Parvovirus compositions and related methods for gene therapy

Abstract

The present disclosure provides technologies comprising parvovirus compositions, preparations, constructs, and methods for gene therapy.

Description

PARVOVIRUS COMPOSITIONS AND RELATED METHODS FOR GENE THERAPYCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Application Serial No. 63 / 697735 filed on September 23, 2024, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.BACKGROUND

[0002] Viral particles (or virions) are commonly utilized for gene therapy. The present disclosure provides technologies relating to a parvovirus capsid polypeptides, their production and use, including in gene therapy.SUMMARY

[0003] The present disclosure recognizes a need for improvements in gene therapy technologies. For example, among other things, the present disclosure recognizes a need for improved compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, populations of virions, host cells, etc. Furthermore, the present disclosure specifically recognizes a need for improved production and manufacturing of virions that comprise or otherwise utilize a parvovirus capsid polypeptide.

[0004] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides a construct comprising a capsid coding sequence (e.g., a VP1 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP2 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP3 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence) operably linked to an expression control sequence, wherein the capsid coding sequence encodes a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide (e.g., a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a parvovirus variant VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a parvovirus variant VP3 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence) comprising one or more heterologous peptides according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-87, 211-232, or 265-271. In some embodiments, the one or more heterologous peptides is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide corresponding to one or more residues within a variableregion of a parvovirus (e g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of an AAV) capsid.

[0005] In some embodiments, provided constructs further comprise a sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a reference VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a variant VP2 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wherein the sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide is or comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 126, 128, 133-137, 235-236, 253-257, or 283-293) (e.g., wherein the parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide is or comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 124-125, 127, 129-132, 138-139, 237-238, 258-262, or 272-282).

[0006] In some embodiments, the one or more residues of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide map(s) onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a variable region of a parvovirus capsid (e.g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of an AAV capsid). In some embodiments, a variable region is or comprises variable region (VR) VR- III, VR-IV, or VR-VIII, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, a variable region is or comprises VR-III. In some embodiments, a variable region is or comprises VR-IV. In some embodiments, a variable region is or comprises VR-VIII.

[0007] In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a bocaparvovirus, copiparvovirus, erythroparvovirus, protoparvovirus, or tetraparvovirus, or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a bocaparvovirus or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a copiparvovirus or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises an erythroparvovirus or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a protoparvovirus or variant thereof. In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a tetraparvovirus or variant thereof.

[0008] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of a parvovirus (e.g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of anAAV) capsid can increase VP1 transduction in target cells (e.g., human cells). Moreover, the present disclosure recognizes that a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of a parvovirus (e.g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of an AAV) capsid, can increase potency in target cells (e.g., human cells).

[0009] In some embodiments, a parvovirus, or variant thereof, is or comprises a chimeric parvovirus capsid polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that:(i) includes a first region (e.g., at its N-terminus) comprising at least five amino acids (e.g., at least 11 amino acids) corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a variant first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized VP1 coding sequence); and (ii) includes a second region comprising an amino acid sequence corresponding to a second parvovirus capsid polypeptide (e.g., a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a VP3 capsid polypeptide) (e g., a variant second parvovirus capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized coding sequence).

[0010] In some embodiments, a parvovirus is or comprises a bocaparvovirus, and wherein the bocaparvovirus is a bovine parvovirus, or variant thereof.

[0011] In some embodiments, the first region comprises a PLA2 motif from the first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first region comprises a PLA2 motif from the second parvovirus capsid polypeptide (e.g., second parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide). In some embodiments, the first region comprises a VP1 unique (“VPlu”) amino acid sequence from the first parvovirus, or characteristic portion thereof. In some embodiments, the first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and the second parvovirus capsid polypeptide are from different genera in Family Parvovirinae.

[0012] In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP 1 amino acid sequence from a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a human bocavirus 1 (HBoVl) VP1 capsid polypeptide).

[0013] In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP1 amino acid sequence from a dependoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., AAV1, AAV2, AAV3, AAV4, AAV5, AAV6, AAV7, AAV9, or any derivative thereof).

[0014] In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP 1 amino acid sequence from a protoparvovirus (PPV) VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a porcine protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide). In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP 1 amino acid sequence from an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP1 amino acid sequence from a tetraparvovirus VP 1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least a portion of a VP1 amino acid sequence from a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide

[0015] In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a bocaparvovirus capsid polypeptide (e.g., a bovine parvovirus (BPV) capsid polypeptide). In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from an erythroparvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a tetraparvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from om a copiparvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a protoparvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a dependoparvovirus capsid polypeptide.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first region comprises an amino acid sequence from a HBoVl VP1 capsid polypeptide, and the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a bovine parvovirus capsid polypeptide.

[0017] In some embodiments, the first region comprises an amino acid sequence from an AAV9 VP1 capsid polypeptide, and the second region comprises an amino acid sequence from a bovine parvovirus capsid polypeptide.

[0018] In some embodiments, the first region comprises a sequence that is substantially identical to a polypeptide corresponding to position 1 to at position 5 (e.g., at least position 6, e.g., at least position 7, e.g., at least position 8, e.g., at least position 9, e.g., at least position 10,e.g., at least position 11) of a reference polypeptide according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 92-109 or 234.

[0019] In some embodiments, the second region comprises a sequence that is substantially identical to a polypeptide corresponding to at least position 6 (e.g., at least position 7, e.g., at least position 8, e.g., at least position 9, e.g., at least position 10, e.g., at least position 11, e.g., at least position 12) to position 100 (e.g., position 150, e.g., position 200, e.g., position 250, e.g., position 300, e.g., position 350, e.g., position 400, e.g., position 450, e.g., position 500, e.g., position 550, e.g., position 600, e.g., position 650, e.g., position 700, e.g., last position at C- terminus) of a reference polypeptide according to any one of SEQ ID Nos. 92-109 or 234.

[0020] In some embodiments, the one or more heterologous peptides targets a cell described herein (e.g., an integrin associated with a cell as described herein, e g., a transmembrane receptor associated with a cell as described herein).

[0021] In some embodiments, the one or more heterologous peptides increases cell specificity and / or viral transduction efficiency and / or increases virion performance.

[0022] In some embodiments, provided constructs reduce toxicity in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides. In some embodiments, provided constructs increase virion production in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides. In some embodiments, provided constructs increase capsid polypeptide yield in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides.

[0023] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide described herein can increase VP1 transduction in target cells (e.g., human cells). Moreover, the present disclosure recognizes that a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide described herein, can increase potency in target cells (e.g., human cells).

[0024] Among other things, the present disclosure provides an insight that improving retention of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in cytoplasm of a cell can provide a variety of benefits. Alternatively or additionally, the present disclosure recognizes a need for reduced toxicity of virions comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in cytoplasm of a cell. Forexample, in some embodiments, retention of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide can lead to cell toxicity, thereby reducing parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide yield.

[0025] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide for gene therapy. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is characterized by reduced toxicity in a host cell, relative to a parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is characterized by improved production of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in a target cell, relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is characterized by increased retention of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in a host cell, relative to a parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a host cell is an insect cell. In some embodiments, a host cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is characterized by increased expression of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in a host cell, relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, an insect cell is a Sf9 cell. In some embodiments, a host cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is characterized by increased expression of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide in a target cell, relative to a parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide.

[0026] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide, or variant thereof, surprisingly affects internalization of virions into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, or variant thereof, surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, or variant thereof, surprisingly affects parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide expression in a host cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, or variant thereof, surprisingly affects parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide toxicity in a host cell.

[0027] Moreover, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides that parvovirus, or variant thereof, is not as prevalent as AAV. Thus, among other things, administration (e.g., systemic administration) of compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide to a subject would not trigger an extensive anti-viral immune reaction that precludes efficient gene delivery. Accordingly, in some embodiments, prescreening a subject for anti-parvovirus antibodies is not required prior to administering (e.g., systemically) compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions described herein.

[0028] Moreover, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes that the provided compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions can be administered (e.g., systemically) to a subject to achieve expression of a heterologous nucleic acid (or payload) in specific target cells, tissues, and / or organs as described herein. Importantly, unlike AAV for example, the provided compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions can be administered (e.g., systemically) to a subject to achieve expression of a heterologous nucleic acid (or payload) in specific target cells, tissues, and / or organs as described herein, with minimal targeting to liver cells.

[0029] In some embodiments, provided compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells are for use in methods of treatment, delivery, producing polypeptides, or delaying / arresting progression of a disease or disorder.

[0030] In some embodiments, provided compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells are for use in methods of manufacturing.

[0031] In some embodiments, provided compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells are for use in methods of characterization.

[0032] In some embodiments, provided compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells are for use in methods of purification.

[0033] Elements of embodiments involving one aspect of the invention (e.g., systems) can be applied in embodiments involving other aspects of the invention, and vice versa.

[0034] Elements of embodiments involving one aspect of the invention (e g., methods) can be applied in embodiments involving other aspects of the invention, and vice versa.DEFINITIONS

[0035] The scope of the present disclosure is defined by the claims appended hereto and is not limited by certain embodiments described herein. Those skilled in the art, reading the present specification, will be aware of various modifications that may be equivalent to such described embodiments, or otherwise within the scope of the claims. In general, terms used herein are in accordance with their understood meaning in the art, unless clearly indicated otherwise. Explicit definitions of certain terms are provided below; meanings of these and other terms in particular instances throughout this specification will be clear to those skilled in the art from context.

[0036] Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.

[0037] The articles “a” and “an,” as used herein, should be understood to include plural referents unless clearly indicated to the contrary. Claims or descriptions that include “or” between one or more members of a group are considered satisfied if one, more than one, or all of the group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process unless indicated to the contrary or otherwise evident from the context. In some embodiments, exactly one member of a group is present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. In some embodiments, more than one, or all group members are present in, employed in, or otherwise relevant to a given product or process. It is to be understood that the present disclosure encompasses all variations, combinations, and permutations in which one or more limitations, elements, clauses, descriptive terms, etc., from one or more of the listed claims is introduced into another claim dependent on the same base claim (or, as relevant, any other claim) unless otherwise indicated or unless it would be evidentto one of ordinary skill in the art that a contradiction or inconsistency would arise. Where elements are presented as lists (e.g., in Markush group or similar format), it is to be understood that each subgroup of the elements is also disclosed, and any element(s) can be removed from the group. It should be understood that, in general, where embodiments or aspects are referred to as “comprising” particular elements, features, etc., certain embodiments or aspects “consist,” or “consist essentially of,” such elements, features, etc. For purposes of simplicity, those embodiments have not in every case been specifically set forth in so many words herein. It should also be understood that any embodiment or aspect can be explicitly excluded from the claims, regardless of whether the specific exclusion is recited in the specification.

[0038] Throughout the specification, whenever a polynucleotide or polypeptide is represented by a sequence of letters (e.g., A, C, G, and T, which denote adenosine, cytidine, guanosine, and thymidine, respectively, in the case of a polynucleotide), such polynucleotides or polypeptides are presented in 5’ to 3’ or N-terminus to C-terminus order, from left to right.

[0039] Administration. As used herein, the term “administration” typically refers to administration of a composition to a subject or system to achieve delivery of an agent to a subject or system. In some embodiments, an agent is, or is included in, a composition; in some embodiments, an agent is generated through metabolism of a composition or one or more components thereof. Those of ordinary skill in the art will be aware of a variety of routes that may, in appropriate circumstances, be utilized for administration to a subject, for example a human. For example, in some embodiments, administration may be systematic or local. In some embodiments, a systematic administration can be intravenous. In some embodiments, administration can be local. In some embodiments, administration may involve only a single dose. In some embodiments, administration may involve application of a fixed number of doses. In some embodiments, administration may involve dosing that is intermittent (e.g., a plurality of doses separated in time) and / or periodic (e.g., individual doses separated by a common period of time) dosing. In some embodiments, administration may involve continuous dosing (e.g., perfusion) for at least a selected period of time.

[0040] Amelioration: As used herein, the term “amelioration” refers to prevention, reduction or palliation of a state, or improvement of a state of a subject. Amelioration mayinclude, but does not require, complete recovery or complete prevention of a disease, disorder or condition.

[0041] Amino acid: In its broadest sense, as used herein, the term “amino acid” refers to any compound and / or substance that can be incorporated into a polypeptide chain, e.g., through formation of one or more peptide bonds. In some embodiments, an amino acid has a general structure, e g., H2N-C(H)(R)-COOH. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a naturally- occurring amino acid. In some embodiments, an amino acid is a non-natural amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is a D-amino acid; in some embodiments, an amino acid is an L- amino acid. “Standard amino acid” refers to any of the twenty standard L-amino acids commonly found in naturally occurring peptides. “Nonstandard amino acid” refers to any amino acid, other than standard amino acids, regardless of whether it is prepared synthetically or obtained from a natural source. In some embodiments, an amino acid, including a carboxy - and / or amino-terminal amino acid in a polypeptide, can contain a structural modification as compared with general structure as shown above. For example, in some embodiments, an amino acid may be modified by methylation, amidation, acetylation, pegylation, glycosylation, phosphorylation, and / or substitution (e.g., of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, one or more protons, and / or a hydroxyl group) as compared with a general structure. In some embodiments, such modification may, for example, alter circulating half-life of a polypeptide containing a modified amino acid as compared with one containing an otherwise identical unmodified amino acid. In some embodiments, such modification does not significantly alter a relevant activity of a polypeptide containing a modified amino acid, as compared with one containing an otherwise identical unmodified amino acid.

[0042] Approximately or About. As used herein, the terms “approximately” or “about” may be applied to one or more values of interest, including a value that is similar to a stated reference value. In some embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” refers to a range of values that fall within ±10% (greater than or less than) of a stated reference value unless otherwise stated or otherwise evident from context (except where such number would exceed 100% of a possible value). For example, in some embodiments, the term “approximately” or “about” may encompass a range of values that within 10%, 9%, 8%, 7%, 6%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or less of a reference value.

[0043] Associated: As used herein, the term “associated” describes two events or entities as “associated” with one another, if the presence, level and / or form of one is correlated with that of the other. For example, a particular entity (e.g., polypeptide, genetic signature, metabolite, microbe, etc.) is considered to be associated with a particular disease, disorder, or condition, if its presence, level and / or form correlates with incidence of and / or susceptibility to the disease, disorder, or condition (e.g., across a relevant population). In some embodiments, two or more entities are physically “associated” with one another if they interact, directly or indirectly, so that they are and / or remain in physical proximity with one another. In some embodiments, two or more entities that are physically associated with one another are covalently linked to one another; in some embodiments, two or more entities that are physically associated with one another are not covalently linked to one another but are non-covalently associated, for example by means of hydrogen bonds, van der Waals interaction, hydrophobic interactions, magnetism, and combinations thereof.

[0044] Biologically active: As used herein, the term “biologically active” refers to an observable biological effect or result achieved by an agent or entity of interest. For example, in some embodiments, a specific binding interaction is a biological activity. In some embodiments, modulation (e.g., induction, enhancement, or inhibition) of a biological pathway or event is a biological activity. In some embodiments, presence or extent of a biological activity is assessed through detection of a direct or indirect product produced by a biological pathway or event of interest.

[0045] Characteristic portion . As used herein, the term “characteristic portion,” in the broadest sense, refers to a portion of a substance whose presence (or absence) correlates with presence (or absence) of a particular feature, attribute, or activity of the substance. In some embodiments, a characteristic portion of a substance is a portion that is found in a given substance and in related substances that share a particular feature, attribute or activity, but not in those that do not share the particular feature, attribute or activity. In some embodiments, a characteristic portion shares at least one functional characteristic with the intact substance. For example, in some embodiments, a “characteristic portion” of a protein or polypeptide is one that contains a continuous stretch of amino acids, or a collection of continuous stretches of amino acids, that together are characteristic of a protein or polypeptide. In some embodiments, eachsuch continuous stretch generally contains at least 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, 50, or more amino acids. In general, a characteristic portion of a substance (e.g., of a protein, antibody, etc.) is one that, in addition to a sequence and / or structural identity specified above, shares at least one functional characteristic with the relevant intact substance. In some embodiments, a characteristic portion may be biologically active.

[0046] Characteristic sequence: As used herein, the term “characteristic sequence” is a sequence that is found in all members of a family of polypeptides or nucleic acids, and therefore can be used by those of ordinary skill in the art to define members of the family.

[0047] Characteristic sequence element: As used herein, the phrase “characteristic sequence element” refers to a sequence element found in a polymer (e.g., in a polypeptide or nucleic acid) that represents a characteristic portion of that polymer. In some embodiments, presence of a characteristic sequence element correlates with presence or level of a particular activity or property of a polymer. In some embodiments, presence (or absence) of a characteristic sequence element defines a particular polymer as a member (or not a member) of a particular family or group of such polymers. A characteristic sequence element typically comprises at least two monomers (e.g., amino acids or nucleotides). In some embodiments, a characteristic sequence element includes at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, or more monomers (e.g., contiguously linked monomers). In some embodiments, a characteristic sequence element includes at least first and second stretches of contiguous monomers spaced apart by one or more spacer regions whose length may or may not vary across polymers that share a sequence element.

[0048] Cleavage: As used herein, the term “cleavage” refers to generation of a break in DNA. For example, in some embodiments, cleavage could refer to either a single-stranded break or a double-stranded break depending on a type of nuclease that may be employed to cause such a break.

[0049] Combination therapy : As used herein, the term “combination therapy” refers to those situations in which a subject is simultaneously exposed to two or more therapeutic regimens (e.g., two or more therapeutic agents). In some embodiments, two or more agents may be administered simultaneously. In some embodiments, two or more agents may be administeredsequentially. Tn some embodiments, two or more agents may be administered in overlapping dosing regimens.

[0050] Comparable. As used herein, the term “comparable” refers to two or more agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, subjects, populations, etc., that may not be identical to one another but that are sufficiently similar to permit comparison therebetween so that one skilled in the art will appreciate that conclusions may reasonably be drawn based on differences or similarities observed. In some embodiments, comparable sets of agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, subjects, populations, etc. are characterized by a plurality of substantially identical features and one or a small number of varied features. Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand, in context, what degree of identity is required in any given circumstance for two or more such agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, subjects, populations, etc. to be considered comparable. For example, those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that sets of agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, subjects, populations, etc. are comparable to one another when characterized by a sufficient number and type of substantially identical features to warrant a reasonable conclusion that differences in results obtained or phenomena observed under or with different sets of circumstances, stimuli, agents, entities, situations, sets of conditions, subjects, populations, etc. are caused by or indicative of the variation in those features that are varied.

[0051] Construct: As used herein, the term “construct” refers to a composition including a polynucleotide capable of carrying at least one heterologous polynucleotide. In some embodiments, a construct can be a plasmid, a transposon, a cosmid, an artificial chromosome (e.g., a human artificial chromosome (HAC), a yeast artificial chromosome (YAC), a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC), or a Pl-derived artificial chromosome (PAC)) or a viral construct, and any Gateway® plasmids. A construct can, e.g., include sufficient cis-acting elements for expression; other elements for expression can be supplied by the host primate cell or in an in vitro expression system. A construct may include any genetic element (e.g., a plasmid, a transposon, a cosmid, an artificial chromosome, or a viral construct, etc.) that is capable of replicating when associated with proper control elements. Thus, in some embodiments, “construct” may include a cloning and / or expression construct and / or a viral construct (e.g., anadeno-associated virus (AAV) construct, an adenovirus construct, a lentivirus construct, or a retrovirus construct).

[0052] Conservative: As used herein, the term “conservative” refers to instances describing a conservative amino acid substitution, including a substitution of an amino acid residue by another amino acid residue having a side chain R group with similar chemical properties (e.g., charge or hydrophobicity). In general, a conservative amino acid substitution will not substantially change functional properties of interest of a protein, for example, ability of a receptor to bind to a ligand. Examples of groups of amino acids that have side chains with similar chemical properties include: aliphatic side chains such as glycine (Gly, G), alanine (Ala, A), valine (Vai, V), leucine (Leu, L), and isoleucine (He, I); aliphatic-hydroxyl side chains such as serine (Ser, S) and threonine (Thr, T); amide-containing side chains such as asparagine (Asn, N) and glutamine (Gin, Q); aromatic side chains such as phenylalanine (Phe, F), tyrosine (Tyr, Y), and tryptophan (Trp, W); basic side chains such as lysine (Lys, K), arginine (Arg, R), and histidine (His, H); acidic side chains such as aspartic acid (Asp, D) and glutamic acid (Glu, E); and sulfur-containing side chains such as cysteine (Cys, C) and methionine (Met, M). Conservative amino acids substitution groups include, for example, valine / leucine / isoleucine (Val / Leu / Ile, V / L / I), phenylalanine / tyrosine (Phe / Tyr, F / Y), lysine / arginine (Lys / Arg, K / R), alanine / valine (Ala / Val, A / V), glutamate / aspartate (Glu / Asp, E / D), and asparagine / glutamine (Asn / Gln, N / Q). In some embodiments, a conservative amino acid substitution can be a substitution of any native residue in a protein with alanine, as used in, for example, alanine scanning mutagenesis. In some embodiments, a conservative substitution is made that has a positive value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix disclosed in Gonnet et al., 1992, Science 256: 1443-1445, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, a substitution is a moderately conservative substitution wherein the substitution has a nonnegative value in the PAM250 log-likelihood matrix. One skilled in the art would appreciate that a change (e.g., substitution, addition, deletion, etc.) of amino acids that are not conserved between the same protein from different species is less likely to have an effect on the function of a protein and therefore, these amino acids should be selected for mutation. Amino acids that are conserved between the same protein from different species should not be changed (e.g., deleted,added, substituted, etc.), as these mutations are more likely to result in a change in function of a protein.

[0053] Control. As used herein, the term “control” refers to the art-understood meaning of a “control” being a standard against which results are compared. Typically, controls are used to augment integrity in experiments by isolating variables in order to make a conclusion about such variables. In some embodiments, a control is a reaction or assay that is performed simultaneously with a test reaction or assay to provide a comparator. For example, in one experiment, a “test” (i.e., a variable being tested) is applied. In a second experiment, a “control,” the variable being tested is not applied. In some embodiments, a control is a historical control (e g., of a test or assay performed previously, or an amount or result that is previously known). In some embodiments, a control is or comprises a printed or otherwise saved record. In some embodiments, a control is a positive control. In some embodiments, a control is a negative control.

[0054] Detarget and detargeting: As used herein, the term “detarget” or “detargeting” may be used to refer to a composition, preparation, or virion that is not targeted to a tissue of interest.

[0055] Determining, measuring, evaluating, assessing, assaying and analyzing. As used herein, the terms “determining,” “measuring,” “evaluating,” “assessing,” “assaying,” and “analyzing” may be used interchangeably to refer to any form of measurement, and include determining if an element is present or not. These terms include both quantitative and / or qualitative determinations. Assaying may be relative or absolute. For example, in some embodiments, “Assaying for the presence of’ can be determining an amount of something present and / or determining whether or not it is present or absent.

[0056] Editing: As used herein, the term “edit,” “editing,” or “edited” refers to a method of altering a nucleic acid sequence of a polynucleotide (e.g., a wild type naturally occurring nucleic acid sequence or a mutated naturally occurring sequence) by selective deletion of aspecific nucleic acid sequence (e.g., a genomic target sequence), a given specific inclusion of new sequence through use of an exogenous nucleic acid sequence, or a replacement of nucleic acid sequence with an exogenous nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, such a specific genomic target includes, but may be not limited to, a chromosomal region, mitochondrial DNA, a gene, a promoter, an open reading frame or any nucleic acid sequence.

[0057] Engineered. In general, as used herein, the term “engineered” refers to an aspect of having been manipulated by the hand of man. For example, a cell or organism is considered to be “engineered” if it has been manipulated so that its genetic information is altered (e.g., new genetic material not previously present has been introduced, for example by transformation, mating, somatic hybridization, transfection, transduction, or other mechanism, or previously present genetic material is altered or removed, for example by substitution or deletion mutation, or by mating protocols). As is common practice and is understood by those in the art, progeny of an engineered polynucleotide or cell are typically still referred to as “engineered” even though the actual manipulation was performed on a prior entity.

[0058] Excipient. As used herein, the term “excipient” refers to an inactive (e.g., non- therapeutic) agent that may be included in a pharmaceutical composition, for example to provide or contribute to a desired consistency or stabilizing effect. In some embodiments, suitable pharmaceutical excipients may include, for example, starch, glucose, lactose, sucrose, gelatin, malt, rice, flour, chalk, silica gel, sodium stearate, glycerol monostearate, talc, sodium chloride, dried skim milk, glycerol, propylene, glycol, water, ethanol and the like.

[0059] Expression: As used herein, the term “expression” of a nucleic acid sequence refers to generation of any gene product (e.g., transcript, e.g., mRNA, e.g., polypeptide, etc.) from a nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, a gene product can be a transcript. In some embodiments, a gene product can be a polypeptide. In some embodiments, expression of a nucleic acid sequence involves one or more of the following: (1) production of an RNA template from a DNA sequence (e.g., by transcription); (2) processing of an RNA transcript (e.g., by splicing, editing, 5’ cap formation, and / or 3’ end formation); (3) translation of an RNA into a polypeptide or protein; and / or (4) post-translational modification of a polypeptide or protein.

[0060] Functional As used herein, the term “functional” describes something that exists in a form in which it exhibits a property and / or activity by which it is characterized. For example, in some embodiments, a “functional” biological molecule is a biological molecule in a form in which it exhibits a property and / or activity by which it is characterized. In some such embodiments, a functional biological molecule is characterized relative to another biological molecule which is non-functional in that the “non-functional” version does not exhibit the same or equivalent property and / or activity as the “functional” molecule. A biological molecule may have one function, two functions (i.e., bifunctional) or many functions (i.e., multifunctional).

[0061] Gene. As used herein, the term “gene” refers to a DNA sequence in a chromosome that codes for a gene product (e.g., an RNA product, e.g., a polypeptide product). In some embodiments, a gene includes coding sequence (i.e., sequence that encodes a particular product). In some embodiments, a gene includes non-coding sequence. In some particular embodiments, a gene may include both coding (e.g., exonic) and non-coding (e.g., intronic) sequence. In some embodiments, a gene may include one or more regulatory sequences (e.g., promoters, enhancers, etc.) and / or intron sequences that, for example, may control or impact one or more aspects of gene expression (e.g., cell-type-specific expression, inducible expression, etc.). As used herein, the term “gene” generally refers to a portion of a nucleic acid that encodes a polypeptide or fragment thereof; the term may optionally encompass regulatory sequences, as will be clear from context to those of ordinary skill in the art. This definition is not intended to exclude application of the term “gene” to non-protein-coding expression units but rather to clarify that, in most cases, the term as used in this document refers to a polypeptide-coding nucleic acid. In some embodiments, a gene may encode a polypeptide, but that polypeptide may not be functional, e.g., a gene variant may encode a polypeptide that does not function in the same way, or at all, relative to the wild-type gene. In some embodiments, a gene may encode a transcript which, in some embodiments, may be toxic beyond a threshold level. In some embodiments, a gene may encode a polypeptide, but that polypeptide may not be functional and / or may be toxic beyond a threshold level.

[0062] Genome Editing System. As used herein, the term “genome editing system” refers to any system having DNA editing activity. Among other things, DNA editing activity can include deleting, replacing, or inserting a DNA sequence in a genome. In some embodiments, agenome editing system comprises RNA-guided DNA editing activity. In some embodiments, a genome editing system of the present disclosure includes more than one component. In some embodiments, a genome editing system includes at least two components adapted from naturally occurring CRISPR systems: a guide RNA (gRNA) and an RNA-guided nuclease. In certain embodiments, these two components form a complex that is capable of associating with a specific nucleic acid sequence and editing DNA in or around that nucleic acid sequence, for instance by making one or more of a single-strand break (an SSB or nick), a double-strand break (a DSB) and / or a point mutation. In some embodiments, genome editing systems of the present disclosure lack a component having cleavage activity but maintain a component(s) having DNA binding activity. In some such embodiments, a genome editing system of the present disclosure comprises a component(s) that functions as an inhibitor of DNA activity, e.g., transcription, translation, etc. In some embodiments, a genome editing system of the present disclosure comprises a component(s) fused to modulators to modulate target DNA expression.

[0063] Genomic modification. As used herein, the term “genomic modification” refers to a change made in a genomic region of a cell that permanently alters a genome (e.g., an endogenous genome) of that cell. In some embodiments, such changes are in vitro, ex vivo, or in vivo. In some embodiments, every cell in a living organism is modified. In some embodiments, only a particular set of cells such as, e.g., in a specific organ, is modified. For example, in some embodiments, a genome is modified by deletion, substitution, or addition of one or more nucleotides from one or more genomic regions. In some embodiments, a genomic modification is performed in a stem cell or undifferentiated cell. In some such embodiments, progeny of a genomically modified cell or organism will also be genomically modified, relative to a parental genome prior to modification. In some embodiments, a genomic modification is performed on a mature or post-mitotic cell such that no progeny will be generated and thus, no genomic modifications propagated other than in a particular cell.

[0064] Heterologous. As used herein, the term “heterologous” may be used in reference to one or more regions of a particular molecule as compared to another region and / or another molecule. For example, in some embodiments, heterologous polypeptide domains, refers to the fact that polypeptide domains do not naturally occur together (e.g., in the same polypeptide). For example, in fusion proteins generated by the hand of man, a polypeptide domain from onepolypeptide may be fused to a polypeptide domain from a different polypeptide. Tn such a fusion protein, two polypeptide domains would be considered “heterologous” with respect to each other, as they do not naturally occur together.

[0065] Identity . As used herein, the term “identity” refers to overall relatedness between polymeric molecules, e.g., between nucleic acid molecules (e.g., DNA molecules and / or RNA molecules) and / or between polypeptide molecules. In some embodiments, polymeric molecules are considered to be “substantially identical” to one another if their sequences are at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% identical. Calculation of percent identity of two nucleic acid or polypeptide sequences, for example, can be performed by aligning two sequences for optimal comparison purposes (e.g., gaps can be introduced in one or both of a first and a second sequences for optimal alignment and non-identical sequences can be disregarded for comparison purposes). In some embodiments, a length of a sequence aligned for comparison purposes is at least 30%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 90%, at least 95%, or substantially 100% of length of a reference sequence; nucleotides at corresponding positions are then compared. When a position in the first sequence is occupied by the same residue (e.g., nucleotide or amino acid) as a corresponding position in the second sequence, then the two molecules (i.e., first and second) are identical at that position. Percent identity between two sequences is a function of the number of identical positions shared by the two sequences being compared, taking into account the number of gaps, and the length of each gap, which needs to be introduced for optimal alignment of the two sequences. Comparison of sequences and determination of percent identity between two sequences can be accomplished using a mathematical algorithm. For example, percent identity between two nucleotide sequences can be determined using the algorithm of Meyers and Miller (CABIOS, 1989, 4: 11-17, which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety), which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0). In some embodiments, nucleic acid sequence comparisons made with the ALIGN program use a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4.

[0066] Inhibitory nucleic acid: As used herein, the term “inhibitory nucleic acid” refers to a nucleic acid sequence that hybridizes specifically to a target gene, including target DNA or RNA (e.g., a target mRNA). Thereby, in some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid inhibitsexpression and / or activity of a target gene. In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid is a short interfering RNA (siRNA), a short hairpin RNA (shRNA), a microRNA ( or “miRNA”), an antisense oligonucleotide, a guide RNA (gRNA), or a ribozyme. In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid is between about 10 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides in length (e.g., about 10 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 10 nucleotides to about 12 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 16 nucleotides, about 12 nucleotides to about 14 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 16 nucleotides to about 18 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 18 nucleotides to about 20 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 20 nucleotides to about 22 nucleotides, about 22 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 22 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 22 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 22 nucleotides to about 24 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 24 nucleotides to about 26 nucleotides, about 26 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, about 26 nucleotides to about 28 nucleotides, about 28 nucleotides to about 30 nucleotides, or 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 or 30 nucleotides

[0067] Improve, increase, enhance, inhibit or reduce. As used herein, the terms “improve,” “increase,” “enhance,” “inhibit,” “reduce,” or grammatical equivalents thereof,indicate values that are relative to a baseline or other reference measurement. In some embodiments, a value is statistically significantly difference that a baseline or other reference measurement. In some embodiments, an appropriate reference measurement may be or comprise a measurement in a particular system (e.g., in a single individual) under otherwise comparable conditions absent presence of (e.g., prior to and / or after) a particular agent or treatment, or in presence of an appropriate comparable reference agent. In some embodiments, an appropriate reference measurement may be or comprise a measurement in comparable system known or expected to respond in a particular way, in presence of the relevant agent or treatment. In some embodiments, an appropriate reference is a negative reference; in some embodiments, an appropriate reference is a positive reference.

[0068] Knockdown : As used herein, the term “knockdown” refers to a decrease in expression of one or more gene products. In some embodiments, an inhibitory nucleic acid achieve knockdown. In some embodiments, a genome editing system described herein achieves knockdown.

[0069] Knockout: As used herein, the term “knockout” refers to ablation of expression of one or more gene products. In some embodiments, a genome editing system described herein achieve knockout.

[0070] Modulating: As used herein, the term “modulating,” means mediating a detectable increase or decrease in a level of a response in a subject compared with a level of a response in a subject in absence of a treatment or compound, and / or compared with a level of a response in an otherwise identical but untreated subject. The term encompasses perturbing and / or affecting a native signal or response thereby mediating a beneficial therapeutic response in a subject, preferably, a human.

[0071] Nuclease. As used herein, the term “nuclease” refers to an agent, for example a protein or a small molecule, capable of cleaving a phosphodiester bond connecting nucleotide residues in a nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, a nuclease is a protein, e.g., an enzyme that can bind a nucleic acid molecule and cleave a phosphodiester bond connecting nucleotide residues within a nucleic acid molecule. A nuclease may be an endonuclease, cleaving a phosphodiester bonds within a polynucleotide chain, or an exonuclease, cleaving aphosphodiester bond at the end of the polynucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nuclease is a site-specific nuclease, binding and / or cleaving a specific phosphodiester bond within a specific nucleotide sequence, which is also referred to herein as the “recognition sequence,” the “nuclease target site,” or the “target site.” In some embodiments, a nuclease is a RNA-guided (i.e., RNA-programmable) nuclease, which complexes with (e g., binds with) an RNA having a sequence that complements a target site, thereby providing the sequence specificity of a nuclease. In some embodiments, a nuclease recognizes a single stranded target site, while in some embodiments, a nuclease recognizes a double-stranded target site, for example a double-stranded DNA target site. Target sites of many naturally occurring nucleases, for example, many naturally occurring DNA restriction nucleases, are well known to those of skill in the art. In many cases, a DNA nuclease, such as EcoRI, Hindlll, or BamHI, recognize a palindromic, double-stranded DNA target site of 4 to 10 base pairs in length, and cut each of the two DNA strands at a specific position within a target site. Some endonucleases cut a double-stranded nucleic acid target site symmetrically, i.e., cutting both strands at the same position so that the ends comprise basepaired nucleotides, also referred to herein as blunt ends. Other endonucleases cut a doublestranded nucleic acid target sites asymmetrically, i.e., cutting each strand at a different position so that the ends comprise unpaired nucleotides. Unpaired nucleotides at an end of a doublestranded DNA molecule are also referred to as “overhangs,” e.g., as “5 '-overhang” or as “3'- overhang,” depending on whether unpaired nucleotide(s) form(s) the 5' or the 3' end of a given DNA strand. Double-stranded DNA molecule ends ending with unpaired nucleotide(s) are also referred to as sticky ends, as they can “stick to” other double- stranded DNA molecule ends comprising complementary unpaired nucleotide(s). A nuclease protein typically comprises a “binding domain” that mediates interaction of a protein with a nucleic acid substrate, and also, in some cases, specifically binds to a target site, and a “cleavage domain” that catalyzes the cleavage of a phosphodiester bond within a nucleic acid backbone. In some embodiments, a nuclease protein can bind and cleave a nucleic acid molecule in a monomeric form, while, in some embodiments, a nuclease protein has to dimerize or multimerize in order to cleave a target nucleic acid molecule. Binding domains and cleavage domains of naturally occurring nucleases, as well as modular binding domains and cleavage domains that can be fused to create nucleases binding specific target sites, are well known to those of skill in the art.

[0072] Nucleic acid. As used herein, the term “nucleic acid”, in its broadest sense, refers to any compound and / or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is a compound and / or substance that is or can be incorporated into an oligonucleotide chain via a phosphodiester linkage. As will be clear from context, in some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an individual nucleic acid residue (e.g., a nucleotide and / or nucleoside); in some embodiments, “nucleic acid” refers to an oligonucleotide chain comprising individual nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises RNA; in some embodiments, a “nucleic acid” is or comprises DNA. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleic acid analogs. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid analog differs from a nucleic acid in that it does not utilize a phosphodiester backbone. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a nucleic acid has one or more phosphorothioate and / or 5’-N-phosphoramidite linkages rather than phosphodiester bonds. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleosides (e.g., adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine, deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxy guanosine, and deoxycytidine). In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2- aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3 -methyl adenosine, 5- methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl-uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5- bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5 -propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8- oxoguanosine, 0(6)-methylguanine, 2-thiocytidine, methylated bases, intercalated bases, and combinations thereof). In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprises one or more modified sugars (e.g., 2’-fluororibose, ribose, 2’-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose) as compared with those in natural nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a functional gene product such as an RNA or protein. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid includes one or more introns. In some embodiments, nucleic acids are prepared by one or more of isolation from a natural source, enzymatic synthesis by polymerization based on a complementary template (in vivo or in vitro), reproduction in a recombinant cell or system, and chemical synthesis. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20,25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 20, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 or more residues long. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid is partly or wholly single stranded; in some embodiments, a nucleic acid is partly or wholly double stranded. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid has a nucleotide sequence comprising at least one element that encodes, or is complementary to a sequence that encodes, a polypeptide. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid has enzymatic activity.

[0073] Operably linked. As used herein, refers to a juxtaposition wherein the components described are in a relationship permitting them to function in their intended manner. A control element “operably linked” to a functional element is associated in such a way that expression and / or activity of the functional element is achieved under conditions compatible with the control element. In some embodiments, “operably linked” control elements are contiguous (e.g., covalently linked) with coding elements of interest; in some embodiments, control elements act in trans to or otherwise at a from the functional element of interest. In some embodiments, “operably linked” refers to functional linkage between a regulatory sequence and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence resulting in expression of the latter. For example, a first nucleic acid sequence is operably linked with a second nucleic acid sequence when the first nucleic acid sequence is placed in a functional relationship with the second nucleic acid sequence. In some embodiments, for example, a functional linkage may include transcriptional control. For instance, a promoter is operably linked to a coding sequence if the promoter affects the transcription or expression of the coding sequence. Operably linked DNA sequences can be contiguous with each other and, e.g., where necessary to join two protein coding regions, are in the same reading frame.

[0074] Pharmaceutical composition. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutical composition” refers to a composition in which an active agent is formulated together with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers. In some embodiments, an active agent is present in unit dose amount appropriate for administration in a therapeutic regimen that shows a statistically significant probability of achieving a predetermined therapeutic effect when administered to a relevant population. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may be specially formulated for administration in solid or liquid form, including those adapted for,e.g., administration, for example, an injectable formulation that is, e.g., an aqueous or nonaqueous solution or suspension or a liquid drop designed to be administered into an ear canal. In some embodiments, a pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for administration via injection either in a particular organ or compartment, e.g., directly into an ear, or systemic, e.g., intravenously. In some embodiments, a formulation may be or comprise drenches (aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions), tablets, boluses, powders, granules, pastes, capsules, powders, etc. In some embodiments, an active agent may be or comprise an isolated, purified, or pure compound.

[0075] Pharmaceutically acceptable. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” which, for example, may be used in reference to a carrier, diluent, or excipient used to formulate a pharmaceutical composition as disclosed herein, means that a carrier, diluent, or excipient is compatible with other ingredients of a composition and not deleterious to a recipient thereof.

[0076] Pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” means a pharmaceutically-acceptable material, composition or vehicle, such as a liquid or solid filler, diluent, excipient, or solvent encapsulating material, involved in carrying or transporting a subject compound from one organ, or portion of a body, to another organ, or portion of a body. Each carrier must be is “acceptable” in the sense of being compatible with other ingredients of a formulation and not injurious to a patient. Some examples of materials which can serve as pharmaceutically-acceptable carriers include: sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose; starches, such as corn starch and potato starch; cellulose, and its derivatives, such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt; gelatin; talc; excipients, such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils, such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, corn oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol; polyols, such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters, such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate; agar; buffering agents, such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline; Ringer’s solution; ethyl alcohol; pH buffered solutions; polyesters, polycarbonates and / or polyanhydrides; and other non-toxic compatible substances employed in pharmaceutical formulations.

[0077] Polypeptide: As used herein, the term “polypeptide” refers to any polymeric chain of residues (e.g., amino acids) that are typically linked by peptide bonds. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that occurs in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that does not occur in nature. In some embodiments, a polypeptide has an amino acid sequence that is engineered in that it is designed and / or produced through action of the hand of man. In some embodiments, a polypeptide may comprise or consist of natural amino acids, non-natural amino acids, or both. In some embodiments, a polypeptide may include one or more pendant groups or other modifications, e.g., modifying or attached to one or more amino acid side chains, at a polypeptide’s N-terminus, at a polypeptide’s C-terminus, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, such pendant groups or modifications may be acetylation, amidation, lipidation, methylation, pegylation, etc., including combinations thereof. In some embodiments, polypeptides may contain L-amino acids, D-amino acids, or both and may contain any of a variety of amino acid modifications or analogs known in the art. In some embodiments, useful modifications may be or include, e.g., terminal acetylation, amidation, methylation, etc. In some embodiments, a protein may comprise natural amino acids, non-natural amino acids, synthetic amino acids, and combinations thereof. The term “peptide” is generally used to refer to a polypeptide having a length of less than about 100 amino acids, less than about 50 amino acids, less than 20 amino acids, or less than 10 amino acids. In some embodiments, a protein is antibodies, antibody fragments, biologically active portions thereof, and / or characteristic portions thereof.

[0078] Polynucleotide: As used herein, the term “polynucleotide” refers to any polymeric chain of nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is or comprises RNA; in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is or comprises DNA. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleic acid residues. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleic acid analogs. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide analog differs from a nucleic acid in that it does not utilize a phosphodiester backbone. Alternatively or additionally, in some embodiments, a polynucleotide has one or more phosphorothioate and / or 5’-N-phosphoramidite linkages rather than phosphodiester bonds. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is, comprises, or consists of one or more natural nucleosides (e.g., adenosine, thymidine, guanosine, cytidine, uridine,deoxyadenosine, deoxythymidine, deoxy guanosine, and deoxycytidine). Tn some embodiments, a polynucleotide is, comprises, or consists of one or more nucleoside analogs (e.g., 2- aminoadenosine, 2-thiothymidine, inosine, pyrrolo-pyrimidine, 3 -methyl adenosine, 5- methylcytidine, C-5 propynyl-cytidine, C-5 propynyl -uridine, 2-aminoadenosine, C5- bromouridine, C5-fluorouridine, C5-iodouridine, C5-propynyl-uridine, C5 -propynyl-cytidine, C5-methylcytidine, 2-aminoadenosine, 7-deazaadenosine, 7-deazaguanosine, 8-oxoadenosine, 8- oxoguanosine, 0(6)-methylguanine, 2-thiocytidine, methylated bases, intercalated bases, and combinations thereof). In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises one or more modified sugars (e.g., 2’ -fluororibose, ribose, 2’-deoxyribose, arabinose, and hexose) as compared with those in natural nucleic acids. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide has a nucleotide sequence that encodes a functional gene product such as an RNA or protein. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide includes one or more introns. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is prepared by one or more of isolation from a natural source, enzymatic synthesis by polymerization based on a complementary template (in vivo or in vitro\ reproduction in a recombinant cell or system, and chemical synthesis. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is at least 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 1 10, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160, 170, 180, 190, 20, 225, 250, 275, 300, 325, 350, 375, 400, 425, 450, 475, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500, 3000, 3500, 4000, 4500, 5000 or more residues long. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is partly or wholly single stranded; in some embodiments, a polynucleotide is partly or wholly double stranded. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide has a nucleotide sequence comprising at least one element that encodes, or is the complement of a sequence that encodes, a polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide has enzymatic activity.

[0079] Protein: As used herein, the term “protein” refers to a polypeptide (i.e., a string of at least two amino acids linked to one another by peptide bonds). Proteins may include moi eties other than amino acids (e.g., may be glycoproteins, proteoglycans, etc.) and / or may be otherwise processed or modified. Those of ordinary skill in the art will appreciate that a “protein” can be a complete polypeptide chain as produced by a cell (with or without a signal sequence), or can be a genotypic variant thereof. Those of ordinary skill will appreciate that aprotein can sometimes include more than one polypeptide chain, for example linked by one or more disulfide bonds or associated by other means.

[0080] Recombinant. As used herein, the term “recombinant” is intended to refer to polypeptides that are designed, engineered, prepared, expressed, created, manufactured, and / or or isolated by recombinant means, such as polypeptides expressed using a recombinant expression construct transfected into a host cell; polypeptides isolated from a recombinant, combinatorial human polypeptide library; polypeptides isolated from an animal (e.g., a mouse, rabbit, sheep, fish, etc.) that is transgenic for or otherwise has been manipulated to express a gene or genes, or gene components that encode and / or direct expression of the polypeptide or one or more component(s), portion(s), element(s), or domain(s) thereof; and / or polypeptides prepared, expressed, created or isolated by any other means that involves splicing or ligating selected nucleic acid sequence elements to one another, chemically synthesizing selected sequence elements, and / or otherwise generating a nucleic acid that encodes and / or directs expression of a polypeptide or one or more component(s), portion(s), element(s), or domain(s) thereof. In some embodiments, one or more of such selected sequence elements is found in nature. In some embodiments, one or more of such selected sequence elements is designed in silico. In some embodiments, one or more such selected sequence elements results from mutagenesis (e.g., in vivo or in vitrei) of a known sequence element, e.g., from a natural or synthetic source such as, for example, in the germline of a source organism of interest (e.g., of a human, a mouse, etc.).

[0081] Reference. As used herein, the term “reference” describes a standard or control relative to which a comparison is performed. For example, in some embodiments, an agent, animal, individual, population, sample, sequence or value of interest is compared with a reference or control agent, animal, individual, population, sample, sequence or value. In some embodiments, a reference or control is tested and / or determined substantially simultaneously with the testing or determination of interest. In some embodiments, a reference or control is a historical reference or control, optionally embodied in a tangible medium. Typically, as would be understood by those skilled in the art, a reference or control is determined or characterized under comparable conditions or circumstances to those under assessment. Those skilled in the art will appreciate when sufficient similarities are present to justify reliance on and / orcomparison to a particular possible reference or control. In some embodiments, a reference is a negative control reference; in some embodiments, a reference is a positive control reference.

[0082] Regulatory Element. As used herein, the term “regulatory element” or “regulatory sequence” refers to non-coding regions of DNAthat regulate, in some way, expression of one or more particular genes. In some embodiments, such genes are apposed or “in the neighborhood” of a given regulatory element. In some embodiments, such genes are located quite far from a given regulatory element. In some embodiments, a regulatory element impairs or enhances transcription of one or more genes. In some embodiments, a regulatory element may be located in cis to a gene being regulated. In some embodiments, a regulatory element may be located in trans to a gene being regulated. For example, in some embodiments, a regulatory sequence refers to a nucleic acid sequence which is regulates expression of a gene product operably linked to a regulatory sequence. In some such embodiments, this sequence may be an enhancer sequence and other regulatory elements which regulate expression of a gene product.

[0083] Sample. As used herein, the term “sample” typically refers to an aliquot of material obtained or derived from a source of interest. In some embodiments, a source of interest is a biological or environmental source. In some embodiments, a source of interest may be or comprise a cell or an organism, such as a microbe (e.g., virus), a plant, or an animal (e.g., a human). In some embodiments, a source of interest is or comprises biological tissue or fluid. In some embodiments, a biological tissue or fluid may be or comprise amniotic fluid, aqueous humor, ascites, bile, bone marrow, blood, breast milk, cerebrospinal fluid, cerumen, chyle, chime, ejaculate, endolymph, exudate, feces, gastric acid, gastric juice, lymph, mucus, pericardial fluid, perilymph, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, pus, rheum, saliva, sebum, semen, serum, smegma, sputum, synovial fluid, sweat, tears, urine, vaginal secretions, vitreous humour, vomit, and / or combinations or component(s) thereof. In some embodiments, a biological fluid may be or comprise an intracellular fluid, an extracellular fluid, an intravascular fluid (blood plasma), an interstitial fluid, a lymphatic fluid, and / or a transcellular fluid. In some embodiments, a biological fluid may be or comprise a plant exudate. In some embodiments, a biological tissue or sample may be obtained, for example, by aspirate, biopsy (e.g., fine needle or tissue biopsy), swab (e.g., oral, nasal, skin, or vaginal swab), scraping, surgery, washing orlavage (e.g., bronchi oalveol ar, ductal, nasal, ocular, oral, uterine, vaginal, or other washing or lavage). In some embodiments, a biological sample is or comprises cells obtained from an individual. In some embodiments, a sample is a “primary sample” obtained directly from a source of interest by any appropriate means. In some embodiments, as will be clear from context, the term “sample” refers to a preparation that is obtained by processing (e.g., by removing one or more components of and / or by adding one or more agents to) a primary sample. For example, fdtering using a semi-permeable membrane. Such a “processed sample” may comprise, for example nucleic acids or proteins extracted from a sample or obtained by subjecting a primary sample to one or more techniques such as amplification or reverse transcription of nucleic acid, isolation and / or purification of certain components, etc.

[0084] Subject. As used herein, the term “subject” refers an organism, typically a mammal (e.g., a human, in some embodiments including prenatal human forms). In some embodiments, a subject is a non-human primate. In some embodiments a non-human primate is a cynomolgus macaque. In some embodiments, a subject is suffering from a relevant disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, a subject is susceptible to a disease, disorder, or condition. In some embodiments, a subject displays one or more symptoms or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition. In some embodiments, a subject does not display any symptom or characteristic of a disease, disorder, or condition. In some embodiments, a subject is someone with one or more features characteristic of susceptibility to or risk of a disease, disorder, or condition. In some embodiments, a subject is a patient. In some embodiments, a subject is an individual to whom diagnosis and / or therapy is and / or has been administered.

[0085] Substantially : As used herein, the term “substantially” refers to a qualitative condition of exhibiting total or near-total extent or degree of a characteristic or property of interest. One of ordinary skill in the art will understand that biological and chemical phenomena rarely, if ever, go to completion and / or proceed to completeness or achieve or avoid an absolute result. The term “substantially” is therefore used herein to capture a potential lack of completeness inherent in many biological and chemical phenomena.

[0086] Target site: As used herein, the term “target site” means a portion of a nucleic acid to which a binding molecule, e.g., a microRNA, an siRNA, a guide RNA (“gRNA”) or a guide RNA:Cas complex, will bind, provided sufficient conditions for binding exist. In someembodiments, a nucleic acid comprising a target site is double stranded. In some embodiments, a nucleic acid comprising a target site is single stranded. Typically, a target site comprises a nucleic acid sequence to which a binding molecule, e.g., a gRNA or a gRNA:Cas complex described herein, binds and / or that is cleaved as a result of such binding. In some embodiments, a target site comprises a nucleic acid sequence (also referred to herein as a target sequence or protospacer) that is complementary to a DNA sequence to which the targeting sequence (also referred to herein as the spacer) of a gRNA described herein binds. In some embodiments in the context of RNA-guided nucleases, e.g., CRISPR / Cas nucleases, a target site typically comprises a nucleotide sequence (also referred to herein as a target sequence or a protospacer) that is complementary to a sequence comprised in a gRNA (also referred to herein as the targeting sequence or the spacer) of an RNA-programmable nuclease. In some such embodiments, a target site further comprises a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) at the 3’ end or 5’ end adjacent to the gRNA-complementary sequence. For an RNA-guided nuclease Cas9, a target sequence may be, in some embodiments, 16-24 base pairs plus a 3-6 base pair PAM (e.g., NNN, wherein N represents any nucleotide). Exemplary PAM sequences for RNA-guided nucleases, such as Cas9, are known to those of skill in the art and include, without limitation, NNG, NGN, NAG, NGA, NGG, NGAG and NGCG wherein N represents any nucleotide. In addition, Cas9 nucleases from different species have been described, e.g., S. thermophilus recognizes a PAM that comprises the sequence NGGNG, and Cas9 from S. aureus recognizes a PAM that comprises the sequence NNGRRT. In some embodiments, Cas9 from S. aureus recognizes a PAM that comprises the sequence NNNRRT. Additional PAM sequences are known in the art, including, but not limited to NNAGAAW and NAAR (see, e.g., Esvelt and Wang, Molecular Systems Biology, 9:641 (2013), the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference). For example, the target site of an RNA-guided nuclease, such as, e.g., Cas9, may comprise a structure [Nz]-[PAM], where each N is, independently, any nucleotide, and z is an integer between 1 and 50. In some embodiments, z is at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, at least 5, at least 6, at least 7, at least 8, at least 9, at least 10, at least 11, at least 12, at least 13, at least 14, at least 15, at least 16, at least 17, at least 18, at least 19, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45, or at least 50. In some embodiments, z is 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15,16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48,49, or 50. In some embodiments, Z is 20.

[0087] Treatment. As used herein, the term “treatment” (also “treat” or “treating”) refers to any administration of a therapy that partially or completely alleviates, ameliorates, eliminates, reverses, relieves, inhibits, delays onset of, reduces severity of, and / or reduces incidence of one or more symptoms, features, and / or causes of a particular disease, disorder, and / or condition. In some embodiments, such treatment may be of a subject who does not exhibit signs of the relevant disease, disorder and / or condition and / or of a subject who exhibits only early signs of the disease, disorder, and / or condition. Alternatively, or additionally, such treatment may be of a subject who exhibits one or more established signs of the relevant disease, disorder and / or condition. In some embodiments, treatment may be of a subject who has been diagnosed as suffering from the relevant disease, disorder, and / or condition. In some embodiments, treatment may be of a subject known to have one or more susceptibility factors that are statistically correlated with increased risk of development of a given disease, disorder, and / or condition.

[0088] Variant: As used herein, the term “variant” refers to a version of something, e.g., a gene sequence, that is different, in some way, from another version. To determine if something is a variant, a reference version is typically chosen and a variant is different relative to that reference version. In some embodiments, a variant can have the same or a different (e.g., increased or decreased) level of activity or functionality than a wild type sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a variant can have improved functionality as compared to a wild-type sequence if it is, e.g., mutated to confer reduced toxicity in a cell. As another example, in some embodiments, a variant can have improved functionality as compared to a wild-type sequence if it is, e.g., mutated to confer improved protein production in a cell.

[0089] Capsid coding sequence: As used herein, in some embodiments, the term “capsid coding sequence” can refer to a reference capsid coding sequence. A “reference capsid coding sequence” as used herein is a native capsid coding sequence (or wild-type capsid coding sequence). As used herein, in some embodiments, the term “capsid coding sequence” can refer to a variant capsid coding sequence. A “variant capsid coding sequence” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a capsid coding sequence is a VP 1 capsid coding sequence. Insome embodiments, a reference capsid coding sequence is a reference VP1 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a capsid coding sequence is a VP2 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a reference capsid coding sequence is a reference VP2 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a capsid coding sequence is a VP3 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a reference capsid coding sequence is a reference VP3 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a capsid coding sequence is a VP2 / 3 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a reference capsid coding sequence is a reference VP2 / 3 capsid coding sequence.

[0090] Capsid polypeptide. As used herein, in some embodiments, the term “capsid polypeptide” can refer to a reference capsid polypeptide. A “reference capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a native capsid polypeptide (or wild-type capsid polypeptide). As used herein, in some embodiments, the term “capsid polypeptide” can refer to a variant capsid polypeptide. A “variant capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference capsid polypeptide. A “variant VP1 capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. A “variant VP2 capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference VP2 capsid polypeptide. A “variant VP3 capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference VP3 capsid polypeptide. A “variant VP2 / 3 capsid polypeptide” as used herein is a capsid polypeptide that comprises one or more mutations relative to a reference VP2 / 3 capsid polypeptide.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING

[0091] FIG. 1 shows a bar graph depicting vector titers of virions comprising a reference AAV2 VP1 capsid polypeptide, virions comprising a reference AAV9 VP1 capsid polypeptide, virions comprising a reference BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide, and exemplary virions comprising a BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion into a variable region of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0092] FIG. 2 shows a bar graph depicting transduction (Relative GFP Intensity (%)) of virions comprising an exemplary BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a variable region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide relative to virions comprising a reference BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide in SH-SY5Y cells (e.g., human neuroblastoma-derived cell line), undifferentiated skeletal muscle cells, and differentiated skeletal muscle cells.

[0093] FIG. 3 shows fluorescence images of primary skeletal muscle cells transduced with exemplary virions comprising a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion into a variable region of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide relative to virions comprising a reference BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide at 4 days post-transduction.

[0094] FIG. 4 shows a sequence alignment of a portion of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide relative to portions of primate-derived bocaviruses, canine bocavirus (CBoV), human bocavirus (HBoVl, HBoV2, HBoV3, HBoV4), and gorilla bocavirus (GBoV). The rectangle highlights sequence differences within an N-terminus of the VP1 unique (VPlu) region of different bocavirus species.

[0095] FIG. 5 shows a schematic depicting construct design for (1) a reference BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP 1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a VPlu region derived from AAV9 and a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a VPlu region derived from AAV9 and a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide,produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) a reference AAV9 VP1 capsid polypeptide, according to embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0096] FIG. 6 shows comparable manufacturability of virions comprising a chimeric BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide inserted in a variable region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, as described herein, relative to a reference BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide. FIG. 6 shows a bar graph depicting vector titers of (1) a reference BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR- VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 231 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / 3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31) in vg / ml in clarified lysate (ddPCR).

[0097] FIG. 7 shows a western blot analysis of capsid composition and amounts of VP1, VP2, and VP3 capsid polypeptides of virions comprising (1) a BPV referenceVPl capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 231 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31).

[0098] FIG. 8 shows a bar graph depicting transduction (Relative GFP Intensity (%)) of virions comprising (1) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 210 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19)and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31) in SH-S5Y5 cells (e.g., human neuroblastoma cells), HepaRG cells (e g.,liver-derived cells), HepG2 cells (e.g., human hepatocarcinoma cell line), hSkMCs cells (e.g., differentiated human skeletal muscle cells), and iPS-CMs cells (e.g., human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes).

[0099] FIG. 9 shows fluorescence imaging of SH-S5Y5 cells (e.g., human neuroblastoma cells) transduced with virions comprising (1) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 210 in a VR- VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) virions comprising a AAV9 VP1 reference capsid polypeptide.

[0100] FIG. 10 shows fluorescence imaging of HepG2 cells (e.g., human hepatocarcinoma cell line) transduced with virions comprising (I) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 210 in a VR- VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologouspeptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) virions comprising a AAV9 reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0101] FIG. 11 shows fluorescence imaging of HepaRG cells (e.g., liver-derived cells) transduced with virions comprising (1) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 210 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242(Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) virions comprising a AAV9 reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0102] FTG. 12 shows fluorescence imaging of primary skeletal muscle cells transduced with virions comprising (1) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 210 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242(Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242(Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) virions comprising a AAV9 reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0103] FIG. 13 shows fluorescence images of iPS-CMs cells (e.g., human iPS-derived cardiomyocytes) transduced with virions comprising (1) a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide encoded by a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 233 (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR- VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 231 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (4) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within aVR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235 (Exemplary BPV Construct 30), and (5) a chimeric BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide produced using a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242 (Exemplary BPV Construct 19) and a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 236 (Exemplary BPV Construct 31), and (6) virions comprising a AAV9 reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0104] FIG. 14 shows effects of eight different combinations of cis-regulatory elements (e g., enhancers, promoters, and intron) on VP1 :VP2:VP3 ratios to drive expression of a reference BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide described herein.

[0105] FIGS. 15A-15B show that higher VP 1 :VP2 ratios resulted in improved potency in human cells.

[0106] FIG. 16 shows a schematic depicting a BPV capsid with selected VRs highlighted (VR-III (VR3), VR-IV (VR4), and VR-VIII (VR8)). BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptides with a heterologous peptide insertion in a VR-III, (VR3), VR-IV (VR4), or VR-VIII (VR8), and BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptides with dual heterologous peptide insertions in a VR-IV (VR4) and VR-VIII (VR8) are depicted below.

[0107] FIG. 17 shows sequence alignments of a portion of a reference parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 8 (Reference BPV Construct) (A) relative to (top) portions of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by portions of exemplary BPV constructs comprising a heterologous polypeptide insertion derived from AAV9 and to (bottom) portions of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by portions of exemplary BPV constructs comprising a heterologous polypeptide for increased muscle or cardiac cell specificity. Top shows sequence alignments of a portion of a reference parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 8 (Reference BPV Construct) (A) relative to the following portions of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by portions of exemplary BPV constructs comprising aheterologous polypeptide insertion derived from AAV9: (1) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 34 (B) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (2) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 25 (C) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (3) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 26 (D) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-IV region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide. Bottom shows sequence alignments of a portion of a reference parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 8 (Reference BPV Construct) (A) relative to the following portions of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by portions of exemplary BPV constructs comprising a heterologous polypeptide for increased muscle or cardiac cell specificity: (1) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 23 (E) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (2) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 24 (F) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide with a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (3) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 28 (G) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (4) a portion of a variant parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence encoded by a portion of Exemplary BPV Construct 29 (H) that is used to produce a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous polypeptide inserted within a VR-VIII region of a VP 1 capsid polypeptide.

[0108] FIG. 18 shows a plot graph depicting vector titers of exemplary virions comprising a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertioninto a variable region of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide. FIG. 18 shows comparable manufacturability of virions comprising (1) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 265 in a VR-III of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 41 according to SEQ ID NO: 292), (2) a BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 266 in a VR-III of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 42 according to SEQ ID NO: 293), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 215 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 34 according to SEQ ID NO: 284), (4) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 215 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 25 according to SEQ ID NO: 255), (5) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 231 in a VR- IV of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 26 according to SEQ ID NO: 235), (6) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 29 according to SEQ ID NO: 236), (7) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 211 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 32 according to SEQ ID NO: 283), (8) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 214 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 33 according to SEQ ID NO: 288), (9) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 214 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 35 according to SEQ ID NO: 285), (10) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 218 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 36 according to SEQ ID NO: 286), (11) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 219 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 23 according to SEQ ID NO: 253), (12) a BPVvariant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 220 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 24 according to SEQ ID NO: 254), (13) comprising a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 221 in a VR- VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 28 according to SEQ ID NO: 257), (14) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 267 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 38 according to SEQ ID NO: 289), (15) a BPV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 270 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 39 according to SEQ ID NO: 290), (16) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 269 in a VR-IV and a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 37 according to SEQ ID NO: 287), and (17) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 269 in a VR-IV and a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 271 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 40 according to SEQ ID NO: 291), relative to virions comprising a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide that does not comprise a heterologous peptide insertion (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179).

[0109] FIG. 19 shows a bar graph depicting transduction (total GFP expression) of virions comprising (1) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 215 in a VR-IV of a BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide (Exemplary BPV Construct 25), (2) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (Exemplary BPV Construct 29), (3) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 270 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (Exemplary BPV Construct 39), (4) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 269 in a VR-IV and a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 271 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (Exemplary BPV Construct 40), and (5) a BPV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 269 in a VR- IV and a heterologous peptide insertion according to SEQ ID NO: 222 in a VR-VIII of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide (Exemplary BPV Construct 37). Potency was evaluated by quantification of total GFP integrated intensity (GCU / pm2 / image) and expressed by fold-change over signal from virions comprising a BPV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide that does not comprise a heterologous peptide insertion (Reference BPV Construct produced using Exemplary BPV Construct 8 according to SEQ ID NO: 178 and Exemplary BPV Construct 15 according to SEQ ID NO: 179), using a live imaging device (Incucyte S3, Sartorious).DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF CERTAIN EMBODIMENTSA. PARVOVIRUS

[0110] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide are particularly advantageous as a vehicle for gene therapy. For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. A parvovirus may be a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, erythroparvovirus, tetraparvovirus, copiparvovirus, or other parvovirus.

[0111] Parvovirus offer a variety of advantages compared to AAV. First, due to a larger virion genome size, a parvovirus (~5.3 kb compared with ~4.7 kb of AAV) can package a nucleic acid at least 0.6 kb greater than AAV, thereby allowing delivery of a therapeutic gene(s) whose size exceeds the capacity of AAV. A larger virion genome size also allows delivery of a therapeutic transgene(s) together with genomic safe harbor (GSH) sequences that accommodate site-specific recombination of the transgene(s) at a desired genomic location. Such site-specific recombination allows integration of the transgene at an inert location in the genome, as opposed to random integration that could disrupt an essential gene and its expression.

[0112] Second, unlike AAV, parvovirus is not as prevalent as AAV. Thus, administration of a virion comprising a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide would not trigger an extensive anti-viral immune reaction that precludes efficient gene delivery. That is, is some embodiments, no prescreening of a subject for anti-parvovirus antibodies is required prior to administering (e.g., systemically) compositions (e.g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions described herein. Accordingly, a virion comprising a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide can achieve gene delivery with efficiency unparalleled to AAV.

[0113] Third, parvovirus has an extraordinary tropism for specific tissues as described herein.

[0114] In some embodiments, a parvovirus capsid is composed of two to three structural proteins (e.g., VP1, VP2, VP3), depending on the species, that share a C-terminal end. In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide shares a C-terminal end with a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide shares a C-terminal end with a parvovirus VP3 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide shares a C-terminal end with a parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide.

[0115] The largest structural protein (VP1) contains a unique region in an N-terminal end, referred to as a VP1 unique region, or VPlu. In some embodiments, a VPlu region is involved in viral infection. In an assembled parvovirus capsid, VPlu is buried in an interior part of a capsid polypeptide and does not interact with a cell receptor. In some embodiments, a VPlu region comprises a conserved stretch of approximately 40 amino acids with high homology with key residues in a catalytic site of secretory phospholipase A2 motifs (SPLA2) (Zadori et al., 2001, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Upon entering into target cells via receptor-mediated endocytosis, a VPlu is externalized under low pH conditions (pH ~5) found in a late endosome during intracellular traffic, where the VPlu displays a PLA2 motif. Thus, a PLA2 motif can catalyze hydrolysis of phospholipid substrates at a 2-acyl ester (sn-2) position to release lysophospholipids and free fatty acids, thus allowing a parvovirus virion to escape an endosomal compartment and prevent lysosomal-mediated degradation.Different levels of PLA2 functionality across viral species and cell hosts have been reported (Zadori et al., 2001, Canaan et al., 2004, Girod et al., 2002, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Furthermore, as described herein, in some parvovirus species, such as Protoparvovirus CPV or PPV, VPlu comprises a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS) for assisted delivery of a parvovirus virion to a cell nucleus (PMID:9428689, PMID: 25078698 Vihinen-Ranta et al., 1997, Boisvert et al., 2014, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in their entirety). Once in a nucleus, a full virion releases a genome (e.g., a transgene) for subsequent formation of stable, extrachromosomal episomes. It has been shown that an AAV8 VPlu can interact with different human host factors, IRAK4, EEF1AKMT2, and H1F0, and promote genome transcription (Loeb et al., 2024, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Moreover, by swapping the VPlu region of capsids derived from non-mammalian AAV species (e g., avian or reptile) with a VPlu region of a human AAV (AAV8), a resulting chimeric AAV vector showed an increased transcription in human cells. In some embodiments, mechanistically, a VP1 N-terminus domain interacts with host factors that change a methylation profde of histones, thus promoting transcription and subsequent protein expression. Loeb et al. mapped different parts of VPlu and suggest that an N-terminal part of VP1 and not a PLA2 motif is involved in enhancement of transcription.

[0116] Among other things, for example, the present disclosure describes that a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising VPlu fragments from human-derived parvovirus could show higher transduction and expression in human cells relative to a reference BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide, which evolved to infect bovine cells. Interestingly, alignment of bocaparvovirus VPlu from different species, including primates, show a difference in the first 13 amino acids, including a two amino acid insertion at position 8-9 (see, FIG. 4).

[0117] Among other things, the present disclosure provides chimeric parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptides comprising a first region corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a variant first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized VP1 coding sequence) and a second region comprising an amino acid sequence corresponding to a second parvovirus VP1 or VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a variant second parvovirus VP1 or VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized VP1 coding sequence).

[0118] In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, or variant thereof, comprises a first region corresponding to a human-derived parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a second region corresponding to a non-human-derived parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region corresponds to a

[0119] In some embodiments, a first region comprises a VP1 unique (“VPlu”) amino acid sequence from the first parvovirus, or characteristic portion thereof.

[0120] In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 5 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 6 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 7 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 8 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 9 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 10 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 15 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 20 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 30 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 40 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 50 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 100 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 110 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 120 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a first region comprises at least 140 amino acids corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0121] In some embodiments, the first region comprises at least one amino acid modification(s) corresponding to a first VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, modifications include a two amino acid insertion (e.g., Asparagine, e.g., Serine) at positions 8 and 9, respectively, relative to a reference VP1 capsid polypeptide described herein (e.g., a HBoVl VP1 capsid polypeptide, e.g., see FIG. 4). In some embodiments, a first region does not include N8 and S9 (e g., N8 and N9 are eliminated from a first region). In some embodiments, afirst region comprises a VPlu from a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a second region comprising a VP2 / VP3 from a second parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (see, e.g., Exemplary BPV Construct 19, e.g., SEQ ID NO: 42). In some embodiments, a first region comprises a full length VP1 from a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., HBoVl VP1 capsid polypeptide) and a second parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide.

[0122] In some embodiments, a first region comprises a sequence as shown in Table 1, or a portion thereof.Table 1

[0123] In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus capsid polypeptide shows enhanced transgene transcription and expression in a target cell (e.g., a human cell) relative to a reference parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus capsid polypeptide shows enhanced transgene transcription and expression in a target cell (e.g., a human cell) relative to a reference parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus capsid polypeptide shows enhanced transgene expression and expression in a target cell (e.g., a human cell) relative to a reference parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0124] In some embodiments, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a portion of (or region of) a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by International Application No. PCT / US2024 / 021126 filed on March 22, 2024, entitled “PROTOPARVOVIRUS COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A PROTOPARVOVIRUS VARIANT VP1 CAPSID POLYPEPTIDE AND RELATED METHODS”, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0125] In some embodiments, constructs or compositions comprise a portion of (or region of) a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by International Application No. PCT / US2024 / 021126 filed on March 22, 2024, entitled “PROTOPARVOVIRUS COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING A PROTOPARVOVIRUS VARIANT VP1 CAPSID POLYPEPTIDE AND RELATED METHODS”, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0126] In some embodiments, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a portion of (or region of) a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by International Application No. PCT / US2024 / 020608 fded on March 19, 2024, entitled “PARVOVIRUS COMPOSITIONS AND RELATED METHODS FOR GENE THERAPY”, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0127] In some embodiments, constructs or compositions comprise a portion of (or region of) VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by International Application No. PCT / US2024 / 020608 filed on March 19, 2024, entitled “PARVOVIRUS COMPOSITIONS AND RELATED METHODS FOR GENE THERAPY”, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

[0128] Among other things, in some embodiments, a parvovirus comprises a genome that encodes a replication initiator proteins (“NS1”) polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus comprises a genome that encodes a NP1 polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus comprises a genome that encodes a VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus comprises a genome that encodes a VP2 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus comprises a genome that encodes one or more of an NS1 polypeptide, NP1 polypeptide, VP1 capsid polypeptide, VP2 capsid polypeptide, or combination thereof.

[0129] Parvovirus species are generally defined as a cluster of viruses that encode replication initiator proteins (called NS1) that have amino acid sequences that are at least 85% identical to those encoded by all other members of the species (Cotmore et al., 2013).

[0130] The present disclosure describes exemplary parvovirus species, including protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, erthythroparvovirus, tetraparvovirus, or copiparvovirus as described herein. Compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, populations of virions, host cells, etc. described herein also can be applied to other parvovirus species.

[0131] In some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure describescompositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions (e g., pharmaceutical compositions), preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide.1. Protoparvovirus

[0132] Among other things, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. As described herein, protoparvovirus is of particular interest as a gene therapy composition.

[0133] For example, neutralizing antibodies against human protoparvovirus, including bufavirus, tusavirus, and cutavirus have low prevalence in many Western countries (Vaisanen, Mohanraj et al. 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). While circulation of human protoparvovirus, inferred by the prevalence of virusspecific antibodies, has shown to be greater than 50% in the Middle East or Africa, circulation in European countries and in the United States is strikingly low, varying between 0% and 5% (Vaisanen, Mohanraj et al. 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). This is a feature that makes protoparvovirus particularly attractive for gene therapy as compared to AAV-derived vectors, which has a human IgG prevalence of 40- 70%.

[0134] Moreover, protoparvovirus has capacity to encapsulate and deliver a larger nucleic acid molecule as compared to AAV-derived vectors. For example, bufavirus can incorporate DNA molecules of ~5.1 Kb, allowing the design and delivery of genomes that encode larger proteins or contain cis-acting regulatory elements in these vectors (when compared to AAV), while tusavirus and cutavirus can incorporate a genome similar to the size of AAV (~4.6Kb).

[0135] Further, protoparvovirus can target certain cell types, tissues, and / or organs. For example, protoparvovirus has a tropism for hematopoietic stem cells and is particularly useful for treatment or prevention of hematologic diseases such as hemoglobinopathies, anemia, myeloproliferative disorders, coagulopathies, and cancer. In addition, protoparvovirus can efficiently transcytose across cells via its interaction with a transferrin receptor. Thus, protoparvovirus can cross a blood-brain barrier (BBB) and deliver therapeutic genes to nerve cells that are hidden behind an endothelial barrier. Accordingly, a virion comprising a capsid protein of protoparvovirus provides a unique means of gene therapy for patients afflicted with e.g., neurodegenerative or neuromuscular diseases. Accordingly, a virion comprising protoparvovirus capsid protein(s) provides a new modality for gene therapy that can target specific cells / tissues / organs for the treatment or prevention of a wide range of human diseases.

[0136] Human bufavirus and tusavirus have been isolated from respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracks (or stool) in humans, and studies performed in non-human primates suggest that bufavirus can elicit a systemic infection (Vaisanen, Mohanraj et al. 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Accordingly, in some embodiments, bufavirus can be used for gene therapy targeting different human organs including but not limited to small intestine, liver, heart, lung, brain, and muscle. In addition, parvovirus capsid polypeptides can tolerate harsh environmental conditions such as low pH levels or physiological conditions found in stomach. Such tolerance makes a virion comprising a protoparvovirus capsid polypeptide(s) suitable for transducing cells of gastrointestinal track, including intestinal stem cells. A small intestine epithelium is organized into two fundamental structures: villi and crypts. Villi form functional absorptive units populated by a diverse group of differentiated cells, including enterocytes, goblet, enteroendocrine, tuft, and microfold cells.Each villus is supported by at least six invaginations, or crypts of Lieberkuhn (Clevers 2013, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Crypts are occupied mainly by undifferentiated cells, including transit-amplifying cells; however, differentiated enteroendocrine and Paneth cells also reside in crypts. Wedged between Paneth cells are crypt base columnar cells, which maintain homeostasis through both self-renewal and continuous replacement of differentiated cells that are constantly turned-over. Targeting intestinal stem cells with a virion comprising a protoparvovirus variant capsid(s) of the present disclosure, therefore,opens a possibility to prevent or treat different GI related complications including hereditary hemochromatosis, or inflammatory bowel disease. Use of validated genomic safe harbors for targeting a transgene in intestinal stem cells is substantially beneficial for providing a long-term expression and avoiding any differentiation effect that is often associated with random genomic insertion.a genotypic variant thereof.

[0138] Protoparvovirus capsid polypeptides comprise two main structural polypeptides, VP1, with an approximate MW of 81 KDa, and VP2 with an approximate MW of 58 to 62 Kda. In some embodiments, viral capsid polypeptide stoichiometry is VPEVP2 (from about 1 : 10 to about 1 :20, e g., about 1: 10, 1 : 11, 1 : 12, 1 : 13, 1 : 14, 1 : 15, 1 : 16, 1 :17, 1: 18, 1: 19, 1 :20).

[0139] For example, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e g., within a VP1 unique region (VPlu)) harbors amino acid residues that are useful for virion internalization. Moreover, among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a protoparvovirus VP1 harbors amino acid motifs that are useful for transit to a cell nucleus. Additionally, among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a protoparvovirus VP1 harbors amino acid motifs that are useful for productive virus infection. Moreover, among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a protoparvovirus phospholipase A (PLA) motif allows for endosomal escape early during infection. For different protoparvovirus species, for example, a N-termini of a protoparvovirus VP1 also harbors stretches of basic amino acids that function as nuclear localization sites (also referred to as nuclear localization signals) (NLS) which can be recognized by importin proteins (alpha, and beta) in host cells. In some embodiments, recognition by importin proteins mediatenuclear delivery (Mantyla et al. 2020, Lyi et al. 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0140] For example, as described herein, in some embodiments, expression of protoparvovirus full capsid polypeptides (composed of VP1 and VP2) in baculovirus-Sf9 systems has been reported to be challenging, for example, due to cell toxicity. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, it is believed that cell toxicity is presumably a result of protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide retention in cell cytoplasm, ultimately resulting in protein aggregation and subsequent toxicity (Yuan et al. 2001, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Moreover, in some embodiments, differential phosphorylation of MVM capsid (VP1) by host Rafi kinase led to VP1 capsid polypeptide retention in the cytoplasm (Riobolos et al. 2009, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Without wishing to be bound to any theory, it is believed that phosphorylation does not occur in insect cells due to a different sequence and structure from mammalian Rafi .

[0141] Moreover, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes splicing events found in a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., within a VPlu) that eliminates five amino acid residues downstream of an NLS (e.g., (K / I)RARRG (SEQ ID NO: 1), KRAKRG (SEQ ID NO: 2), KARG (SEQ ID NO: 3)). It is an insight of the present disclosure that these five amino acid residues are conserved across several parvovirus species. Surprisingly, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes that this deletion resulted in significant improvement of parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide expression in a host cell. In some embodiments, a host cell is an insect cell. In some embodiments, an insect cell is a Sf9 cell. In some embodiments, a host cell is a mammalian cell. a. Characteristic Sequence Elements

[0142] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into anucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection.

[0143] For example, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell, relative to a protoparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell, relative to a protoparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a protoparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection, relative to a protoparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. i. VP 1 Sequence Elements

[0144] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that a protoparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises at least three characteristic sequence elements within a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., within a VP1 unique region (VPlu)). In some embodiments, a characteristic sequence element is a VP1 Sequence Element 1 as described herein. In some embodiments, a characteristic sequence element is a VP 1 Sequence Element 2 as described herein. In some embodiments, a characteristic sequence element is a VP1 Sequence Element 3 as described herein.

[0145] In some embodiments, a VP1 Sequence Element 1 functions as a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS). In some embodiments, a VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of one or more amino acids downstream of a NLS. In some embodiments, a VP1 Sequence Element 3 comprises a PLA2 motif. In some embodiments, a VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of one or more amino acids upstream of a VP 1 Sequence Element 3. In some embodiments, a VP1 Sequence Element 2 is between a VP1 Sequence Element 1 and a VPl Sequence Element 3.

[0146] In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 1 comprises a stretch of amino acids that function as a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS). In some embodiments, Sequence Element 1 comprises a basic structure: (K / I)RARRG. In some embodiments, Sequence Element 1 comprises a basic structure: KARG. In some embodiments, Sequence Element 1 comprises one or more of a K residue, an A residue, an R residue, a G residue, or a combination thereof.

[0147] In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of five amino acids downstream of Sequence Element 1. In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of five amino acids immediately downstream of Sequence Element 1. In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of more than five amino acids downstream of Sequence Element 1. In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 2 comprises a stretch of more than five amino acids immediately downstream of Sequence Element 1. In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises a basic structure: LVPPG (SEQ ID NO: 4). In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises one or more of an L residue, a V residue, a P residue, a G residue, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises a basic structure: WVPPG (SEQ ID NO: 5). In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises a basic structure: WVPPGYNFLG (SEQ ID NO: 6). In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises one or more of a W residue, a V residue, a P residue, a G residue, or a combination thereof.

[0148] In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 3 comprises a PLA2 motif. In some embodiments, a PLA2 motif comprises a Ca2+ binding loop. In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 3 is downstream VP1 Sequence Element 2. In some embodiments, VP1 Sequence Element 3 is immediately downstream VP1 Sequence Element 2. In some embodiment, Sequence Element 3 has a basic structure: LGPF. In some embodiments, Sequence Element 2 comprises one or more of an L residue, a G residue, a P residue, or a combination thereof. ii. NS1 Sequence Elements

[0149] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that members of the genus protoparvovirus encode NS1 proteins that are generally greater than 30% identical to each otherat the amino acid sequence level as determined by pairwise sequence alignments (Cotmore S.F., et al. November 9, 2013). Among other things, a member of a genus protoparvovirus encodes anNS1 protein that has greater than 30% identity to an exemplary NS1 amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 7.Exemplary Canine Parvovirus (CPV) NS1 Amino Acid Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 7)

[0150] Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that members of a species within a genus protoparvovirus can be characterized by encoding an NS1 protein that shares at least 85% identity with a NS1 protein encoded by other members of the species (Cotmore S.F., et al. November 9, 2013, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that members of the genus protoparvovirus are monophyletic.

[0151] The present disclosure also recognizes that genomes of founder protoparvoviruses are distinctive because they contain many reiterations of the tetranucleotide sequence 5'-TGGT-3' (or its complement 5'-ACCA-3'), which is the modular binding motif of the NS1 duplex DNA recognition site, generally depicted as (TGGT)2-3 (Cotmore et al., 1995, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Minute virus of mice NS1 recognizes variably spaced, tandem and inverted, clusters of the TGGT motif, allowing it to bind to a wide variety of sequences distributed throughout replicative-form viral DNA. TGGT / ACCA tetranucleotide clusters are also dispersed throughout the genomes of the new viruses, suggesting significant biological similarities with founder members. For example, in a 4822 nt sequence ofbufavirus 1 a (human) (JX027296) there are 95 copies of ACCA or TGGT, while in a 4452 nt sequence of a melanoma-associated human cutavirus (KX685945) there are 105 separate copies. b. Virions

[0152] Among other things, the present disclosure describes a virion comprising a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a virion comprises a protoparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

[0153] X-ray reconstructions indicate that first ordered VP residues in protoparvovirus capsid polypeptides are located inside a particle at a base of a 5-fold pore, leaving unresolved VP1 and VP2 N-termini of -180 and 37 residues, respectively (Halder et al., 2013, Agbandje- McKenna et al., 1998, Xie and Chapman 1996, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). A C-terminal region of this unresolved sequence forms a slender glycine-rich chain, present in both VP1 and VP2, which in minute virus of mice (MVM) variant VLPs can be modeled into claw-like densities positioned inside a capsid below 5-fold channels in some cryoEM reconstructions (Subramanian et al., 2017, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). However, in X-ray structures of MVM virions, but not empty particles, the first 10 amino acids from a single copy of this sequence (VP2 G37- G28) can be modeled into submolar density that occupies a central pore of most 5-fold cylinders. Although all VP1 and VP2 N-terminal peptides are sequestered in empty particles, a subset of MVM VP2 N-termini become exposed at a virion surface early during genome encapsidation (Cotmore and Tattersail 2005, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), presumably via a poorly understood conformational shift that involves expansion of 5-fold cylinders. These externalized VP2 N-termini contain a nuclear export signal (Maroto et al., 2004, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) that in some cells effectively converts a trafficking-neutral capsid into a nuclear export-competent particle. Virions are released from infected cells in this form (Cotmore and Tattersall 2005, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), but both in an extracellular environment and during cell entry, exposed N-termini undergo proteolytic cleavage, which removes -25 amino acids and converts VP2 to a form called VP3. Because X-ray structures show slightly less than one polyglycine tract threaded through each cylinder, it is significant that -90% of the -50 MVM VP2 termini eventually become surface exposed andcleaved. X-ray structures of cleaved, predominantly VP3, virions indicate that this proteolysis allows a polyglycine tract of cleaved proteins to be retracted into a capsid interior, where it folds back and assumes additional icosahedral ordering extending to residue G30, while being replaced in the cylinders by a new cluster of VP2 N-termini (Govindasamy L, Gurda BL, Halder S, Van Vliet K, McKenna R, Cotmore SF, Tattersail P, Agbandje-McKenna M. 2010, unpublished observations, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). Externalized VP2 N-termini also serve an important structural role, stabilizing cylinders prior to cell entry and preventing premature exposure of VP1 N-termini and ultimately a genome (Cotmore and Tattersail 2012, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Thus, in members of the genus Protoparvovirus, the 5-fold cylinders serve as portals for three different forms of cargo, mediating 1) genome translocation into and out of the intact particle, 2) VP1SR extrusion prior to bilayer transit, and 3) early externalization of some VP2 N-termini concomitant with genome encapsidation. This is in sharp contrast to viruses in many other parvovirus genera, which rely on just one or two of these portal functions.

[0154] A second distinctive feature of protoparvovirus virions is that in X-ray structures not only is a capsid icosahedrally ordered, but so is ~11-34% of the single-stranded DNA genome, forming patches in each asymmetric unit that are positioned below a cavity on a interior capsid surface. This ordered DNA comprises 2-3 short (8-11 nt) single-strands, which adopt an inverted-loop configuration with phosphates chelated in the interior by two Mg++ ions while the bases point outwards towards a capsid shell where they establish non-covalent interactions with specific amino acid side chains (Halder et al., 2013, Agbandje-McKenna et al., 1998, Chapman and Rossmann 1995, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). For example, atomic force microscopy has been used to probe rigidity of individual MVM particles along their 5-fold, 3-fold and 2-fold symmetry axes, which showed that in empty particles, but not in DNA-containing virions, two-fold axes can be easily distorted by nanoindentation, suggesting that a genome has a major influence on capsid rigidity of this region (Carrasco et al., 2006, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Single alanine mutations that did not compromise intracapsid interactions but did disrupt major interactions between a capsid and bound DNA patches, had no effect on empty particles but abrogated a genome-enhanced 2-fold rigidity seen in full particles, indicating that itderives predominantly from these ordered DNA:capsid interactions (Carrasco et al., 2008, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). This perhaps indicates an importance of a full-length, 5kb genome in establishing wild-type capsid dynamics, as also suggested by in vitro uncoating studies (Cotmore et al., 2010, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). c. Genome Organization and Replication

[0155] Protoparvoviruses have heterotelomeric genomes of around 5 kb, flanked by hairpin telomeres of -120 nt at their left-end, generally in a single sequence orientation, while a right-end hairpin is -250 nt and can be present as either of two inverted-complementary sequences dubbed “flip” and “flop.” Right-end of protoparvovirus genomes can be excised from replication intermediates in a hairpin configuration by hairpin transfer, which in MVM involves binding of NS1 complexes to two separate clusters of (TGGT)2-3 binding sites, one that positions NS1 over a cleavage site (5'-CTATCA-3') and a second that is -120 bp away, at a hairpin axis. For cleavage to occur, NS1 complexes at these two sites must be coordinated, and an origin refolded, by recruiting DNA bending proteins from a host HMGB family, which bind to NS1 and create an essential -30 bp double-helical loop in a intervening G-rich origin DNA (Cotmore et al., 2000, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0156] In contrast, origin sequences generated from a left end of this virus are not cleaved in a hairpin configuration because there is a critical TC / GAA mismatch in a hairpin stem. To create an active origin, a left hairpin must be unfolded and copied to form a base-paired junction region that spans adjacent genomes in dimer RF, in which two arms of a hairpin are effectively segregated on either side of a symmetry axis. However, only a TC arm gives rise to an active origin because a dinucleotide serves as a spacer element that is positioned between a NS1 binding site and a binding site for an essential co-factor, called parvovirus initiation factor (PIF, also known as glucocorticoid modulatory element binding protein GMEB). PIF is a heterodimeric host complex that binds to two spaced 5'-ACGT-3' half sites positioned near an axis of the DNA palindrome. In an active origin, PIF is able to interact with NS1 across a TC dinucleotide, stabilizing its binding to a relatively weak NS1 binding site, but it cannot stabilize NS1 binding to an identical binding site across a GAA trinucleotide in an inactive (GAA) arm(Christensen et al., 2001, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In consequence, sequences in a hairpin configuration or perfectly-duplex hairpin arms carrying a GAA sequence are not cleaved, making them potentially available for alternative roles such as driving transcription from an adjacent P4 promoter (Gu et al., 1995, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Due to major disparities in cleavage efficiency between left- and right-end origins, progeny negative-sense single-strands are preferentially displaced from a right end of a genome, with the result that protoparvoviruses typically displace and package predominantly (-99%) negative-sense progeny ssDNA.

[0157] Viruses in this genus use two transcriptional promoters at map units (mu) 4 and 38, and a single polyadenylation site corresponding to mu 95, to create 3 major size classes of mRNAs, all of which have a short intron sequence between 46-48 mu removed (Pintel et al., 1983, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In MVM this splice has alternative donors (DI and D2) and acceptors (Al and A2) of different strengths, which are positioned within a region of 120 nt so that a potential D2:A1 splice is eliminated by minimal intron size constraints. Splicing therefore creates 3 forms of each mRNA size class that are expressed with different stoichiometry (Haut and Pintel 1999, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Transcripts arising from P4 that have just this central intron removed encode a single form of NS1, translation of which terminates upstream of DI. In some P4 transcripts however, a second, long intron between 10-40 mu is also excised, creating mRNAs that encode NS2 proteins of -25 kDa. These share 85 amino acids of N- terminal sequence with NS1, but are then spliced into a different reading frame and finally reach the short central intron where 2 disparate C-terminal hexapeptides can be added. This generates variants called NS2P and NS2Y that are expressed in a -5: 1 ratio. P38 transcription is strongly transactivated by the C-terminal domain of NS1, mediated by NS1 binding to upstream 5'- TGGT-3' repeat sequences (Christensen et al., 1995, Lorson et al., 1996, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Alternative splicing at a short intron also causes two size variants of a capsid polypeptide to be expressed with -1:5 stoichiometry, with VP1 (-83 kDa) initiating at an ATG codon positioned between the two acceptor sites while VP2 (-64 kDa) initiates downstream of a splice.

[0158] During infection, newly synthesized capsid polypeptides assemble as two types of trimers (VP2-only and 1XVP1+2XVP2) in the cytoplasm, and are transported into a nucleus for capsid-assembly using a non-conventional, structure-dependent trafficking motif (Lombardo et al., 2000). However, this translocation is restricted to S-phase (Gil-Ranedo et al., 2015, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), and is dependent upon trimer phosphorylation by a cellular Raf-1 kinase (Riolobos et al., 2010, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0159] Ancillary polypeptides encoded by protoparvoviruses include the NS2 variants, which appear to have multiple functions that are mostly mediated by interactions with host proteins, and a small alternatively translated (SAT) protein (Zadori et al., 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). MVM NS2 is not essential in transformed human cell lines, but its absence in murine cells leads to rapid cessation of duplex DNA amplification early in the infectious cycle by an unknown mechanism (Naeger et al., 1990, Ruiz et al., 2006, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). This early defect can be abrogated by relatively low levels of NS2 expression, but much higher levels of NS2 are required later in a cycle to enable efficient capsid assembly (Cotmore et al., 1997, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), which is a pre-requisite for subsequent accumulation of progeny DNA single-strands, and for virion release. In a late capsid defect, VP polypeptides are expressed, but most fail to assemble into capsid polypeptides and are rapidly degraded, perhaps reflecting inadequacies in nuclear translocation of precursor subunits linked to a severe dislocation in normal nuclear / cytoplasmic protein trafficking, as discussed below. During MVM infection NS2 associates with proteins from a cellular 14-3-3 family (Brockhaus et al., 1996, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety) and with nuclear export factor CRM1 (Bodendorf et al., 1999, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Significantly, the NS2 nuclear export signal (NES) engages CRM1 with “supraphy si ologi cal” affinity, which is independent of presence of RanGTP and thus can potentially resist cytoplasmic release (Engelsma et al ., 2008, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). During wildtype MVM infection CRM1 can be detected in perinuclear cytoplasm, but this redistribution is exacerbated in infections with mutantviruses that carry point mutations close to a NS2 NES that cause CRM1 to bind at even higher affinity (Lopez-Bueno et al., 2004, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). These mutations also accelerate onset of a late step in infection, which is characterized by the cytoplasmic accumulation of large, typically nuclear structures including NS1 and empty capsid polypeptides, again suggesting major disruptions in normal nuclear / cytoplasmic trafficking pathways. Following transfection into A9 fibroblasts, wildtype MVMi genomes express low levels of NS2, but when these genomes were engineered to express one ofNS2-NES mutations, resulting low levels of mutant NS2 were able to drive wildtype levels of virus progeny accumulation, confirming that cumulative late infection blocks seen in cells expressing insufficient NS2 result from the stoichiometric limitation of NS2:CRM1 interactions (Choi et al., 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Studies with mutant viruses in which NS2:CRM1 binding was impaired, rather than enhanced, similarly indicate that during infection this interaction is required for efficient release of virions (Eichwald et al., 2002, Miller and Pintel 2002, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0160] A second protoparvovirus ancillary polypeptide, SAT, is encoded within a capsid gene and is expressed late, from the same mRNA as VP2. SAT accumulates in endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of a infected cell (Zadori et al., 2005, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Like NS2, it enhances the rate at which virus spreads through cultures but it acts via a different mechanism that involves induction of irreversible ER-stress and is linked to enhanced cell necrosis (Meszaros et al., 2017b, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Although both SAT and a dependoparvovirus ancillary polypeptide, AAP, occupy similar positions in a capsid gene and contain essential N-terminal hydrophobic domains, these polypeptides are not known to exhibit functional homology. Thus, in protoparvoviruses early virion export is a distinctive feature that can be driven by multiple mechanisms, either occurring prior to cell lysis and mediated by VP2 signals or Crml interactions that vary with cell type, or linked to enhanced cell necrosis and driven by SAT. During export, some virions can be internalized in COPII vesicles in endoplasmic reticulum and undergo gel solin-dependent trafficking to Golgi, where they undergo tyrosine phosphorylation, and perhaps by other modifications that enhance theirsubsequent parti cl e-to-infectivity ratios (Bar et al., 2008, Bar et al., 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Release at early times in a cycle allows infection to spread rapidly, potentially enhancing overall progeny production from infected tissues and prior to the accumulation of neutralizing antibodies. d. Exemplary protoparvovirus

[0161] Among other things, the present disclosure provides exemplary protoparvovirus that can be used in accordance with embodiments described herein.

[0162] Exemplary Protoparvovirus species include human bufavirus genotypes 1, 2 and 3, human tusavirus, human cutavirus, canine parvovirus, porcine parvovirus, minute virus of mice and megabat bufavirus (see also Table 2 for nomenclature designated by International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV); world wide web at talk.ictvonline.org / taxonomy / , the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). i. Kilham rat virus (KRV) and Minute Virus of Mice (MVM)

[0163] Kilham rat virus (KRV), one of the original viruses used to establish family Parvoviridae, was isolated in 1959 from lysates of an experimental rat tumor (Kilham and Olivier 1959, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Over the next decade, a succession of similar single-stranded DNA viruses were discovered in transplantable tumors, tissue culture cell lines, or laboratory stocks of other viruses. Some of these, such as MVM, closely resemble viruses now known to infect wild rodents, while other members of the same species (Rodent protoparvovirus 1), such as LuIII (M81888), appear to be distant recombinants of viruses found in nature. Studied extensively in the intervening years, these viruses have served as important model systems for defining the basic characteristics and underlying biology of the family. In rodents, viruses from species Rodent protoparvovirus 1 exhibit a range of pathologies, from asymptomatic viremia to teratogenesis and fetal or neonatal cell death. While these viruses fail to infect normal human cells, host restrictions are often relaxed when human cells undergo oncogenic transformation, allowing the viruses to become preferentially oncolytic, and suggesting their potential for use in clinical cancer virotherapy. To this end, Phase I / Iia clinical trials were recently completed using virus H-l (X01457) to target advanced glioblastoma, which provided evidence that a virus was well tolerated and couldpartially disrupt local immune suppression commonly associated with this cancer (Geletneky et al., 2017, Angelova et al., 2017, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).

[0164] In some cells parvovirus infection results in delayed but significant type 1 IFN release, whereas pretreatment with exogenous IFN-beta strongly inhibits the viral life cycle (Grekova et al., 2010, Mattei et al., 2013, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). During MVMp infection of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) the IFN response did not involve mitochondrial antiviral signaling protein (MAVS) and RIG-I sensing and did not conspicuously inhibit viral DNA replication (Mattei et al., 2013), although pretreatment of cells with IFN-beta-neutralizing antibody did enhance infection in another study (Grekova et al., 2010, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). However, infected MEFs become unresponsive to Poly (EC) stimulation, suggesting that the virus is able to inactivate antiviral immune mechanisms elicited by type I IFNs. ii. Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV)

[0165] Feline panleukopenia virus (FPV) is also known as feline parvovirus, and is closely related to mink and raccoon parvoviruses, which have existed for over 100 years, and canine parvovirus (CPV), which arose as a variant in the mid-1970s and in 1978 spread worldwide, causing a disease pandemic among dogs, wolves and coyotes. These variants all belong to a single species, Carnivore protoparvovirus 1. In adult animals, viruses in this species predominantly infect lymphoid tissues, leading to leukopenia or lymphopenia, and intestinal epithelia, resulting in severe diarrhea, dehydration and fever. In contrast, infection of neonates is characterized by cerebellar lesions in kittens or ferrets, potentially leading to ataxia, or by myocarditis in puppies. Disease is well controlled by vaccination, but mortality in affected litters varies between 20 and 100 percent (reviewed in (Kailasan et al., 2015a, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety)).Hi. Porcine parvovirus (PPV)

[0166] Porcine parvovirus (PPV), a member of the species Ungulate protoparvovirus 1, is a major cause of fetal death and infertility in pigs worldwide, although PPV infection alonerarely causes disease in non-pregnant pigs or piglets. However, when seronegative pregnant sows are exposed to a virulent PPV strain during the first 70 days of gestation, transplacental infection can lead to a syndrome called SMEDI (stillbirths, mummification, embryonic death, and infertility) (Meszaros et al., 2017a, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Weakly pathogenic and vaccine strains of PPV exist (e g., NADL-2), which are lethal if injected into the amniotic fluid but they do not cross the placental barrier as efficiently as pathogenic strains (e.g., Kresse), so disease is rare. Widespread vaccination programs are in place to prevent SMEDI, but some newly emerging virulent PPV variants cannot be neutralized by antibodies raised by exposure to current vaccine strains (Meszaros et al., 2017a, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Coinfection with PPV can also potentiate the effect of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2, Porcine circovirus 2, family Circoviridae) in the development of post-weaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). iv. Bufavirus (BuV)

[0167] Most newly discovered viruses segregate to species in a new branch of the Protoparvovirus tree, established for bufavirus la (human). Two genotypes of this virus, BuVl and BuV2, were identified in 2012 in viral metagenomic analysis of fecal samples from diarrheic children in Burkina Faso and Tunisia (hence the name “bufavirus”) (Phan et al., 2012, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), while a third genotype, BuV3, was later discovered in the diarrheal feces of Bhutanese children (Yahiro et al., 2014, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). To date, BuV DNA has been detected in the diarrhea of children from Burkina Faso, Tunisia, Bhutan, Thailand, Turkey, China, and Finland, and of adults from Finland, the Netherlands, Thailand, and China, but has not been found in non-diarrheal feces, suggesting a causal relationship (Vaisanen et al., 2017, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). When analyzed for the presence of anti-BuVl capsid IgG, the seroprevalences of adults from Finland and the USA were low (~2-4%), but much higher rates were found for adults in Iraq (-85%), Iran (-56%) and Kenya (-72%) (Vaisanen et al., 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety).v. Cutavirus (CuV)

[0168] A second human protoparvovirus in the bufavirus branch, called cutavirus (CuV), was detected in a small number of diarrheal samples from Brazilian and Botswanan children, and in four French skin biopsies of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas, from which the virus derives its name (Phan et al., 2016, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), and in malignant skin lesions from a Danish melanoma patient (Mollerup et al., 2017). The etiological significance of CuV in human disease has yet to be determined.

[0169] Prevalence rates for IgG against CuV were evenly low (0 — 6%) in the same sample series mentioned above for bufavirus, confirming that CuV is widely distributed through human populations (Vaisanen et al., 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In contrast, IgG directed against a third new, as yet unclassified protoparvovirus that was detected in a Tunisian human fecal sample (hence tusavirus, TuV) (Phan et al., 2014) was not present in the same panels of sera, and its DNA has yet to be detected in other fecal samples (Vaisanen et al., 2017, Vaisanen et al., 2018, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety), so evidence for TuV being a human virus is thus, so far, insufficient. It segregates phylogenetically with viruses occupying an original branch of the protoparvovirus phylogenetic tree, discussed previously.17. Canine parvovirus (CPV)

[0170] Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a well-studied species of protoparvovirus. CPV infects wild and domestic dogs. CPV has a genome size of ~5.3kb, 600bp larger than AAV. The large genome makes CPV particularly attractive for the transfer of genes in human cells that cannot be accommodated in AAV derived vectors. Because CPV does not normally infect humans, there is no humoral immunity pre-existing against CPV in the human population, i.e., humans are seronegative for CPV capsid antigens. This is in stark contrast to AAV; humans are seropositive for AAV capsid antigen such that presence of neutralizing AAV antibodies excludes a large percentage of patients eligible for AAV gene therapy. Therefore, a lack of neutralizing antibodies against CPV antigen in humans makes the CPV viral particles, or a virion comprising at least one capsid polypeptide of CPV or a variant thereof, particularly useful for highly potent gene therapy applications to prevent or treat different human genetic diseases that cannot betreated efficiently with AAV-derived vectors. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, CPV uses a canine transferrin receptor (TfR or CD71) as a cellular receptor to enter a cell, a protein expressed in an external membrane of canine host cells (Goodman, Lyi et al. 2010). CPV also can interact with a human TfR counterpart and therefore internalize and transduce human cells. In addition, as described above, a VP2 capsid polypeptide of CPV can be engineered to comprise at least one sequence variation that alter tropism and specificity / affinity of target cell interaction and eventually efficiency of target cell transduction.Table 2: Exemplary Isolates of Protoparvovirus2. Bocaparvovirus

[0171] Among other things, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. As described herein, bocaparvovirus is of particular interest as a gene therapy composition.

[0172] Bocaparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the Parvovirus family (Cotmore et al., 2019, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Humans, cattle, and dogs serve as natural hosts. Diseases associated with this genus include, in humans, acute respiratory illness, and in cattle, diarrhea and mild respiratory symptoms. Bocaviruses were first described in animals in the early 1960s. Marmots have also been identified as hosts ofbocaparvovi ruses (Ao et al., 2017, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0173] In some embodiments, bocaparvoviruses exhibit characteristics as described in U.S. Pat. No. US 9,828,587 B2, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. a. Characteristic Sequence Elements

[0174] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection.

[0175] For example, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell, relative to a bocaparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell, relative to a bocaparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a bocaparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection, relative to a bocaparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0176] Bocaparvoviruses comprise two open reading frames— -ORE 1 and 2 in their genomes, ORF1 encodes a nonstructural protein (NSI) that is involved in viral genome replication. ORF2 encodes two capsid proteins — VP I capsid polypeptide and VP2 capsid polypeptide. Like other parvoviruses, a VP1 unique region contains a phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) motif with a conserved Histidine-Aspartic acid-XXY motif in the catalytic center (Qu etal., 2008, see also, e g., https: / / ictv.global / report / chapter / parvoviridae / parvoviridae, https: / / viralzone.expasy.org / 567?outline=all_by_species, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0177] Unique among parvoviruses, genomes of bocaparvoviruses contain a third open reading frame between non-structural and structural coding regions (Manteufel et al., 2008, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference). This gene encodes a highly phosphorylated nonstructural protein (NP1 ). i. NP1 Sequence Elements

[0178] Bocaparvoviruses encode a protein called NP1 that is not present in parvoviruses from other genera. For example, in Canine minute virus NP1 has been shown to be important for an early step in viral replication and is also required for read through of an internal polyadenylation site that is important for expression of capsid polypeptides (Shukhu et al., 2012, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). b. Virions

[0179] Among other things, the present disclosure describes a virion comprising a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a virion comprises a bocaparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

[0180] Bocaparvovirus virions have an icosahedral and round structure with T=1 symmetry. A bocaparvovirus capsid is non-enveloped, and composed of 60 copies of up to six types of capsid polypeptides (called VP1 through to VP6) which share a common C-terminal region. Structure of a virus-like particle composed only of VP2 capsid polypeptide was determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and image reconstruction (Gurda et al., 2010 the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). Bocaparvovirus virions have a diameter of about 21-22 nm (see also, https: / / viralzone.expasy.org / 567?outline=all_by_species, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).c. Genome Organization and Replication

[0181] Bocaparvoviruses generally infect gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts. Some may cross a placenta and cause congenital infection of a fetus. Canine minute virus, first isolated in 1967 and associated with disease in 1970, causes respiratory disease with breathing difficulty and enteritis with severe diarrhoea, spontaneous abortion of fetuses, and death of newborn puppies. Human bocaviruses were first isolated in 2005 in Sweden (Allander et al., 2005, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). For example, bovine bocaviruses utilize endocytosis in clathrin-coated vesicles to enter cells, they are dependent upon acidification, and appear to be associated with actin and microtubule dependency (Dudleenamjil et al., 2010, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0182] Bocaparvoviruses have a linear, ssDNA genome of about 5 5kb in size. Negative strands are predominantly encapsi dated. ORFs for both structural and non- structural proteins are located on a same DNA strand. Moreover, a bocaparvovirus genome is replicated through a rolling-hairpin mechanism. d. Exemplary bocaparvovirus

[0183] Among other things, the present disclosure provides exemplary bocaparvovirus that can be used in accordance with embodiments described herein. It is an insight of the present disclosure that no pre-existing immunity against bocaparvovirus exists in the human population.

[0184] In some embodiments, a bocaparvovirus is of a species selected from Carnivore bocaparvovirus 1, Carnivore bocaparvovirus 2, Carnivore bocaparvovirus 3, Carnivore bocaparvovirus 4, Carnivore bocaparvovirus 5, Carnivore bocaparvovirus 6, Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 1, Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 2, Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 3, Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 4, Chiropteran bocaparvovirus 5, Lagomorph bocaparvovirus 1, Pinniped bocaparvovirus 1, Pinniped bocaparvovirus 2, Primate bocaparvovirus 1, Primate bocaparvovirus 2, Primate bocaparvovirus 3, Rodent bocaparvovirus 1, Rodent bocaparvovirus 2, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 1, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 2, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 3, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 4, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 5, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 6, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 7, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 8, Ungulate bocaparvovirus 9. In some embodiments, a bocaparvovirus is a canine bocaparvovirus (CBV). In some embodiments, abocaparvovirus is a bovine parvovirus (BPV). In some embodiments, a bocaparvovirus is a human bocavirus 1 (HboVl).3. Erythroparvovirus

[0185] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. As described herein, erythroparvovirus is of particular interest as a gene therapy composition.

[0186] Erythroparvovirus is a genus of viruses in the parvovirus family. Diseases associated with this genus include fifth disease and skin lesions (see, Cotmore et al., 2019, https: / / ictv.gl obal / report / chapter / parvoviridae / parvoviridae, and https: / / viralzone.expasy.org / 200?outline=all by species, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference). a. Characteristic Sequence Elements

[0187] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection.

[0188] For example, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of an erythroparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell, relative to a erythroparvovirus reference VP 1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of an erythroparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell, relative to a erythroparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequenceelements of an erythroparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection, relative to a erythroparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0189] An N-terminal region of an erythroparvovirus VP1 differs from those encoded by most parvoviruses in being unusually long (227 amino acids) and by being positioned on outside of infectious virions before entering cells. Erythroparvovirus VP1 includes a phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) motif, which is involved in endosomal escape. b. Virions

[0190] Among other things, the present disclosure describes a virion comprising an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a virion comprises an erythroparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

[0191] Virions in erythroparvovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. Diameter of an Erythroparvovirus capsid is around 18-26 nm. Erythroparvovirus genomes are linear, around 6kb in length.

[0192] X-ray crystallographic structures of VP2-only erythroparvovirus-like particles (VLPs) and cryo-EM image reconstructions of DNA-containing erythroparvovirus virions and empty particles from human sera show that a conserved glycine-rich VP peptide, which has been observed within a channel in virions from some other genera, lies between neighboring VP chains at a five-fold axis of symmetry that forms a pore that extends from outer to inner surfaces of a capsid that accommodates virus DNA packaging, and effectively position most of extreme VP2 N-termini on a particle surface next to a cylinder of a trans-capsid pore. These models also indicate that an erythroparvovirus five-fold channel itself is relatively short and appears constricted at an outer viral surface, gated by five symmetry-related threonines. Without wishing to be bound to any theory, three glycine residues (amino acids 136-138) immediately N-terminal to five symmetry-related threonines could provide structural flexibility required for switching a channel from closed to open during virion maturation. Overall, these studies indicate that in an erythroparvovirus, the pore at a five-fold axis mediates transit of a single-stranded DNA into a capsid.c. Genome Organization and Replication

[0193] Erythroparvovirus viral replication is nuclear. Entry into a host cell is achieved by attachment to host receptors, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Replication follows a rolling-hairpin model. Erythroparvovirus transcription occurs through DNAtemplated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanism. Erythroparvovirus exits a host cell by nuclear pore export. Transmission routes are oral and respiratory.

[0194] A homotel omeric genome in some erythroparvovirus is ~5,596 nt, with long (-383 nt) terminal repeats (TRs) that end in imperfectly palindromic hairpins of -365 nt. The integrity of the hairpins may contribute to viral infectivity. For example, a signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5), which plays an important role in viral DNA replication, specifically interacts with the TRs (Ganaie et al ., 2017, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety).

[0195] An erythroparvovirus genome has a single transcriptional promoter (P6), which gives rise to one full-length pre-mRNA, and two polyadenylation signals, corresponding to a middle and right end of a DNA strand. A single pre-mRNA is alternatively spliced at one or two introns using a total of 2 donor and 4 acceptor sites, generating 12 viral mRNAs that encode a replication initiator protein (a nonstructural protein (e.g., NS, NS1, and / or NS2)), structural protein(s) (e.g., VP capsid polypeptide, VP1 capsid polypeptide, VP2, capsid polypeptide or any combination thereof) and two ancillary proteins (-7.5 kDa and -11 kDa).

[0196] During an early infection phase DNA replication amplifies the virus genome. The transition from early to late infection phase is marked by the transcriptional read-through of the pAp signal and utilization of the distal pAd signal resulting in expression of the structural proteins (e.g., VP capsid polypeptide, VP1 capsid polypeptide, VP2 capsid polypeptide, or any combination thereof). An intronic splice enhancer (ISE2) that contains a binding site for a cellular RNA binding protein (RBM38) lies immediately distal to the D2 donor. RBM38 expression during erythropoiesis makes it available to bind to ISE2, leading to enhanced recognition of the D2 splice site and high-level expression of the 11 kDa protein (Ganaie et al., 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety). The temporally regulated 11 kDa ancillary protein is known to be a potent inducer of apoptosis in erythroidprogenitor cells (Chen et al., 2010b, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety) and is essential for optimal viral DNA replication and virion release (Ganaie et al., 2018, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety), whereas the function of the 7.5 kDa protein remains uncertain. Apoptosis is a cellular antiviral response that kills the cell prior to replication and therefore, lytic viruses may encode apoptosis inhibitors.

[0197] Some erythroparvoviruses (such as B19) have a tissue tropism that in culture restricts its productive replication to a short time period following the differentiation of human bone marrow CD34+ stem cells into CD36+ erythroid progenitor cells (EPCs) (reviewed in detail in (Qiu et al., 2017)). Eyrthroparvoviruses can also replicate productively, albeit much less efficiently, in a human megakaryoblastoid cell line, UT7 / Epo-Sl . Viability of both of these productive cell types depends upon access to erythropoietin (Epo), and Epo / Epo-receptor (Epo- R) signaling plays a critical role in promoting infection via activation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) pathways. Jak2 further expands Epo-R phosphorylation and initiates a kinase cascade that activates STAT5 A transcription and down-regulates signaling by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK / ERK), both of which lead to enhanced virus production. Culturing cells under hypoxic conditions (1% O2) to mimic the environment in human bone marrow, also significantly increases viral DNA replication and progeny virus production (Pillet et al., 2004), although in EPCs this acts by regulating EpoR signaling rather than by the more common HIF-la pathway (Luo and Qiu 2015). Viral infection of EPCs also induces a DNA damage response (DDR) with activation of all three phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-related kinases (PI3KKs). The virus hijacks the induced ATR and the DNA-PKcs pathways to promote viral DNA amplification, inducing cell cycle arrest in late S phase that allows the DNA replication resources of the cell to be diverted for the replication of viral DNA (Luo and Qiu 2015, Zou et al., 2018).

[0198] In children, erythroparvovirus infection of EPCs commonly manifests as an immune complex exanthema called “fifth” disease, also known as erythema infectiosum or “slapped-cheek” syndrome, while in adults (especially women) polyarthralgia is common. In vulnerable populations a range of additional clinical disorders may occur. For example, EPC disfunction can cause persistent anemia in immunosuppressed individuals, transient aplastic crisis in patients who require increased erythropoiesis (e.g. in sickle cell disease), or chronic pure red cell aplasia in congenitally immune-compromised patients. The virus can also cross theplacenta, sometimes resulting in hydrops fetalis in developing2nd trimester fetuses. Clinical observations suggest that an erythroparvovirus could also be implicated in hepatic or cardiovascular diseases such as myocarditis, certain autoimmune conditions and chronic fatigue syndrome, possibly by being taken into and perturbing non-productive cell types in these conditions, although how the virus induces such pathology requires further study (Qiu et al., 2017, Luo and Qiu 2015, Kerr 2016).

[0199] Many erythroparvoviruses, e.g., those that infect simian, pig-tailed or rhesus macaques all show a predilection for the bone marrow and can induce significant anemia in immunosuppressed animals (Brown and Young 1997, Green et al., 2000), suggesting common cell type specificities. d. Exemplary erythroparvovirus

[0200] In some embodiments, an erythroparvovirus is of a species selected from Pinniped erythroparvovirus 1, Primate erythroparvovirus 1, Primate erythroparvovirus 2, Primate erythroparvovirus 3, Primate erythroparvovirus 4, Rodent erythroparvovirus 1, Ungulate erythroparvovirus 1. In some embodiments, an erythroparvovirus is erythroparvovirus B19 (e.g., Accession No. AY386330; Ref. Seq No. NC_000883).4. Tetraparvovirus

[0201] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. As described herein, tetraparvovirus is of particular interest as a gene therapy composition.

[0202] Tetraparvovirus are a genus of viruses in the parvovirus family (Cotmore et al., 2019, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). The first member of this genus was identified in 2001 in pig serum and designated Porcine parvovirus 2 (Hijikata et al., 2001, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). A first human tetraparvovirus, PARV4, was described in 2005 (Jones et al., 2005, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). These viruses were recognized as being related to but distinct from known parvoviruses. They were isolated from a group of patients who had engaged in high risk behavior. Other tetraparvoviruses were isolatedfrom animal sources in Hong Kong, and isolates were originally referred to as Hokoviruses (Lau et al., 2008, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Tetraparvoviruses have been isolated from wild boars in Germany, chimpanzees and baboons, sheep, pigs, and bats (Adlhoch et al., 2010, Sharp et al., 2010, Tse et al., 2011, Li et al., 2012, Canuti et al., 2011, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference).

[0203] Tetraparvoviruses have been isolated from blood, liver, spleen, lymph node and bone marrow. Moreover, Tetraparvoviruses have not been associated with disease in any of their known hosts to date. a. Characteristic Sequence Elements

[0204] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection.

[0205] For example, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell, relative to a tetraparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell, relative to a tetraparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a tetraparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection, relative to a tetraparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0206] Tetraparvoviruses are small, non-enveloped animal viruses with a single-stranded DNA genome between 4 and 6 kb in length. Inverted terminal repeats are present at 5' and 3'ends of a tetraparvovirus genome. There are 2 open reading frames (ORF) present in a tetraparvovirus genome. ORF1 encodes a non- structural protein (NS 1). ANSI protein possesses both helicase and ATPase domains. It has -652 amino acids residues and a molecular weight of 70-75 kiloDaltons (kDa).

[0207] ORF2 encodes viral capsid proteins (VP1 and VP2 capsid polypeptides). A VP1 protein contains 900-950 amino acid residues and is -100 kDa in molecular weight. VP1 has a conserved phospholipase A2 (PLA2) motif which is used by a virion to escape from an endosome.

[0208] Moreover, a tetraparvovirus genome comprises a third ORF lying within VP 1, which encodes a small protein with a single transmembrane helix spanning 20 amino acid residues in its center, and a molecular weight of -10 kDa. The function of this protein is not known. b. Virions

[0209] Among other things, the present disclosure describes a virion comprising a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a virion comprises a tetraparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

[0210] Tetraparvovirus virions are non-enveloped, round, with T=1 icosahedral symmetry, and 18-26 nm in diameter. Among other things, in some embodiments, a tetraparvovirus capsid comprises 60 copies of CP protein. c. Genome Organization and Replication

[0211] Tetraparvoviruses have linear, ssDNA genomes of about 4 to 6 kb in size. Both positive and negative strands of a tetraparvovirus genome are encapsidated, although percentage of particles encapsidating a positive strand can be lower depending on a host cell. Moreover, ORFs for both structural and non-structural proteins are located on the same DNA strand. A tetraparvovirus genome is replicated through a rolling-hairpin mechanism (see, https: / / viralzone.expasy.org / 4857, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.d. Exemplary tetraparvovirus

[0212] In some embodiments, a tetraparvovirus or a genotypic variant thereof is of a species selected from Chiropteran tetraparvovirus 1, Primate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 1, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 2, Ungulate tetraparvovirus 3, and Ungulate tetraparvovirus 4, human parvovirus 4, human parvovirus 4 genotype 1, human parvovirus 4 genotype 2, human parvovirus 4 genotype 3, chimpanzee parvovirus 4, eidolon helvum parvovirus, bovine hokovirus 1, bovine hokovirus 2, porcine hokovirus, porcine cnvirus, yak parvovirus, ovine hokovirus 1, opossum tetraparvovirus, rodent tetraparvovirus, tetraparvovirus sp.5. Copiparvovirus

[0213] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. As described herein, copiparvovirus is of particular interest as a gene therapy composition.

[0214] Copiparvovirus is a genus of viruses in subfamily parvovirinae of the virus family parvoviridae (Cotmore et al., 2019, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). a. Characteristic Sequence Elements

[0215] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection.

[0216] For example, among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus variant VP 1capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion internalization into a host cell, relative to a copiparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects virion transit into a nucleus of a cell, relative to a copiparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present disclosure recognizes that one or more characteristic sequence elements of a copiparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide surprisingly affects productive virus infection, relative to a erythroparvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0217] Among other things, in some embodiments, a copiparvovirus VPlu region of a VP1 capsid polypeptide is longer relative to other protoparvovirus. Copiparvovirus VP1 includes a phospholipase A(2) (PLA2) motif, which is involved in endosomal escape. b. Virions

[0218] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes a virion comprising a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a virion comprises a copiparvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

[0219] Viruses in genus copiparvovirus are non-enveloped, with icosahedral and round geometries, and T=1 symmetry. In some embodiments, a diameter of a copiparvovirus is about 18nm-26 nm. In some embodiments, a copiparvovirus genome is linear, about 6kb in length. c. Genome Organization and Replication

[0220] Copiparvovirus viral replication is nuclear. Entry of a copiparvovirus into a host cell is achieved by attachment to a host receptor, which mediates clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Copiparvovirus viral replication follows a rolling-hairpin model. Methods of transcription comprise DNA-templated transcription, with some alternative splicing mechanisms. A copiparvovirus virus exits a host cell by nuclear pore export. Bovine serve as a natural host. d. Exemplary copiparvovirus

[0221] In some embodiments, a copiparvovirus or a genotypic variant thereof is of a species selected from Roe Deer Parvovirus, bovine parvovirus 2, porcine parvovirus 4, porcine parvovirus 6, or Ungulate copiparvovirus 1.6. Genotypic Variants of Viruses

[0222] An ordinarily skilled artisan appreciates that a species of virus comprises clusters of genetic variants (Van Regenmortel MHV (2000) Virus Taxonomy-Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses). Genetic variants may comprise mutations (that encompasses point mutations and insertions-deletions of different lengths), hypermutations, several types of recombination, and genome segment reassortments. Mutation is observed in all viruses, with no known exceptions (Domingo (2019) Virus as Populations 2020:35-71). Recombination is also widespread, and its occurrence was soon accepted for DNA viruses as well as RNA viruses. Genome segment reassortment, a type of variation close to chromosomal exchanges in sexual reproduction, is an adaptive asset of segmented viral genomes, as continuously evidenced by ongoing evolution of the influenza viruses. The three modes of virus genome variation are compatible, and reassortant-recombinant-mutant genomes are continuously arising in present-day viruses.

[0223] Accordingly, a genetic variant of the viruses described herein may comprise a polypeptide described herein or those belonging to a virus or virion described herein (e.g., a capsid polypeptide (e.g., a VP1 capsid polypeptide, (e.g., a reference VP1 capsid polypeptide, a variant VP1 capsid polypeptide), e.g., a VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a reference VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a variant VP2 capsid polypeptide)), NS1 polypeptide, etc.) with an amino acid sequence that is at least, about, or no more than 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%,70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%,86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%,99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% identical to an amino acid sequence of the exemplary sequences presented herein or an amino acid sequence of the polypeptide of exemplary viruses referenced herein.7. Marker and / or Reporter Genes

[0224] Exemplary marker genes include but not limited to any of fluorescent reporter genes, e.g., GFP, RFP and the like, as well as bioluminescence reporter genes. Exemplary marker genes include, but are not limited to, glutathione-S-transferase (GST), horseradishperoxidase (HRP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) beta-galactosidase, betaglucuronidase, luciferase, green fluorescent proteins (e.g., GFP, GFP-2, tagGFP, turboGFP, sfGFP, EGFP, Emerald, Azami Green, Monomeric Azami Green, CopGFP, AceGFP, ZsGreenl), HcRed, DsRed, cyan fluo-rescent protein (CFP), yellow fluorescent proteins (e.g., YFP, EYFP, Citrine, Venus yPet, PhiYFP, ZsYellowl), cyan fluorescent proteins (e.g., ECFP, Cerulean, CyPet AmCyanl, Midoriishi-Cyan) red fluorescent proteins (e.g., mKate, mKate2, mPlum, DsRed monomer, mCherry, mRFPl, DsRed-Express, DsRed2, HcRed-Tandem, HcRed 1, AsRed2, eqFP61 1, mRaspberry, mStrawberry, Jred), orange fluorescent proteins (e.g., mOrange, mKO, Kusabira-Orange, monomeric Kusabira-Orange, mTangerine, tdTomato) and autofluorescent proteins including blue fluorescent protein (BFP).

[0225] Marker genes may also include, without limitation, DNA sequences encoding P- lactamase, P-galactosidase (LacZ), alkaline phosphatase, thymidine kinase, green fluorescent protein (GFP), chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT), luciferase, and others well known in the art. When associated with regulatory elements which drive their expression, the reporter sequences, provide signals detectable by conventional means, including enzymatic, radiographic, colorimetric, fluorescence or other spectrographic assays, fluorescent activating cell sorting assays and immunological assays, including enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunohistochemistry. For example, where a marker sequence is the LacZ gene, a presence of a construct carrying a signal is detected by assays for P- galactosidase activity. In some embodiments, where a marker gene is green fluorescent protein or luciferase, a construct carrying a signal may be measured colorimetrically based on visible light absorbance or light production in a luminometer, respectively. Such reporters can, for example, be useful in verifying tissue-specific targeting capabilities and tissue specific promoter regulatory activity(ies) of a nucleic acid.

[0226] Marker genes include, but are not limited to, sequences encoding proteins that mediate antibiotic resistance (e.g., ampicillin resistance, neomycin resistance, G418 resistance, puromycin resistance), sequences encoding colored or fluorescent or luminescent proteins (e.g., green fluorescent protein, enhanced green fluorescent protein, red fluorescent protein, luciferase), and proteins which mediate cellular metabolism resulting in enhanced cell growth rates and / or gene amplification (e.g., dihydrofolate reductase).8. Compositions

[0227] Among other things, the present disclosure provides compositions. In some embodiments, a composition comprises a construct as described herein. In some embodiments, a composition comprises one or more constructs as described herein. In some embodiments, a composition comprises a plurality of constructs as described herein. In some embodiments, when more than one construct is included in a composition, the constructs are different from one another. a. Constructs

[0228] Among other things, the present disclosure provides that some polynucleotides as described herein are polynucleotide constructs. Polynucleotide constructs according to the present disclosure include all those known in the art, including cosmids, plasmids (e.g., naked or contained in liposomes) and constructs (e.g., lentiviral, retroviral, adenoviral, adeno-associated, or parvovirus-related constructs) that incorporate a polynucleotide comprising a VP1 capsid coding sequence operably linked to an expression control sequence, wherein the VP1 capsid coding sequence encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. Those of skill in the art will be capable of selecting suitable constructs, as well as cells, for making any of a nucleic acids described herein. In some embodiments, a construct is a plasmid (i.e., a circular DNA molecule that can autonomously replicate inside a cell). In some embodiments, a construct can be a cosmid (e.g., pWE or sCos series).

[0229] Constructs provided herein can be of different sizes. In some embodiments, a construct is a plasmid and can include a total length of up to about 1 kb, up to about 2 kb, up to about 3 kb, up to about 4 kb, up to about 5 kb, up to about 6 kb, up to about 7 kb, up to about 8kb, up to about 9 kb, up to about 10 kb, up to about 11 kb, up to about 12 kb, up to about 13 kb, up to about 14 kb, or up to about 15 kb. In some embodiments, a construct is a plasmid and can have a total length in a range of about 1 kb to about 2 kb, about 1 kb to about 3 kb, about 1 kb to about 4 kb, about 1 kb to about 5 kb, about 1 kb to about 6 kb, about 1 kb to about 7 kb, about 1 kb to about 8 kb, about 1 kb to about 9 kb, about 1 kb to about 10 kb, about 1 kb to about 11 kb, about 1 kb to about 12 kb, about 1 kb to about 13 kb, about 1 kb to about 14 kb, or about 1 kb to about 15 kb.

[0230] In some embodiments, a construct is a viral construct and can have a total number of nucleotides of up to 10 kb. In some embodiments, a viral construct can have a total number of nucleotides in the range of about 1 kb to about 2 kb, 1 kb to about 3 kb, about 1 kb to about 4 kb, about 1 kb to about 5 kb, about 1 kb to about 6 kb, about 1 kb to about 7 kb, about 1 kb to about 8 kb, about 1 kb to about 9 kb, about 1 kb to about 10 kb, about 2 kb to about 3 kb, about 2 kb to about 4 kb, about 2 kb to about 5 kb, about 2 kb to about 6 kb, about 2 kb to about 7 kb, about 2 kb to about 8 kb, about 2 kb to about 9 kb, about 2 kb to about 10 kb, about 3 kb to about 4 kb, about 3 kb to about 5 kb, about 3 kb to about 6 kb, about 3 kb to about 7 kb, about 3 kb to about 8 kb, about 3 kb to about 9 kb, about 3 kb to about 10 kb, about 4 kb to about 5 kb, about 4 kb to about 6 kb, about 4 kb to about 7 kb, about 4 kb to about 8 kb, about 4 kb to about 9 kb, about 4 kb to about 10 kb, about 5 kb to about 6 kb, about 5 kb to about 7 kb, about 5 kb to about 8 kb, about 5 kb to about 9 kb, about 5 kb to about 10 kb, about 6 kb to about 7 kb, about 6 kb to about 8 kb, about 6 kb to about 9 kb, about 6 kb to about 10 kb, about 7 kb to about 8 kb, about 7 kb to about 9 kb, about 7 kb to about 10 kb, about 8 kb to about 9 kb, about 8 kb to about 10 kb, or about 9 kb to about 10 kb.

[0231] In some embodiments, a construct is a parvovirus virus construct and can have a total number of nucleotides of up to 6 kb in a single construct. In some embodiments, a construct can have a total number of nucleotides in the range of about 1 kb to about 2 kb, 1 kb to about 3 kb, about 1 kb to about 4 kb, about 1 kb to about 6 kb, about 2 kb to about 3 kb, about 2 kb to about 4 kb, about 2 kb to about 5 kb, about 3 kb to about 4 kb, about 3 kb to about 6 kb, about 4 kb to about 6 kb.

[0232] Any of the constructs described herein can further include a control sequence, e.g., a control sequence selected from the group of a transcription initiation sequence, a transcription termination sequence, a promoter sequence, an enhancer sequence, an RNA splicing sequence, a polyadenylation (poly A) sequence, a Kozak consensus sequence, and / or additional untranslated regions which may house pre- or post-transcriptional regulatory and / or control elements. In some embodiments, a promoter can be a native promoter, a constitutive promoter, an inducible promoter, and / or a tissue-specific promoter. Non-limiting examples of control sequences are described herein. The foregoing methods for producing recombinant constructs are not meant to be limiting, and other suitable methods will be apparent to the skilled artisan.b. Capsid Modifications

[0233] Among other things, the present disclosure describes insertion of one or more capsid modifications into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a capsid modification comprises insertion of one or more heterologous peptides into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a capsid modification comprises one or more single point mutations (singletons) resulting in one or more amino acid changes (e.g., mutations) in one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirus capsid comprising one or more capsid modifications is referred to as a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide comprises one or more modifications, relative to a parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide.

[0234] Among other things, the present disclosure describes insertion of one or more heterologous peptides into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide comprises or is a heterologous targeting peptide.

[0235] In some embodiments, insertion of one or more heterologous peptides is at one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide that map(s) onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a variable region (e.g., VR (e.g., VR-III, VR-IV, VR-V, VR-VIII)) of a parvovirus VP1 capsid (e.g., AAV capsid, e.g., AAV2 capsid, e.g., AAV5 capsid, e.g., AAV8 capsid, e.g., AAV9 capsid, or any variant thereof). For example, one or more residues of a human bocavirus (HBoVl) capsid polypeptide can be mapped onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a VR-II of an AAV2 capsid. For example, one or more residues of a human bocavirus (HBoVl) capsid polypeptide can be mapped onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a VR-III of an AAV2 capsid. For example, one or more residues of a HBoVl capsid polypeptide can be mapped onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a VR- IV of an AAV2 capsid. For example, one or more residues of a HBoVl capsid polypeptide can be mapped onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid. For example, one or more residues of a HBoVl capsid polypeptide can be mapped onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid. It is an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, such structural overlay shows that a regioncomprising residues 805-825 of a HBoVl capsid polypeptide corresponds to VR-II of an AAV2 capsid. It is an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, such structural overlay shows that a region comprising residues 332-338 of a HBoVl capsid polypeptide corresponds to VR-III (e.g., residues 380-384) of an AAV2 capsid. It is also an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, such structural overlay shows that a region comprising residues 1201-1248 of a HBoVlcapsid polypeptide corresponds to VR-IV of an AAV2 capsid. It is also an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, such structural overlay shows that a region comprising residues 1543-1578 of a HBoVl) capsid polypeptide corresponds to VR-VIII of an AAV2 capsid. Similar corresponding regions of other parvoviruses can also be determined from structural overlays as described herein.

[0236] In some embodiments, insertion of one or more heterologous peptides is at one or more residues corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region (e.g., VR (e.g., VR-III, VR-IV, VR-V, VR-VIII)) of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. AAV VRs differ between serotypes and are responsible for serotype-specific variations in antibody and receptor binding (see Tseng and Agbandje-McKenna, 2014, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein). In some embodiments, one or more heterologous peptides increases cell specificity and / or viral transduction efficiency and / or increases virion performance of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide.

[0237] Adenovirus capsid modifications are described by Buning and Srivastava, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. It is an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, one or more modifications introduced into one or more residues of an AAV capsid can be introduced into one or more corresponding residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more modifications described by Buning and Srivastava, 2019 are introduced into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein.

[0238] Among other things, the present disclosure describes insertion of one or more heterologous peptides into one or more residues along a 3 -fold axis of symmetry of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. Residues in regions along a 3-fold axis of symmetry of a capsid can be responsible for serotype-specific variations in antibody and / or receptor binding (see, Callaway et al., 2017, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein).

[0239] It is also an insight of the present disclosure that one or more modifications at one or more residues along a 3 -fold axis of symmetry of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide can help redirect or expand tropism (e.g., cell surface targeting) of viral-based gene therapies described herein.

[0240] Adenovirus capsid modifications are described by Buning and Srivastava, 2019, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. It is an insight of the present disclosure that, in some embodiments, one or more modifications introduced in a variable region of an AAV capsid can be introduced into one or more residues along a 3-fold axis of symmetry of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, one or more modifications described by Buning and Srivastava, 2019 are introduced into corresponding residues (e.g., along a 3-fold axis of symmetry) of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, one or more modifications are introduced into one or more residues along a 3-fold axis of symmetry of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a capsid modification is a peptide insertion. In some embodiments a capsid modification is a peptide insertion into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide that corresponds to one or more residues described by Buning and Srivastava, 2019. In some embodiments, one or more heterologous peptides is inserted into one or more residues along a 3- fold axis of symmetry of a common VP3 region of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, one or more heterologous peptides is inserted into one or more residues along a 3- fold axis of symmetry of a common VP2 region of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide. As described herein, when encoded by a single gene, AAV VPs share most of their amino acids. For example, a full-length VP3 sequence is also contained within VP2 and VP1 (“common VP3 region”). Moreover, for example, VP2 and VP1 share approximately 65 amino acids (“common VP1 / VP2 region”).

[0241] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 587 of a common VP3 region of AAV2. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 588 of a common VP3 region of AAV2. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residues other than 587 or 588 of acommon VP3 region of AAV2. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 453 of a common VP3 region of AAV2. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 585 of a common VP3 region of AAV2. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 520 of a common VP3 region of AAV2. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 584 of a common VP3 region of AAV2.

[0242] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV1. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 590 of a common VP3 region of AAV1.

[0243] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV3. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 586 of a common VP3 region of AAV3.

[0244] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV4. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 586 of a common VP3 region of AAV4.

[0245] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV5. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 575 of a common VP3 region of AAV5.

[0246] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV6. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 585 of a common VP3 region of AAV6. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 585 in combination with mutation of a tyrosine to phenylalanine at residues 705 and 731 and mutation of threonine to valine at residue 492 of a common VP3 region of AAV6. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 585 in combination with mutation of a tryrosine to phenylalanine at residues 705 and 731 and mutation of threonine to valine at residue 492 and mutation of lysine to glutamic acid at residue 531 of a common VP3 region of AAV6.

[0247] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV8. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 585 of a common VP3 region of AAV8. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 590 of a common VP3 region of AAV8.

[0248] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV9. For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 588 of a common VP3 region of AAV9. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 589 of a common VP3 region of AAV9.

[0249] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV9P1.

[0250] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to a common VP3 region of AAV- PHP.B For example, in some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or moreresidues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 588 of a common VP3 region of AAV-PHP.B. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide corresponding to residue 589 of a common VP3 region of AAV-PHP.B.

[0251] In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into one or more residues of a BPV capsid polypeptide (e.g., BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide, e.g., BPV VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide) as described herein. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into a variable region (e.g., VR (e.g., VR-III, VR-IV, VR-V, VR-VIII)) of a BPV capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into a VR-III of a BPV capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into a VR-VIII of a BPV capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 343-346 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 392-393 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wildtype sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 389-390 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 395-396 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted into a VR-IV of a BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 276-280 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 279-280 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide is inserted within amino acid residues 280-281 of a BPV VP3 capsid polypeptide sequence, according to BPV VP3 wild-type sequence numbering.

[0252] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure describes compositions, preparations, constructs, virions, population of virions, and host cells comprising aVP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus capsid polypeptide further comprising an insertion of one or more heterologous peptides as described by Borner et al., 2020, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide comprises a length of from 10 amino acids to 20 amino acids. In some embodiments, an insertion of one or more heterologous peptides is at one or more residues along a 3-fold axis of symmetry of a VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus capsid polypeptide confers increased infectivity compared to the infectivity by a reference virion comprising the corresponding parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a heterologous peptide alters cell specificity and / or viral transduction efficiency. In some embodiments, the heterologous peptide increases virion performance.

[0253] Table 3 shows exemplary heterologous peptide sequences that can be inserted into one or more residues of a parvovirus capsid polypeptide described herein.Table 3

[0254] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises one or more amino acid modifications (e.g., mutations) in one or more residues of a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a single point mutation (singleton), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by Fakhiri et al., 2020, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0255] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprises a threonine to serine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 590 of a hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises an aspartic acid to asparagine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 86 of a hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a serine to asparagine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 474 of a hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises an alanine to threonine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 149 of a hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a threonine to serine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 590, an aspartic acid to asparagine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 86, a serine to asparagine mutation at aresidue corresponding to residue 474, an alanine to threonine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 149, or any combination thereof, of a hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102), relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0256] In some embodiments, a singleton affects transduction, capsid assembly, and / or immunoreactivity of a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide, relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide described herein. For example, it is an insight of the present disclosure that de novo sequence diversity is common at certain nucleotide positions within a hBoV VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., at position 590). In some embodiments, a VP1 capsid modification comprises a mutation of a surface exposed tyrosine at residue 590 of a hBoV VP1 capsid polypeptide as described in Fakhiri et al., 2020, the contents of which is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. It is an insight of the present disclosure that mutation of a tyrosine introduced into residue 590 of a hBoV VP1 capsid polypeptide can be introduced into a corresponding to residue in other parvovirus species described herein.

[0257] Among other things, it is an insight of the present disclosure that the gorilla bocavirus (gBoV) described by Kapoor et al. is genetically most closely related to hBoV. Additionally, a hBoV Variable Region (e.g., VR-VIIIB) is most homologous to gBoV. In some embodiments, a capsid modification made in a hBoV VP1 capsid polypeptide, as described in Fakhiri et al., 2020, is made in a gBoV VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a gBoV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a threonine to serine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 590 of a reference hBoV (SEQ ID NO: 102). In some embodiments, a gBoV variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises an aspartic acid to asparagine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 86 of hBoV reference VP I capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102). In some embodiments, a gBoV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprises a serine to asparagine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 474 of a reference hBoV (SEQ ID NO: 102). In some embodiments, a gBoV variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide comprises an alanine to threonine mutation at a residue corresponding to residue 149 of hBoV reference VP1 capsid polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 102).c. Exemplary Capsid Construct Sequences

[0258] The present disclosure provides technologies (e.g., compositions, methods, etc.) that are or comprise constructs described herein. In some embodiments, technologies described herein comprise a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, technologies comprising a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide, result in improved characteristics compared to technologies comprising a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide, as described herein. In some embodiments, technologies comprising a construct comprising a capsid coding sequence encoding a parvovirus capsid polypeptide (e.g., a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide or variant thereof) and one of more the following: (i) an expression control sequence (e.g., operably linked to the VP1 capsid coding sequence), (ii) a 5’ untranslated region (UTR) sequence, (iii) an alternative translation initiation codon sequence (e.g., wherein the VP1 capsid coding sequence comprises the alternative translation initiation codon), (iv) wherein the VP1 capsid coding sequence comprises fewer ATG sequence(s) across the length of the VP1 capsid coding sequence, relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4A, or (v) any combination thereof, result in improved characteristics compared to technologies comprising a reference construct lacking (i)-(v), or any combination thereof.

[0259] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP 1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP2 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide and a VP2 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide.

[0260] It is an insight of the present disclosure that a nucleic acid encoding a VP1 capsid polypeptide may comprise an unwanted out-of-frame ATG which can affect VP1 capsid polypeptide expression and / or formation. Among other things, in some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise one or more nucleotide modifications to remove out-of-frame ATG in a VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a VPlu capsid polypeptide).

[0261] Among other things, in some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer ATG sequence(s) across the length of a VP1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame) that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer ATG sequence(s) across the length of a VP1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame) that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide due to a substitution in one or more of “ATG” relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer ATG sequence(s) across the length of a VP1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame) that encodes a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide due to a deletion in one or more of “ATG” relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer “ATG” sequence(s) across the length of a VP1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame, e.g., at position -3 or +4 relative to the first position of a VP1 capsid coding sequence) that encodes a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide due to a conservative amino acid substitution in one or more of “ATG” relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer “ATG” sequence(s) across the length of a VP 1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame, e.g., at position -3 or +4 relative to the first position of a VP1 capsid coding sequence) that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide due to a conservative amino acid substitution of one or more nucleotides surrounding an “ATG” (e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution within a Kozak consensus sequence) relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise fewer “ATG” sequence(s) across the length of a VP1 capsid coding sequence (e.g., in frame or out of frame) that encodes a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide due to a conservative amino acid substitution of one or more purines surrounding an “ATG” (e.g., at position -3 or +4 relative to the first position of a VP 1 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a conservative amino acid substitution within a Kozak consensus sequence) relative to a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise an alternative translation initiation codon sequence (e.g., CTG, TTG, ACG, ATC) to improve potency relative to constructs comprising an ATG initiation sequence.

[0262] Among other things, in some embodiments, constructs described herein comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence and a VP2 capsid coding. In some embodiments, constructs described herein further comprise a Rep sequence (e.g., AAV Rep protein sequence). i. Parvovirus Reference VP1 Capsid Sequences

[0263] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide having a VP1 capsid coding sequence that shows at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 100% overall sequence identity with that of a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4A.

[0264] Table 4A shows exemplary parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide sequences described herein.Table 4A

[0265] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide having a polypeptide sequence that shows at least 70%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, at least 100% overall sequence identity with that of a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4B.

[0266] Table 4B shows exemplary parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide sequences described herein.Table 4Bii. Exemplary Parvovirus Variant VP I Capsid Sequences

[0267] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide.

[0268] In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide is a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide as described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide as described by at least 70% overall sequence identity with that of a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4B, which reference polypeptide includes an polypeptide sequence element as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-109 or 234, or both; and includes at least one sequence variation relative to any such parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0269] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is a protoparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide as described herein.

[0270] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is a bocaparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide as described herein.

[0271] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is an erythroparvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide as described herein.

[0272] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide is a tetraparvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide as described herein.

[0273] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid comprises a polypeptide with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide of a sequence described herein.

[0274] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polynucleotide comprises a VP1 capsid coding sequence that is at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 110-115.

[0275] In some embodiments, a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a polypeptide sequence that is at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 116-123.Exemplary Variant VP1 Capsid Coding Sequences

[0276] Exemplary canine parvovirus (CPV) variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 110.Exemplary Variant VP1 Capsid Polypeptide Sequences

[0283] Exemplary bufavirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 116.

[0284] Exemplary canine parvovirus (CPV) variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 117.HTWQTNRALGLPPFLNSLPQSEGATNFGDIGVQQDKRRGVTQMGNTNYITEATIMRPAE VGYSAPYYSFEASTQGPFKTPIAAGRGGAQTYENQAADGDPRYAFGRQHGQKTTTTGE TPERFTYIAHQDTGRYPEGDWIQNINFNLPVTNDNVLLPTDPIGGKTGINYTNIFNTYGPL TALNNVPPVYPNGQIWDKEFDTDLKPRLHVNAPFVCQNNCPGQLFVKVAPNLTNEYDP DASANMSRIVTYSDFWWKGKLVFKAKLRASHTWNPIQQMSINVDNQFNYVPSNIGGM KIVYEKSQLAPRKLY

[0285] Exemplary cutavirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 118.MPAIRKARGYNFLGPFNQDFNKEPTNPSDNAAKQHDLEYNKLINQGHNPYWYYNKAD EDFIKATDQAPDWGGKFGNFIFRAKKHIAPELAPPAKKKSKTKHPEPEFSHKHIKPGTKR GKPFHIFVNLARKRARMSEPAENTNDQPNDSPVEQGAGQIGGGGGGGGSGVGHSTGDY NNRTEFIYHGDEVTIICHSTRLVHINMSDREDYIIYETDRGQLFPTTQDLQGRDTLNDSYHAKVETPWKLLHANSWGCWFSPADFQQM1TTCRD1APIQMHQK1ENIVIKTVSKTGTGETE TTNYNNDLTALLQIAQDNSNLLPWAADNFYIDSVGYVPWRACKLPTYCYHVDTWNTIDI NQADAPNRWREIKKGIQWDNIQFTPLETMINIDLLRTGDAWQSGNYNFHTKPTNLAYH WQSQRHTGSCHPTVAPLVERGQGTNIQSVNCWQWGDRNNPSSASTRVSNMHIGYSFPE WQIHYSTGGPVINPGSAFSQAPWGSTTEGTRLTQGASEKAIYDWAHGDDQPGARETWW QNNQHVTGQTD WAPKNAHTSELNNNVPAATHF WKN S YHNTF SPFTAVDDHGPQ YPWG AIWGKYPDTTHKPMMSAHAPFLLHGPPGQLFVKLAPNYTDTLDNGGVTHPRIVTYGTF WWSGKLIFKGKLRTPRQWNTYNLPSLDKRETMKNTVPNEVGHFELPYMPGRCLPNYTL

[0286] Exemplary cutavirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 119.TPATRKARGPFNQDFNKEPTNPSDNAAKQHDLEYNKLINQGHNPYWYYNKADEDFIKAT DQAPDWGGKFGNFIFRAKKHIAPELAPPAKKKSKTKHSEPEFSHKHIKPGTKRGKPFHIF VNLARKRARMSEPANDTNEQPDNSPVEQGAGQIGGGGGGGGSGVGHSTGDYNNRTEFI YHGDEVTIICHSTRLVHINMSDREDYIIYETDRGPLFPTTQDLQGRDTLNDSYHAKVETP WKLLHANSWGCWFSPADFQQMITTCRDIAPIKMHQKIENIVIKTVSKTGTGETETTNYN NDLTALLQIAQDNSNLLPWAADNFYIDSVGYVPWRACKLPTYCYHVDTWNTIDINQAD TPNQWREIKKGIQWDNIQFTPLETMINIDLLRTGDAWESGNYNFHTKPTNLAYHWQSQR HTGSCHPTVAPLVERGQGTNIQSVNCWQWGDRNNPSSASTRVSNIHIGYSFPEWQIHYST GGPVINPGSAFSQAPWGSTTEGTRLTQGASEKAIYDWSHGDDQPGARETWWQNNQHV TGQTDWAPKNAHTSELNNNVPAATHFWKNSYHNTFSPFTAVDDHGPQYPWGAIWGKYPDTTHKPMMSAHAPFLLHGPPGQLFVKLAPNYTDTLDNGGVTHPRIVTYGTFWWSGQLI FKGKLRTPRQWNTYNLPSLDKRETMKNTVPNEVGHFELPYMPGRCLPNYTL

[0287] Exemplary feline panleukopenia virus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 120.LAPPAKRARRGYKYLGPGNSLDQGEPTNPSDAAAKEHDEAYAAYLRSGKNPYLYFSPAD QRFIDQTKDAKDWGGKIGHYFFRAKKAIAPVLTDTPDHPSTSRPTKPTKRSKPPPHIFINL AKKKKAGAGQVKRDNLAPMSDGAVQPDGGQPAVRNERATGSGNGSGGGGGGGSGGV GISTGTFNNQTEFKFLENGWVEITANSSRLVHLNMPESENYKRVVVNNMDKTAVKGNMALDDIHVQIVTPWSLVDANAWGVWFNPGDWQLIVNTMSELHLVSFEQEIFNVVLKTVSE SATQPPTKVYNNDLTASLMVALDSNNTMPFTPAAMRSETLGFYPWKPTIPTPWRYYFQW DRTLIPSHTGTSGTPTNIYHGTDPDDVQFYTIENSVPVHLLRTGDEFATGTFFFDCKPCRLT HTWQTNRALGLPPFLNSLPQSEGATNFGDIGVQQDKRRGVTQMGNTNYITEATIMRPAE VGYSAPYYSFEASTQGPFKTPIAAGRGGAQTDENQAADGDPRYAFGRQHGQKTTTTGE TPERFTYIAHQDTGRYPEGDWIQNINFNLPVTNDNVLLPTDPIGGKTGINYTN1FNTYGPL TALNNVPPVYPNGQIWDKEFDTDLKPRLHVNAPFVCQNNCPGQLFVKVAPNLTNEYDP DASANMSRIVTYSDFWWKGKLVFKAKLRASHTWNPIQQMSINVDNQFNYVPSNIGAMKIVYEKSQLAPRKLY

[0288] Exemplary minute virus of mice variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 121.TAPPAKRAKRGYKYLGPGNSLDQGEPTNPSDAAAKEHDEAYDQYIKSGKNPYLYFSAA DQRFIDQTKDAKDWGGKVGHYFFRTKRAFAPKLATDSEPGTSGVSRAGKRTRPPAY1FIN QARAKKKLTSSAAQQSSQTMSDGTSQPDSGNAVHSAARVERAADGPGGSGGGGSGGG GVGVSTGSYDNQTHYRFLGDGWVEITALATRLVHLNMPKSENYCRIRVHNTTDTSVKG NMAKDDAHEQIWTPWSLVDANAWGVWLQPSDWQYICNTMSQLNLVSLDQEIFNVVLK TVTEQDLGGQAIKIYNNDLTACMMVAVDSNNILPYTPAANSMETLGFYPWKPTIASPYRY YFCVDRDLSVTYENQEGTVEHNVMGTPKGMNSQFFTIENTQQITLLRTGDEFATGTYYF DTNSVKLTHTWQTNRQLGQPPLLSTFPEADTDAGTLTAQGSRHGTTQMGVNWVSEAIRTRPAQVGFCQPHNDFEASRAGPFAAPKVPADITQGVDKEANGSVRYSYGKQHGENWAS HGPAPERYTWDETSFGSGRDTKDGFIQSAPLVVPPPLNGILTNANPIGTKNDIHFSNVFNS YGPLTAF S HP SP VYPQGQIWDKELDLEHKPRLHITAPF VCKNNAPGQMLVRLGPNLTDQ YDPNGATLSRIVTYGTFFWKGKLTMRAKLRANTTWNPVYQVSAEDNGNSYMSVTKWL PTATGNMQ S VPLITRP VARNTY

[0289] Exemplary tusavirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 122.MAPAARPRKGYNYLGPGNDLDAGEPTNKSDAAARKHDFAYSAYLKQGLDPYWNFNKA DEKFIRDTEGATDWGGRLGHWIFRAKKHILPHLKEPTLAGRKRPAPAHIFVNLANKRKK GLPTRKDQQKDTLDSNAQQPVREADQPDGMAASSSDSGPSSSGGGARAGGVGVSTGDF DNTTLWDFHEDGTATITCNSTRLVHLTRPDSLDYKIIPTQNNTAVQTVGHMMDDDNHTQ VLTPWSLVDCNAWGVWLSPHDWQHIMNIGEELELLSLEQEVFNVTLKTATETGPPESRIT MYNNDLTAVMMITTDTNNQLPYTPAAIRSETLGFYPWRPTVVPRWRYYFDWDRFLSVTS S SDQ ST SIINHS STQ S AIGQFF VIETQLPIALLRTGDS YATGGYKFDCNKVNLGRHWQTTR SLGLPPKIEPPTSESALGTINQNARLGWRWGINDVHETNVVRPCTAGYNHPEWFYTHTLEGPAIDPAPPTSIPSNWGGGTPPDTRASSHNQQRITYNYNHGNKDENLNNFSLNPNIELGS IINQGNFLSYEGNGQQINTTAGVGKNGETATSDPNLVRYMPNTYGVYTAVDHQGPVYPH GQIWDKQIHTDKKPELHCLAPFTCKNNPPGQMFVRIAPNLTDTFNATPTFSEIITYADFW WKGTLKMKIKLRPPHQWNIATVLGAAVNIGDAARFVPNRLGQLEFPVINGRIVPSTVY

[0290] Exemplary rat H-l parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 123.

[0291] TAPPAKRAKRGYKYLGPGNSLDQGEPTNPSDAAAKEHDEAYDQYIKSGKNPYLYFSPADQRFIDQTKDAKDWGGKVGHYFFRTKRAFAPKLSTDSEPGTSGVSRPGKR TKPPAHIFVNQARAKKKRASLAAQQRTLTMSDGTETNQPDTGIANARVERSADGGGSSG GGGSGGGGIGVSTGTYDNQTTYKFLGDGWVEITAHASRLLHLGMPPSENYCRVTVHNN QTTGHGTKVKGNMAYDDTHQQIWTPWSLVDANAWGVWFQPSDWQFIQNSMESLNLD SLSQELFNVVVKTVTEQQGAGQDAIKVYNNDLTACMMVALDSNNILPYTPAAQTSETLG FYPWKPTAPAPYRYYFFMPRQLSVTSSNSAEGTQITDT1GEPQALNSQFFTIENTLPITLLR TGDEFTTGTYIFNTDPLKLTHTWQTNRHLGMPPRITDLPTSDTATASLTANGDRFGSTQTQ NVNYVTEALRTRPAQIGFMQPHDNFEANRGGPFKVPVVPLDITAGEDHDANGAIRFNYG KQHGEDWAKQGAAPERYTWD AID S AAGRDTARCF VQ S APISIPPNQNQILQRED AIAGR TNMHYTNVFNSYGPLSAFPHPDPIYPNGQIWDKELDLEHKPRLHVTAPFVCKNNPPGQLFVRLGPNLTDQFDPNSTTVSRIVTYSTFYWKGILKFKAKLRPNLTWNPVYQATTDSVANS YMNVKKWLPSATGNMHSDPLICRPVPHMTYHi. Exemplary Parvovirus VP 2 (e.g., VP 2 / VP 3) Capsid Sequences

[0292] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP3 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide.

[0293] In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide is encoded by a coding sequence with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide comprises a polypeptide with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide of a sequence described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirus VP3 capsid polypeptide is encoded by a coding sequence with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a coding sequence described herein. In some embodiments, a parvovirusVP3 capsid polypeptide comprises a polypeptide with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide of a sequence described herein.a. Exemplary Protoparvovirus VP2 Capsid SequencesExemplary Bufavirus (BuV) VP2 Sequences

[0294] Exemplary bufavirus construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 124.MTDTQDVSEQQSDQPSVASTSAKAGGGGGGGGSGVGHSTGNYNNRTEFYYHGDEVTIVCHSSRHIHLNMSESEEYKIYDTDRGPTFPTDQTLQGRDTINDSYHAQVETPWFLINPNSWGTWMNPADFQQLTTTCREVTLEHLDQTLDNIVIKTVSKQGSGAEETTQYNNDLTALLQVALDKSNQLPWVADNMYLDSLGYIPWRPCKLKQYSYHVNFWNTIDIISGPQQNQWQQVKKEIKWDDLQFTPIETTTEIDLLRTGDSWTSGPYKFNTKPTQLSYHWQSTRHTGSVHPTEPPNAIGQQGRNIIDINGWQWGDRSNPMSAATRVSNFHIGYSWPEWRIHYGSGGPAINPGAPFSQAPWSTDPQVRLTQGASEKAIFDYNHGDDDPAHRDQWWQNNLPMTGQTDWAPKNAHQTNVSNNIPSRQEFWTQDYHNTFGPFTAVDDVGIQYPWGAIWTKTPDTTHKPMMSAHAPFICKDGPPGQLLVKLAPNYTENLQTDGLGNNRIVTYATFWWTGKLVLKGKLRLPRQF NLYNLPGRPRGTEAKKFLPNEIGHFELPFMPGRCMPNYTIExemplary Canine Parvovirus (CPV) VP2 Sequences

[0295] Exemplary canine parvovirus (CPV) construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 125.MSDGAVQPDGGQPAVRNERATGSGNGSGGGGGGGSGGVGISTGTFNNQTEFKFLENGWVEITANSSRLVHLNMPESENYRRVVVNNLDKTAVNGNMALDDTHAQIVTPWSLVDANAWGVWFNPGDWQLIVNTMSELHLVSFEQEIFNVVLKTVSESATQPPTKVYNNDLTASLMVALDSNNTMPFTPAAMRSETLGFYPWKPTIPTPWRYYFQWDRTLIPSHTGTSGTPTNIYHGTDPDDVQFYTIENSVPVHLLRTGDEFATGTFFFDCKPCRLTHTWQTNRALGLPPFLNSLPQSEGGTNFGYIGVQQDKRRGVTQMGNTNYITEATIMRPAEVGYSAPYYSFEASTQGPFKTPIAAGRGGAQTDENQAADGDPRYAFGRQHGQKTTTTGETPERFTYIAHQDTGRYPEGDWIQNINFNLPVTDDNVLLPTDPIGGKTGINYTNIFNTYGPLTALNNVPPVYPNGQIWDKEFDTDLKPRLHVNAPFVCQNNCPGQLFVKVAPNLTNEYDPDASANMSRIVTYSDFWWKGKLVFKAKLRASHTWNPIQQMSINVDNQFNYVPSNIGGMKIVYEKSQLAPRKLY

[0296] Exemplary canine parvovirus (CPV) construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 126.ATGAGCGACGGCGCCGTGCAGCCCGACGGCGGCCAGCCCGCCGTGCGCAACGAGCGCGCCACCGGCAGCGGCAACGGCAGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCGGCGGCGTGGGCATCAGCACCGGCACCTTCAACAACCAGACCGAGTTCAAGTTCCTGGAGAACGGCTGGGTGGAGATCACCGCCAACAGCAGCCGCCTGGTGCACCTGAACATGCCCGAGAGCGAGAACTACCGCCGCGTGGTGGTGAACAACATGGACAAGACCGCCGTGAACGGCAACATGGCCCTGGACGACATCCACGCCCAGATCGTGACCCCCTGGAGCCTGGTGGACGCCAACGCCTGGGGCGTGTGGTTCAACCCCGGCGACTGGCAGCTGATCGTGAACACCATGAGCGAGCTGCACCTGGTGAGCTTCGAGCAGGAGATCTTCAACGTGGTGCTExemplary Cutavirus (CuV) Parvovirus VP2 Sequences

[0297] Exemplary cutavirus construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 127.

[0298] Exemplary cutavirus construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 128.C C A A C GExemplary Feline Panleukopenia Virus (FPV) VP2 Sequences

[0299] Exemplary feline panleukopenia virus construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 129.Exemplary Tusavirus (TuV) VP2 Sequences

[0300] Exemplary tusavirus construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 130.

[0304] Exemplary bovine parvovirus construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID No: 133.

[0305] Exemplary bovine parvovirus construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID No: 134.ACTTCACCGAGCTGAAGAACGTGTGGATGTACCCCAACCAGGCCTGGGACACCACCCCCGTGAGCCGCGACACCCCCATCTGGGTGAAGATCCCCAAGACCGACCGCCACACCATGCAGGACACCAGCGACGGCACCCTGCCCATGGCCCACCCCCCCGGCACCATCTTCGTGCGCGTGGCCAAGGTGCCCATCCCCGGCGAGAGCGACAGCTACCTGAACCTGTACGTGACCGGCCAGATCACCTGCGAGATCCTGTGGGAGACCGAGCGCTTCCAGACCAAGAACTGGCGCCCCGAGATCAAGAACGACCCCAGCGTGTTCAGCGACCCCCTGCTGTACACCTTCGACCGCCAGGGCGTGTACAACACCCCCGAGACCTTCATCGAGGGCATGCCCACCAAGCGCGGCATCAACCGCGTGCTG c. Exemplary Erythroparvovirus VP2 Capsid SequencesExemplary B19 VP2 Sequences

[0309] Exemplary B19 construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 137.ATGACCAGCGTGAACAGCGCCGAGGCCAGCACCGGCGCCGGCGGCGGCGGCAGCAACCCCGTGAAGAGCATGTGGAGCGAGGGCGCCACCTTCAGCGCCAACAGCGTGACCTGCACCTTCAGCCGCCAGTTCCTGATCCCCTACGACCCCGAGCACCACTACAAGGTGTTCAGCCCCGCCGCCAGCAGCTGCCACAACGCCAGCGGCAAGGAGGCCAAGGTGTGCACCATCAGCCCCATCATGGGCTACAGCACCCCCTGGCGCTACCTGGACTTCAACGCCCTGAACCTGTTCTTCAGCCCCCTGGAGTTCCAGCACCTGATCGAGAACTACGGCAGCATCGCCCCCGACGCCCTGACCGTGACCATCAGCGAGATCGCCGTGAAGGACGTGACCGACAAGACCGGCGGCGGCGTGCAGGTGACCGACAGCACCACCGGCCGCCTGTGCATGCTGGTGGACCACGAGTACAAGTACCCCTACGTGCTGGGCCAGGGCCAGGACACCCTGGCCCCCGAGCTGCCCATCTGGGTGTACTTCCCCCCCCAGTACGCCTACCTGACCGTGGGCGACGTGAACACCCAGGGCATCAGCGGCGACAGCAAGAAGCTGGCCAGCGAGGAGAGCGCCTTCTACGTGCTGGAGCACAGCAGCTTCCAGCTGCTGGGCACCGGCGGCACCGCCACCATGAGCTACAAGTTCCCCCCCGTGCCCCCCGAGAACCTGGAGGGCTGCAGCCAGCACTTCTACGAGATGTACAACCCCCTGTACGGCAGCCGCCTGGGCGTGCCCGACACCCTGGGCGGCGACCCCAAGTTCCGCAGCCTGACCCACGAGGACCACGCCATCCAGCCCCAGAACTTCATGCCCGGCCCCCTGGTGAACAGCGTGAGCACCAAGGAGGGCGACAGCAGCAACACCGGCGCCGGCAAGGCCCTGACCGGCCTGAGCACCGGCACCAGCCAGAACACCCGCATCAGCCTGCGCCCCGGCCCCGTGAGCCAGCCCTACCACCACTGGGACACCGACAAGTACGTGACCGGCATCAACGCCATCAGCCACGGCCAGACCACCTACGGCAACGCCGAGGACAAGGAGTACCAGCAGGGCGTGGGCCGCTTCCCCAACGAGAAGGAGCAGCTGAAGCAGCTGCAGGGCCTGAACATGCACACCTACTTCCCCAACAAGGGCACCCAGCAGTACACCGACCAGATCGAGCGCCCCCTGATGGTGGGCAGCGTGTGGAACCGCCGCGCCCTGCACTACGAGAGCCAGCTGTGGAGCAAGATCCCCAACCTGGACGACAGCTTCAAGACCCAGTTCGCCGCCCTGGGCGGCTGGGGCCTGCACCAGCCCCCCCCCCAGATCTTCCTGAAGATCCTGCCCCAGAGCGGCCCCATCGGCGGCATCAAGAGCATGGGCATCACCACCCTGGTGCAGTACGCCGTGGGCATCATGACCGTGACCATGACCTTCAAGCTGGGCCCCCGCAAGGCCACCGGCCGCTGGAACCCCCAGCCCGGCGTGTACCCCCCCCACGCCGCCGGCCACCTGCCCTACGTGCTGTACGACCCCACCGCCACCGACGCCAAGCAGCACCACCGCCACGGCTACGAGAAGCCCGAGGAGCTGTGGACCGCCAAGAGCCGCGTGCACCCCCTGExemplary Primate Erythroparvovirus 2 VP2 Sequences

[0310] Exemplary Primate Erythroparvovirus 2 construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 138.MAAS S SDSGPS S SGGGARAGGVGVSTGDFDNTTLWDFHEDGTATITCNSTRLVHLTRPDS LDYKIIPTQNNTAVQTVGHMMDDDNHTQVLTPWSLVDCNAWGVWLSPHDWQHIMNIG EELELLSLEQEVFNVTLKTATETGPPESRITMYNNDLTAVMMITTDTNNQLPYTPAAIRSE TLGFYPWRPTVVPRWRYYFDWDRFLSVTSSSDQSTSIINHSSTQSAIGQFFVIETQLPIALL RTGDSYATGGYKFDCNKVNLGRHWQTTRSLGLPPKIEPPTSESALGTINQNARLGWRWG INDVHETNVVRPCTAGYNHPEWFYTHTLEGPAIDPAPPTSIPSNWGGGTPPDTRASSHNQ QRITYNYNHGNKDENLNNFSLNPNIELGSIINQGNFLSYEGNGQQINTTAGVGKNGETAT SDPNLVRYMPNTYGVYTAVDHQGPVYPHGQIWDKQIHTDKKPELHCLAPFTCKNNPPG QMFVRIAPNLTDTFNATPTFSEIITYADFWWKGTLKMKIKLRPPHQWNIATVLGAAVNIG DAARFVPNRLGQLEFPVINGRIVPSTVY d. Exemplary Tetraparvovirus VP2 Capsid SequencesExemplary Human Parvovirus 4 VP2 Sequences

[0311] Exemplary Human Parvovirus 4 construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 139.MS VEPAGGGGGVKVKAQ WIGGT SF SDS VVITSHTRT SMLADRGGYVP VYKPGSHVD S S QPVMGMKTPYSYIDVNALSAHFTPRDFQQLLDEYDEIKPKSLTIAISAIVIKDVATNQTGT NVSDSASGGITVFADDSYDYPYVLGHNQDTLPGHLPGENYVLPQYGYITRGREIDQQNSI VAISDHKTELFFLEHHDAECLGTGDHWSHHYEFPDDLPWRKLSTPNQTLYARHNPIPSSR LAIMTGVDNDGTAVWKRPEGMDVGRLPLNYVPGPALMMPTDTQIRNTTFRDPVAIGNP ATSDRYSVAPLVHQPWSVRTEEWLANKTDYSVHNYLGGVAYTRRKHEESYDKHEEDRD GRVSNPSRVVQIDGDLAAPHVGHTFFVPGHTRVTSGGTDTVYSPKLYQEPVFPLFPGAV WNPNPLSYDCQIWTKIPNTECHFFAQYPLLGGWGVMTPPPMIFVKLRSQPGPPSPGAHT VPQSNLNQYAIFHLHYSMQFLVKRRKRSRRHNPEKPAPFPTTDSGRMPFTLANSLQDPST PVYEVPSDQWIARNYSHLL e. Exemplary Bocaparvovirus variant VP2 / VP3 Capsid SequencesExemplary Bocaparvovirus variant VP2 / VP3 Capsid Coding Sequences

[0312] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 235.ATGGAGGTGAGCAACGACATCCCCAACGACGAGGCCGGCAACCAGCCCATCGAGCT GGCCACCCGCAGCGTGGGCGGCAGCGGCAGCGTGGGCGGCGGCGGCCGCGGCGGC AGCGGCGTGGGCTACAGCACCGGCGGCTGGACCGGCGGCACCATCTTCAGCGAGAA CATCGTGGTGACCAAGAACACCCGCCAGTTCATCTGCGACATCAAGAACGGCCACCT GTACAAGAGCGAGGTGCTGAACACCGGCGACACCGCCCACCGCCAGTACGCCATCAGTGACCATGGTGACCAACGGCGCCGACGTGAGCGGCGTGGGCGCCGTGCGCGTGGGACAGCTTCCTGAACATCTACGTGACCGGCCAGGTGAGCTGCGAGGTGGTGTGGGAGGTGGAGAAGCGCGGCACCAAGAACTGGCGCCCCGAGTACATGCACAGCGCCACCAA CATGAGCGTGGACGCCTACACCATCAACAACGCCGGCGTGTACGCCGGCGCCGTGCA GAACGCCGACGTGATGCAGACCCGCTTCAACCACCACAAGGTGCTG

[0315] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 254.

[0319] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 283.

[0323] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 287.

[0326] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 290.ACTGGCAGCACCTGGTGAACGACTACGAGCGCTTCCGCCCCAAGGCCATGATCGTGCGCGTGTACAACCTGCAGATCAAGCAGATCATGACCGACGGCGCCATGGGCACCGTGTACAACAACGACCTGACCGCCGGCATGCACATCTTCTGCGACGGCGACCACCGCTACC

[0329] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a coding sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 293.GTGGGACAGCGCCCCCATCAGCCGCTACAACCCCATCTGGGTGAAGGTGCCCCGCGT GAACCGCAAGACCCTGCTGGACACCCAGGACGGCAGCATCCCCATGAGCCACCCCC CCGGCACCATCTTCATCAAGCTGGCCCGCATCCCCGTGCCCGGCAACGGCGACAGCT TCCTGAACATCTACGTGACCGGCCAGGTGAGCTGCGAGGTGGTGTGGGAGGTGGAG AAGCGCGGCACCAAGAACTGGCGCCCCGAGTACATGCACAGCGCCACCAACATGAGCGTGGACGCCTACACCATCAACAACGCCGGCGTGTACGCCGGCGCCGTGCAGAACG CCGACGTGATGCAGACCCGCTTCAACCACCACAAGGTGCTGExemplary Bocaparvovirus Variant VP2 / VP3 Capsid Polypeptide Sequences

[0330] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 237.MEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVGYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVV TKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFNFNQYSSHFSPNDWQHLV NDYERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGTVYNNDLTAGMHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHP WDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRT GESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGPNGSGQNQNNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVGAVRVGYSTDPI YGGQQPDSDLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLITGSNGADGNYKEW WMLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKLARIPVPGN GDSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTINNAGVYAGAV QNADVMQTRFNHHKVL

[0331] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 238.MEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVGYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVV TKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFNFNQYSSHFSPNDWQHLV NDYERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGTVYNNDLTAGMHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHP WDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRT GESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGPNNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVGAVRVGYSTDPIYGGQQPDS DLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLQENRRGDRGQIGADGNYKEWW MLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKLARIPVPGNG DSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTINNAGVYAGAVQ NADVMQTRFNHHKVL

[0332] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 258.MEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVGYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVV TKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFNFNQYSSHFSPNDWQHLV NDYERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGTVYNNDLTAGMHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHP WDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRT GESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGPNNQTSNAFQNAALRTS

[0333] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 259.

[0334] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 260.

[0335] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 261.

[0339] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 274.

[0340] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 275.

[0342] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 277.

[0345] Exemplary BPV variant VP2 / VP3 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 280.iv. Exemplary Chimeric Parvovirus VP1 Capsid Sequences

[0348] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a capsid coding sequence that encodes a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0349] In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide described herein. In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide is a chimeric parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid polypeptide as described by at least 70% overall sequence identity with that of a parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4B, which reference polypeptide includes an polypeptide sequence element as set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 92-109 or 234, or both; and includes at least one sequence variation relative to any such parvovirus reference VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0350] In some embodiments, constructs, compositions, virions, or populations of virions comprise a VP1 capsid coding sequence that encodes a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide is encoded by a nucleic acid sequence with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a nucleic acid sequence described herein. In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant VP 1 capsid comprises a polypeptide with at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% sequence identity to a polypeptide of a sequence described herein.

[0351] In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polynucleotide comprises a VP1 capsid coding sequence that is at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%,68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%,84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%,99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 239-245.

[0352] In some embodiments, a chimeric parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprises a polypeptide sequence that is at least about 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%,69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99%, 99.1%, 99.2%, 99.3%, 99.4%, 99.5%, 99.6%, 99.7%, 99.8%, 99.9%, or 100% identical to a sequence selected from any one of SEQ ID NOs: 246-252.Exemplary Chimeric Parvovirus VP1 Capsid Coding Sequences

[0353] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 239.

[0355] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 241.

[0356] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 242.

[0357] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 243.

[0358] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 244.

[0359] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 245.Exemplary Chimeric Parvovirus VP1 Polypeptide Sequences

[0360] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 246.MVPPIKRQPRGLTLPGYNYLGPFNSLFAGAPVNKADAAARKHDFGYSDLLKEGKNPYLY FNTHDQNLIDELKDDTSFGGKLARGVFQIKKALAPALPGTSKGGDKALKRKLYFARSNK GAKKANREPAPSTSNQQNMEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGV GYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVVTKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYF NFNQ YS SHF SPND WQHLVND YERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGT VYNNDLTAG MHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHPWDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLL KGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRTGESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYS GPNNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVG AVRVGYSTDPIYGGQQPDSDLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLITGSN GADGNYKEWWMLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKLARIPVPGNGDSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTIN NAGVYAGAVQNADVMQTRFNHHKVL

[0361] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 247.MVPPIKRQPRGLTLPGYNYLGPFNSLFAGAPVNKADAAARKHDFGYSDLLKEGKNPYLY FNTHDQNLIDELKDDTSFGGKLARGVFQIKKALAPALPGTSKGGDKALKRKLYFARSNK GAKKANREPAPSTSNQQNMEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGV GYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVVTKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYF NFNQ YS SHF SPND WQHLVND YERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGT VYNNDLTAG MHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHPWDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLL KGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRTGESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYS GPNNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVG AVRVGYSTDPIYGGQQPDSDLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLITGSN GADGNYKEWWMLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKLARIPVPGNGDSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTIN NAGVYAGAVQNADVMQTRFNHHKVL

[0362] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP 1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 248.MAADGYLPDWLEDNLSEGIREWWALKPGAPQPKANQQHQDNARGLTLPGYNYLGPFN SLFAGAPVNKADAAARKHDFGYSDLLKEGKNPYLYFNTHDQNLIDELKDDTSFGGKLA RGVFQIKKALAPALPGTSKGGDKALKRKLYFARSNKGAKKANREPAPSTSNQQNMEVS NDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVGYSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVVTKNT RQF1CDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFNFNQYSSHFSPNDWQHLVNDYE RFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGTVYNNDLTAGMHIFCDGDHRYPYVQHPWDDQ CMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKGVPLYMLENSDHEVLRTGESTE FTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGPNNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSPAPSTSNQQNMEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVGYSTGGWT GGTIFSENIVVTKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFNFNQYSSHF SPNDWQHLVNDYERFRPKAMIVRVYNLQIKQIMTDGAMGTVYNNDLTAGMHIFCDGD HRYPYVQHPWDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKGVPLYML ENSDHEVLRTGESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGPNNQTSN AFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVGAVRVGYST DPIYGGQQPDSDLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLITGSNGADGNYKE WWMLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKLARIPVPG NGDSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTINNAGVYAGA VQNADVMQTRFNHHKVL

[0366] Exemplary chimeric BPV VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences may be or comprise a polypeptide sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 252.MPPIKRQPRGLTLPGYNYLGPFNSLFAGAPVNKADAAARKHDFGYSDLLKEGKNPYLYF NTHDQNLIDELKDDTSFGGKLARGVFQIKKALAPALPGTSKGGDKALKRKLYFARSNKG AKKANREPAPSTSNQQNMEVSNDIPNDEAGNQPIELATRSVGGSGSVGGGGRGGSGVG YSTGGWTGGTIFSENIVVTKNTRQFICDIKNGHLYKSEVLNTGDTAHRQYAITTPWSYFN FNQ YS SHF SPND WQHLVND YERF RPK AM I VRV YNLQ IK Q IMTDG AMGT V Y NNDLTAGM HIFCDGDHRYPYVQHPWDDQCMPELPNSIWELPQYAYIPAPISVVDNNTTNTVEEHLLKG VPLYMLENSDHEVLRTGESTEFTFNFGDCEWIENNITFSMPQMMYNPLVRSRRIYSYSGP NNQTSNAFQNAALRTSNWMSGPGIARGTHNATLQTQSAGALVTMVTNGADVSGVGAV RVGYSTDPIYGGQQPDSDLLRLRYSASAAEGQQNPILENAARHTFTREARTKLITGSNGA DGNYKEWWMLPNQMWDSAPISRYNPIWVKVPRVNRKTLLDTQDGSIPMSHPPGTIFIKL ARIPVPGNGDSFLNIYVTGQVSCEVVWEVEKRGTKNWRPEYMHSATNMSVDAYTINNA GVYAGAVQNADVMQTRFNHHKVL v. Expression Control Sequences

[0367] In some embodiments, a construct comprises an expression control sequence. In some embodiments, an expression control sequence comprises or is a promoter. The term “expression control sequence” or “promoter” refers to a DNA sequence recognized by enzymes / proteins that can promote and / or initiate transcription of an operably linked coding sequence. In some embodiments, a construct encoding a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide can include a promoter and / or an enhancer. For example, a promoter typically refers to, e.g., a nucleotide sequence to which an RNA polymerase and / or any associated factor binds and from which it can initiate transcription. Thus, in some embodiments, a construct comprises a promoter operably linked to a non-limiting example promoter described herein. Additional examples of promoters are known in the art.

[0368] In some embodiments, a promoter comprises: (a) an immediate early promoter of an animal DNA virus, (b) an immediate early promoter of an insect virus, or (c) a host cell promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a polyhedrin (polh) or immediately early 1 gene (IE-1) promoter. In some embodiments, the nucleotide sequence comprising at least one replication protein of an AAV (e.g., AAV2) comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding Rep52 and / or Rep78.

[0369] In some embodiments, an expression control sequence is a polyhedrin promoter, a PIO promoter, a CMV-b-actin promoter, an Ubc promoter, a JeT promoter, or an OpiEl promoter. An exemplary polyhedrin promoter sequence may be or comprise a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 140. An exemplary CMV-b-actin promoter sequence may be or comprise a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 141. An exemplary OpiEl promoter sequence may be or comprise a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 142. An exemplary PIO promoter sequence may be or comprise a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 143.

[0370] Exemplary Polyhedrin promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 140)

[0371] Exemplary CMV-b-actin promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 141)

[0373] Exemplary PIO promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 143)

[0374] Exemplary Ubc promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 263)

[0375] Exemplary JeT promoter sequence (SEQ ID NO: 264)vi. Untranslated Regions (UTRs)

[0376] In some embodiments, any constructs described herein can include one or more untranslated regions. In some embodiments, a construct can include a 5’ UTR and / or a 3’ UTR sequence. In some embodiments, if more than one UTR is present, UTRs may come from a single gene or more than one gene.

[0377] As is understood by those of skill in the art, an untranslated region (UTR) of a gene is transcribed but not translated. In some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence starts at a transcription start site and continues to a translation initiation codon sequence but does not include that translation initiation codon sequence. In some embodiments, a 3’ UTR starts immediately following a stop codon and continues until a transcriptional termination signal. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, there is a growing body of evidence regarding regulatory roles played by UTRs in terms of stability of nucleic acid molecule and translation. In some embodiments, regulatory features of a UTR can be incorporated into any technologies (e.g., constructs, compositions, kits, or methods) as described herein to, e.g., enhance stability of a protein.

[0378] For example, in some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence is included in any constructs described herein. Non-limiting examples of 5’ UTR sequences including those from the following genes: albumin, serum amyloid A, Apolipoprotein A / B / E, transferrin, alpha fetoprotein, erythropoietin, and Factor VIII, can be used to enhance expression of a nucleic acid molecule, such as a mRNA. In some embodiments, 5’ UTR sequences have also been known, e.g., to form secondary structures that are involved in elongation factor binding.

[0379] In some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence from an mRNA that is transcribed by a cell can be included in any technologies (e.g., constructs, compositions, kits, and methods) described herein.

[0380] Among other things, the present example recognizes that selection of a 5’ UTR sequence can improve production of a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide. Among other things, the present example recognizes that selection of a 5’ UTR sequence can reduce toxicity of a VP1 capsid polypeptide. In some embodiments, a 5 ’UTR is a stretch of nucleotides between an expression control sequence and a VP1 capsid coding sequence (referred to herein as “a nucleotide spacer sequence”).

[0381] In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 1 nucleotide. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 5 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 10 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 20 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 30 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 40 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 50 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 70 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 80 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 90 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length of about 100 nucleotides.

[0382] In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 75 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 10 to about 100 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 50 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 30 to about 60 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 80 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 55 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 10 to about 70 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 90 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 65 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 45 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 20 to about 80 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 1 to about 75 nucleotides. In some embodiments, a nucleotide spacer sequence has a length from about 40 to about 80 nucleotides.

[0383] In some embodiments, there is no nucleotide spacer sequence.

[0384] In some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence comprises a viral 5’UTR sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 144. In some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence comprises a nucleotide spacer sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 145. In some embodiments, a 5’ UTR sequence comprises a nucleotide spacer sequence that does not comprise an alternative translation initiation sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 146.

[0385] Exemplary 5’ viral UTR sequence (SEQ ID NO:144)CTCGACGAAGACTTGATCACCCGGGGGATCCCCTGTTAAG

[0386] Exemplary nucleotide spacer sequence 1 (SEQ ID NO: 145)ATTCCGGATTATTCATACCGTCCCACCATCGGGCGCGGATCT

[0387] Exemplary nucleotide spacer sequence 2 (SEQ ID NO: 146)ACTCCGGACTACTGATACCGTCCCACTTTCGGGCGCTTACCT

[0388] In some embodiments, 3’ UTRs are known to have stretches of adenosines and uridines embedded in them. These AU-rich signatures are particularly prevalent in genes with high rates of turnover. Based on their sequence features and functional properties, AU-rich elements (AREs) can be separated into three classes (Chen et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 15:5777-5788, 1995; Chen et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 15:2010-2018, 1995, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference): Class I AREs contain several dispersed copies of an AUUUA motif within U-rich regions. For example, c-Myc and MyoD mRNAs contain class I AREs. Class II AREs possess two or more overlapping UUAUUUA(U / A) (U / A) nonamers. GM-CSF and TNF- alpha mRNAs are examples that contain class II AREs. Class III AREs are less well defined. These U-rich regions do not contain an AUUUA motif. Two well-studied examples of this class are c-Jun and myogenin mRNAs.

[0389] Most proteins binding to AREs are known to destabilize a messenger, whereas members of the ELAV family, most notably HuR, have been documented to increase stability of mRNA. HuR binds to AREs of all three classes. Engineering HuR specific binding sites into a 3’ UTR of nucleic acid molecules will lead to HuR binding and thus, stabilization of a message in vivo.

[0390] In some embodiments, introduction, removal, or modification of 3’ UTR AREs can be used to modulate stability of an mRNA encoding a protein. In some embodiments, AREs can be removed or mutated to increase intracellular stability and thus increase translation and production of a protein.

[0391] In some embodiments, a UTR sequence is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to any UTR sequence disclosed herein (e.g., any one of SEQ ID NOs: 144-146) vii. Kozak Consensus Sequences

[0392] In some embodiments, a construct of the present disclosure comprises one or more Kozak consensus sequences (also herein to as Kozak consensus sequences). In some embodiments, natural 5’ UTRs include a sequence that plays a role in translation initiation. Forexample, in some embodiments, they harbor signatures like Kozak sequences, which are commonly known to be involved in a process by which a ribosome initiates translation of many genes. Kozak sequences generally have a consensus sequence CCR(A / G)CCATGG, where R is a purine (A or G) three bases upstream of a translation initiation codon sequence (ATG), which is followed by another “G”. In some embodiments, Kozak sequences may be included in synthetic or additional sequence elements, such as cloning sites. viii. Polyadenylation Sequences

[0393] In some embodiments, a construct of the present disclosure may comprise at least one poly(A) sequence. Most nascent eukaryotic mRNA possesses a poly(A) tail at its 3’ end which is added during a complex process that includes cleavage of a primary transcript and a coupled polyadenylation reaction (see, e g., Proudfoot et al., Cell 108:501-512, 2002, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). Apoly(A) tail confers mRNA stability and transferability (see, e.g., Molecular Biology of the Cell, Third Edition by B. Alberts et al., Garland Publishing, 1994, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety). In some embodiments, a poly(A) sequence is positioned 3’ to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a transgene. In some embodiments, a poly(A) sequence is positioned 3’ to a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0394] In some embodiments, polyadenylation refers to a covalent linkage of a polyadenylyl moiety, or its modified variant, to a messenger RNA molecule. In eukaryotic organisms, most messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules are polyadenylated at a 3’ end. In some embodiments, a 3’ poly(A) tail is a long sequence of adenine nucleotides (often several hundred) added to pre-mRNA through enzymatic action, polyadenylate polymerase. In higher eukaryotes, a poly(A) tail is added onto transcripts that contain a specific sequence, a polyadenylation signal. In some embodiments, a poly(A) tail and a protein bound to it aid in protecting mRNA from degradation by exonucleases. As will be understood to those of skill in the art, polyadenylation is also important for transcription termination, export of mRNA from a cell’s nucleus, and translation. Polyadenylation occurs in a cell nucleus immediately after transcription of DNA into RNA, but additionally can also occur later in the cytoplasm. After transcription has been terminated, an mRNA chain is cleaved through action of an endonuclease complex associatedwith RNA polymerase. A cleavage site is usually characterized by the presence of a base sequence AAUAAA near a given cleavage site. After an mRNA has been cleaved, adenosine residues are added to the free 3’ end at the cleavage site.

[0395] In some embodiments, a poly(A) signal sequence is a sequence that triggers endonuclease cleavage of an mRNA and addition of a series of adenosines to the3’ end of a cleaved mRNA. A “poly(A)” portion refers to a series of adenosines attached by polyadenylation to an mRNA. In some embodiments of for the present disclosure, such as, e.g., transient expression, a polyA is between 50 and 5000, preferably greater than 64, more preferably greater than 100, most preferably greater than 300 or 400. Poly(A) sequences can be modified chemically or enzymatically to modulate mRNA functionality such as localization, stability or efficiency of translation.

[0396] There are several poly(A) signal sequences that can be used, including those derived from bovine growth hormone (bgh) (Woychik et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Set. U.S.A. 81(13):3944-3948, 1984; U.S. Patent No. 5,122,458; Yew et al., Human Gene Then 8(5):575- 584, 1997; Xu et al., Human Gene Then 12(5):563-573, 2001; Xu et al., Gene Then 8: 1323-1332, 2001; Wu et al., Mol. Then 16(2):280-289, 2008; Gray et al., Human Gene Then 22: 1143-1153, 2011; Choi et al., Mol. Brain 7:17, 2014, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), mouse-P-globin, mouse-a-globin (Orkin et al., EMBO J. 4(2):453-456, 1985; Thein et al., Blood 71 (2):313-319, 1988, each which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), human collagen, polyoma virus (Batt et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 15(9):4783-4790, 1995, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), Herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (HSV TK), IgG heavy-chain gene polyadenylation signal (US 2006 / 0040354, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), human growth hormone (hGH) (Szymanski et al., Mol. Therapy 15(7): 1340- 1347, 2007; Ostegaard et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(8):2952-2957, 2005, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), synthetic polyA (Levitt et al., Genes Dev. 3(7): 1019-1025, 1989; Yew et al., Human Gene Then 8(5):575-584, 1997; Ostegaard et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102(8):2952-2957, 2005;Choi et al., Mol. Brain TA7, 2014, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), HIV-1 upstream poly(A) enhancer (Schambach et al., Mol. Then 15(6): 1167- 1173, 2007, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), adenovirus (L3) upstreampoly(A) enhancer (Schambach et al., Mol. Ther. 15(6): 1167-1173, 2007, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference), hTHGB upstream poly(A) enhancer (Schambach et al., Mol. Ther. 15(6): 1167- 1173, 2007), hC2 upstream poly(A) enhancer (Schambach et al., Mol. Ther.15(6): 1167- 1173, 2007), the group consisting of SV40 poly(A) signal sequence, such as the SV40 late and early poly(A) signal sequence (Schek et al., Mol. Cell Biol. 12(12):5386-5393, 1992; Choi et al., Mol. Brain 7: 17, 2014; Schambach et al., Mol. Ther. 15(6): 1167- 1173, 2007, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). The contents of each of these references are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

[0397] In some embodiments, a poly(A) signal sequence can be the sequence AATAAA. In some embodiments, an AATAAA sequence may be substituted with other hexanucleotide sequences with homology to AATAAA which are capable of signaling polyadenylation, including ATTAAA, AGTAAA, CATAAA, TATAAA, GATAAA, ACTAAA, AATATA, AAGAAA, AATAAT, AAAAAA, AATGAA, AATCAA, AACAAA, AATCAA, AATAAC, AATAGA, AATTAA, or AATAAG (see, e.g., WO 06 / 12414, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference).

[0398] In some embodiments, a poly(A) signal sequence can be a synthetic polyadenylation site (see, e.g., the pCl-neo expression construct of Promega which is based on Levitt el al, Genes Dev. 3(7): 1019-1025, 1989, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). In some embodiments, a poly(A) signal sequence is a polyadenylation signal of soluble neuropilin-1 (sNRP) (see, e.g., WO 05 / 073384, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). In some embodiments, a poly(A) sequence is a bovine growth hormone poly(A) sequence. Additional examples of poly(A) signal sequences are known in the art.

[0399] In some embodiments, a polyA sequence is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the polyA sequence of SEQ ID NO: 147.

[0400] By way of non-limiting example, a poly adenylation sequence may be or comprise a sequence according to SEQ ID NO: 147.

[0401] Exemplary SV40 PolyA Sequence (SEQ ID NO: 147)ix. Enhancers and 5 'cap

[0402] In some instances, a construct can include a transgene promoter sequence and / or an enhancer sequence. In some embodiments, an enhancer is a nucleotide sequence that can increase a level of transcription of a nucleic acid encoding a polypeptide of interest (e.g., a transgene). In some embodiments, enhancer sequences (50-1500 base pairs in length) generally increase a level of transcription by providing additional binding sites for transcription-associated proteins (e.g., transcription factors). In some embodiments, an enhancer sequence is found within an intronic sequence. Unlike promoter sequences, enhancer sequences can act at much larger distance away from a transcription start site (e.g., as compared to a promoter). Nonlimiting examples of enhancers include a RSV enhancer, a CMV enhancer, and a SV40 enhancer. An example of a CMV enhancer is described in, e.g., Boshart et al., Cell 41(2):521-530, 1985, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.

[0403] As described herein, a 5’ cap (also termed an RNA cap, an RNA 7- methylguanosine cap or an RNA m.sup.7G cap) is a modified guanine nucleotide that has been added to a “front” or 5’ end of a eukaryotic messenger RNA shortly after a start of transcription. In some embodiments, a 5’ cap consists of a terminal group which is linked to a first transcribed nucleotide. Its presence is critical for recognition by a ribosome and protection from RNases. Cap addition is coupled to transcription, and occurs co-transcriptionally, such that each influences the other. Shortly after start of transcription, a 5’ end of an mRNA being synthesized is bound by a cap-synthesizing complex associated with RNA polymerase. This enzymatic complex catalyzes a chemical reactions that are required for mRNA capping. Synthesis proceeds as a multi-step biochemical reaction. A capping moiety can be modified to modulate functionality of mRNA such as its stability or efficiency of translation. x. Exemplary Parvovirus Capsid Construct Sequences

[0404] Among other things, in some embodiments, the present disclosure provides technologies (e.g., compositions, systems, particles, comprising parvovirus-related constructs).In some embodiments, such technologies comprise a single construct. In some embodiments, such technologies comprise multiple constructs. In some embodiments, the present disclosure provides compositions or systems comprising multiple virions each comprised of a single construct as described herein. In some embodiments, a single construct may deliver a polynucleotide that encodes a functional (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., codon optimized, e.g., CpG depleted) copy of a parvovirus VP1 capsid coding sequence. In some embodiments, a construct is or comprises a parvovirus-related construct.

[0405] In some embodiments, a single construct composition or system may comprise any or all of the exemplary construct components described herein. In some embodiments, an exemplary single construct is at least 85%, 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% identical to the sequences described herein. Constructs may undergo additional modifications including codonoptimization, introduction of novel but functionally equivalent (e.g., silent mutations), addition of reporter sequences, and / or other routine modification.

[0406] Among other things, the present disclosure includes exemplary parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide construct sequences described herein as shown in Table 5.

[0407] Table 5 shows exemplary constructs described herein that can be used in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.Table 5gd. Exemplary Heterologous Nucleic Acid Constructs

[0408] In some embodiments, constructs of the disclosure may comprise (i) a transgene or a portion thereof and a transgene promoter sequence, and (ii) 5’ and 3’ AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs). In some embodiments, a construct may be packaged within a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide to produce a virion. In some embodiments, a virion is delivered to a selected target cell. In some embodiments, a transgene is a nucleic acid sequence, heterologous to aconstruct sequence, which encodes a polypeptide, protein, functional RNA molecule (e.g., miRNA, miRNA inhibitor) or other gene product, of interest. A nucleic acid transgene coding sequence is operatively linked to regulatory component(s) in a manner which permits transgene transcription, translation, and / or expression in a cell of a target tissue.

[0409] Constructs as described in the present disclosure may include one or more additional elements as described herein (e.g., regulatory elements e.g., one or more of a promoter, a polyA sequence, and an IRES).

[0410] In some embodiments, constructs of the present disclosure may be at least 3Kb, at least 3.5 Kb, at least 4.0 Kb, at least 4.1Kb, at least 4.2 Kb, at least 4.3 Kb, at least 4.4 Kb, at least 4.5 Kb, at least 4.6 Kb, at least 4.7 Kb, at least 4.8 Kb, at least 4.9 Kb, at least 5.0 Kb, at least 5.1 Kb, at least 5.2 Kb, at least 5.3 Kb, at least 5.4 Kb, at least 5.5 Kb, at least 5.6 Kb, at least 5.7 Kb, at least 5.8 Kb, at least 5.9 Kb, at least 6.0 Kb, at least 6.1 Kb, at least 6.2 Kb, at least 6.3 Kb, at least 6.4 Kb, at least 6.5 Kb.

[0411] Methods for obtaining constructs are known in the art. For example, to produce parvovirus constructs, methods typically involve culturing a host cell which comprises a nucleic acid sequence encoding a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide or fragment thereof; a construct comprising an AAV inverted terminal repeats (ITRs) and a transgene; a functional capsid rep gene; a functional ITR rep gene; and / or sufficient helper functions to permit packaging of the construct into a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide.

[0412] In some embodiments, components to be cultured in a host cell to package a construct in a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide may be provided to the host cell in trans. Alternatively, one or more components (e.g., a construct, rep sequences, cap sequences, and / or helper functions) may be provided by a stable host cell that has been engineered to contain one or more such components using methods known to those of skill in the art. In some embodiments, such a stable host cell contains such component(s) under control of an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, such component s) may be under control of a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, a selected stable host cell may contain selected component(s) under control of a constitutive promoter and other selected component(s) under control of one or more inducible promoters. For example, a stable host cell may be generated that is derived fromHEK293 cells (which contain El helper functions under the control of a constitutive promoter), but that contain rep and / or cap proteins under control of inducible promoters. Other stable host cells may be generated by one of skill in the art using routine methods.

[0413] A construct, rep sequences, cap sequences, and helper functions required for producing a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide of the disclosure may be delivered to a packaging host cell using any appropriate genetic element (e.g., construct). A selected genetic element may be delivered by any suitable method known in the art, e.g., to those with skill in nucleic acid manipulation and include genetic engineering, recombinant engineering, and synthetic techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). Similarly, methods of generating parvovirus virions are well known and any suitable method can be used with the present disclosure (see, e.g., K. Fisher et al., J. Virol., 70:520-532 (1993) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,478,745, each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). i. Inverted Terminal Repeat Sequences (ITRs)

[0414] Sequences of a construct described herein may comprise a cis-acting 5’ and 3’ inverted terminal repeat sequences (ITRs) (See, e.g., B. J. Carter, in “Handbook of Parvoviruses,” ed., P Tijsser, CRC Press, pp. 155 168 (1990), which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). In some embodiments, ITR sequences are about 145 nt in length. For example, wild type AAV2 ITRs are generally about 145 nt in length. Preferably, substantially the entire sequences encoding ITRs are used in a given molecule, although some degree of minor modification of these sequences is permissible. Ability to modify ITR sequences is within the skill of the art. (See, e.g., texts such as Sambrook et al. “Molecular Cloning. ALaboratory Manual,” 2d ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989); and K. Fisher et al., J Virol., 70:520 532 (1996), each of which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference). An example of such a molecule employed in the present disclosure is a “cis- acting” construct comprising a sequence encoding a transgene product, in which such a sequence and its associated regulatory elements are flanked by 5’ or “left” and 3’or “right” AAV ITR sequences. 5’ and left designations refer to a position of an ITR sequence relative to an entire construct, read left to right, in a sense direction. For example, in some embodiments, a 5’ or leftITR is an ITR that is closest to a promoter (as opposed to a polyadenylation sequence) for a given construct, when a construct is depicted in a sense orientation, linearly. 3’ and right designations refer to a position of an ITR sequence relative to an entire construct, read left to right, in a sense direction. For example, in some embodiments, a 3’ or right ITR is an ITR that is closest to a polyadenylation sequence (as opposed to a promoter sequence) for a given construct, when a construct is depicted in a sense orientation, linearly. ITRs as provided herein are depicted in 5’ to 3’ order in accordance with a sense strand. Accordingly, one of skill in the art will appreciate that a 5’ or “left” orientation ITR can also be depicted as a 3’ or “right” ITR when converting from sense to antisense direction. Further, it is well within the ability of one of skill in the art to transform a given sense ITR sequence (e.g., a 5 ’ / left AAV ITR) into an antisense sequence (e.g., 37right ITR sequence). Accordingly, based upon known AAV ITRs one of skill in the art would understand, in looking at sequences disclosed herein, whether an ITR was in a sense or antisense orientation and whether it would go on a “left” or “right” side of a construct, whether or not it is explicitly labeled as such. A given ITR sequence for use as either a 5 ’ / left or 3 ’ / right ITR, or an antisense version thereof can also be modified in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0415] ITR sequences may be obtained from any known virus. In some embodiments, an ITR is or comprises 145 nucleotides. In some embodiments an ITR is a wild-type AAV2 ITR. In some embodiments an ITR is derived from a wild-type AAV2 ITR and includes one or more modifications, e.g., truncations, deletions, substitutions or insertions as is known in the art. In some embodiments, an ITR comprises fewer than 145 nucleotides, e.g., 119, 127, 130, 134 or 141 nucleotides. For example, in some embodiments, an ITR comprises 110, 111, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123 , 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133, 134, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 142, 143 144, or 145 nucleotides.

[0416] In some embodiments, an ITR comprises (a) a dependoparvovirus ITR (b) an AAV ITR, optionally an AAV2 ITR, (c) a bocaparvovirus ITR, (d) a protoparvovirus ITR, (e) a tetraparvovirus ITR, copiparvovirus ITR, or (f) an erythroparvovirus ITR. In certain embodiments, the ITR is a terminal palindrome with Rep binding elements and terminal resolution site (trs) that is structurally similar to the wild-type ITR. The ITR, in some embodiments, is from AAV1, 2, 3, etc. In certain embodiments, the ITR has the AAV2 RBE andtrs. In some embodiments, the ITR is a chimera of different AAVs. In some embodiments, the ITR and the Rep protein are from AAV5. In some embodiments, the ITR is synthetic and is comprised of RBE motifs and terminal resolution site (trs) GGTTGG, AGTTGG, AGTTGA, RRTTRR. The typical T-shaped structure of the terminal palindrome consisting of the B / B’ and C / C’ stems may also be synthetically modified with substitutions and insertions that maintain the overall secondary structure based on folding prediction (available at URL (http) of unafold.rna.albany.edu / ?q=mfold / DNA-Folding-Form). The stability of the ITR secondary structure is designated by the Gibbs free energy, delta G, with lower values, i.e., more negative, indicating greater stability. The full-length, 145nt ITR has a computed AG = -69.91 kcal / mol. The B and C stems: GCCCGGGCAAAGCCCGGGCGTCGGGCGACCTTTGGTCGCCCG (SEQ ID NO: 193) have AG = -22.44 kcal / mol. Substitutions and insertions that result in a structure with AG = -15 kcal / mol to -30 kcal / mol are functionally equivalent and not distinct from the wild-type dependoparvovirus ITRs.

[0417] Any combination of ITRs and capsid polypeptides may be used in constructs of the present disclosure, for example, wild-type or variant AAV2 ITRs and AAV6 capsid, etc. ii. Transgene

[0418] Among other things, the present disclosure provides that a virion described herein comprises a heterologous nucleic acid comprising a transgene. In some embodiments, a transgene encodes a receptor, toxin, a hormone, an enzyme, a marker protein encoded by a marker gene (see above), or a cell surface protein or a therapeutic protein, peptide or antibody or fragment thereof. In some embodiments, a transgene for use in compositions disclosed herein encodes any polypeptide of which expression in the cell is desired, including, but not limited to antibodies, antigens, enzymes, receptors (cell surface or nuclear), hormones, lymphokines, cytokines, reporter polypeptides, growth factors, and functional fragments of any of the above.

[0419] In some embodiments, a transgene for use in a virion as disclosed herein encodes a polypeptide that is lacking or non-functional in a subject having a disease, including but not limited to any of the diseases described herein. In some embodiments, the disease is a genetic disease.

[0420] In some aspects, a transgene as described herein encodes a nucleic acid for use in methods of preventing or treating one or more genetic deficiencies or dysfunctions in a mammal, such as for example, a polypeptide deficiency or polypeptide excess in a mammal, and particularly for preventing, treating or reducing the severity or extent of deficiency in a human manifesting one or more of the disorders linked to a deficiency in such polypeptides in cells and tissues. The method involves administration of a transgene that encodes one or more therapeutic peptides, polypeptides, siRNAs, microRNAs, antisense nucleotides, etc. packaged in a virion described herein, preferably in a pharmaceutically acceptable composition, to a subject in an amount and for a period of time sufficient to prevent or treat the deficiency or disorder in a subject suffering from such a disorder.

[0421] Thus, in some embodiments, nucleic acids of interest for use in compositions disclosed herein can encode one or more peptides, polypeptides, or proteins, which are useful for the treatment or prevention of a disease in a mammalian subject.

[0422] Exemplary nucleic acids of interest for use in the compositions and methods as disclosed herein include but not limited to: BDNF, CNTF, CSF, EGF, FGF, G-SCF, GM-CSF, gonadotropin, IFN, IFG-1, M-CSF, NGF, PDGF, PEDF, TGF, VEGF, TGF-B2, TNF, prolactin, somatotropin, XIAP1, IL- 1, IL-2, IL-3, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-9, IL- 10, IL- 10(187A), viral IL- 10, IL- 11, IL- 12, IL-13, IL-14, IL-15, IL-16, IL-17, IL-18, VEGF, FGF, SDF-1, connexin 40, connexin 43, SCN4a, HIFia, SERCa2a, ADCY1, and ADCY6.

[0423] In some embodiments, a nucleic acid may comprise a coding sequence or a fragment thereof selected from the group consisting of a mammalian P globin gene (e.g., HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBG1, HBG2, HBD, HBE1, and / or HBZ), alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), a B- cell lymphoma / leukemia 11A (BCL11A) gene, a Kruppel-like factor 1 (KLF1) gene, a CCR5 gene, a CXCR4 gene, a PPP1R12C (AAVS1) gene, an hypoxanthine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) gene, an albumin gene, a Factor VIII gene, a Factor IX gene, a Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene, a Huntingtin (HTT) gene, a rhodopsin (RHO) gene, a Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) gene, ATP -binding cassette sub-family A member 3 (ABCA3), a muscular dystrophy (DMD) gene, a Survival Of Motor Neuron 1 (SMN1) gene, a Survival Of Motor Neuron 2 (SMN2) gene, a Superoxide Dismutase 1 (SOD1) gene, a ATP Binding Cassette Subfamily D Member 1 (ABCD1) gene, aArylsulfatase A (ARSA) gene, a AADC gene, a NGF gene, a APP gene, a PSEN1 gene, a PSEN2 gene, a NTN gene, a GAD gene, a GDNF gene, a KCNA1 gene, a CTSD gene, a MAPT gene, a ROCK II gene , a ACTI gene, a SCNA gene, a FUS gene, a C9ORF72 gene, a ATXN2 gene, a KCNQ2 gene, a SCN8A gene, a TSC2 gene , a TSC1 gene, a AIFM1 gene, a IFIH1 gene, a GABRG2 gene, a RPGRIP1L gene, a PCCA gene, a SCN9A gene, pulmonary-associated surfactant B (SFTPB), surfactant protein c (SFTPC), NK2 homeobox 1 (NKX2-1), F8 or a fragment thereof (e.g., fragment encoding B-domain deleted polypeptide (e.g., VIII SQ, p-VIII)), a surfactant protein B gene (SFTPB), a T-cell receptor alpha (TRAC) gene, a T-cell receptor beta (TRBC) gene, a programmed cell death 1 (PD1) gene, a Cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte Antigen 4 (CTLA-4) gene, an human leukocyte antigen (HLA) A gene, , an HLA B gene, an HLA C gene, an HLA-DPA gene, an HLA-DQ gene, an HLA-DRA gene, a LMP7 gene, , a Transporter associated with Antigen Processing (TAP) 1 gene, a TAP2 gene, a tapasin gene (TAPBP), a class II major histocompatibility complex transactivator (CUT A) gene, a dystrophin gene (DMD), a glucocorticoid receptor gene (GR), an IL2RG gene, an RFX5 gene, a FAD2 gene, a FAD3 gene, a ZP15 gene, a KASII gene, a MDH gene, and / or an EPSPS gene.

[0424] In some embodiments, a transgene for use in a virion disclosed herein can be used to restore the expression of genes that are reduced in expression, silenced, or otherwise dysfunctional in a subject. Similarly, in some embodiments, a transgene for use in a virion disclosed herein can also be used to knockdown the expression of genes that are aberrantly expressed in a subject.

[0425] In some embodiments, the dysfunctional gene is a tumor suppressor that has been silenced in a subject having cancer. In some embodiments, the dysfunctional gene is an oncogene that is aberrantly expressed in a subject having a cancer. Exemplary genes associated with cancer (oncogenes and tumor suppressors) include but not limited to: AARS, ABCB 1, ABCC4, AB 12, ABL1, ABL2, ACK1, ACP2, ACY1, ADSL, AK1, AKR1C2, AKT1, ALB, ANPEP, ANXAS, ANXA7, AP2M1, APC, ARHGAPS, ARHGEFS, ARID4A, ASNS, ATF4, ATM, ATPSB, ATPSO, AXL, BARD1, BAX, BCL2, BHLHB2, BLMH, BRAF, BRCA1, BRCA2, BTK, CANX, CAP1, CAPN1, CAPNS1, CAV1, CBFB, CBLB, CCL2, CCND1, CCND2, CCND3, CCNE1, CCTS, CCYR61, CD24, CD44, CD59, CDC20, CDC25, CDC25A, CDC25B, CDC2LS, CDK10, CDK4, CDK5, CDK9, CDKL1, CDKN1A, CDKN1B, CDKN1C, CDKN2A, CDKN2B,CDKN2D, CEBPG, CENPC1, CGRRF1, CHAF1 A, CIB1 , CKMT1, CLK1, CLK2, CLK3, CLNS1A, CLTC, C0L1A1, COL6A3, COX6C, COX7A2, CRAT, CRHR1, CSF1R, CSK, CSNK1G2, CTNNA1, CTNNB 1, CTPS, CTSC, CTSD, CUL1, CYR61, DCC, DCN, DDX10, DEK, DHCR7, DHRS2, DHX8, DLG3, DVL1, DVL3, E2F1, E2F3, E2F5, EGFR, EGR1, EIF5, EPHA2, ERBB2, ERBB3, ERBB4, ERCC3, ETV1, ETV3, ETV6, F2R, FASTK, FBN1, FBN2, FES, FGFR1, FGR, FKBP8, FN1, FOS, FOSL1, FOSL2, FOXG1A, FOXO1A, FRAP1, FRZB, FTL, FZD2, FZDS, FZD9, G22P1, GAS6, GCNSL2, GDF1S, GNA13, GNAS, GNB2, GNB2L1, GPR39, GRB2, GSK3A, GSPT1, GTF21, HDAC1, HDGF, HMMR, HPRT1, HRB, HSPA4, HSPAS, HSPA8, HSPB1, HSPH1, HYAL1,...

Claims

CLAIMSWe claim:

1. A construct comprising a capsid coding sequence (e.g., a VP1 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP2 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP3 capsid coding sequence, e.g., a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence) operably linked to an expression control sequence, wherein the capsid coding sequence encodes a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide (e.g., a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a parvovirus variant VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a parvovirus variant VP3 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a VP2 / VP3 capsid coding sequence) comprising one or more heterologous peptides according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 8-87, 211-232, or 265-271.

2. The construct of claim 1, wherein the one or more heterologous peptides is inserted into one or more residues of the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of a parvovirus (e.g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of an AAV) capsid.

3. The construct of claim 1 or 2, wherein the one or more residues of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide map(s) onto a structural overlay of one or more residues within a variable region of a parvovirus capsid (e.g., corresponding to one or more residues within a variable region of an AAV capsid).

4. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the variable region is or comprises variable region (VR) VR-III, VR-IV, or VR-VIII.

5. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus is or comprises a bocaparvovirus, copiparvovirus, erythroparvovirus, protoparvovirus, tetraparvovirus, or variant thereof.

6. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus is or comprises a chimeric parvovirus capsid polypeptide having an amino acid sequence that:(i) includes a first region (e.g., at its N-terminus) comprising at least five amino acids (e.g., at least 11 amino acids) corresponding to a first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a variant first parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized VP1 coding sequence); and(ii) includes a second region comprising an amino acid sequence corresponding to a second parvovirus capsid polypeptide (e.g., a parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide, e g., a VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a VP3 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., a variant second parvovirus capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wild type or otherwise functional, e.g., encoded by a codon optimized coding sequence).

7. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus is or comprises a bocaparvovirus, and wherein the bocaparvovirus is a bovine parvovirus, or variant thereof.

8. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more heterologous peptides targets a cell described herein (e.g., an integrin associated with a cell as described herein, e.g., a transmembrane receptor associated with a cell as described herein).

9. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more heterologous peptides increases cell specificity and / or viral transduction efficiency and / or increases virion performance.

10. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide comprises a nuclear localization signal sequence (NLS).11 . The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the construct reduces toxicity in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides.

12. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the construct increases virion production in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides.

13. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the construct increases capsid polypeptide yield in a host cell, relative to a reference construct lacking the one or more heterologous peptides.

14. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, comprising one or more of the following:(i) a 5’ untranslated region (UTR) sequence,(ii) an alternative translation initiation codon sequence (e.g., wherein the capsid coding sequence comprises the alternative translation initiation codon),(iii) wherein the capsid coding sequence comprises fewer ATG sequence(s) across the length of the capsid coding sequence, relative to a parvovirus reference capsid coding sequence selected from the group consisting of those in Table 4A, or(iv) any combination thereof.

15. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a reference VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a variant VP2 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wherein the sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide is or comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to SEQ ID NO: 126, 128, 133-137, 235-236, 253-257, or 283-293) (e.g., wherein the parvovirus VP2 capsidpolypeptide is or comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 124-125, 127, 129-132, 138-139, 237-238, 258-262, or 272-282).

16. The construct of claim 14, wherein the one or more of (i)-(v) directs transcription and / or translation start such that the parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide is present in excess of the parvovirus variant VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., wherein the ratio of parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide to VP2 capsid polypeptide is 20: 1, 15: 1, 12: 1, 10: 1, 8: 1, 4:1, 2: 1, 1 : 1).

17. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a parvovirus VP3 capsid polypeptide.The construct of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a heterologous peptide tag.

19. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is a parvovirus variant VP1 capsid polypeptide comprising an amino acid sequence with at least 60% identity to an amino acid according to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 116-123 or 246-252.

20. The construct of any of the preceding claims, wherein the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide diminishes human humoral immune response against a virion, and / or reduces neutralization of a virion by human antibodies.

21. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capsid coding sequence comprises or is single-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (ssDNA).

22. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capsid coding sequence comprises or is double stranded DNA (dsDNA).

23. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capsid coding sequence comprises or is RNA (e.g., an mRNA).

24. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the capsid coding sequence is a VP1 capsid coding sequence that comprises or is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NO: 148-192 or 194-198.

25. The construct of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more heterologous peptides is or comprises one or more targeting peptides.

26. A construct comprising a sequence having at least 70% identity (e.g., 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100% identity) to a sequence in Table 5.

27. The construct of claim 26, further comprising a sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., a reference VP2 capsid polypeptide, e.g., a variant VP2 capsid polypeptide) (e.g., wherein sequence comprises or is least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% sequence identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 126, 128, 133-137, 235-236, 253-257, or 283-293) (e.g., wherein the sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide is or comprises a sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100% identical to any one of SEQ ID NOs: 124-125, 127, 129-132, 138-139, 237- 238, 258-262, or 272-282).

28. A parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide according to any one of claims 1-27.

29. A virion comprising the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28.

30. The virion of claim 29, further comprising a polynucleotide comprising a heterologous nucleic acid sequence.

31. The virion of claim 30, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid comprises a nucleic acid sequence that is at least about 60% identical to a nucleic acid sequence of a target cell.

32. The virion of claim 30 or 31, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid is at least about 60% identical to a nucleic acid of a mammal, preferably wherein the mammal is a human.

33. The virion of any one of claims 30-32, wherein the polynucleotide comprises at least one inverted terminal repeat (ITR).

34. The virion of claim 33, wherein the at least one ITR comprises one or more of the following:(a) a dependoparvovirus ITR,(b) a bocaparvovirus ITR(c) a protoparvovirus ITR,(d) a tetraparvovirus ITR,(e) an erthythroparvovirus ITR, or(f) a copiparvovirus ITR.

35. The virion of any one of claims 30-34, wherein the polynucleotide is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).

36. The virion of claim 35, wherein the DNA is single- stranded or self-complementary duplex.

37. The virion of any one of claims 30-36, wherein the polynucleotide comprises a Rep protein-dependent origin of replication (ori).

38. The virion of any one of claims 30-37, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence is operably linked to a transgene promoter, optionally placed between two ITRs.

39. The virion of any one of claims 30-38, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises a transgene coding sequence.

40. The virion of claim 39, wherein the transgene coding sequences comprises one or more of:(a) a gene encoding a protein or a fragment thereof, preferably a human protein or a fragment thereof;(b) a nucleic acid encoding a nuclease, optionally a Transcription Activator-Like Effector Nuclease (TALEN), a zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN), a meganuclease, a megaTAL, or a CRISPR endonuclease, (e.g., a Cas9 endonuclease or a variant thereof);(c) a nucleic acid encoding a reporter, e.g., luciferase or GFP; or(d) a nucleic acid encoding a drug resistance protein, e.g., neomycin resistance.41 . The virion of claim 39 or 40, wherein the transgene coding sequence is codon-optimized for expression in a target cell.

42. The virion of any one of claims 39-41, wherein the transgene coding sequence is CpG- depleted for expression in a target cell.

43. The virion of any one of claims 39-42, wherein the transgene coding sequence comprises a hemoglobin gene (HBA1, HBA2, HBB, HBG1, HBG2, HBD, HBE1, and / or HBZ), a gene encoding an alpha-hemoglobin stabilizing protein (AHSP), coagulation factor VIII, coagulation factor IX, von Willebrand factor, dystrophin or truncated dystrophin, micro-dystrophin, utrophin or truncated utrophin, micro-utrophin, usherin (USH2A), CEP290, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), neuturin (NTN), HTT, neuronal apoptosis inhibitory protein (NAIP), cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), ABCA3, F8 or a fragment thereof (e.g., fragment encoding B-domain deleted polypeptide (e.g., VIII SQ, p-VIII)), T cell receptor (e.g., TCR alpha or TCR beta), a gene associated with lysosomal storage diseases, a gene associated with Alport syndrome (e.g., Col4a3, Col4a4, Col4a5), a gene associated with Fabry disease (e.g., GLA), a gene associated with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (PKD) (e.g., PKD, PKD1, PKD2), a gene associated with congenital nephrotic syndrome (e.g., NPHS1 (Nephrin), NPHS2 (Podocin)), a gene associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (e.g., MYBPC3, JPH2, ALPK3), a gene associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (e.g., RBM20), a gene associated with surfactant deficiency (e.g., ABCA3, SFTTB, SFTPC, NKX2-1), a gene associated with a muscular (e.g., skeletal muscle) disorder (e g., DMD), a gene associated with a muscular dystrophy (e.g., DMD), a gene associated with a central nervous system disease (e.g., SMN1, SMN2, SOD1, ABCD1, ARSA, AADC, NGF, APP, PSEN1, PSEN2, NTN, GAD, GDNF, KCNA1, HTT, CTSD, MAPT, ROCK II, ACTI, SCNA. FUS. C9ORF72, ATXN2), a gene associated with an autoimmune disorder, a gene associate with neonatal epilepsy (e.g., KCNQ2, SCN8A, TSC2, TSC1, AIFM1 , IFIH1, GABRG2, RPGRIP1L, PCCA, SCN9A), or a gene associated with dilated cardiomyopathy (e.g., ALPK3, LMNA, BAG3).

44. The virion of any one of claims 30-43, wherein the heterologous nucleic acid sequence comprises a non-coding sequence.

45. The virion of claim 44, wherein the non-coding sequence comprises or is RNA.

46. The virion of claim 45, wherein the RNA comprises or is IncRNA, miRNA, shRNA, siRNA, antisense RNA, and / or guide RNA.

47. The virion of claim 44, wherein the non-coding sequence comprises or is DNA.

48. The virion of claim 47, wherein the DNA comprises or is:(a) a transcription regulatory element (e.g., an enhancer, a transcription termination sequence, an untranslated region (5’ or 3’ UTR), a proximal promoter element, a locus control region, a polyadenylation signal sequence), and / or(b) a translation regulatory element (e.g., Kozak sequence, woodchuck hepatitis virus post-transcriptional regulatory element).

49. The virion of claim 48, wherein the DNA comprises or is a transcription regulatory element, and wherein the transcription regulatory element is a locus control region, optionally a P-globin LCR or a DNase hypersensitive site (HS) of P-globin LCR.

50. The virion of any one of claims 39-49, wherein the transgene coding sequence (or the protein translated therefrom) or the non-coding sequence increases or restores the expression of an endogenous gene of the target cell.51 . The virion of any one of claims 39-50, wherein the transgene coding sequence (or the protein translated therefrom) or the non-coding sequence decreases or eliminates the expression of an endogenous gene of the target cell.

52. The virion of any one of claims 39-51, wherein the transgene promoter is selected from:(a) a promoter heterologous to a nucleic acid;(b) a promoter that facilitates the tissue-specific expression of a nucleic acid, preferably wherein the transgene promoter facilitates hematopoietic cell-specific expression or erythroid lineage-specific expression;(c) a promoter that facilitates the constitutive expression of a nucleic acid; and(d) a promoter that is inducibly expressed, optionally in response to a metabolite or small molecule or chemical entity.

53. The virion of any one of claims 39-52, wherein the transgene promoter is selected from the CMV promoter, P-globin promoter, CAG promoter, AHSP promoter, MND promoter, Wiskott-Aldrich promoter, cardiac troponin T promoter, and PKLR promoter.

54. The virion of any one of claims 29-53, wherein the virion is icosahedral.

55. The virion of any one of claims 29-54, wherein the parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide is phosphorylated.

56. The virion of any one of claims 29-55, wherein the virion detargets the liver relative to a virion comprising an AAV capsid (e.g., detargets the liver about 50 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 100 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 150 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 200 times more than a virioncomprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 250 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 300 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid).

57. A population of virions according to any one of claims 29-56, wherein the population is characterized as having reduced toxicity in a host cell, improved virion production in a host cell, increased capsid polypeptide yield, or any combination thereof, relative to a population of virions comprising a parvovirus reference capsid polypeptide encoded by a reference construct.

58. A system comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27 and / or a second construct comprising a sequence that encodes a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide, wherein the parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide is present in excess of the parvovirus variant VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., wherein the ratio of parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide to VP2 capsid polypeptide is 20: 1, 15: 1, 12: 1, 10:1, 8: 1, 4:1, 2: 1, 1 : 1).

59. A system comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 36 and a parvovirus VP2 capsid polypeptide, wherein the parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide is present in excess of the parvovirus variant VP2 capsid polypeptide (e.g., wherein the ratio of parvovirus VP1 capsid polypeptide to VP2 capsid polypeptide is 20:1, 15: 1, 12:1, 10: 1, 8: 1, 4: 1, 2: 1, 1 : 1).

60. A composition comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27.

61. A composition comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28.

62. A composition comprising a virion of any one of claims 29-56.

63. A composition comprising a population of virions of claim 57.

64. The composition of any one of claims 60-63, wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical composition.

65. The composition of claim 64, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

66. A kit comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27 and a construct comprising a second coding sequence encoding at least one capsid replication protein (e.g., NS1 protein) of a parvovirus operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell.

67. A host cell comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27.

68. A host cell comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28.

69. A host cell comprising a virion of any one of claims 29-56.

70. A host cell comprising a population of virions of claim 57.

71. A host cell comprising a composition of any one of claims 60-65.

72. The host cell of claim 67, comprising a second construct comprising a polynucleotide comprising at least one ITR nucleotide sequence.

73. The host cell of claim 72, wherein the at least one ITR comprises a parvovirus ITR.

74. The host cell of claim 72, wherein the at least one ITR comprises one or more of the following:(a) a dependoparvovirus ITR,(b) a bocaparvovirus ITR,(c) a protoparvovirus ITR,(d) a tetraparvovirus ITR,(e) an erthythroparvovirus ITR, or(f) a copiparvovirus ITR.

75. The host cell of claim 74, wherein the at least one ITR comprises a dependoparvovirus ITR, wherein the at least one dependoparvovirus ITR comprises an AAV ITR, optionally an AAV2 ITR.

76. The host cell of any one of claims 67-75, further comprising a third construct comprising a polynucleotide comprising:(1) at least one capsid replication protein (e.g., NS1) of a parvovirus operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell,(2) (i) at least one ITR replication protein of a protoparvovirus, bocaparvovirus, dependoparvovirus, tetraparvovirus, copiparvovirus or erythroparvovirus, or (ii) at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV, optionally wherein the at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV comprises (a) a Rep52 or a Rep40 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, and / or (b) a Rep78 or a Rep68 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, or(3) a combination of (1) and (2i) or (1) and (2ii).

77. The host cell of any one of claims 67-76, wherein at least the first construct, the second construct, or the third construct is stably integrated in the host cell genome.

78. The host cell of any one of claims 67-77, wherein the at least one capsid replication protein of a parvovirus is an NS1 protein (e.g., having at least 30% identity to SEQ ID NO: 7).

79. The host cell of any one of claims 67-78, wherein the construct is a baculoviral construct, a viral construct, or a plasmid.

80. The host cell of any one of claims 67-79, wherein the expression control sequence for expression in a host cell comprises:(a) a CMV enhancer,(b) a promoter,(c) an intron (e.g., SV40 intron),(d) a Kozak consensus sequence, and / or(e) any combination thereof.

81. The host cell of any one of claims 67-80, wherein the promoter is a polyhedrin, PIO, CMV, UbC, JeT, or OpiEl promoter.

82. The host cell of any one of claims 76-81, wherein the polynucleotide comprising at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding Rep52 and / or Rep78.

83. The host cell of claim 82, wherein the AAV is AAV2.

84. A method of producing a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57, comprising:(1) providing one or more of the following:(i) a first construct comprising at least one ITR nucleotide sequence, optionally further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid operably linked to a promoter for expression in a target cell,(ii) a second construct comprising a construct according to any one of claims 1-35 and / or a construct comprising a second coding sequence linked to an expression control sequence, wherein the second coding sequence encodes a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide, wherein the expression control sequence comprises or is an expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, and(2) introducing the first construct, the second construct, and / or the third construct into a host cell, and(3) maintaining said host cell under conditions such that a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 is produced.

85. The method of claim 84, further comprising (4) providing a third construct comprising:(A) at least one capsid replication protein (e.g., NS1 protein) of parvovirus operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell (e.g., wherein the at least one capsid replication protein of a parvovirus enhances encapsidation, relative to encapsidation without the at least one capsid replication protein of a protoparvovirus),(B) at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV, optionally wherein the at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV comprises (a) a Rep52 or a Rep40 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell,and / or (b) a Rep78 or a Rep68 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, or(C) a combination of (A) and (B).

86. The method of claim 85, wherein the host cell achieves a cell viability of greater than 50% (e.g., of greater than 60%, 70%, or 80%).

87. A method of producing a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 in a host cell, the method comprising:(1) providing a host cell comprising(i) a first construct comprising at least one ITR nucleotide sequence, optionally further comprising a heterologous nucleic acid operably linked to a promoter for expression in a target cell,(ii) a second construct comprising a construct according to any one of claims 1-38 and / or a construct comprising a capsid coding sequence linked to an expression control sequence, wherein the capsid coding sequence encodes a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide, wherein the expression control sequence comprises or is an expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, and(iii) a third construct comprising(A) at least one capsid replication protein (e.g., NS1) of parvovirus operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell (e.g., wherein the at least one capsid replication protein of a parvovirus enhances encapsidation, relative to encapsidation without the at least one capsid replication protein of a protoparvovirus),(B) at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV, optionally wherein the at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV comprises (a) a Rep52 or a Rep40 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression controlsequence for expression in a host cell, and / or (b) a Rep78 or a Rep68 coding sequence operably linked to at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell, or(C) a combination of (A) and (B), optionally, a fourth construct or more, wherein at least one of (i), (ii), (iii)(A), (iii)(B), and (iii)(C) is / are stably integrated in the host cell genome, and the fourth construct or more, when present, comprises the remainder of the (i), (ii), (iii)(A), (iii)(B), and (iii)(C) nucleotide sequences which is / are not stably integrated in the host cell genome, and(2) maintaining the host cell under conditions such that a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 is produced.

88. The method of claim 87, wherein the host cell achieves a cell viability of greater than 50% (e.g., of greater than 60%, 70%, or 80%).

89. The method of any one of claims 84-88, wherein the at least one construct is a baculoviral construct, a viral construct, or a plasmid.

90. The method of any one of claims 87-89, wherein the at least one ITR comprises one or more of the following:(a) a dependoparvovirus ITR,(b) a bocaparvovirus ITR,(c) a protoparvovirus ITR,(d) a tetraparvovirus ITR,(e) an erthythroparvovirus ITR, or(f) a copiparvovirus ITR.

91. The method of any one of claims 87-90, wherein the at least one expression control sequence for expression in a host cell comprises:(a) a CMV enhancer,(b) a promoter,(c) an intron (e.g., SV40 intron),(d) a Kozak consensus sequence, and / or(e) any combination thereof.

92. The method of claim 91, wherein the promoter is a polyhedrin, PIO, Ubc, JeT, or OpiEl promoter.

93. The method of any one of claims 87-92, wherein the polynucleotide comprising at least one ITR replication protein of an AAV comprises a nucleotide sequence encoding Rep52 and / or Rep78.

94. The method of claim 93, wherein the AAV is AAV2.

95. A method of purifying a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57, wherein the virion or the population of virions is purified using an antibody, an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, or a nanobody that binds the virion.

96. The method of claim 95, wherein the antibody, an antigen-binding fragment of an antibody, or a nanobody binds the heterologous peptide tag in the capsid of the virion.

97. A method of preventing or treating a disease (e.g., a kidney disease, e.g., a cardiac (or heart) disease, e.g., a lung disease, e.g., a neuronal disease / condition, e.g., a muscle disease (e.g., skeletal muscle disease), a central nervous system disease, neonatal epilepsy), comprising: administering (e.g., systemically) to a subject in need thereof an effective amount of virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64.

98. A method of preventing or treating a disease (e.g., a kidney disease, e.g., a cardiac (or heart) disease, e.g., a lung disease, e.g., a neuronal disease / condition, e.g., a muscle disease (e.g., skeletal muscle disease), a central nervous system disease, neonatal epilepsy), comprising:(a) obtaining a plurality of cells;(b) transducing the cells with a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64, optionally further selecting or screening for the transduced cells; and(c) administering an effective amount of the transduced cells to a subject in need thereof.

99. The method of any one of claims 97 or 98, further comprising co-administering an immune suppressant and / or a prophylactic to mitigate an immune response.

100. The method of any one of claims 97-99, wherein the subject has not been prescreened for antibodies against a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64.

101. The method of any one of claims 95-100, wherein a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64 selectively target a cell (e.g., an integrin associated with a cell as described herein, e.g., a transmembrane receptor associated with a cell as described herein).

102. The method of any one of claims 95-101, wherein a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64 detargets a cell (e.g., a liver cell) relative to a virion or population of virions comprising an AAV capsid (e.g., detargets the liver about 50 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 100 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 150 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 200 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 250 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 300 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid).

103. A method of characterizing a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64.

104. A method of manufacturing an intermediate (e.g., any intermediate that can be stored or shipped) of a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64.

105. A method of providing a virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64, comprising assessing one or more characteristics of the virion or the population of virions and establishing one or more characteristics of the virion or population of virions (e.g., compared to a reference sample).

106. A system comprising a host cell according to any one of claims 67-83.

107. A method comprising contacting a cell with a construct of any one of claims 1-27.

108. A virion according to any one of claims 29-56 or a population of virions according to claim 57 or a pharmaceutical composition of claim 64 for use in the treatment of a disease or disorder.

109. Use of a construct of any one of claims 1-27 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat a disease or disorder.

110. Use of a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat a disease or disorder.

111. Use of a virion of any one of claims 29-56 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat a disease or disorder.

112. Use of a population of virions of claim 57 for the manufacture of a medicament to treat a disease or disorder.

113. A kit comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27, a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28, a virion of any one of claims 29-56, a population of virions of claim 57, a composition of any one of claims 60-65, or a host cell of any one of claims 67-83.

114. A virion of any one of claims 29-56, a population of virions according to claim 57, a method of any one of claims 97-102, wherein the virion or population of virions detargets the liver relative to a virion or population of virions comprising an AAV capsid (e.g., detargets the liver about 50 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e g., 100 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 150 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 200 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 250 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid, e.g., 300 times more than a virion comprising an AAV capsid).

115. An ex vivo cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, e.g., a target cell) comprising a construct of any one of claims 1-27.

116. An ex vivo cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, e g., a target cell) comprising a parvovirus variant capsid polypeptide of claim 28.

117. An ex vivo cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, e.g., a target cell) comprising a virion of any one of claims 29-56.

118. An ex vivo cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, e g., a target cell) comprising a population of virions of claim 57.

119. An ex vivo cell (e.g., a mammalian cell, e.g., a target cell) comprising a composition of any one of claims 60-65.

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