Solar cell, photovoltaic device, electrical apparatus, and power generation apparatus

Abstract

The present application discloses a solar cell, an electrical apparatus, and a power generation apparatus. The solar cell at least comprises a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer, and a passivation layer. The electron transport layer is located on one side of the perovskite layer, and the passivation layer is disposed on the side of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer. The passivation layer comprises first cations and second cations. The first cations comprise polyammonium organic cations, and the second cations comprise fluorine-containing monoammonium organic cations. The present application uses the passivation layer to alleviate surface defect issues of the perovskite and to mitigate issues with the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

Description

Solar cell, photovoltaic device, power consuming device and power generating device

[0001] Cross-reference to Related Applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202411387901.0, filed on September 30, 2024, entitled “Solar cell, photovoltaic device, power consuming device and power generating device”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. TECHNICAL FIELD

[0003] The present application relates to the technical field of solar cells, in particular to a solar cell, a photovoltaic device, a power consuming device and a power generating device. BACKGROUND

[0004] As the third generation solar cell, perovskite solar cell uses perovskite material as light-absorbing layer material, and has significant performance advantages such as high light absorption coefficient, carrier mobility, direct and controllable optical band gap. However, there are point defects on the surface of perovskite, and there are also interface recombination defects on the interface of perovskite towards the electron transport layer, resulting in low photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell. SUMMARY

[0005] In view of the above technical problems, the present application provides a solar cell, a photovoltaic device, a power consuming device and a power generating device to improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0006] The first technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a solar cell, which at least comprises: a perovskite layer; an electron transport layer located on one side of the perovskite layer; a passivation layer arranged on the side of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer; wherein the passivation layer comprises first cations and second cations; the first cations comprise multi-ammonium organic cations, and the second cations comprise fluorine-containing mono-ammonium organic cations.

[0007] In the technical solution of the present application, the solar cell comprises a perovskite layer, an electron transport layer and a passivation layer. The passivation layer is arranged on the side of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer, and the passivation layer comprises first cations and second cations. The first cations comprise multi-ammonium organic cations, and the multi-ammonium organic cations have multiple ammonium passivation sites, one of which –NH3 + group can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill the cation vacancies, and at least one –NH3 +The group passivates the perovskite by excluding the interface minority carriers (holes), provides effective field effect passivation for perovskite, reduces the band offset between perovskite and electron transport layer, greatly suppresses the non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, and improves the electron extraction efficiency. The second cation includes a fluorine-containing mono-ammonium organic cation, in which the ammonium ion interacts with the perovskite surface, and the F group with strong polarity in contact with the electron transport layer can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface, promoting the extraction of electrons. In addition, the F group has a large adsorption energy at the interface with the electron transport layer, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer. The embodiments of the present application can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer by setting a passivation layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, and the passivation layer includes two compounds with different functions, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0008] In some embodiments, the multi-ammonium organic cation includes a di-ammonium organic cation.

[0009] The di-ammonium organic cation has two passivation sites, one of which is –NH3 + The group can anchor the perovskite surface to fill the cation vacancy, and the other –NH3 + The group passivates the perovskite by excluding the interface minority carriers (holes), can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0010] In some embodiments, the first cation includes NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + The cation shown, the second cation includes NH3 + -R3-(R4) b The cation shown, wherein R1, R2 independently include one of hydrogen, C1-C5 alkyl, R3 includes one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aryl with 6-20 ring atoms, R4 group includes –CF3 and / or –F, a is an integer of 2-5, and b is an integer of 1-3.

[0011] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the first cation includes NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + The cation shown, NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + has two passivation sites, one of which is –NH3 +The group can anchor in the perovskite surface to fill the cation vacancy, and another -NH3 + The group provides effective field effect passivation for perovskite by repelling the interface minority carriers (holes), reduces the band offset between perovskite and electron transport layer, greatly suppresses the non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, and improves the electron extraction efficiency. The second cation includes NH3 + -R3-(R4) b The group shown in the cation, wherein the R3 group plays a role in connecting the -NH3 + group and the skeleton of the R4 group, -NH3 + The group interacts with the perovskite surface, and the R4 group with strong polarity contacts the electron transport layer, which can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface and promote the extraction of electrons. In addition, the R4 group has a large adsorption energy at the interface with the electron transport layer, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer interface. The embodiments of the present application can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer by setting a passivation layer between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, and the passivation layer includes two compounds with different functions, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0012] In some embodiments, the passivation layer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2 independently includes one of hydrogen, C1-C2 alkyl; (2) R3 includes one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene and substituted or unsubstituted arylene with 6-16 ring atoms, (3) in the case of R3 being substituted, the substituent includes one or more of C1-C4 alkyl, double bond group.

[0013] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the R3 group plays a role in connecting the -NH3 + group and the skeleton of the R4 group, R3 is in the above range, and the chain length is more appropriate, which can make the carbon chain more easily enter the perovskite crystal lattice, thereby improving the passivation effect.

[0014] In some embodiments, the R3 group includes one or more of a carbon chain sub-group containing a single bond or a double bond, a benzene ring sub-group, a methyl benzene sub-group, an ethyl benzene sub-group, a propyl benzene sub-group, an isopropyl benzene sub-group, a biphenyl sub-group, a methyl biphenyl sub-group, an ethyl biphenyl sub-group, a propyl biphenyl sub-group, and an isopropyl biphenyl sub-group.

[0015] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the R3 group plays a role in connecting the -NH3 + group and the skeleton of the R4 group, which is conducive to achieving the passivation effect between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer.

[0016] In some embodiments, the first cation comprises one or more of

[0017] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the first cation has two passivation sites, one of which is an -NH3 + group can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill the cation vacancy, and the other -NH3 + group far from the perovskite surface can reduce the band offset of the perovskite and the electron transport layer by repelling the minority carriers (holes) at the interface, greatly inhibiting the non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and the perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, while improving the electron extraction efficiency.

[0018] In some embodiments, R3 comprises one or more of

[0019] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the benzene ring group in the second cation makes the electric dipole moment adjustment more significant.

[0020] In some embodiments, the second cation comprises one or more of

[0021] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the benzene ring group in the second cation makes the electric dipole moment adjustment more significant, and the -NH3 + group at one end of the second cation interacts with the perovskite surface, and the R4 group with strong polarity in contact with the electron transport layer can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface, promoting the extraction of electrons. In addition, the R4 group has a large adsorption energy at the interface with the electron transport layer, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer interface.

[0022] In some embodiments, the passivation layer comprises anions, and the anions comprise one or more of halide ions, boron tetrafluoride ions, hexafluorophosphate ions, or thiocyanate ions.

[0023] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the above anions can form a salt with the first cation and / or the second cation, which has the first cation and / or the second cation, thereby expanding the range of the first cation source and / or the second cation source.

[0024] In some embodiments, the halide ions comprise one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , and I - .

[0025] The above anion can form a salt with the first cation and / or the second cation, thereby expanding the range of the first cation source and / or the second cation source.

[0026] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first cation to the second cation is 0.1-20.

[0027] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the passivation layer prepared by the above-mentioned ratio is arranged between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0028] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first cation to the second cation is 0.2-0.8.

[0029] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, further controlling the ratio of the first cation to the second cation in the passivation layer can further reduce the perovskite surface defect and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0030] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 1-5 nm.

[0031] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is within the above-mentioned range, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0032] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer is 2-4 nm.

[0033] In the technical scheme of the embodiments of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is within the above-mentioned range, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0034] In some embodiments, the perovskite includes a perovskite material, and the component general formula is ABX3 or A2CDX6, wherein A includes one or more of inorganic or organic or organic-inorganic mixed cations, including methylamine cation, formamidine cation, guanidinium cation, Cs + , Rb + ; B includes inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co2+ and Sb 2+ C includes inorganic or organic or organic-inorganic mixed cations, including Ag + , Cu + , Au + , formamidinium cations, guanidinium cations; D includes inorganic cations, including Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ and In 3+ X includes inorganic anions, including halide anions or halide-like anions, including F - , Cl - , Br - , I - or several thereof.

[0035] In some embodiments, the electron transport layer includes one or more of [6,6]-phenyl C 61 butyric acid methyl ester, [6,6]-phenyl C 71 butyric acid methyl ester, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, tin dioxide, zinc oxide.

[0036] In some embodiments, the solar cell includes a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, the passivation layer, the electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer arranged in sequence; or, the solar cell includes the first electrode layer, the electron transport layer, the passivation layer, the hole transport layer, and the second electrode layer arranged in sequence.

[0037] A second technical solution employed by the present application is to provide a photovoltaic device including the solar cell as described above or a preparation method of the solar cell as described above.

[0038] Since the photovoltaic device of the present application includes the solar cell provided by the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0039] A third technical solution employed by the present application is to provide an electric device including the solar cell as described above or a preparation method of the solar cell as described above.

[0040] Since the device of the present application includes the solar cell provided by the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0041] A fourth technical solution employed by the present application is to provide a device including the solar cell as described above or a preparation method of the solar cell as described above.

[0042] Since the device of the present application includes the solar cell provided by the present application, it at least has the same advantages as the solar cell.

[0043] The above description is only a summary of the technical solutions of the present application. In order to make the technical means of the present application more clearly understood and implemented according to the content of the specification, and in order to make the above and other purposes, features and advantages of the present application more obvious and easy to understand, the following specific embodiments of the present application are described. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

[0044] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the following detailed description of the preferred embodiments. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a description of the preferred embodiments and are not meant to limit the present application. Moreover, in the attached drawings, like reference numerals refer to same or similar components. In the drawings:

[0045] Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0046] Fig. 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0047] Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0048] Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0049] Fig. 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic device according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0050] Fig. 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical device according to an embodiment of the present application;

[0051] Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a power generation device according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0052] Legend: solar cell 100, first electrode 105, hole transport layer 104, perovskite layer 101, passivation layer 103, electron transport layer 102, second electrode 106, photovoltaic device 1000, electrical device 2000, power generation device 3000. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0053] The embodiments of the technical solutions of the present application will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following embodiments are only used to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the present application, and therefore only serve as examples, and cannot limit the protection scope of the present application.

[0054] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application belongs; the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of this application; the use of the terms "including," "comprising," or "having" and variations thereof herein is intended to be broad and encompass the terms "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" and variations thereof. Unless otherwise noted, the terms "including" and / or "comprising" when used herein shall mean "including, but not limited to."

[0055] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the technical terms "first", "second", etc. are only used to distinguish different objects, and cannot be understood as indicating or implying relative importance or implicitly indicating the number, specific order or primary and secondary relationship of the indicated technical features. In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the meaning of "a plurality of" is two or more, unless otherwise explicitly and specifically limited.

[0056] Reference herein to "an embodiment" means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment can be included in at least one embodiment of the application. The appearances of the phrase in various places in the specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment, nor are they necessarily mutually exclusive or alternative embodiments. It is expressly understood that the embodiments described herein are combinable with each other.

[0057] In the description of the embodiments of the present application, the term "and / or" is only a description of the association relationship of the associated objects, which means that there can be three relationships, for example, A and / or B, which can represent the three cases of A alone, A and B together, and B alone. In addition, the character " / " herein generally represents that the front and rear associated objects are in an "or" relationship.

[0058] In the present application, the term "polyammonium organic cation" refers to an organic cation containing at least two ammonium ions, such as a diammonium organic cation refers to an organic cation containing two ammonium ions, such as and the like. In the present application, the term "alkyl" refers to a saturated hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a straight chain (n-alkyl) or branched chain (i-alkyl) alkane. The phrase "Ci-5alkyl" includes, but is not limited to, C1alkyl, C2alkyl, C3alkyl, C4alkyl, or C5alkyl, each occurrence of which can be independent of the other occurrences. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methyl (Me, -CH3), ethyl (Et, -CH2CH3), 1 -propyl (n-Pr, n-propyl, -CH2CH2CH3), 2-propyl (i-Pr, i-propyl, -CH(CH3)2), 1 -butyl (n-Bu, n-butyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-methyl-1 -propyl (i-Bu, i-butyl, -CH2CH(CH3)2), 1-pentyl (n-pentyl, -CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3), 2-pentyl (-CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH3), and the like.

[0059] In the present application, the term "alkylene" refers to a hydrocarbon radical having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from an alkane (or by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkyl group), which can be a saturated branched chain structure or a saturated straight chain structure. For example, "Ci-5alkylene" refers to an alkylene moiety containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independent of the other occurrences. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethylidene (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethylidene (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propylidene (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propylidene (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propylidene (-CH2CH2CH2-), 1,4-butylidene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-), and the like. 1-5 In the present application, the term "alkylene" refers to a hydrocarbon radical having two monovalent radical centers derived by the removal of two hydrogen atoms from an alkane (or by the removal of one hydrogen atom from an alkyl group), which can be a saturated branched chain structure or a saturated straight chain structure. For example, "Ci-5alkylene" refers to an alkylene moiety containing 1 to 5 carbon atoms, each occurrence of which can be independent of the other occurrences. Suitable examples include, but are not limited to: methylene (-CH2-), 1,1-ethylidene (-CH(CH3)-), 1,2-ethylidene (-CH2CH2-), 1,1-propylidene (-CH(CH2CH3)-), 1,2-propylidene (-CH2CH(CH3)-), 1,3-propylidene (-CH2CH2CH2-), 1,4-butylidene (-CH2CH2CH2CH2-), and the like.

[0060] In the present application, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single ring (monocyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a fused ring (bi- or tricyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a multiple ring (polycyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, at least one of which is aromatic, unless otherwise specified. "C 6～20 In the present application, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single ring (monocyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a fused ring (bi- or tricyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a multiple ring (polycyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, at least one of which is aromatic, unless otherwise specified. "C 10 In the present application, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single ring (monocyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a fused ring (bi- or tricyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a multiple ring (polycyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, at least one of which is aromatic, unless otherwise specified. "C 12 In the present application, the term "aryl" refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon radical derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single ring (monocyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a fused ring (bi- or tricyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, or from a multiple ring (polycyclic) aromatic ring hydrocarbon, at least one of which is aromatic, unless otherwise specified. "C13 aryl (e.g., fluorenyl), C 14 aryl (e.g., anthryl, phenanthryl), C 18 aryl (e.g., triphenylenyl) or C 20 aryl (e.g., perylenyl), and the like.

[0061] In the present application, the term "arylene" refers to a divalent residue derived from the loss of two hydrogen atoms from an aromatic ring.

[0062] In a perovskite solar cell, the surface of the perovskite thin film is an active site prone to defects, and the defect density is several orders of magnitude larger than that of most perovskite grains. These defects introduce electronic states in the energy band as non-radiative recombination centers, hindering the interface carrier transport, thus affecting the performance of the perovskite solar cell. At the same time, these defects also accumulate charges and accelerate ion migration, ultimately leading to degradation of the perovskite layer under heat, humidity, and light induction. The existence of halogen vacancies near the contact interface between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer (ETL) and the interface recombination caused by incomplete passivation traps. In the related art, on the one hand, the perovskite adopts organic halide ammonium salt to form covalent bonds and ionic bonds with metal cations or halide anions with insufficient coordination, combining with charged defects, filling vacancy defects, and forming low-dimensional perovskite to adjust the energy band; on the other hand, metal cations are used to adjust the growth rate of perovskite crystals and passivate negatively charged defects through ionic bonds, substitute A sites by doping into the lattice, and tune the photoelectric performance; on the other hand, a dielectric film is introduced at the interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer to produce an interface dipole to selectively repel or separate free charges (electrons or holes) on the interface, thereby protecting the photo-generated carriers from being affected by recombination in the active region. The above has the following defects: the defects on the perovskite thin film have an adsorption limit, and if only a single type of molecule is used for passivation, it will lead to insufficient coordination of the defect sites, and the use of a single type of molecule may not be able to simultaneously solve the problem of interface recombination of the perovskite layer surface, the perovskite and the electron transport layer.

[0063] Referring to FIG. 1 or FIG. 2, the first technical solution adopted by the present application is to provide a solar cell 100, which at least includes a perovskite layer 101, an electron transport layer 102, and a passivation layer 103. The electron transport layer 102 is located on one side of the perovskite layer 101; the passivation layer 103 is arranged on the side of the perovskite layer 101 facing the electron transport layer 102; wherein the passivation layer 103 includes first cations and second cations; wherein the first cations include polyammonium organic cations, and the second cations include fluorine-containing monammonium organic cations.

[0064] The technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application is as follows: the solar cell includes a perovskite layer 101, an electron transport layer 102, and a passivation layer 103. The passivation layer 103 is arranged on the side of the perovskite layer 101 facing the electron transport layer 102, and the passivation layer 103 includes first cations and second cations. The first cations include multi-ammonium organic cations, and the multi-ammonium organic cations have multiple –NH3 + groups that can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill cation vacancies. At least one –NH3 + group far from the perovskite surface can repel the minority carriers (holes) at the interface, provide effective field effect passivation for the perovskite, reduce the energy band offset between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, greatly inhibit the non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and the perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, and improve the electron extraction efficiency. The second cations include fluorine-containing mono-ammonium organic cations, in which the ammonium ion interacts with the perovskite surface, and the F group with strong polarity in contact with the electron transport layer 102 can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface and promote the extraction of electrons. In addition, the F group has a large adsorption energy at the interface with the electron transport layer, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer. The passivation layer 103 arranged between the perovskite layer 101 and the electron transport layer 102 and containing two compounds with different functions can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the contact interface problem between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0065] In some embodiments, the multi-ammonium organic cations include di-ammonium organic cations.

[0066] The di-ammonium organic cations have two passivation sites, one of which is –NH3 + group that can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill cation vacancies, and the other –NH3 + group can repel the minority carriers (holes) at the interface, thereby optimizing the perovskite surface defect problem and improving the contact interface problem between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0067] In some embodiments, the first cations include NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + indicated cation, and the second cations include NH3 + -R3-(R4) bR1, R2independently include one of hydrogen, C1-C5 alkyl, R3includes one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aryl with ring atoms of 6-20, and the R4group includes -CF3 and / or -F, a is an integer of 2-5, and b is an integer of 1-3.

[0068] In the technical solution of the embodiment of the application, the first cation includes NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + The cation shown, NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + has two passivation sites, one of which -NH3 + groups can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill the cation vacancy, and the other -NH3 + group far from the perovite surface can provide effective field effect passivation for the perovskite by repelling the minority carriers (holes) at the interface, reduce the band offset between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, greatly inhibit the non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and the perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, and at the same time improve the electron extraction efficiency. The second cation includes NH3 + -R3-(R4) b The cation shown, wherein the R3group serves as a skeleton connecting the -NH3 + group and the R4group, the -NH3 + group interacts with the perovskite surface, and the R4group with strong polarity in contact with the electron transport layer 102 can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface, promoting the extraction of electrons. In addition, the R4group has a large adsorption energy at the electron transport layer interface, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer interface. The application embodiment sets the passivation layer 103 between the perovskite layer 101 and the electron transport layer 102, and the passivation layer 103 contains two compounds with different functions, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102 contact interface, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0069] In some embodiments, the first cation and the second cation can be tested by a TOF-SIMS test method. TOF-SIMS can test the ion state information of the surface of the passivation layer. The surface of the sample is bombarded by a thermal electron ionized argon or oxygen plasma, and the charged ions or ion groups overflowing from the surface of the sample are detected to characterize the composition of the passivation layer. A cation analysis mode is set, the surface of the sample is scanned, and the ion state information of the surface is analyzed, and whether the first cation and the second cation exist is analyzed.

[0070] The solar cell 100 disclosed in the embodiments of the present application can be used in an electric device or a power generation device that applies photoelectric conversion. The electric device can be, but is not limited to, a mobile phone, a tablet, a notebook computer, an electric toy, an electric tool, an electric vehicle, an electric automobile, a ship, a spacecraft, and the like. The electric toy can include a fixed or mobile electric toy, such as a game machine, an electric automobile toy, an electric ship toy, an electric aircraft toy, and the like. The spacecraft can include an airplane, a rocket, a space shuttle, a spacecraft, and the like. The power generation device can include the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which can be a secondary battery.

[0071] In some embodiments, the passivation layer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2 independently include one of hydrogen, C1-C2 alkyl; (2) R3 includes one of a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene and a substituted or unsubstituted arylene with 6-16 ring atoms; (3) in the case where R3 is substituted, the substituent includes one or more of C1-C4 alkyl, a double bond group.

[0072] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the R3 group serves as a skeleton connecting the –NH3 + group and the R4 group, and R3 is in the above range, which is suitable for the chain length, so that the carbon chain can more easily enter the perovskite crystal lattice, thereby improving the passivation effect.

[0073] In some embodiments, the R3 group includes one or more of a carbon chain sub-group containing a single bond or a double bond, a benzene ring sub-group, a methyl benzene sub-group, an ethyl benzene sub-group, a propyl benzene sub-group, an isopropyl benzene sub-group, a biphenyl sub-group, a methyl biphenyl sub-group, an ethyl biphenyl sub-group, a propyl biphenyl sub-group, and an isopropyl biphenyl sub-group.

[0074] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the R3 group serves as a skeleton connecting the –NH3 + group and the R4 group, which is conducive to the passivation between the perovskite layer and the electron transport layer.

[0075] wherein a carbon chain sub-group refers to a group derived from a carbon chain group by loss of one hydrogen atom, for example methylene (-CH2-); a benzene ring sub-group refers to a group derived from a benzene ring group by loss of one hydrogen atom, for example benzyl; a methyl benzene sub-group refers to a group derived from a methyl benzene group by loss of one hydrogen atom; an ethyl benzene sub-group refers to a group derived from an ethyl benzene group by loss of one hydrogen atom; a propyl benzene sub-group refers to a group derived from a propyl benzene group by loss of one hydrogen atom; an isopropyl benzene sub-group refers to a group derived from an isopropyl benzene group by loss of one hydrogen atom; a biphenyl sub-group refers to a group derived from a biphenyl group by loss of one hydrogen atom; a methyl biphenyl sub-group refers to a group derived from a methyl biphenyl group by loss of one hydrogen atom; an ethyl biphenyl sub-group refers to a group derived from an ethyl biphenyl group by loss of one hydrogen atom; a propyl biphenyl sub-group refers to a group derived from a propyl biphenyl group by loss of one hydrogen atom; an isopropyl biphenyl sub-group refers to a group derived from an isopropyl biphenyl group by loss of one hydrogen atom.

[0076] In some embodiments, the first cation comprises one or more of

[0077] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the first cation has two passivation sites, one -NH3 + group can anchor on the perovskite surface to fill cation vacancies, and the other -NH3 + group far from the perovskite surface reduces the band offset between the perovskite and the electron transport layer by repelling the minority carriers (holes) at the interface, greatly inhibiting non-radiative recombination at the perovskite surface and the perovskite / electron transport layer heterojunction, while improving the electron extraction efficiency.

[0078] In some embodiments, R3 comprises one or more of

[0079] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the benzene ring group in the second cation makes the electric dipole moment adjustment more significant.

[0080] In some embodiments, the second cation comprises one or more of

[0081] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the benzene ring group in the second cation makes the electric dipole moment adjustment more significant, and the -NH3 +The group interacts with the perovskite surface, and the R4 group with strong polarity contacts the electron transport layer, which can induce charge redistribution at the contact interface and promote the extraction of electrons. In addition, the R4 group has a large adsorption energy at the interface with the electron transport layer, which can further improve the contact quality between the perovskite and the electron transport layer interface.

[0082] In some embodiments, the passivation layer 103 comprises anions, and the anions comprise one or more of halide ions, boron tetrafluoride ions, hexafluorophosphate ions, or thiocyanate ions.

[0083] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the above anions can form a salt with the first cation and / or the second cation, thereby expanding the range of the first cation source and / or the second cation source.

[0084] In some embodiments, the halide ions comprise one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , and I - .

[0085] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the above anions can form a salt with the first cation and / or the second cation, thereby expanding the range of the first cation source and / or the second cation source.

[0086] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first cation to the second cation is 0.1-20.

[0087] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the present application, the passivation layer 103 prepared by the above ratio is arranged between the perovskite layer 101 and the electron transport layer 102, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the contact interface problem between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0088] The molar ratio of the first cation to the second cation can be 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1, 1.2, 1.5, 2.1, 2.8, 3.5, 3.8, 4.0, 4.2, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.2, 6.5, 8, 12, 15.5, 16.8, 18, 20, or a range composed of any two of the above values, such as 0.1-4.5, 4.5-12, 12-20, 2.1-15.5, etc.

[0089] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of the first cation to the second cation is 0.2-0.8.

[0090] The technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application further controls the ratio of the first cation and the second cation in the passivation layer 103, which can further reduce the perovskite surface defects and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0091] The molar ratio of the first cation and the second cation can be 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.36, 0.45, 0.5, 0.58, 0.65, 0.72, 0.8, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.2-0.36, 0.36-0.65, 0.65-0.8, 0.3-0.72, etc.

[0092] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 103 is 1-5 nm.

[0093] The thickness of the passivation layer 103 can be 1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.3 nm, 2.5 nm, 2.8 nm, 3.1 nm, 3.5 nm, 3.8 nm, 4.2 nm, 4.6 nm, 5 nm, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 1-2 nm, 2-3.8 nm, 3.8-3.1 nm, 3.5-4.2 nm, etc.

[0094] In the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer is within the above range, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0095] In some embodiments, the thickness of the passivation layer 103 is 2-4 nm.

[0096] In the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application, the thickness of the passivation layer 103 is within the above range, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0097] The thickness of the passivation layer 103 can be 2 nm, 2.2 nm, 2.3 nm, 2.42 nm, 2.58 nm, 2.8 nm, 2.9 nm, 3.0 nm, 3.2 nm, 3.3 nm, 3.4 nm, 3.5 nm, 3.6 nm, 3.7 nm, 3.8 nm, 3.9 nm, 4 nm, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 2-3.5 nm, 2.8-3.6 nm, 2.42-3.7 nm, 2.58-3.9 nm, etc.

[0098] In other embodiments, referring to FIG. 3 or FIG. 4, the solar cell 100 comprises a first electrode layer 105, a hole transport layer 104, a perovskite layer 101, a passivation layer 103, an electron transport layer 102 and a second electrode layer 106 arranged in sequence; or the solar cell 100 comprises a first electrode layer 105, an electron transport layer 102, a passivation layer 103, a hole transport layer 104 and a second electrode layer 106 arranged in sequence.

[0099] The first electrode 105 comprises a transparent conductive substrate, and the transparent conductive glass substrate functions to guide photo-generated carriers out, and the transparent conductive layer comprises but is not limited to one of the following materials: FTO (fluorine-doped tin oxide), ITO (indium tin oxide), AZO (aluminum-doped zinc oxide), BZO (boron-doped zinc oxide), IZO (indium-doped zinc oxide).

[0100] The electron transport layer 102 functions to extract electrons and block holes, and the electron transport layer 102 comprises one or more of the following materials and derivatives thereof and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof: [6,6]-phenyl C 61 PCBM (methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C 61 PCBM (methyl butyrate), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and the like. 71 PCBM (methyl butyrate), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 PCBM (methyl butyrate), fullerene C60 (C60), fullerene C70 (C70), tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO) and the like.

[0101] The components of the perovskite layer 101 can be ABX3 or A2CDX6, A comprises inorganic or organic or organic-inorganic mixed cations, and can be one or more of MA + (ammonia cation), FA + (formamidine cation), GA + (guanidine cation), Cs + , Rb + ; B comprises inorganic cations, and can be one or more of Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ and Sb 2+ ; C comprises inorganic or organic or organic-inorganic mixed cations, and is commonly Ag + , Cu + , Au + , FA + , GA + (guanidine cation); D comprises inorganic cations, and can be Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , and In3+ one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , I - .

[0102] In the photoelectric device of the present application, the perovskite is typically selected from MAPbBrI2, MAPbBrCl2, FA 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 )3, etc.

[0103] The hole transport layer 104 includes one or more of the following materials and derivatives thereof and materials obtained by doping or passivation thereof: nickel oxide, 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(N,N-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9'-spirobifluorene (Spiro-OMeTAD), poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA), [4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz), [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazol-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz), and other materials reported in patents or literature.

[0104] The material of the second electrode 106 is an organic or inorganic or organic-inorganic hybrid conductive material, including but not limited to one or more of the following materials Ag, Cu, C, Au, Al, ITO, AZO, BZO, IZO, etc.

[0105] It should be noted that a corresponding modification layer can be inserted between layers. For example, a passivation layer is inserted between the perovskite layer and the hole transport layer to passivate the defects of the perovskite layer, which can further improve the performance of the solar cell. For example, a hole blocking layer is inserted on the side of the electron transport layer away from the perovskite layer to block holes, and the material can include SnO2, bathocuproine (2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline, BCP), etc.

[0106] The application also provides a preparation method of a solar cell 100, including: providing a substrate structure with a perovskite layer 101; disposing a passivation layer 103 on the perovskite layer 101, including: spin-coating a passivation precursor solution including a first cation and a second cation on the perovskite layer 101, and heat-treating to form the passivation layer 103; disposing an electron transport layer 102 on the passivation layer 103; or, providing a substrate structure with a perovskite layer 101; disposing a passivation layer 103 on the electron transport layer 102, including: spin-coating a passivation precursor solution including a first cation and a second cation on the electron transport layer 102, and heat-treating to form the passivation layer 103; disposing a perovskite layer 101 on the passivation layer 103; wherein the first cation includes NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + , the second cation includes NH3 + -R3-(R4) b , the R1 and R2 independently include one of hydrogen and C1-C5 alkyl, the R3 includes one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aryl with 6-20 ring atoms, the R2 group includes -CF3 and / or -F, a is an integer of 2-5, and b is an integer of 1-3.

[0107] In the technical solution of the embodiments of the application, the passivation layer 103 is prepared by the above preparation method, the passivation layer 103 contains two different functional compounds, which can optimize the perovskite surface defect problem and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0108] In some embodiments, the salt with the first cation and the salt with the second cation each independently include one or more of a halide salt, a boron tetrafluoride salt, a hexafluorophosphate salt, or a thiocyanate salt.

[0109] In some embodiments, the salt with the first cation is dissolved in a first organic solvent to form a first passivation solution, the salt with the second cation is dissolved in a second organic solvent to form a second passivation solution, and the first passivation solution and the second passivation solution are mixed to obtain the passivation precursor solution.

[0110] In some embodiments, the first cation concentration of the first passivation solution ranges from 0.05 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL, and the second cation concentration of the second passivation solution ranges from 0.05 mg / mL to 3 mg / mL.

[0111] In the technical solution of the embodiment of the present application, the concentration of the first passivation solution and the second passivation solution is in the above range, so that a passivation layer 103 with better function can be formed. The passivation layer 103 contains two compounds with different functions, which can optimize the problem of surface defects of perovskite and improve the problem of the contact interface between perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0112] The concentration of the first cation of the first passivation solution can be 0.05 mg / mL, 0.08 mg / mL, 0.1 mg / mL, 0.15 mg / mL, 0.2 mg / mL, 0.35 mg / mL, 0.46 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.66 mg / mL, 0.7 mg / mL, 0.8 mg / mL, 0.9 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.05 mg / mL to 0.46 mg / mL, 0.46 mg / mL to 0.66 mg / mL, 0.66 mg / mL to 1 mg / mL, 0.2 mg / mL to 0.7 mg / mL, 0.35 mg / mL to 0.9 mg / mL, etc.

[0113] The concentration of the second cation of the second passivation solution can be 0.05 mg / mL, 0.11 mg / mL, 0.16 mg / mL, 0.2 mg / mL, 0.36 mg / mL, 0.48 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL, 0.65 mg / mL, 0.73 mg / mL, 0.82 mg / mL, 0.9 mg / mL, 1 mg / mL, 1.2 mg / mL, 1.35 mg / mL, 1.5 mg / mL, 1.75 mg / mL, 2 mg / mL, 2.2 mg / mL, 2.5 mg / mL, 2.8 mg / mL, 3 mg / mL, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.05 mg / mL to 0.48 mg / mL, 0.48 mg / mL to 0.65 mg / mL, 0.65 mg / mL to 1.2 mg / mL, 1.2 mg / mL to 1.5 mg / mL, 0.48 mg / mL to 2.5 mg / mL, 0.5 mg / mL to 3 mg / mL, etc.

[0114] In some embodiments, the volume ratio of the second passivation solution to the first passivation solution is 0.05 to 0.9.

[0115] In the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application, the volume ratio of the second passivation solution to the first passivation solution is in the above range, so that a passivation layer 103 with better function can be formed. The passivation layer 103 contains two compounds with different functions, which can optimize the problem of surface defects of perovskite and improve the problem of the contact interface between the perovskite and the electron transport layer 102, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0116] The volume ratio of the second passivation solution to the first passivation solution can be 0.05, 0.11, 0.2, 0.36, 0.5, 0.75, 0.88, 0.9, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.05-0.36, 0.36-0.75, 0.75-0.9, 0.11-0.88, 0.2-0.75, etc.

[0117] In some embodiments, the first organic solvent and the second organic solvent each independently include isopropyl alcohol and / or ethanol.

[0118] In the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application, isopropyl alcohol and / or ethanol has good solubility to the first cation and / or the second cation, which is beneficial to forming a uniform passivation layer 103 during coating.

[0119] In some embodiments, when the first organic solvent and the second organic solvent are a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and ethanol, the volume ratio of ethanol to isopropyl alcohol is 0.1-0.9.

[0120] In the technical scheme of the embodiment of the present application, when the first organic solvent and the second organic solvent are a mixture of isopropyl alcohol and ethanol, the volume ratio of ethanol to isopropyl alcohol is in the above range, which has good solubility to the first cation and / or the second cation, and is beneficial to forming a uniform passivation layer 103 during coating.

[0121] The volume ratio of ethanol to isopropyl alcohol can be 0.1, 0.18, 0.2, 0.35, 0.5, 0.65, 0.85, 0.9, or a range formed by any two of the above values, for example, 0.1-0.36, 0.36-0.75, 0.75-0.9, 0.11-0.88, 0.2-0.75, etc.

[0122] In some embodiments, the salt with the first cation and the salt with the second cation can also be added to the solvent step by step or simultaneously to configure the passivation precursor solution.

[0123] Referring to FIG. 5, the present application also provides a photovoltaic device 1000, which includes a solar cell 100 as described above or a solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of the solar cell 100 as described above.

[0124] Referring to FIG. 6, the application further provides a power consuming device 2000 comprising the solar cell 100 as described above or the solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of the solar cell 100 as described above.

[0125] In the application, the solar cell 100 serves as a power supply for the power consuming device 2000 as described above; or the solar cell 100 can serve as an energy storage unit of the power consuming device 2000. As an example, the power consuming device 2000 can be a lighting element, a display element or a car, etc.

[0126] Referring to FIG. 7, the application further provides a power generating device 3000 comprising the solar cell 100 as described above or the solar cell 100 prepared by the preparation method of the solar cell 100 as described above. The power generating device 3000 can comprise the solar cell 100 and an energy storage device, which can be a secondary battery.

[0127] In order to make the technical problems solved by the embodiments of the application, the technical solutions and the beneficial effects clearer, the following will be further described in detail in combination with the embodiments and the drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only a part of the embodiments of the application, rather than all the embodiments. The following description of at least one exemplary embodiment is actually only illustrative, but not as any limitation on the application and the application thereof. Based on the embodiments in the application, all other embodiments obtained by those skilled in the art without creative labor fall within the scope of protection of the application.

[0128] The features and performances of the application will be further described in detail in combination with the embodiments.

[0129] Embodiment 1:

[0130] (1) Preparation of the first electrode: FTO conductive glass with a size of 2.0 cm x 2.0 cm was taken, wherein the thickness of the FTO film layer was 600 nm, and 0.35 cm of FTO was removed from both ends by laser etching to expose the glass substrate; the etched FTO conductive glass was ultrasonically cleaned with cleaning solution, deionized water and ethanol in sequence; the FTO conductive glass was blown dry with a nitrogen gun and further cleaned in a UV ozone machine.

[0131] (2) Preparation of the hole transport layer: 2 mg of [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid (MeO-4PACz) was added to 4 mL of ethanol solvent for stirring, the ethanol solution of MeO-4PACz was spin-coated onto the first electrode layer at a spin-coating speed of 4000 rpm for 30 s, and then transferred to a hot stage for annealing at 100℃ for 10 min to form a first carrier transport layer with a thickness of 2 nm.

[0132] (3) Perovskite layer preparation: 1659 mg of lead iodide, 880 mg of lead bromide, 240 mg of bromoformamidinium, 495 mg of iodoformamidinium, 187 mg of cesium iodide, and 102 mg of cesium bromide were weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of a mixed solution of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) (volume ratio of DMF to DMSO was 4:1). After stirring for 1 h, the solution was filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a perovskite precursor solution. 100 μL of the perovskite precursor solution was spin-coated on the first hole transport layer at 5000 rpm, and then transferred to a vacuum flash device for 30 s. After that, the sample was transferred to a hot stage at 100°C for annealing treatment for 10 min to form a perovskite layer with a thickness of 500 nm. 0.8 Cs 0.2 Pb(I 0.6 Br 0.4 )3.

[0133] (4) Passivation layer preparation:

[0134] First passivation solution A preparation: 0.2 mg of 1,3-diaminopropane dihydrobromide (PDADBr) was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). After stirring for 1 h, the solution was filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to obtain a first passivation solution A with a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL.

[0135] Second passivation solution B preparation: 1.25 mg of 4-trifluoromethylphenethylamine iodide (CF3-PEAI) was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA). After stirring for 1 h, the solution was filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane to remove the undissolved solids, and a second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1.25 mg / mL was obtained.

[0136] Passivation precursor solution C preparation: 1 mL of the first passivation solution A and 0.5 mL of the second passivation solution B were mixed to obtain a passivation precursor solution C. The volume ratio of the second passivation solution B to the first passivation solution A was 0.5.

[0137] Passivation layer preparation: 100 μL of the passivation precursor solution C was spin-coated on the perovskite layer at 4000 rpm, and then transferred to a hot stage at 100°C for annealing treatment for 10 min.

[0138] (5) Electron transport layer preparation: C60 with a thickness of 20 nm was evaporated on the perovskite layer as an electron transport layer.

[0139] (6) Hole blocking layer preparation: Bathocuproine (hole blocking material) with a thickness of 10 nm was evaporated on the electron transport layer as a hole blocking layer.

[0140] (7) Second electrode preparation: Metal copper with a thickness of 100 nm was evaporated on the hole blocking layer as a second electrode.

[0141] Example 2

[0142] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0143] The first passivation solution A in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted by weighing 0.2 mg of ethylenediamine bromide (EDADBr) into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirring for 1 h, and filtering with a 0.22 μιη organic filter membrane to obtain the first passivation solution A with a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL.

[0144] Example 3

[0145] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0146] The first passivation solution A in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted by weighing 0.2 mg of butanediamine bromide (BDADBr) into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirring for 1 h, and filtering with a 0.22 μιη organic filter membrane to obtain the first passivation solution A with a concentration of 0.2 mg / mL.

[0147] Example 4

[0148] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0149] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted by weighing 1 mg of 4-trifluoromethylbenzyl amine iodide (CF3-PMAI) into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirring for 1 h, and filtering with a 0.22 μιη organic filter membrane to remove the undissolved solid to obtain the second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0150] Example 5

[0151] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0152] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted by weighing 1 mg of 3-fluorophenethyl amine iodide (F-PEAI) into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirring for 1 h, and filtering with a 0.22 μιη organic filter membrane to remove the undissolved solid to obtain the second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0153] Example 6

[0154] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0155] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mg of 4-fluorobenzyl amine iodide (F-PMAI) was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, and the undissolved solid was filtered out to obtain the second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0156] Example 7

[0157] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0158] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mg of 4'-fluorobiphenyl-4-methyl amine iodide was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, and the undissolved solid was filtered out to obtain the second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0159] Example 8

[0160] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0161] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mg of 3-amino-2-fluoro-1-propene iodide was weighed and dissolved in 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered with a 0.22 μm organic filter membrane, and the undissolved solid was filtered out to obtain the second passivation solution B with a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0162] Example 9

[0163] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0164] The preparation of the passivation precursor solution C in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mL of the first passivation solution A and 0.05 mL of the second passivation solution B were mixed to obtain the passivation precursor solution C, and the volume ratio of the second passivation solution B to the first passivation solution A was 0.05.

[0165] Example 10

[0166] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0167] The preparation of the passivation precursor solution C in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mL of the first passivation solution A and 0.9 mL of the second passivation solution B were mixed to obtain the passivation precursor solution C, and the volume ratio of the second passivation solution B to the first passivation solution A was 0.9.

[0168] Example 11

[0169] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0170] The first passivation solution A in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 0.05 mg of 1,3-diaminopropane dihydrobromide (PDADBr) was weighed into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered using a 0.22 μιη organic filter, and the first passivation solution A was obtained at a concentration of 0.05 mg / mL.

[0171] Example 12

[0172] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0173] The first passivation solution A in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 1 mg of 1,3-diaminopropane dihydrobromide (PDADBr) was weighed into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered using a 0.22 μιη organic filter, and the first passivation solution A was obtained at a concentration of 1 mg / mL.

[0174] Example 13

[0175] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0176] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 0.05 mg of 4-trifluoromethylphenethylamine iodide (CF3-PEAI) was weighed into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered using a 0.22 μιη organic filter, and the second passivation solution B was obtained at a concentration of 0.05 mg / mL.

[0177] Example 14

[0178] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0179] The second passivation solution B in step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: 3 mg of 4-trifluoromethylphenethylamine iodide (CF3-PEAI) was weighed into 1 mL of isopropyl alcohol (IPA), stirred for 1 h, filtered using a 0.22 μιη organic filter, and the second passivation solution B was obtained at a concentration of 3 mg / mL.

[0180] Comparative Example 1

[0181] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0182] Step (4) of Example 1 was omitted.

[0183] Comparative Example 2

[0184] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0185] Step (4) of Example 1 was adjusted as follows: only the first passivation solution A was used, and the second passivation solution B was not used.

[0186] Comparative Example 3

[0187] Similar to Example 1, except that:

[0188] In step (4) of Example 1, only the second passivation solution B was used, and the first passivation solution A was not used.

[0189] The battery devices 1-17 obtained in Examples 1-14 and Comparative Examples 1-3 above were subjected to battery performance testing, and Table 1 was obtained.

[0190] Test method:

[0191] 1. Photoelectric conversion efficiency test method:

[0192] Under the irradiation of standard simulated sunlight (AM1.5G, 100 mW / cm 2 ), the battery performance was tested, and an I-V curve was obtained. According to the I-V curve and the data fed back by the test equipment, the short-circuit current Jsc(unit: mA / cm 2 ), the open-circuit voltage Voc(unit: V), the maximum light output current Jmpp(unit: mA), and the maximum light output voltage Vmpp(unit: V) can be obtained. The fill factor FF of the battery was calculated by the formula FF = Jsc x Voc / (Jmpp x Vmpp), unit %. The photoelectric conversion efficiency PCE of the battery was calculated by the formula PCE = Jsc x Voc x FF / Pw, unit %; Pw represents the input power, unit mW.

[0193] As can be seen from the data in Table 1, the battery devices 1-14 of Examples 1-14 all have a passivation layer 103 containing first cations and second cations between the perovskite layer 101 and the electron transport layer 102, and the photoelectric conversion efficiency is higher than that of the battery devices 15-17 of Comparative Examples 1-3. It is shown that by setting the passivation layer 103 between the perovskite layer 101 and the electron transport layer 102, and the passivation layer 103 containing two compounds with different functions, the perovskite surface defect problem and the perovskite and electron transport layer 102 contact interface problem can be optimized, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 100.

[0194] The above description is only an embodiment of the present application, and does not limit the patent scope of the present application, and any equivalent structure or equivalent flow transformation using the content of the specification and drawings, or direct or indirect application in other related technical fields, are also included in the patent protection scope of the present application.

Claims

A solar cell, wherein, The solar cell at least comprises: a perovskite layer; an electron transport layer located on one side of the perovskite layer; a passivation layer disposed on the side of the perovskite layer facing the electron transport layer; wherein the passivation layer comprises first cations and second cations, the first cations comprise multi-ammonium organic cations, and the second cations comprise fluorine-containing mono-ammonium organic cations. The solar cell of claim 1, wherein The multi-ammonium organic cations comprise di-ammonium organic cations. The solar cell as claimed in claim 1 or 2, wherein the first cation comprises NH3 + -(CR1R2) a -NH3 + the second cation comprises NH3 + -R3-(R4) b the first cation comprises NH3, the second cation comprises NH3, wherein R1, R2 independently comprise one of hydrogen, C1-C5 alkyl, R3 comprises one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C5 alkyl and substituted or unsubstituted aryl with 6-20 ring atoms, R4 group comprises -CF3 and / or -F, a is an integer from 2 to 5, b is an integer from 1 to 3. The solar cell of claim 3, wherein The passivation layer satisfies one or more of the following conditions: (1) R1, R2 independently comprise one of hydrogen, C1-C2 alkyl; (2) R3 comprises one of substituted or unsubstituted C1-C3 alkylene and substituted or unsubstituted arylene with 6-16 ring atoms, (3) in the case of R3 being substituted, the substituents comprise one or more of C1-C4 alkyl, double-bonded groups. The solar cell of claim 4, wherein The R3 comprises one of carbon chain subgroups containing single or double bonds, benzene ring subgroups, methyl benzene subgroups, ethyl benzene subgroups, propyl benzene subgroups, isopropyl benzene subgroups, biphenyl subgroups, methyl biphenyl subgroups, ethyl biphenyl subgroups, propyl biphenyl subgroups, isopropyl biphenyl subgroups. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein The first cation comprises one or more of the following conditions: The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein The R3 includes one or more of the following conditions: The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein The second cation comprises one or more of the following conditions. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein The passivation layer comprises anions, and the anions comprise one or more of halide ions, boron tetrafluoride ions, hexafluorophosphate ions, or thiocyanate ions. The solar cell of claim 9, wherein, The halogen ions include one or more of F - , Cl - , Br - , and I - . The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 10, wherein The molar ratio of the first cations to the second cations is 0.1-20. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 11, wherein The molar ratio of the first cations to the second cations is 0.2-0.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein The thickness of the passivation layer is 1-5 nm. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein The thickness of the passivation layer is 2-4 nm. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 14, wherein The perovskite includes a perovskite material having a general formula of ABX3or A2CDX6, wherein A includes one or more of inorganic or organic or hybrid inorganic-organic cations, including methylamine cations, formamidinium cations, guanidinium cations, Cs + , Rb + ; B includes one or more of inorganic cations, including Pb 2+ , Sn 2+ , Fe 2+ , Mn 2+ , Ni 2+ , Ge 2+ , Co 2+ , and Sb 2+ ; C includes one or more of inorganic or organic or hybrid inorganic-organic cations, including Ag + , Cu + , Au + , formamidinium cations, guanidinium cations; D includes one or more of inorganic cations, including Bi 3+ , Sb 3+ , and In 3+ ; and X includes inorganic anions, including halide anions or halide-like anions. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein The electron transport layer comprises [6,6]-phenyl C 61 methyl butanoate, [6,6]-phenyl C 71 methyl butanoate, fullerene C60, fullerene C70, one or more of tin dioxide, zinc oxide. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 16, wherein The solar cell comprises a first electrode layer, a hole transport layer, the perovskite layer, the passivation layer, the electron transport layer, and a second electrode layer arranged in sequence; or the solar cell comprises the first electrode layer, the electron transport layer, the passivation layer, the hole transport layer, and the second electrode layer arranged in sequence. A photovoltaic device, wherein, The solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 1-17. An electric power utilization device, wherein, The solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 1-17. A power generation device wherein, The solar cell as claimed in any one of claims 1-17.

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