, there is provided multiple arrays of solar panels 500, each array driven by a single wheel 200. The wheel 200 is driven by a wire 202 from a wheel 200 attached to a motor. The motor drives several wheels 200 using the wire 202, which each drive their own solar panel array 500.

[0275] The solar panels 500 are arranged in multiple arrays, each supported by a solar panel support member. The support members are connected to the wheel 200, which facilitates the rotation of the solar panels 500 around a vertical axis. The wire 202 wraps around the wheel 200, enabling the transmission of rotational force from the motor to the solar panels 500.

[0276] The wire 202 extends from the wheel 200 connected to the motor to the wheels 200 of each solar panel array 500. This configuration allows the motor to control the orientation of multiple solar panel arrays 500 simultaneously. The wire 202 ensures that the panels can be rotated in any direction, providing flexibility in panel orientation and allowing the system to adapt to varying wind conditions.

[0277] The placement of the wire 202 and the wheel 200 below the point of the solar panels 500 ensures that the panels can rotate freely without interference. The system can connect multiple wheels 200 to the same wire 202, allowing for the control of multiple solar panels 500 simultaneously. The motor can control multiple wire loops, each loop managing one or more solar panels 500, enhancing the scalability and efficiency of the system.

[0278] In various aspects of the present invention, the solar panel system may comprise or be in communication with a computing unit, also referred to as a controller, control system, or processing device. The computing unit may be configured to monitor environmental inputs, analyze system feedback, execute control logic, and issue commands to one or more actuators such as motors (300), release mechanisms, or other rotational drive components.

[0279] As used herein, the term "module" may refer to one or more functional modules, each of which may be implemented as one or more hardware modules and / or one or more software modules and / or a combined software / hardware module in a node. In some examples, the module may represent function realized as software and / or hardware of the node. As used herein, the term "computer program carrier", "program carrier", or "carrier", may refer to one of an electronic signal, an optical signal, a radio signal, and a computer readable medium. In some examples, the computer program carrier may exclude transitory, propagating signals, such as the electronic, optical and / or radio signal. Thus, in these examples, the computer program carrier may be a non-transitory carrier, such as a non-transitory computer readable medium.

[0280] As used herein, the term "processing module" may include one or more hardware modules, one or more software modules or a combination thereof. Any such module, be it a hardware, software or a combined hardware-software module, may be a determining means, estimating means, capturing means, associating means, comparing means, identification means, selecting means, receiving means, sending means or the like as disclosed herein. As an example, the expression "means" may be a module corresponding to the modules listed above in conjunction with the Figures.

[0281] As used herein, the term "software module" may refer to a software application, a Dynamic Link Library (DLL), a software component, a software module, a software object, a React component, an object according to Component Object Model (COM), a software function, a software engine, an executable binary software file or the like.

[0282] The terms "processing unit" or "processing circuit" may herein comprise one or more processors, an Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), a Field-Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) or the like. The processing circuit or the like may comprise one or more processor kernels.

[0283] As used herein, the expression "configured to / for" can refer to that a processing circuit can be configured to, such as adapted to or operative to, by means of software configuration and / or hardware configuration, perform one or more of the actions described herein.

[0284] As used herein, the term "action" may refer to an action, a step, an operation, a response, a reaction, an activity or the like. It shall be noted that an action herein may be split into two or more subactions as applicable. Moreover, also as applicable, it shall be noted that two or more of the actions described herein may be merged into a single action.

[0285] As used herein, the term "memory" may refer to a hard disk, a magnetic storage medium, a portable computer diskette or disc, flash memory, random access memory (RAM) or the like. Furthermore, the term "memory" may refer to an internal register memory of a processor or the like.

[0286] As used herein, the term "computer readable medium" may be a Universal Serial Bus (USB) memory, a Digital Versatile Disc (DVD), a Blu-ray disc, a software module that is received as a stream of data, a Flash memory, a hard drive, a memory card, such as a MemoryStick, a Multimedia Card (MMC), Secure Digital (SD) card, etc. One or more of the aforementioned examples of computer readable medium may be provided as one or more computer program products.

[0287] As used herein, the term "computer readable code units" may be text of a computer program, parts of or an entire binary file representing a computer program in a compiled format or anything there between.

[0288] As used herein, "computing unit", or "controller" refers broadly to any hardware and / or software combination configured to monitor environmental inputs, execute wind-responsive control logic, and issue actuation commands to the tracker drive. In particular, the computing unit may comprise one or more processors (e.g., microcontrollers, ASICs, FPGAs, or general-purpose CPUs), memory (volatile or non-volatile), and any input / output interfaces needed to communicate with sensors (anemometers, motor-current or wire-tension sensors, cameras, etc.) and actuators (motors, clutches, locks). The computing unit may be implemented as a single on-board controller per tracker, a distributed network of edge devices, a centralized field controller, or any hybrid arrangement, and includes all software or firmware modules (e.g., sampling, threshold-comparison, adaptation, and commanding routines) necessary to realize the functions recited in the claims.

[0289] The computing unit may be:

[0290] On-site: Physically integrated into each solar panel structure (500), mounted to the vertical support member (102), or housed in a local control enclosure (e.g., within or adjacent to an inverter or junction box).

[0291] Distributed: A system of interconnected microcontrollers, edge processors, or embedded computing devices deployed across multiple solar panel structures, each responsible for local control and coordination.

[0292] Centralised: A central computing unit located within a site control cabinet or operator building, managing communication and control for a plurality of solar panel structures across the installation.

[0293] Remote: A cloud-based or off-site computing system communicatively linked to the solar panel system via a network connection, such as cellular, satellite, or internet-based protocols. In such embodiments, local controllers may act as gateways or edge processors, relaying data between the solar panel system and the remote computing unit.

[0294] In various aspects of the invention, the computing unit is configured to implement failsafe behaviour in the event of missing, invalid, or inconsistent sensor input. For example, if a wind speed sensor fails to report data within a predefined interval, or if the reported value remains excessively high for an implausibly long duration, the controller may switch to a secondary input source— such as a site-level weather forecast retrieved via network connection or a predictive model based on historical site conditions. If no valid wind data is available from either real time or predicted sources, the system defaults to a conservative wind protection mode, placing the solar panel structure into a known safe orientation that minimises aerodynamic loading. This logic ensures that structural safety is preserved even during sensor fault, communication failure, or data corruption, and may be applied in conjunction with any of the control routines described elsewhere in this disclosure.

[0295] In one embodiment, a hybrid architecture may be employed, wherein local control logic is executed on a low-power on-site microcontroller, while high-level decision making (e.g., optimisation strategies, weather model integration) is performed remotely and transmitted back to the system.

[0296] The computing unit may communicate with the motor (300), sensors, and other system components through a variety of interfaces, including but not limited to:

[0297] • Wired connections: Serial bus (e.g., RS-485), Ethernet, Modbus, CAN bus, or direct GPIO / relay triggering. * Wireless connections: Wi-Fi, LoRa, ZigBee, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), 4G / 5G cellular, satellite uplinks, or proprietary RF systems.

[0298] • Powerline communication (PLC): Signals transmitted over existing power cabling infrastructure.

[0299] In one embodiment, each motor (300) or actuator may include an embedded controller or motor driver that receives commands via serial or digital signal from the computing unit. In another embodiment, the computing unit may use Pulse-Width Modulation (PWM), analog voltage, or current-based commands to drive actuation directly.

[0300] The computing unit may receive data from one or more sensors as previously described, including, but not limited to, environmental sensors such as wind speed and direction (anemometers), temperature, irradiance, precipitation (rain / snow), humidity, electrical sensors such as voltage, current, or power sensors positioned at the inverter or module level, and mechanical sensors such as tension sensors in the wire (202), rotation encoders on the vertical support member (102) or solar panel support member (105), limit switches, accelerometers, or gyroscopes.

[0301] In some embodiments, the computing unit is configured to log sensor data, execute predictive algorithms (e.g., based on weather forecasts or historical performance), and adjust panel orientation or system behaviour accordingly.

[0302] The computing unit may execute one or more control algorithms, including position control algorithms which calculate and control optimal rotational position for energy production or wind safety, stow mode algorithms which are based on wind or snow thresholds, tension values, or time- of-day triggers, feedback loops which adjust position in real time based on energy output, and error detection and diagnostic algorithms which identify overcurrent conditions, motor stalls, communication loss, or mechanical resistance anomalies.

[0303] In some embodiments, the computing unit may include a real time clock (RTC), enabling time-based operations such as nighttime repositioning (e.g., wildlife-safe stow mode) or time-of-day suntracking.

[0304] The computing unit may further include user interface components, such as a touchscreen, status LEDs, or keypad, remote access capability, allowing operators to view, control, or configure the system via a web portal, mobile app, or SCADA interface, and APIs or integration layers for interoperability with energy management systems (EMS), building automation systems, or utility dashboards.

[0305] In some embodiments, the computing unit may be configured to receive software updates OTA, and may store configuration profiles for various operational modes (e.g., wind-sensitive vs. energymaximizing behaviour).

[0306] With reference to Figure 8, there is depicted an example capturing subsystem 1500 of the computing module according to one aspect of the present invention. The capturing subsystem 1500 comprises a processing module 1501, a memory 1502, an I / O module 1506, and is supplied with executable program instructions via a computer program 1503. A carrier 1505, or program carrier, which provides, such as comprises, mediates, supplies and the like, the computer program 1503 as described directly above.

[0307] Processing module 1501 may be embodied as one or more hardware circuits— such as a microprocessor, ASIC or FPGA— or as a combination of hardware and software modules. It is configured to execute the wind-responsive control routines of the present invention, including environmental-sampling, wind-load index derivation, zone classification retrieval, threshold comparison, and actuation commands.

[0308] Memory 1502 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium that stores the Computer program 1503 together with configuration parameters— such as wind-load thresholds and Tz, hysteresis margins, zone identifiers, and adaptive weighting factors. Computer program 1503 comprises code modules which, when executed by processing module 1501, implement the methods described herein. Carrier 1505 provides computer program 1503 to memory 1502 and may take the form of a flash memory device, a non-transitory storage medium, or an electronic / optical / radio signal in accordance with the definitions set forth herein. I / O module 1506 facilitates bidirectional communication between the computing module and external devices. In particular, it obtains raw environmental inputs— such as anemometer readings, motor-current measurements, wire-tension signals, and remotely sourced weather forecasts— and conveys them to subordinate functional modules within processing module 1501. It also transmits computed load indices and control decisions to the Commanding Subsystem for motor actuation.

[0309] Within Processing module 1501, an obtaining module 1510 is operative to acquire and buffer all incoming sensor and forecast data via I / O module 1506. A deriving module 1520 then computes a unified wind-load index W from those data— using, for instance, the relation W = 0.613-C_d-A-sin X-cos Y-S2or an equivalent scalar proxy— while tagging the result with the current azimuth and zone classification. A sending module 1530 subsequently packages the derived index and metadata for delivery to the control logic that determines when W meets or exceeds the applicable wind-load threshold(s). Finally, an adapting module 1540 monitors the validity and consistency of all environmental inputs; upon detecting missing, saturated, or implausible values, it invokes fallback procedures that default Node X to a conservative, edge-on wind-protection orientation until reliable data are restored.

[0310] Accordingly, the capturing subsystem 1510 and its constituent modules cooperatively realize the data-ingestion, wind-load estimation, and sensor-health management functions required to support the dual-axis, zone-aware, wind-responsive tracker control strategies of the present invention.

[0311] The foregoing description of the embodiments has been presented for purposes of illustration and description only, and is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed. It will be appreciated by those of ordinary skill that many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. For example, any feature described in connection with one embodiment may be combined with, substituted for, or omitted in another embodiment, without departing from the scope of the invention. Likewise, any of the thresholds, hysteresis margins, zone classifications, drive-loop architectures, adaptive weighting factors, diagnostic routines, or nonlimiting examples of mechanical hinge arrangements set forth herein may be employed alone or in any sub-combination.

[0312] Moreover, although particular numerical values, angular offsets, sampling intervals, and component arrangements have been recited for clarity, such parameters may be adjusted by a person of ordinary skill to suit site-specific conditions, module geometries, wind regimes, or control preferences. The invention is therefore intended to embrace all such alternatives, modifications, and combinations as fall within the spirit and broad scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. CLAIMS1. A wind responsive solar tracking system for a photovoltaic installation, comprising at least one motor (300); at least one solar tracking assembly (100) that is rotatable by said at least one motor (300), each solar tracking assembly (100) comprising: a rotatable vertical support member (102) configured to rotate about a substantially vertical axis; a torque receiving element (200) operatively coupled to the motor (300) and fixed to the vertical support member (102) so as to receive rotational drive from the at least one motor (300); a panel structure (500) mounted to the vertical support member (102), the panel structure comprising at least one photovoltaic panel (502) having a front surface and a rear surface, the panel structure pivotally connected to the vertical support member (102) via a horizontal hinge formed by a connection member (400), the horizontal hinge being configured to allow the panel structure (500) to passively lift under the influence of wind on the rear surface of the at least one photovoltaic panel; a computing unit comprising a processor and a memory storing program code and at least one wind load threshold T, the computing unit being configured to obtain environmental data representative of wind conditions; wherein the processor is configured, by execution of the program code, to: derive a wind load index W based on the environmental data; compare W with the threshold T; and in response to the comparison, issue a command to the motor (300) to:(i) maintain or resume a power-tracking orientation of the solar tracking assemblies (100) when W < T, or(ii) rotate the vertical support member (102) of at least one solar tracking assembly (100) to a wind protection orientation whereby wind primarily acts on the rear surface of the panel structure (500) when W > T, thereby enabling the panel (502) to passively lift via the hinge under wind loading.

2. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the memory stores at least two wind load thresholds, TT and Tz, and the processor is configured to: initiate rotation of only solar tracking assemblies (100) located on the perimeter or cornerof a field of solar tracking assemblies (100) when W > and initiate rotation of all solar tracking assemblies (100) when W > Tz, where Tz> .

3. The solar-tracking system of claim 1, wherein the at least one wind-load threshold T is adaptive, the processor being configured to revise the current value of T during operation in response to one or more changing conditions that include, without limitation, measured wind-load indices, historical or forecast wind data, elapsed operating time, ambient temperature or any other parameter indicative of wind exposure or hinge behaviour, such that T is not required to remain constant over the lifetime of the system.

4. The solar tracking system of claim 1, wherein the computing unit is further configured to: determine a current azimuth orientation of the at least one solar tracking assembly (100) relative to a prevailing wind vector; evaluate whether rotation of the vertical support member (102) to the wind protection orientation requires passing through one or more intermediate azimuth angles that increase aerodynamic exposure of the front surface of the panel structure (500) to the wind; and dynamically adjust the threshold T based on said evaluation, such that: a reduced value of T is applied when rotation to the wind protection orientation requires passing through said intermediate azimuth angles; and an elevated value of T is applied when rotation to the wind protection orientation does not require passing through said intermediate azimuth angles.

5. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the processor is further configured to resume the power-tracking orientation of the solar tracking assemblies (100) only when W falls below by a predefined hysteresis margin.

6. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the environmental data is derived from at least one of an anemometer, a motor current sensor associated with the motor (300), or a wire tension sensor positioned on a drive loop connected to the support member (102),remotely sourced weather data or forecasts, or visual monitoring, including camera-based detection of tracker of vegetation motion indicative of wind conditions.

7. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is further configured to: detect the absence or invalidity of environmental data, and in response, issue a command to rotate the vertical support member (102) into a wind protection orientation.

8. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the plurality of solar tracking assemblies are grouped into subsets, and each subset is driven by independent loops defined by at least one wire (202) and at least one wheel (200), each loop connected to a respective motor (300).

9. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the solar tracking assemblies are arranged in a array, and the processor is further configured to orient solar tracking assemblies located on a perimeter of the array to face into the prevailing wind direction, while orienting interior solar tracking assemblies in a direction that enables the panel structure (500) to passively lift under wind force.

10. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the processor is further configured to apply rotational offsets between adjacent assemblies, such that every one in five or more assemblies is rotated to a heading that differs from an adjacent assembly by at least 20 degrees.

11. The solar-tracking system of claim 1, wherein the wind-load index W is calculated according to W = 0.613 • C_d • A • sin X • cos Y • S2, where C d is a drag coefficient of the panel structure, A is the panel surface area, X is the panel tilt angle measured from horizontal, Y is the yaw angle between the wind vector and the panel normal, and S is the wind speed.

12. The solar tracking system of claim 1, wherein the computing unit is further configured to assign each solar tracking assembly (100) to a classification based on its position within the photovoltaic installation, the classification comprising at least one of: a perimeter zone, a corner zone, an interior zone, or a protected zone.

13. The solar tracking system of claim 13, wherein the computing unit is configured to selectively apply the wind protection orientation to assemblies classified as perimeter or corner zones, while maintaining power-tracking orientation for assemblies classified as interior or protected zones when W > T.

14. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is configured to determine a prevailing wind direction and to issue the wind protection orientation such that the rear surface of the at least one photovoltaic panel (502) is aligned toward the wind, thereby maximizing passive lift response through the horizontal hinge (400).

15. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is further configured to inhibit rotation to the wind protection orientation for a given solar tracking assembly if the panel structure (500) is determined to have already lifted to a safe angular position under wind loading.

16. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein a plurality of the solar tracking assemblies (100) are interconnected by a shared mechanical drive comprising at least one continuous tensioned wire (202) located around drive wheels (200) rigidly fixed to the respective vertical support members (102), and wherein the computing unit is configured to(a) compare wire-tension or drive-wheel torque values at spaced locations along the wire (202), and(b) selectively command the wind-protection orientation only for those assemblies whose measured value exceeds a predetermined wind-load threshold.

17. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the solar tracking assemblies (100) are arranged in an array and the computing unit is configured to rotate solar tracking assemblies located at the perimeter of the array into the wind protection orientation such that their panels lift via the horizontal hinge (400) and collectively form a wind-dampening perimeter, while maintaining power-tracking orientation for interior assemblies.

18. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is configured to execute instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to: a) command the motor (300) to rotate the vertical support member (102) about the vertical axis by between 2 degrees and 5 degrees, b) measure a resulting change in at least one of (i) drive motor (300) current and (ii) wire (202) tension, and c) determine, from the change, whether the panel structure (500) has lifted about the horizontal hinge (400); and wherein further rotation commands are inhibited until the measured change indicates the panel structure has reseated.

19. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein after each wind event the computing unit adjusts the lower wind load threshold for that solar tracking assembly by blending the previous value of TT with the wind load index measured at first panel lift, using a weighting factor a between 0.05 and 0.2.

20. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the solar tracking assemblies (100) are arranged in an array having opposed perimeter rows that form first and second perimeter groups, the two groups being mechanically configured to rotate in opposite angular directions, and the computing unit is configured to activate whichever perimeter group aligns the rear surfaces of its panel structures (500) most directly into the prevailing wind.

21. The solar tracking system of claim 20, wherein, when rotated into the wind protection orientation, the perimeter assemblies passively lift to a raised angle such that their panel structures (500) collectively define an elevated, semi-porous barrier that reduces the wind load index experienced by interior assemblies.

22. The solar tracking system of claim 16, wherein, when W > T1;the computing unit compares wire tensions on opposite sides of the drive loop wire (202) and rotates the vertical support member (102) until the tension difference falls below a preset tolerance.

23. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the wind protection orientation is further selectable between a first perimeter group of solar tracking assemblies (100) rotatingclockwise and a second perimeter group of solar tracking assemblies (100) rotating counterclockwise, the selection being based on a prevailing wind vector so that the rear surfaces of the chosen group face the wind.

24. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein during a predetermined nontracking interval the computing unit commands each vertical support member (102) to the wind-protection orientation irrespective of the wind-load index W.

25. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is further configured to rotate the vertical support member (102) to a predefined maintenance heading.

26. The solar tracking system of claim 25, wherein passive lift of the panel structure (500) is inhibited by engaging a mechanical lock, thereby providing a safe-access position for service personnel.

27. The solar tracking system of claim 26, wherein the predefined maintenance heading is selected such that the panel structures (500) are oriented substantially parallel to the corresponding panel rows, thereby maximizing available space between rows to facilitate mowing, crop harvesting, or system access.

28. The solar tracking system of claim 27, wherein adjacent panel rows are rotated in opposing directions such that the panels of each row face outward, further maximizing the spacing between panels along maintenance corridors.

29. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein during commissioning the computing unit drives each vertical support member (102) through a range of azimuth angles while logging motor current or wire tension, and stores a mapping between the logged load values and corresponding azimuth angles in non-volatile memory.

30. The solar tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is configured, in response to a signal that represents an environmental condition other than wind, to suspend the power-tracking orientation and place the at least one solar tracking assembly (100) in a predefined reduced tracking position.

31. The solar-tracking system of claim 30, wherein the signal is a wildlife-activity signal indicating the presence of either dusk, dawn, night-time, or detected animal presence, and the reduced tracking orientation is a wildlife-safe orientation.

32. The solar-tracking system of claim 30, wherein the signal is a snow-load signal, and the reduced tracking orientation is a snow-avoiding orientation.

33. The solar-tracking system of claim 30, wherein the signal is a hail signal, and the reduced tracking orientation is a hail-avoiding orientation.

34. The solar-tracking system of any preceding claim, wherein the computing unit is further configured to: a) obtain, for a first group of solar panel structures, a measured electrical power output aggregated for that group; b) determine an expected electrical power output for the same first group from the current solar position and the commanded azimuth orientation; c) identify a shading condition when the measured output of the first group is lower than the expected output by more than a predetermined margin while a second group of solar panel structures that is immediately up-sun of the first group remains within said margin; and d) in response to the shading condition, command a corrective azimuth rotation of at least one of the first group or the second group by a limited offset sufficient to reduce the power shortfall.

35. A method of wind-responsive solar tracking for a photovoltaic installation, comprising: providing at least one solar-tracking assembly (100) having (i) a rotatable vertical support member (102), (ii) a torque-receiving member (200) operatively coupled to at least one motor (300), and (iii) a panel structure (500) pivotally connected to the vertical support member via a horizontal hinge (400) so that wind acting on the rear surface of the panel structure causes passive lift; obtaining environmental data representative of wind conditions; deriving, at a computing unit, a wind-load index W from the environmental data; comparing W with at least one stored wind-load threshold T; and in response to the comparison, issuing, by the computing unit, a first motor-drive command to maintain or resume a power-tracking orientation when W < T or a second motor-drivecommand to rotate the vertical support member to a wind-protection orientation when W > T, thereby enabling the panel structure to passively lift under wind loading.

36. The method of claim 35, wherein the computing unit stores first and second wind-load thresholds TT and Tz(Tz> ), and the method further comprises: issuing the wind-protection command only to those assemblies located on the perimeter or corner of the array whenissuing the wind-protection command to all assemblies when W > Tz.

37. The method of claim 35, further comprising adaptively revising the value of the wind-load threshold T during operation in response to one or more of measured wind-load indices, historical or forecast wind data, elapsed operating time, ambient temperature, or hingebehaviour data.

38. The method of any preceding claim, further comprising: determining a current azimuth orientation of a given solar-tracking assembly relative to a prevailing wind vector; evaluating whether rotation to the wind-protection orientation requires passing through one or more intermediate azimuth angles that increase aerodynamic exposure of the front surface; and dynamically adjusting the wind-load threshold such that a reduced threshold is applied when such intermediate angles are required, and an elevated threshold is applied when they are not.

39. The method of any preceding claim, further comprising resuming the power-tracking orientation only after W falls below TT less a predefined hysteresis margin.

40. The method of any of claims 35 to 39, wherein obtaining the environmental data comprises receiving at least one of: anemometer measurements; motor-current sensor data; wiretension sensor data; remotely sourced weather information; or camera-based detection of vegetation motion indicative of wind.

41. The method of any of claims 35 to 40, further comprising detecting invalid or missing environmental data and, in response, issuing a wind-protection command irrespective of W.

42. The method of any of claims 35 to 41, wherein the assemblies are grouped into subsets driven by independent wire-and-wheel loops, and the method further comprises issuing motor-drive commands separately to each loop.

43. The method of any of claims 35 to 42, wherein the assemblies are arranged in an array, and the method further comprises orienting perimeter assemblies into the prevailing wind and orienting interior assemblies to permit passive lift.

44. The method of any of claims 35 to 43, further comprising applying rotational offsets between adjacent assemblies so that at least one in every five assemblies differs by at least twenty degrees from its neighbor.

45. The method of claim 35, wherein deriving the wind-load index comprises computingW = 0.613 • C_d • A • sin X • cos Y • S2, where C_d is drag coefficient, A is panel area, X is tilt angle, Y is yaw angle, and S is wind speed.

46. The method of any of claims 35 to 45 further comprising assigning each assembly, during commissioning, to a classification of perimeter, corner, interior, or protected, and storing that classification in memory.

47. The method of any of claims 35 to 46, further comprising applying wind-protection commands selectively to assemblies classified as perimeter or corner when W > T1;while allowing interior or protected assemblies to remain in power-tracking.

48. The method of any of claims 35 to 47, further comprising determining the prevailing wind direction and aligning the rear surface of the panel structure toward the wind when issuing a wind-protection command.

49. The method of any of claims 35 to 48, further comprising inhibiting further rotation of a given assembly when it is determined that the panel structure has already passively lifted to a safe angle.

50. The method of any of claims 35 to 49, wherein multiple assemblies share a continuous tensioned wire drive, and the method further comprises comparing wire-tension or drivetorque at spaced locations and issuing wind-protection commands only for those segments whose measured value exceeds a local threshold.

51. The method of any of claims 35 to 50, further comprising rotating perimeter assemblies into the wind-protection orientation so that lifted panels collectively form a wind-dampening barrier protecting interior assemblies.

52. The method of any of claims 35 to 51, further comprising: commanding the motor to rotate the vertical support member by between two and five degrees; measuring a resulting change in motor current or wire tension; determining from the change whether the panel structure has lifted; and inhibiting further rotation until the panel structure is confirmed seated.

53. The method of any of claims 35 to 52, further comprising, after each gust event, adjusting TT by blending its previous value with the wind-load index measured at first panel lift using a weighting factor a between 0.05 and 0.2.

54. The method of any of claims 35 to 53, wherein opposed perimeter rows form first and second groups that rotate in opposite directions, and the method further comprises activating whichever group aligns its rear surfaces most directly into the prevailing wind.

55. The method of any of claims 35 to 54, further comprising allowing the lifted perimeter panels to define an elevated, semi-porous barrier that reduces wind load on interior assemblies.

56. The method of claim 50, further comprising, when W > T1;comparing wire tensions on opposite sides of a drive loop and rotating the support member until the tension difference falls below a preset tolerance.

57. The method of any of claims 35 to 56, further comprising, during a predetermined nontracking interval, commanding each support member to the wind-protection orientation regardless of W.

58. The method of any of claims 35 to 57, further comprising rotating a support member to a predefined maintenance heading.

59. The method of claim 58, further comprising inhibiting passive lift at the maintenance heading by engaging a mechanical lock to provide safe access for personnel.

60. The method of claim 59, wherein the maintenance heading aligns panels parallel to the rows to maximize inter-row space for mowing or harvesting.

61. The method of claim 60, further comprising orienting adjacent rows in opposing directions so panels face outward, further maximizing corridor space.

62. The method of any of claims 35 to 61, further comprising, during commissioning, driving each support member through a range of azimuth angles while logging motor current or wire tension and storing a mapping between logged values and corresponding angles.

63. The method of any of claims 35 to 62, further comprising, in response to a wildlife-activity signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined wildlife-safe orientation.

64. The method of any of claims 35 to 63, further comprising, in response to a snow-load signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined snow-avoiding orientation.

65. The method of any of claims 35 to 64, further comprising, in response to a hail signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined hail-avoiding orientation.

66. The method of any of claims 35 to 65, further comprising: obtaining, for a first group of panel structures, a measured aggregated electrical power output; determining an expected output for the same group from current sun position and commanded azimuth; identifying a shading condition when the measured output falls below the expected by more than a margin while an immediately up-sun group remains within the margin; andin response, commanding a corrective azimuth offset to one or both groups sufficient to reduce the shortfall.

67. The method of claim 36, wherein the two wind-load thresholds TT and Tzare stored and compared in a single sampling cycle for differentiated stow responses.

68. The method of any preceding claim, wherein all steps are executed by a processing circuit of the computing unit under control of program code stored in a non-transitory memory.

69. A computer-implemented method of operating a wind-responsive solar tracking system for a photovoltaic installation, the method being executed by a processor of a computing unit and comprising: providing at least one motor (300); providing at least one solar tracking assembly (100) rotatable by said at least one motor (300), each solar tracking assembly (100) having: a) a rotatable vertical support member (102) configured to rotate about a substantially vertical axis; b) a torque receiving element (200) operatively coupled to the motor (300) and fixed to the vertical support member (102) so as to receive rotational drive from the motor (300); and c) a panel structure (500) comprising at least one photovoltaic panel (502) having a front surface and a rear surface, the panel structure (500) pivotally connected to the vertical support member (102) by a horizontal hinge (400) configured to allow the panel structure (500) to passively lift under wind on its rear surface; obtaining, by the computing unit, environmental data representative of wind conditions; deriving, by the processor, a wind-load index W based on the environmental data; comparing W with at least one stored wind-load threshold T; and in response to the comparison, issuing, by the processor, a motor-drive command that either: i) maintains or resumes a power-tracking orientation of the solar tracking assembly when W < T, or ii) rotates the vertical support member to a wind-protection orientation when W > T, thereby enabling the panel structure to passively lift under wind loading.

70. The computer-implemented method of claim 69, wherein the computing unit stores first and second wind-load thresholds TT and Tz(with Tz> ), and the method further comprises: initiating rotation only of solar tracking assemblies located on the perimeter or corners of the installation wheninitiating rotation of all assemblies when W > Tz.

71. The computer-implemented method of claim 69, further comprising adaptively revising the value of threshold T during operation in response to one or more of measured wind-load indices, historical or forecast wind data, elapsed operating time, ambient temperature, or hinge-behaviour, such that T need not remain constant over the system lifetime.

72. The computer-implemented method of claim 69, further comprising: determining a current azimuth orientation of a solar tracking assembly relative to a prevailing wind vector; evaluating whether rotation to the wind-protection orientation would pass through one or more intermediate azimuth angles that increase exposure of the panel's front surface; and dynamically adjusting the threshold T such that a reduced threshold is applied when such intermediate angles are required, and an elevated threshold is applied when they are not.

73. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 72, further comprising resuming the power-tracking orientation only after W falls below TT minus a predefined hysteresis margin.

74. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 73, wherein obtaining the environmental data comprises receiving at least one of: anemometer measurements; motorcurrent sensor data; wire-tension sensor data; remotely sourced weather data; or camerabased detection of nearby vegetation motion indicative of wind.

75. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 74, further comprising detecting the absence or invalidity of environmental data and, in response, issuing a wind-protection command irrespective of the value of W.

76. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 75, wherein the solar tracking assemblies are grouped into subsets driven by independent wire-and-wheel loops, and further comprising issuing motor commands separately to each loop.

77. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 76, further comprising orienting perimeter assemblies into the prevailing wind direction while orienting interior assemblies to permit passive rear-surface lift.

78. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 77, further comprising applying rotational offsets between adjacent assemblies so that at least one in every five assemblies is offset by at least twenty degrees from its neighbor.

79. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 78, wherein deriving the windload index comprises computingW = 0.613 • C_d • A • sin X • cos Y • S2, where C_d is the drag coefficient, A is panel area, X is tilt angle, Y is yaw angle, and S is wind speed.

80. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 79, further comprising assigning each solar tracking assembly, during commissioning, to at least one classification of perimeter, corner, interior, or protected, and storing that classification in memory.

81. The computer-implemented method of claim 80, further comprising selectively applying wind-protection commands only to assemblies classified as perimeter or corner when W > T1;while allowing interior or protected assemblies to remain in power-tracking.

82. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 81, further comprising determining a prevailing wind direction and aligning the panel's rear surface to face the wind in wind-protection orientation.

83. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 82, further comprising inhibiting further rotation of a given assembly when it is determined that the panel structure has already passively lifted to a safe angle.

84. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 83, wherein multiple assemblies share a continuous tensioned-wire drive, and further comprising comparing wire tension or drive torque at spaced locations and issuing wind-protection commands only for those segments whose measured value exceeds a local threshold.

85. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 84, further comprising rotating perimeter assemblies into wind-protection orientation so that the lifted panels collectively form an elevated, semi-porous wind barrier protecting interior assemblies.

86. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 85, further comprising: commanding the motor to rotate the vertical support member by between two and five degrees; measuring a resulting change in motor current or wire tension; determining from the change whether the panel structure has lifted; and inhibiting further rotation until the panel structure is confirmed seated.

87. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 86, further comprising, after each gust event, adjusting by blending its previous value with the wind-load index measured at first panel lift using a weighting factor a between 0.05 and 0.2.

88. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 87, wherein opposed perimeter rows form first and second groups that rotate in opposite directions, and further comprising activating whichever group aligns its rear surfaces most directly into the prevailing wind.

89. The computer-implemented method of claim 88, further comprising allowing the lifted perimeter panels to define an elevated, semi-porous barrier that reduces wind load on interior assemblies.

90. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 89, further comprising, when W > T1;comparing wire tensions on opposite sides of a drive loop and rotating the support member until the tension difference falls below a preset tolerance.

91. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 90, further comprising, during a predetermined non-tracking interval, commanding each support member to wind-protection orientation regardless of W.

92. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 91, further comprising rotating a support member to a predefined maintenance heading.

93. The computer-implemented method of claim 92, further comprising inhibiting passive lift at the maintenance heading by engaging a mechanical lock to provide safe access for personnel.

94. The computer-implemented method of claim 93, wherein the maintenance heading aligns panels parallel to their rows to maximize corridor space for mowing or harvesting.

95. The computer-implemented method of claim 94, further comprising orienting adjacent rows in opposing directions so panels face outward, further maximizing inter-row spacing.

96. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 95, further comprising, during commissioning, driving each support member through a range of azimuth angles while logging motor current or wire tension and storing a mapping between logged values and corresponding angles.

97. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 96, further comprising, in response to a wildlife-activity signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined wildlife-safe orientation.

98. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 97, further comprising, in response to a snow-load signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined snow-avoiding orientation.

99. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 98, further comprising, in response to a hail signal, suspending wind-protection orientation and maintaining a predefined hail-avoiding orientation.

100. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 99, further comprising: obtaining, for a first group of panel structures, a measured aggregated power output; determining an expected output for the same group from current sun position and commanded azimuth; identifying a shading condition when the measured output falls below the expected by more than a margin while an immediately up-sun group remains within the margin; and in response, commanding a corrective azimuth offset to one or both groups sufficient to reduce the power shortfall.

101. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 100, wherein thresholds TT and Tzare compared in a single sampling cycle to achieve differentiated perimeter and full-array stow responses.

102. The computer-implemented method of any of claims 69 to 101, wherein all steps are performed by a processing circuit under control of program code stored in a non-transitory memory of the computing unit.

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