Harmonized design in a-IOT r2d link
The harmonized design for start indicators in A-IoT systems addresses false alarms and energy depletion by using mandatory and optional waveform patterns, improving reception and efficiency across diverse devices.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-02
- Publication Date
- 2026-04-09
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems in the A-IoT framework face issues such as false alarms, quick energy depletion, and increased operational complexity due to varied device types, which are not adequately addressed by current start indicator designs in reader-to-device (R2D) links.
A harmonized design for start indicators in R2D transmissions that includes a mandatory first waveform pattern and an optional second waveform pattern, allowing devices to process based on their type, enhancing interoperability and adaptability.
The harmonized design improves reception, energy savings, and operational efficiency by allowing devices to decode signals according to their capabilities, thereby enhancing system adaptability and reliability across different devices.
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Figure CN2024123160_09042026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
HARMONIZED DESIGN IN A-IOT R2D LINKTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to communication systems and, more particularly, to wireless transmissions between a reader and a device, such as in an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) framework.
[0002] INTRODUCTION
[0003] Wireless communication systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, and broadcasts. Typical wireless communication systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing available system resources. Examples of such multiple-access technologies include code division multiple access (CDMA) systems, time division multiple access (TDMA) systems, frequency division multiple access (FDMA) systems, orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, single-carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) systems, and time division synchronous code division multiple access (TD-SCDMA) systems.
[0004] These multiple access technologies have been adopted in various telecommunication standards to provide a common protocol that enables different wireless devices to communicate on a municipal, national, regional, and even global level. An example telecommunication standard is 5G New Radio (NR) . 5G NR is part of a continuous mobile broadband evolution promulgated by Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) to meet new requirements associated with latency, reliability, security, scalability (e.g., with Internet of Things (IoT) ) , and other requirements. 5G NR includes services associated with enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communications (mMTC) , and ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) . Some aspects of 5G NR may be based on the 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) standard. There exists a need for further improvements in 5G NR technology. These improvements may also be applicable to other multi-access technologies and the telecommunication standards that employ these technologies.
[0005] BRIEF SUMMARY
[0006] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.
[0007] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a device. In some examples, the device may be a user equipment (UE) , such as an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) UE. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to receive, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble, where the preamble includes a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; process, based on a device type of the device, the at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and transmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.
[0008] In an aspect of the disclosure, a method, a computer-readable medium, and an apparatus are provided for wireless communication at a reader, such as an A-IoT reader. In some examples, the reader may be a network entity. In some examples, the reader may be a UE. The apparatus may include at least one memory and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory. Based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, may be configured to transmit a first signal to a device, where the first signal includes at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; and receive a second signal from the device, where the second signal is based on the first signal.
[0009] To the accomplishment of the foregoing and related ends, the one or more aspects may include the features hereinafter fully described and particularly pointed out in the claims. The following description and the drawings set forth in detail certain illustrative features of the one or more aspects. These features are indicative, however, of but a few of the various ways in which the principles of various aspects may be employed.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0010] FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an example of a wireless communication system and an access network.
[0011] FIG. 2A is a diagram illustrating an example of a first frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0012] FIG. 2B is a diagram illustrating an example of downlink (DL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0013] FIG. 2C is a diagram illustrating an example of a second frame, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0014] FIG. 2D is a diagram illustrating an example of uplink (UL) channels within a subframe, in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0015] FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an example of a base station and user equipment (UE) in an access network.
[0016] FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating an example radio frequency identification (RFID) system.
[0017] FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an example of the operation of such a device.
[0018] FIG. 6 is a diagram illustrating an example of communication links between a radio frequency (RF) reader and an ambient Internet of Thing (A-IoT) UE.
[0019] FIG. 7A is a diagram illustrating an example reader-to-device (R2D) transmission for an ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) device.
[0020] FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating example patterns for a start indicator of an R2D signal.
[0021] FIG. 8 is a diagram illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0022] FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0023] FIG. 10 is a diagram illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0024] FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating an example of overhead reduction using the start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0025] FIG. 12 is a diagram illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0026] FIG. 13 is a diagram illustrating an example of a postamble design in accordance with various aspect of the present disclosure.
[0027] FIG. 14 is a call flow diagram illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0028] FIG. 15 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0029] FIG. 16 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0030] FIG. 17 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0031] FIG. 18 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a reader in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0032] FIG. 19 is a flowchart illustrating methods of wireless communication at a reader in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure.
[0033] FIG. 20 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example apparatus and / or UE.
[0034] FIG. 21 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example network entity.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0035] Some wireless communication devices may communicate with a reader device using energy harvesting and backscatter signals. Such devices may be referred to as Ambient Internet of Things (A-IoT) devices, passive devices, energy harvesting devices, backscatter devices, among other examples. In a link from a reader to a device (e.g., which may be referred to as a reader-to-device (R2D) link) , the transmission signal may include a start indicator, which may be designed using various waveforms designs, such as a long ON signal followed by a delimiter, or a pre-defined ON / OFF pattern. However, these different designs may be more tailored to specific device types, leading to issues such as false alarms, quick energy depletion, or increased operational complexity for some types of receiving devices. Example aspects presented herein provide a harmonized design that addresses these limitations in the A-IoT framework and enables a start indicator having improved reception, energy savings, and operational complexity for various types of receiving devices.
[0036] Various aspects relate generally to wireless communication. Some aspects more specifically relate to a harmonized design for the start indicator in R2D transmissions in the A-IoT framework. In some examples, a device, such as an A-IoT user equipment (UE) , receives a first signal from a reader device. The first signal may include a preamble, and the preamble may include a start indicator portion. The start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. The device further processes at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble based on the device type of the device. The device then transmits a second signal to the reader device, where the second signal is based on the first signal. In some aspects, the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern may be a defined waveform pattern (e.g., which may be referred to as a mandatory waveform pattern) to be included in the start indicator portions of R2D signals. The second waveform pattern may be an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals. For example, the defined waveform pattern (e.g., mandatory waveform pattern) may be a waveform pattern that is included in each start indicator of an R2D signal, and the second waveform pattern may or may not be included in the start indicator of various R2D signals. In some aspects, if the device type of the device is the first type, the device may process the first part. In some aspects, if the device type of the device is the second type, the device may process the first part and the second part. In some aspects, the harmonized design may be used in the postamble of an R2D signal. For example, the postamble of an R2D signal may include a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern, and the device may process at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble based on the device type of the device. Similar to the example for the start indicator portion, the first waveform pattern may be considered a mandatory waveform pattern that is included in each postamble of an R2D signal, and the second waveform pattern may or may not be included in the postamble of various R2D signals.
[0037] Particular aspects of the subject matter described in this disclosure can be implemented to realize one or more of the following potential advantages. In some examples, by introducing a harmonized design that allows for a first, mandatory part and an optional second part for the start indicator (or postamble) in an R2D signal based on different device types, the described techniques allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, where basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the described techniques improve the interoperability of such wireless communication. In some examples, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the described techniques enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the described techniques further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0038] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the drawings describes various configurations and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough understanding of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.
[0039] Several aspects of telecommunication systems are presented with reference to various apparatus and methods. These apparatus and methods are described in the following detailed description and illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements” ) . These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or any combination thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.
[0040] By way of example, an element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the functions individually or in combination. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs) , central processing units (CPUs) , application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs) , reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems on a chip (SoC) , baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) , programmable logic devices (PLDs) , state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other suitable hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software. Software, whether referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise, shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.
[0041] Accordingly, in one or more example aspects, implementations, and / or use cases, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or encoded as one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer. By way of example, such computer-readable media can include a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM) , optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of the types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer.
[0042] While aspects, implementations, and / or use cases are described in this application by illustration to some examples, additional or different aspects, implementations and / or use cases may come about in many different arrangements and scenarios. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices (e.g., end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment, retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (AI) -enabled devices, etc. ) . While some examples may or may not be specifically directed to use cases or applications, a wide assortment of applicability of described examples may occur. Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range a spectrum from chip-level or modular components to non-modular, non-chip-level implementations and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques herein. In some practical settings, devices incorporating described aspects and features may also include additional components and features for implementation and practice of claimed and described aspect. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes (e.g., hardware components including antenna, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffer, processor (s) , interleaver, adders / summers, etc. ) . Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc. of varying sizes, shapes, and constitution.
[0043] Deployment of communication systems, such as 5G NR systems, may be arranged in multiple manners with various components or constituent parts. In a 5G NR system, or network, a network node, a network entity, a mobility element of a network, a radio access network (RAN) node, a core network node, a network element, or a network equipment, such as a base station (BS) , or one or more units (or one or more components) performing base station functionality, may be implemented in an aggregated or disaggregated architecture. For example, a BS (such as a Node B (NB) , evolved NB (eNB) , NR BS, 5G NB, access point (AP) , a transmission reception point (TRP) , or a cell, etc. ) may be implemented as an aggregated base station (also known as a standalone BS or a monolithic BS) or a disaggregated base station.
[0044] An aggregated base station may be configured to utilize a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single RAN node. A disaggregated base station may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (such as one or more central or centralized units (CUs) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , or one or more radio units (RUs) ) . In some aspects, a CU may be implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs may be co-located with the CU, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs. Each of the CU, DU and RU can be implemented as virtual units, i.e., a virtual central unit (VCU) , a virtual distributed unit (VDU) , or a virtual radio unit (VRU) .
[0045] Base station operation or network design may consider aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base stations may be utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open radio access network (O-RAN (such as the network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance) ) , or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN, also known as a cloud radio access network (C-RAN) ) . Disaggregation may include distributing functionality across two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network design. The various units of the disaggregated base station, or disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit.
[0046] FIG. 1 is a diagram 100 illustrating an example of a wireless communications system and an access network. The illustrated wireless communications system includes a disaggregated base station architecture. The disaggregated base station architecture may include one or more CUs 110 that can communicate directly with a core network 120 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 120 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 125 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 115 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 105, or both) . A CU 110 may communicate with one or more DUs 130 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 130 may communicate with one or more RUs 140 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 140 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 140.
[0047] Each of the units, i.e., the CUs 110, the DUs 130, the RUs 140, as well as the Near-RT RICs 125, the Non-RT RICs 115, and the SMO Framework 105, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or to transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communication interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or to transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver (such as an RF transceiver) , configured to receive or to transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0048] In some aspects, the CU 110 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 110. The CU 110 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (i.e., Central Unit –Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 110 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 110 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 130, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0049] The DU 130 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 140. In some aspects, the DU 130 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation, demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by 3GPP. In some aspects, the DU 130 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 130, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 110.
[0050] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 140. In some deployments, an RU 140, controlled by a DU 130, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 140 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU (s) 140 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 130. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 130 and the CU 110 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0051] The SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements that may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 105 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 190) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 110, DUs 130, RUs 140 and Near-RT RICs 125. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 111, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 105 can communicate directly with one or more RUs 140 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 105 also may include a Non-RT RIC 115 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 105.
[0052] The Non-RT RIC 115 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 125. The Non-RT RIC 115 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 125. The Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 110, one or more DUs 130, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 125.
[0053] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 125, the Non-RT RIC 115 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 125 and may be received at the SMO Framework 105 or the Non-RT RIC 115 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 115 or the Near-RT RIC 125 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 115 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 105 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0054] At least one of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 may be referred to as a base station 102. Accordingly, a base station 102 may include one or more of the CU 110, the DU 130, and the RU 140 (each component indicated with dotted lines to signify that each component may or may not be included in the base station 102) . The base station 102 provides an access point to the core network 120 for a UE 104. The base station 102 may include macrocells (high power cellular base station) and / or small cells (low power cellular base station) . The small cells include femtocells, picocells, and microcells. A network that includes both small cell and macrocells may be known as a heterogeneous network. A heterogeneous network may also include Home Evolved Node Bs (eNBs) (HeNBs) , which may provide service to a restricted group known as a closed subscriber group (CSG) . The communication links between the RUs 140 and the UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to an RU 140 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from an RU 140 to a UE 104. The communication links may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be through one or more carriers. The base station 102 / UEs 104 may use spectrum up to Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, etc. MHz) bandwidth per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz (x component carriers) used for transmission in each direction. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) . The component carriers may include a primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers. A primary component carrier may be referred to as a primary cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be referred to as a secondary cell (SCell) .
[0055] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communication link 158. The D2D communication link 158 may use the DL / UL wireless wide area network (WWAN) spectrum. The D2D communication link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , and a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . D2D communication may be through a variety of wireless D2D communications systems, such as for example, BluetoothTM (Bluetooth is a trademark of the Bluetooth Special Interest Group (SIG) ) , Wi-FiTM (Wi-Fi is a trademark of the Wi-Fi Alliance) based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 standard, LTE, or NR.
[0056] The wireless communications system may further include a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with UEs 104 (also referred to as Wi-Fi stations (STAs) ) via communication link 154, e.g., in a 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum or the like. When communicating in an unlicensed frequency spectrum, the UEs 104 / AP 150 may perform a clear channel assessment (CCA) prior to communicating in order to determine whether the channel is available.
[0057] The electromagnetic spectrum is often subdivided, based on frequency / wavelength, into various classes, bands, channels, etc. In 5G NR, two initial operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) and FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) . Although a portion of FR1 is greater than 6 GHz, FR1 is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “sub-6 GHz” band in various documents and articles. A similar nomenclature issue sometimes occurs with regard to FR2, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” band in documents and articles, despite being different from the extremely high frequency (EHF) band (30 GHz –300 GHz) which is identified by the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) as a “millimeter wave” band.
[0058] The frequencies between FR1 and FR2 are often referred to as mid-band frequencies. Recent 5G NR studies have identified an operating band for these mid-band frequencies as frequency range designation FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) . Frequency bands falling within FR3 may inherit FR1 characteristics and / or FR2 characteristics, and thus may effectively extend features of FR1 and / or FR2 into mid-band frequencies. In addition, higher frequency bands are currently being explored to extend 5G NR operation beyond 52.6 GHz. For example, three higher operating bands have been identified as frequency range designations FR2-2 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , FR4 (71 GHz –114.25 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . Each of these higher frequency bands falls within the EHF band.
[0059] With the above aspects in mind, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “sub-6 GHz” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may be less than 6 GHz, may be within FR1, or may include mid-band frequencies. Further, unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “millimeter wave” or the like if used herein may broadly represent frequencies that may include mid-band frequencies, may be within FR2, FR4, FR2-2, and / or FR5, or may be within the EHF band.
[0060] The base station 102 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate beamforming. The base station 102 may transmit a beamformed signal 182 to the UE 104 in one or more transmit directions. The UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 102 in one or more receive directions. The UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal 184 to the base station 102 in one or more transmit directions. The base station 102 may receive the beamformed signal from the UE 104 in one or more receive directions. The base station 102 / UE 104 may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of the base station 102 / UE 104. The transmit and receive directions for the base station 102 may or may not be the same. The transmit and receive directions for the UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0061] The base station 102 may include and / or be referred to as a gNB, Node B, eNB, an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS) , an extended service set (ESS) , a TRP, network node, network entity, network equipment, or some other suitable terminology. The base station 102 can be implemented as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station with a baseband unit (BBU) (including a CU and a DU) and an RU, or as a disaggregated base station including one or more of a CU, a DU, and / or an RU. The set of base stations, which may include disaggregated base stations and / or aggregated base stations, may be referred to as next generation (NG) RAN (NG-RAN) .
[0062] The core network 120 may include an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 161, a Session Management Function (SMF) 162, a User Plane Function (UPF) 163, a Unified Data Management (UDM) 164, one or more location servers 168, and other functional entities. The AMF 161 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the core network 120. The AMF 161 supports registration management, connection management, mobility management, and other functions. The SMF 162 supports session management and other functions. The UPF 163 supports packet routing, packet forwarding, and other functions. The UDM 164 supports the generation of authentication and key agreement (AKA) credentials, user identification handling, access authorization, and subscription management. The one or more location servers 168 are illustrated as including a Gateway Mobile Location Center (GMLC) 165 and a Location Management Function (LMF) 166. However, generally, the one or more location servers 168 may include one or more location / positioning servers, which may include one or more of the GMLC 165, the LMF 166, a position determination entity (PDE) , a serving mobile location center (SMLC) , a mobile positioning center (MPC) , or the like. The GMLC 165 and the LMF 166 support UE location services. The GMLC 165 provides an interface for clients / applications (e.g., emergency services) for accessing UE positioning information. The LMF 166 receives measurements and assistance information from the NG-RAN and the UE 104 via the AMF 161 to compute the position of the UE 104. The NG-RAN may utilize one or more positioning methods in order to determine the position of the UE 104. Positioning the UE 104 may involve signal measurements, a position estimate, and an optional velocity computation based on the measurements. The signal measurements may be made by the UE 104 and / or the base station 102 serving the UE 104. The signals measured may be based on one or more of a satellite positioning system (SPS) 170 (e.g., one or more of a Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) , global position system (GPS) , non-terrestrial network (NTN) , or other satellite position / location system) , LTE signals, wireless local area network (WLAN) signals, Bluetooth signals, a terrestrial beacon system (TBS) , sensor-based information (e.g., barometric pressure sensor, motion sensor) , NR enhanced cell ID (NR E-CID) methods, NR signals (e.g., multi-round trip time (Multi-RTT) , DL angle-of-departure (DL-AoD) , DL time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA) , UL time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA) , and UL angle-of-arrival (UL-AoA) positioning) , and / or other systems / signals / sensors.
[0063] Examples of UEs 104 include a cellular phone, a smart phone, a session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, a laptop, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a satellite radio, a global positioning system, a multimedia device, a video device, a digital audio player (e.g., MP3 player) , a camera, a game console, a tablet, a smart device, a wearable device, a vehicle, an electric meter, a gas pump, a large or small kitchen appliance, a healthcare device, an implant, a sensor / actuator, a display, or any other similar functioning device. Some of the UEs 104 may be referred to as IoT devices (e.g., parking meter, gas pump, toaster, vehicles, heart monitor, etc. ) . The UE 104 may also be referred to as a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a wireless communications device, a remote device, a mobile subscriber station, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, a user agent, a mobile client, a client, or some other suitable terminology. In some scenarios, the term UE may also apply to one or more companion devices such as in a device constellation arrangement. One or more of these devices may collectively access the network and / or individually access the network.
[0064] Referring again to FIG. 1, in certain aspects, the UE 104 may include a signal processing component 198. The signal processing component 198 may be configured to receive, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble, where the preamble includes a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; process, based on a device type of the device, the at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and transmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal. In certain aspects, the base station 102 may include a signal processing component 199. The signal processing component 199 may be configured to transmit a first signal to a device, where the first signal includes at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; and receive a second signal from the device, where the second signal is based on the first signal. Although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as LTE, LTE-A, CDMA, GSM, and other wireless technologies.
[0065] FIG. 2A is a diagram 200 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2B is a diagram 230 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G NR subframe. FIG. 2C is a diagram 250 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G NR frame structure. FIG. 2D is a diagram 280 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G NR subframe. The 5G NR frame structure may be frequency division duplexed (FDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL, or may be time division duplexed (TDD) in which for a particular set of subcarriers (carrier system bandwidth) , subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL. In the examples provided by FIGs. 2A, 2C, the 5G NR frame structure is assumed to be TDD, with subframe 4 being configured with slot format 28 (with mostly DL) , where D is DL, U is UL, and F is flexible for use between DL / UL, and subframe 3 being configured with slot format 1 (with all UL) . While subframes 3, 4 are shown with slot formats 1, 28, respectively, any particular subframe may be configured with any of the various available slot formats 0-61. Slot formats 0, 1 are all DL, UL, respectively. Other slot formats 2-61 include a mix of DL, UL, and flexible symbols. UEs are configured with the slot format (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) through a received slot format indicator (SFI) . Note that the description infra applies also to a 5G NR frame structure that is TDD.
[0066] FIGs. 2A-2D illustrate a frame structure, and the aspects of the present disclosure may be applicable to other wireless communication technologies, which may have a different frame structure and / or different channels. A frame (10 ms) may be divided into 10 equally sized subframes (1 ms) . Each subframe may include one or more time slots. Subframes may also include mini-slots, which may include 7, 4, or 2 symbols. Each slot may include 14 or 12 symbols, depending on whether the cyclic prefix (CP) is normal or extended. For normal CP, each slot may include 14 symbols, and for extended CP, each slot may include 12 symbols. The symbols on DL may be CP orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) (CP-OFDM) symbols. The symbols on UL may be CP-OFDM symbols (for high throughput scenarios) or discrete Fourier transform (DFT) spread OFDM (DFT-s-OFDM) symbols (for power limited scenarios; limited to a single stream transmission) . The number of slots within a subframe is based on the CP and the numerology. The numerology defines the subcarrier spacing (SCS) (see Table 1) . The symbol length / duration may scale with 1 / SCS.
[0067] Table 1: Numerology, SCS, and CP
[0068] For normal CP (14 symbols / slot) , different numerologies μ 0 to 4 allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 slots, respectively, per subframe. For extended CP, the numerology 2 allows for 4 slots per subframe. Accordingly, for normal CP and numerology μ, there are 14 symbols / slot and 2μ slots / subframe. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ*15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 4. As such, the numerology μ=0 has a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz and the numerology μ=4 has a subcarrier spacing of 240 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGs. 2A-2D provide an example of normal CP with 14 symbols per slot and numerology μ=2 with 4 slots per subframe. The slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs. Within a set of frames, there may be one or more different bandwidth parts (BWPs) (see FIG. 2B) that are frequency division multiplexed. Each BWP may have a particular numerology and CP (normal or extended) .
[0069] A resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme.
[0070] As illustrated in FIG. 2A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for the UE.The RS may include demodulation RS (DM-RS) (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) and channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0071] FIG. 2B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 CCEs) , each CCE including six RE groups (REGs) , each REG including 12 consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol of an RB. A PDCCH within one BWP may be referred to as a control resource set (CORESET) . A UE is configured to monitor PDCCH candidates in a PDCCH search space (e.g., common search space, UE-specific search space) during PDCCH monitoring occasions on the CORESET, where the PDCCH candidates have different DCI formats and different aggregation levels. Additional BWPs may be located at greater and / or lower frequencies across the channel bandwidth. A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE 104 to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity. A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing. Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the DM-RS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block (also referred to as SS block (SSB) ) . The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and paging messages.
[0072] As illustrated in FIG. 2C, some of the REs carry DM-RS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DM-RS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DM-RS for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) and DM-RS for the physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) . The PUSCH DM-RS may be transmitted in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DM-RS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. The UE may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0073] FIG. 2D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) acknowledgment (ACK) (HARQ-ACK) feedback (i.e., one or more HARQ ACK bits indicating one or more ACK and / or negative ACK (NACK) ) . The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0074] FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a base station 310 in communication with a UE 350 in an access network. In the DL, Internet protocol (IP) packets may be provided to a controller / processor 375. The controller / processor 375 implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality. Layer 3 includes a radio resource control (RRC) layer, and layer 2 includes a service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) layer, a packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer, a radio link control (RLC) layer, and a medium access control (MAC) layer. The controller / processor 375 provides RRC layer functionality associated with broadcasting of system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) , RRC connection control (e.g., RRC connection paging, RRC connection establishment, RRC connection modification, and RRC connection release) , inter radio access technology (RAT) mobility, and measurement configuration for UE measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) , and handover support functions; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer packet data units (PDUs) , error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC service data units (SDUs) , re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto transport blocks (TBs) , demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0075] The transmit (TX) processor 316 and the receive (RX) processor 370 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. Layer 1, which includes a physical (PHY) layer, may include error detection on the transport channels, forward error correction (FEC) coding / decoding of the transport channels, interleaving, rate matching, mapping onto physical channels, modulation / demodulation of physical channels, and MIMO antenna processing. The TX processor 316 handles mapping to signal constellations based on various modulation schemes (e.g., binary phase-shift keying (BPSK) , quadrature phase-shift keying (QPSK) , M-phase-shift keying (M-PSK) , M-quadrature amplitude modulation (M-QAM) ) . The coded and modulated symbols may then be split into parallel streams. Each stream may then be mapped to an OFDM subcarrier, multiplexed with a reference signal (e.g., pilot) in the time and / or frequency domain, and then combined together using an Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) to produce a physical channel carrying a time domain OFDM symbol stream. The OFDM stream is spatially precoded to produce multiple spatial streams. Channel estimates from a channel estimator 374 may be used to determine the coding and modulation scheme, as well as for spatial processing. The channel estimate may be derived from a reference signal and / or channel condition feedback transmitted by the UE 350. Each spatial stream may then be provided to a different antenna 320 via a separate transmitter 318Tx. Each transmitter 318Tx may modulate a radio frequency (RF) carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0076] At the UE 350, each receiver 354Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 352. Each receiver 354Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to the receive (RX) processor 356. The TX processor 368 and the RX processor 356 implement layer 1 functionality associated with various signal processing functions. The RX processor 356 may perform spatial processing on the information to recover any spatial streams destined for the UE 350. If multiple spatial streams are destined for the UE 350, they may be combined by the RX processor 356 into a single OFDM symbol stream. The RX processor 356 then converts the OFDM symbol stream from the time-domain to the frequency domain using a Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) . The frequency domain signal includes a separate OFDM symbol stream for each subcarrier of the OFDM signal. The symbols on each subcarrier, and the reference signal, are recovered and demodulated by determining the most likely signal constellation points transmitted by the base station 310. These soft decisions may be based on channel estimates computed by the channel estimator 358. The soft decisions are then decoded and deinterleaved to recover the data and control signals that were originally transmitted by the base station 310 on the physical channel. The data and control signals are then provided to the controller / processor 359, which implements layer 3 and layer 2 functionality.
[0077] The controller / processor 359 can be associated with at least one memory 360 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 360 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 359 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, and control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 359 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0078] Similar to the functionality described in connection with the DL transmission by the base station 310, the controller / processor 359 provides RRC layer functionality associated with system information (e.g., MIB, SIBs) acquisition, RRC connections, and measurement reporting; PDCP layer functionality associated with header compression / decompression, and security (ciphering, deciphering, integrity protection, integrity verification) ; RLC layer functionality associated with the transfer of upper layer PDUs, error correction through ARQ, concatenation, segmentation, and reassembly of RLC SDUs, re-segmentation of RLC data PDUs, and reordering of RLC data PDUs; and MAC layer functionality associated with mapping between logical channels and transport channels, multiplexing of MAC SDUs onto TBs, demultiplexing of MAC SDUs from TBs, scheduling information reporting, error correction through HARQ, priority handling, and logical channel prioritization.
[0079] Channel estimates derived by a channel estimator 358 from a reference signal or feedback transmitted by the base station 310 may be used by the TX processor 368 to select the appropriate coding and modulation schemes, and to facilitate spatial processing. The spatial streams generated by the TX processor 368 may be provided to different antenna 352 via separate transmitters 354Tx. Each transmitter 354Tx may modulate an RF carrier with a respective spatial stream for transmission.
[0080] The UL transmission is processed at the base station 310 in a manner similar to that described in connection with the receiver function at the UE 350. Each receiver 318Rx receives a signal through its respective antenna 320. Each receiver 318Rx recovers information modulated onto an RF carrier and provides the information to a RX processor 370.
[0081] The controller / processor 375 can be associated with at least one memory 376 that stores program codes and data. The at least one memory 376 may be referred to as a computer-readable medium. In the UL, the controller / processor 375 provides demultiplexing between transport and logical channels, packet reassembly, deciphering, header decompression, control signal processing to recover IP packets. The controller / processor 375 is also responsible for error detection using an ACK and / or NACK protocol to support HARQ operations.
[0082] At least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the signal processing component 198 of FIG. 1.
[0083] At least one of the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375 may be configured to perform aspects in connection with the signal processing component 199 of FIG. 1.
[0084] Some wireless devices may communicate with a reader device using energy harvesting and backscatter signals. As an example, the device may be referred to as an A-IoT device, a passive device, an energy harvesting device, or a tag, among other examples. In a link from a reader to a device (e.g., an R2D link) , the transmission signal may include a start indicator. Various waveforms designs, may be considered for the start indicator, such as a long ON signal (e.g., ON pattern 754) followed by a delimiter (e.g., 756) , or a pre-defined ON / OFF pattern. However, these designs may be tailored more to specific device types, leading to issues such as false alarms, quick energy depletion, or increased operational complexity for other receiving devices. Example aspects presented herein provide a harmonized design that addresses these limitations in the A-IoT framework. In some aspects, the harmonized design may include a first, mandatory part (e.g., first waveform pattern) and an optional second part (second waveform pattern) for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types. This design allows different types of receiving devices to decode R2D signals according to their different capacity. For example, basic devices may process just the first waveform pattern in the first part of the start indicator and more advanced devices may process both the first waveform pattern of the first part and the second waveform pattern of the second part of the start indicator to obtain more detailed information. Hence, this design improves the interoperability of wireless communication.
[0085] Radio frequency identification (RFID) is a rapidly growing technology that has gained attention due to its potential to transform various industries, including inventory and asset management, IoT applications, sustainable sensor networks in factories and agriculture, and smart home systems.
[0086] RFID technology includes small transponders, or tags, which emit information-bearing signals when activated by an external signal. These tags can be utilized to track, identify, and manage a wide range of objects and assets. One of the key benefits of RFID technology is its ability to function at low operating expenses (OPEX) , low maintenance costs, and a long lifecycle.
[0087] Passive RFID systems, in particular, may harvest energy from ambient radio frequency waves and power the transmission and reception circuitry without the need for an internal battery. These systems may employ backscatter modulation for the transmitted signal, enabling the tags to operate with minimal power consumption. Besides passive RFID systems, semi-passive or active RFID systems may incorporate batteries to provide additional power and extended capabilities. However, these systems generally entail a higher cost.
[0088] FIG. 4 is a diagram 400 illustrating an example RFID system. In FIG. 4, an RFID reader 402 (an electronic device that can communicate with an RFID tag and retrieve the information stored on it, also known as an interrogator) may transmit an energy signal 410 to the RFID tag 406 via a forward link 420. The RFID tag 406 may reflect a backscatter modulated information signal 412 back to the RFID reader 402 via a backscatter link 430. This backscatter modulated information signal 412 may carry data that the RFID reader 402 may use for various purposes, such as identification verification and tracking.
[0089] The RFID system may be viewed as a category within the broader Internet of Things (IoT) system. Within the IoT system, ambient IoT (A-IoT) devices (or A-IoT UE) are smaller and less expensive IoT devices compared to other devices such as narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) , LTE-M, and reduced capability (RedCap) devices. In some examples, A-IoT devices may operate as passive devices or energy harvesting devices that harness the energy from radio waves as the prime source of power, eliminating traditional battery-based systems. These A-IoT devices may be used in passive ultra-high frequency (UHF) RFID systems, in some examples. FIG. 5 is a diagram 500 illustrating an example of the operation of such a device. In FIG. 5, the A-IoT UE 506 may harness the energy from an incident RF wave 510, which may be transmitted from the base station 504 or UE 502, as the power source. The incident RF wave 510, which may be referred to as the carrier wave, may be the continuous wave for an RF signal transmission. Wireless devices transmitting the incident RF may be referred to as RF sources or simply sources. For example, in the example in FIG. 5, the base station 504 or UE 502 may function as an RF source.
[0090] The A-IoT UE 506 may backscatter the incident RF wave 510 as a backscattered signal 520 back to a reader (e.g., which may be the base station 504 or UE 502, for example) . In some examples, the backscattered signal 520 may be a modulated signal that carries bit information, such as bit ‘0’ 522 and bit ‘1’ 524. Wireless devices capable of receiving and interpreting the bit information from a backscattered signal may be referred to as RF readers or simply readers. For example, in FIG. 5, the UE 502 or base station 504 may function as an RF reader. In some aspects, the RF source and the RF reader may be the same device. In other aspects, the RF source may be a different device than the RF reader.
[0091] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating an example of communication links between an RF reader and an A-IoT UE. As shown in FIG. 6, an RF reader, which may be base station 604 or UE 602, may transmit a signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) to an A-IoT UE 606 through a reader-to-device (R2D) link 612 (or forward link (FL) ) . The signal may be referred to as an R2D signal. Subsequently, based on the carrier wave 610, the A-IoT UE 606 may transmit a backscattered signal 616 or a modulated RF signal 618 back to the RF reader (e.g., base station 604 or UE 602) via a device-to-reader (D2R) link 614, also referred to as a backscatter link (BL) in some aspects. The backscattered signal may be referred to as a D2R signal.
[0092] In some examples, the A-IoT UE 606 may be categorized based on its capabilities such as power consumption. For example, a “Device 1” type device may have a peak consumption of approximately 1 μW, include energy storage, and possess an initial sampling frequency offset (SFO) of up to 10x ppm, where x is a constant (e.g., x = 5) . This type of device may not support downlink or uplink amplification, and its uplink transmission includes backscattering a carrier wave provided externally. For example, the uplink transmission may be the backscattered signal 616.
[0093] In some examples, if a device has a peak power consumption of up to a few hundred μW, energy storage, an initial SFO up to 10x ppm, and downlink or uplink amplification capabilities, this device may be categorized as a “Device 2” type device. This category may be further divided into “Device 2a” type if its uplink transmission is based on the backscattering on a carrier wave provided externally (e.g., the uplink transmission is the backscattered signal 616) , or “Device 2b” type if its uplink transmission is generated internally by the device (e.g., the uplink transmission is a modulated RF signal 618) .
[0094] FIG. 7A is a diagram 700 illustrating an example R2D transmission for an A-IoT device. As shown in FIG. 7A, an R2D signal (e.g., R2D transmission 702) for an A-IoT device may start with a preamble 710, followed by the main portion of the signal, including physical reader to device channel (PRDCH) 708. The preamble 710 may include a start indicator 704, which helps the receiver recognize the start of a new signal, and a clock acquisition part 706, which provides the clock reference for the receiver. Various signal patterns or waveforms may be used for the start indicator. FIG. 7B is a diagram illustrating example patterns for a start indicator of an R2D signal. As shown in FIG. 7B, in diagram 750, the start indicator 752 may include a long ON signal (e.g., ON pattern 754) followed by a delimiter, which may be an OFF signal 756 with a pre-defined duration. As used herein, an ON signal (or ON pattern) refers to a segment of the signal with high voltage, while an OFF signal (or OFF pattern) refers to a segment of the signal with low voltage. This type of start indicator may be detected by a receiving device through methods such as voltage flip detection using an analog detector. In some examples, as shown in diagram 770, a start indicator 772 may include a sequence of “ON / OFF” patterns, wherein each “ON / OFF” pattern may include one ON pattern and one OFF pattern. For example, the start indicator 772 may include three “ON / OFF” patterns. The first “ON / OFF” pattern includes an ON pattern 774 and an OFF pattern 776. The second “ON / OFF” pattern includes an ON pattern 784 and an OFF pattern 786, and the first “ON / OFF” pattern includes an ON pattern 794 and an OFF pattern 796. This type of start indicator (e.g., start indicator 772) may be detectable by a receiving device through sequence correlation with a digital detector.
[0095] Existing start indicator designs for A-IoT devices, such as start indicator 752, 772, may not effectively suit all device types (e.g., “Device 1, ” “Device 2a, ” and “Device 2b”types) . For ease of description, “Device 1” and “Device 2a” types may be collectively referred to as the first type, and “Device 2b” type may be referred to as the second type. For example, using a prolonged ON signal (e.g., ON pattern 754) as the start indicator may lead to a high rate of false alarms and rapid energy depletion in the second type devices. On the other hand, using a pre-defined ON / OFF pattern as the start indicator (e.g., start indicator 772) may result in large overhead, increased power consumption, and greater hardware complexity, especially for the first type devices. Example aspects presented herein provide a harmonized design for the start indicator that accommodates the need for different types of devices. This design support simple detection processes for the first type device (e.g., “Device 1” or “Device 2a” types) , while simultaneously reducing false alarm rates for the second type devices (e.g., “Device 2b” type) . Additionally, this start indicator design allows a single packet to be decoded by either the first type, the second type, or both types of devices using the same design.
[0096] FIG. 8 is a diagram 800 illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 8, In some aspects, a start indicator 804 of a preamble 810 in an R2D signal (e.g., R2D transmission 802) may include at least two parts: a mandatory first part (e.g., the first part 812) and an optional second part (e.g., the second part 814) . The first part 812, also referred to as the mandatory part, may be located on different locations in the start indicator 804. For example, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part that is included in each start indicator) may be located on the left or right end of the start indicator 804, and its relative position with respect to the second part 814, also referred to as the optional part, may be adjusted based on its placement within the start indicator 804. In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) may be located in the middle section of the start indicator 804, not contacting the left end or the right end of the start indicator 804.
[0097] The first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may have several design options. In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may include an ON pattern followed by an OFF pattern (e.g., 820) . In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may include an OFF pattern 822, and the OFF pattern may have a first duration. In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may include an ON pattern 824, and the ON pattern may have a second duration. In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may include a sequence such as a first ON pattern, followed by a first OFF pattern, which is further followed by a second ON pattern (e.g., an ON-OFF-ON pattern 826) . In some examples, the first part 812 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 804 may include a sequence of “ON / OFF” patterns (e.g., 828) , and each “ON / OFF” pattern in the sequence of “ON / OFF” patterns may include one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.
[0098] In some aspects, the second part 814 (e.g., the optional part) of the start indicator 804 may include a pattern of On-Off Keying (OOK) chips. For example, the OOK chips may be selected from one pattern, multiple pre-defined patterns. In some examples, the OOK chips may be determined or configured by a previous R2D transmission.
[0099] FIG. 9 is a diagram 900 illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 9, in the A-IoT R2D link, the start indicator 904 of a signal may include two parts. The first part 912 (e.g., the mandatory part) may include an ON pattern 922 followed by an extended OFF pattern 922, which may form an “ON-OFF-OFF” pattern. The second part 914 (e.g., optional part) may have a sequence of “ON / OFF” pattern, forming “ON-OFF-ON-OFF” pattern, as shown in FIG. 9. In some examples, the duration of a single OFF pattern (e.g., 926) in the second part 914 may be shorter than the duration of the OFF pattern 924 in the first part 912.
[0100] In some examples, the first type device may detect the first part 912 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 904 using an analog circuit. This allows the first type device to identify the start of the signal without the complexities of the optional part (e.g., the second part 914) . In some examples, the second type of device may be capable of detecting both the first part 912 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 914 (e.g., the optional part) using, for example, sequence detection. This capability enables the second type device to manage more complex signaling, taking advantage of the additional information provided by the second part 914 (e.g., the optional part) of the start indicator 904.
[0101] In some examples, from the reader’s perspective, when communicating with different types of devices, the reader may adjust its transmissions based on the device type of the receiving device. In some examples, if the device receiving the transmission (e.g., a target device) is the first type device, the reader may only transmit the first part 912 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 904 and omit the second part 914 (e.g., the optional part) . In some examples, if the target device is the second type device, the reader may send both the first part 912 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 914 (e.g., the optional part) of the start indicator 904. This tailored approach ensures that each device type receives and processes signals according to its capabilities. In some examples, the decision to transmit either just one part (e.g., the first part 912) or both parts (e.g., the first part 912 and the second part 914) of the start indicator 904 may be based on the subtype of a “Device 2” device. For example, the reader may transmit one part (e.g., the first part 912) of the start indicator 904 for a “Device 2a” device and transmit two parts (e.g., the first part 912 and the second part 914) of the start indicator 904 for a “Device 2b” device.
[0102] FIG. 10 is a diagram 1000 illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 10, in some examples, the start indicator 1004 of an R2D transmission may include two parts: the first part 1012 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1014 (e.g., the optional part) . In some examples, the first part 1012 (e.g., the mandatory part) may have a sequence “ON / OFF” patterns, such as an “ON-OFF-ON-OFF” pattern, as shown in FIG. 10. In some examples, the second part 1014 (e.g., the optional part) may include an extended ON pattern 1022 followed by an OFF pattern 1024, forming an “ON-ON-OFF” pattern, as shown in FIG. 10. In some examples, both the first type and the second type devices may be able to detect the first part 1012 (e.g., the mandatory part) using, for example, a digital pattern detector and the second part 1014 (e.g., the optional part) using, for example, an analog circuit.
[0103] In some examples, the harmonized design of the start indicator may be used to reduce the overhead associated with the pattern-based start indicator. FIG. 11 is a diagram 1100 illustrating an example of overhead reduction using the start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 11, in some examples, the start indicator 1104 of an initial reader-to-device (R2D) transmission 1102 may include both the first part 1112 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1114 (e.g., the optional part) . However, in subsequent R2D transmissions (e.g., R2D transmission 1122) , the start indicator 1124 may include the first part 1132 (e.g., the mandatory part) but not the second part (e.g., the optional part) . In some examples, subsequent R2D transmissions (e.g., R2D transmission 1122) may include the first part 1132 (e.g., mandatory part) , but not the second part (e.g., the optional part) , without additional signals or instructions from the reader, which reduces the data load and simplifies the transmission process. In some examples, the initial R2D transmission 1102 may indicate which pattern should be used in future communications, which provides the configurations for the start indicators or preambles for subsequent R2D or D2R transmissions.
[0104] FIG. 12 is a diagram 1200 illustrating an example of a start indicator design in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 12, in some examples, the harmonized design of the start indicator may include two parts. The second part 1214 (e.g., the optional part) may include an extended ON pattern 1222, followed by the first part 1212 (e.g., the mandatory part) , which may have one or more short OFF patterns (e.g., OFF pattern 1224) at designated locations. This configuration allows for differentiated detection capabilities across device types. For example, the first type device may detect the first part 1212 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the start indicator 1204, but not the second part 1214, which includes the extended ON pattern 1222. On the other hand, the second type device may be able to detect both the first part 1212 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1214 (e.g., the optional part) .
[0105] In some examples, the harmonized design used for the start indicator in a preamble may be applied for the postamble of a signal. For example, the harmonized design may be used for the postamble of a signal transmission targeting on a “Device 2b” device, which may use the postamble for functions such as transmit-oscillator calibration.
[0106] FIG. 13 is a diagram 1300 illustrating an example of a postamble design in accordance with various aspect of the present disclosure. The postamble configuration may vary based on different device types of the receiving devices. In some examples, the transmission targeting the first type device (e.g., “Device 1” or “Device 2a” types) may not include a postamble, while the transmission targeting on the second type device (e.g., “Device 2b” type) may include a postamble 1302. In some examples, the postamble 1302 may include a first part 1312 (e.g., a mandatory part) for “Device 1” or “Device 2a” devices, and the postamble 1302 may include both a first part 1312 (e.g., a mandatory part) and a second part 1314 (e.g., an optional part) for “Device 2b”devices. In some examples, the inclusion of the second part 1314 (e.g., the optional part) in the postamble for “Device 2b” device allows for additional functionalities that are specific to more advanced devices.
[0107] In some examples, the decisions regarding the presence of a postamble 1302, and the pattern of the postamble 1302, may be indicated in the PRDCH 1304 (e.g., the control portion of the PRDCH 1304) . This management ensures that each device type receives the proper postamble configuration. In some examples, the signals (e.g., R2D transmission 1330) for “Device 1” type device may not include any postamble (e.g., does not include postamble 1302) , and the signals (e.g., R2D transmission 1330) for “Devices 2a” or “Device 2b” devices may include a postamble 1302. In some examples, the signals (e.g., R2D transmission 1330) for “Device 1” device may include the first part 1312 (e.g., the mandatory part) of the postamble 1302, and the signals (e.g., R2D transmission 1330) for “Devices 2a” and “Device 2b” devices may include the first part 1312 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1314 (e.g., the optional part) of the postamble 1302. In some examples, the first part 1322 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1324 (e.g., the optional part) of the start indicator of the preamble 1320, and the first part 1312 (e.g., the mandatory part) and the second part 1314 (e.g., the optional part) of the postamble 1302 may include pre-defined patterns or a certain duration of ON patterns.
[0108] FIG. 14 is a call flow diagram 1400 illustrating a method of wireless communication in accordance with various aspects of this present disclosure. Various aspects are described in connection with an A-IoT UE 1402 and a reader 1404. The aspects may be performed by the A-IoT UE 1402 or the reader 1404. The A-IoT UE 1402 may be RFID tag 406, A-IoT UE 506, 606. The reader 1404 may be a base station 504, 604, and / or one or more components of a base station (e.g., a CU 110, a DU 130, and / or an RU 140) .
[0109] As shown in FIG. 14, at 1406, the A-IoT UE 1402 may receive a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips. The OOK chips may be included in the second waveform pattern in the second part of the start indicator portion of subsequent R2D signal.
[0110] At 1408, the reader 1404 may generate the first signal. In some examples, the reader 1404 may generate the first signal, which may be an R2D signal to be transmit to a receiving device, based on the device type of the receiving device (e.g., the A-IoT UE 1402) . For example, if A-IoE UE 1402 is the receiving device and the A-IoT UE 1402 is a “Device 1” or “Device 2a” device, the reader 1404 may generate the first signal, so that the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part but does not include the second part. In some examples, if A-IoE UE 1402 is a “Device 2b” device, the reader 1404 may generate the first signal, so that the start indicator portion of the first signal includes both the first part and the second part.
[0111] At 1410, the reader 1404 may transmit the first signal to the receiving device, such as the A-IoT UE 1402. For example, referring to FIG. 6, the reader (e.g. UE 602 or base station 604) may transmit the first signal to the receiving device (e.g., A-IoT UE 606) via the R2D link 612. In some examples, the first signal may include a preamble or a postamble. For example, referring to FIG. 7A, the first signal may include a preamble 710, and the preamble 710 may include a start indicator 704. In FIG. 8, the start indicator 804 may include at least one of the first part 812 or the second part 814. Referring to FIG. 13, the first signal may include a postamble 1302, and the postamble 1302 may include at least one of the first part 1312 or the second part 1314.
[0112] At 1412, the A-IoT UE 1402 may process, based on the device type of the A-IoT UE 1402, at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble in the first signal. For example, if the device type of the A-IoT UE 1402 is the first type (e.g., “Device 1” or “Device 2a” ) , the A-IoT UE 1402 may process the first part (e.g., 812) using an analog circuit of the A-IoT UE 1402. For example, if the device type of the A-IoT UE 1402 is the second type (e.g., “Device 2b” ) , the A-IoT UE 1402 may process the first part (e.g., 812) and the second part (e.g., 812) using a pattern detection method.
[0113] At 1414, the A-IoT UE 1402 may process at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble of the first signal based on the device type of the A-IoT UE 1402. For example, if the device type the first type (e.g., “Device 1” or “Device 2a” ) , the A-IoT UE 1402 may process the first part (e.g., 1312) of the postamble 1302. If the device type the second type (e.g., “Device 2b” ) , the A-IoT UE 1402 may process the first part (e.g., 1312) and the second part (e.g., 1314) of the postamble (e.g., 1302) .
[0114] At 1416, the A-IoT UE 1402 may perform a time synchronization with the reader device based on at least one of the first waveform pattern (e.g., waveform pattern 820, 822, 824, 826, 828) or the second waveform pattern (e.g., 1022 and 1024) of the start indicator portion.
[0115] At 1418, the A-IoT UE 1402 may transmit a second signal to the reader 1404, and the second signal may be based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 6, the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) .
[0116] At 1420, the A-IoT UE 1402 may receive from the reader 1404 an R2D transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal (to be transmitted at 1422) . For example, the R2D transmission may indicate a pattern (e.g., 820, 822, 824, 826, 828) for the first part (e.g., 812) of the third signal.
[0117] At 1422, the A-IoT UE 1402 may receive the third signal from the reader 1404. In some examples, the start indicator portion of the third signal may include the first part of the preamble but not include the second part of the preamble. For example, referring to FIG. 11, the third signal may be the subsequent R2D transmission 1122, the start indicator portion (e.g., 1124) of the third signal may include the first part 1132 of the preamble but may not include the second part of the preamble.
[0118] FIG. 15 is a flowchart 1500 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a device in cooperation with a reader (or reader device) . In some examples, the device may be an A-IoT device, such as an A-IoT UE 506, 606, 1402, and the reader may be an A-IoT reader (e.g., reader 1406) , which may be a network entity or a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 502, 602, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 504, 604; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0119] As shown in FIG. 15, at 1502, the device may receive, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble. The preamble may include a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion may include a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1500. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1410 receive from a reader device (e.g., reader 1404) a first signal including a preamble (e.g., 810) . The preamble (e.g., 810) may include a start indicator portion (e.g., 804) , and the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) may include a first part 812 having a first waveform pattern (e.g., 820) and a second part 814 having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1502 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0120] At 1504, the device may process at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble based on a device type of the device. For example, referring to FIG. 8 and FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1412, process at least one of the first part 812 or the second part 814 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) of the preamble 810 based on a device type of the device. In some aspects, 1504 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0121] At 1506, the device may transmit a second signal to the reader device. The second signal may be based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1418, transmit a second signal to the reader device. Referring to FIG. 6, the first signal may be the carrier wave 610, and the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) . In some aspects, 1504 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0122] FIG. 16 is a flowchart 1600 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a device in cooperation with a reader (or reader device) . In some examples, the device may be an A-IoT device, such as an A-IoT UE 506, 606, 1402, and the reader may be an A-IoT reader (e.g., reader 1406) , which may be a network entity or a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 502, 602, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 504, 604; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0123] As shown in FIG. 16, at 1604, the device may receive, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble. The preamble may include a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion may include a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1500. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1410 receive from a reader device (e.g., reader 1404) a first signal including a preamble (e.g., 810) . The preamble (e.g., 810) may include a start indicator portion (e.g., 804) , and the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) may include a first part 812 having a first waveform pattern (e.g., 820) and a second part 814 having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1604 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0124] At 1606, the device may process at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble based on a device type of the device. For example, referring to FIG. 8 and FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1412, process at least one of the first part 812 or the second part 814 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) of the preamble 810 based on a device type of the device. In some aspects, 1606 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0125] At 1610, the device may transmit a second signal to the reader device. The second signal may be based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1418, transmit a second signal to the reader device. Referring to FIG. 6, the first signal may be the carrier wave 610, and the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) . In some aspects, 1610 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0126] In some aspects, the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern may be a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of R2D signals, and the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first part (e.g., 812) of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) with the first waveform pattern may be a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of R2D signals (e.g., R2D transmission 802) , and the second waveform pattern (e.g., 814) may be an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions (e.g., 804) of the R2D signals (e.g., R2D transmission 802) .
[0127] In some aspects, at 1608, the device may perform, based on at least one of the first waveform pattern or the second waveform pattern of the start indicator portion, a time synchronization with the reader device. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1416, perform a time synchronization with the reader device (e.g., reader 1404) based on at least one of the first waveform pattern or the second waveform pattern of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) . In some aspects, 1608 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0128] In some aspects, the first part of the start indicator portion may be located at one of: the beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, the end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, or the middle of the start indicator portion. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first part 812 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) may be located at the end of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) and after the second part 814 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) . In some examples, the first part of the start indicator portion may be located at the beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, or the middle of the start indicator portion.
[0129] In some aspects, the second waveform pattern includes one or more On-Off Keying (OOK) chips, and each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 12, the second waveform pattern (e.g., 1214) may include one or more OOK chips (e.g., 1222) , and each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips may include an ON pattern (e.g., 1222) or an OFF pattern.
[0130] In some aspects, at 1602, the device may receive from the reader device a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1406, receive from the reader device (e.g., reader 1404) a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1602 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0131] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern may include one of: the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration, the ON pattern, where the ON pattern has a second duration, a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first waveform pattern (e.g., 812) may include one of: the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 820) , the OFF pattern with a first duration (e.g., 822) , the ON pattern with a second duration (e.g., 824) , a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern (e.g., 826) , or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns (e.g., 828) , where each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.
[0132] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the first waveform pattern (e.g., 912) may include the ON pattern (e.g., 922) followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 924) , and the second waveform pattern (e.g., 914) may include multiple ON / OFF patterns, where a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern (e.g., 924) in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern (e.g., 926) in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern (e.g., 914) .
[0133] In some aspects, if the device type of the device is the first type (e.g., 1616) , the device may, at 1620, process the first part using an analog circuit of the device. For example, referring to FIG. 9, if the device type of the device is the first type, the device may process the first part 912 using an analog circuit of the device.
[0134] In some aspects, if the device type is the second type (e.g., 1618) , the device may, at 1624, process the first part and the second part using a pattern detection method. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the device may process the first part 912 and the second part 914 using a pattern detection method.
[0135] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the first waveform pattern (e.g., at 1012) includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern (e.g., at 1014) includes the ON pattern (e.g., 1022) followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 1024) , and a first ON duration of the ON pattern (e.g., 1022) in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern (e.g., at 1012) .
[0136] In some aspects, if the device type is a first type or a second type, the device may, at 1622, process the first part using an analog circuit of the device and the second part using a digital pattern detector of the device. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the device may process the first part (e.g., 1012) using an analog circuit of the device and the second part (e.g., 1014) using a digital pattern detector of the device.
[0137] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes an ON pattern followed by an OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern, and to process the at least one of the first part and the second part, the device may process, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part, or process, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part. For example, referring to FIG. 12 and FIG. 14, the first waveform pattern (e.g., at 1212) may include an ON pattern followed by an OFF pattern (e.g., at 1224) , and the second waveform pattern (e.g., at 1214) may include the ON pattern (e.g., at 1222) , and the device may process, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part (e.g., at 1212) , or process, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part (e.g., at 1212) and the second part (e.g., at 1214) .
[0138] In some aspects, at 1614, the device may receive, from the reader device, a third signal, and the start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble. For example, referring to FIG. 11 and FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1422, receive from the reader device (e.g., reader 1404) a third signal, and the start indicator portion of the third signal (e.g., subsequent R2D transmission 1122) may include the first part (e.g., 1132) of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble. In some aspects, 1614 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0139] In some aspects, at 1612, the device may receive, from the reader, an R2D transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1420, receive from the reader (e.g., reader 1404) an R2D transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal. In some aspects, 1612 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0140] FIG. 17 is a flowchart 1700 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a device in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a device in cooperation with a reader (or reader device) . In some examples, the device may be an A-IoT device, such as an A-IoT UE 506, 606, 1402, and the reader may be an A-IoT reader (e.g., reader 1406) , which may be a network entity or a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 502, 602, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 504, 604; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0141] As shown in FIG. 17, at 1702, the device may receive, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a postamble. The postamble may include a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1500. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1410, receive from a reader device (e.g., reader 1404) a first signal including a postamble (e.g., 1302) . Referring to FIG. 13, the postamble (e.g., 1302) may include a first part (e.g., 1312) having a first waveform pattern and a second part (e.g., 1314) having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1702 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0142] At 1704, the device may process, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble. For example, referring to FIG. 8 and FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1414, process, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part (e.g., 1312) or the second part (e.g., 1314) of the postamble (e.g., 1302) . In some aspects, 1704 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0143] At 1706, the device may transmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) may, at 1418, transmit a second signal to the reader device. Referring to FIG. 6, the first signal may be the carrier wave 610, and the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) . In some aspects, 1706 may be performed by the signal processing component 198.
[0144] FIG. 18 is a flowchart 1800 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a reader (or a reader device) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a device in cooperation with a reader (or reader device) . In some examples, the device may be an A-IoT device, such as an A-IoT UE 506, 606, 1402, and the reader may be an A-IoT reader (e.g., reader 1406) , which may be a network entity or a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 502, 602, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 504, 604; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0145] As shown in FIG. 18, at 1802, the reader may transmit, to a device, a first signal comprising at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1800. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (reader 1404) may, at 1410, transmit to a device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) a first signal including at least one of a postamble (e.g., 1302) or a start indicator portion of a preamble (e.g., 1320) that includes at least one of a first part (e.g., 1322) having a first waveform pattern or a second part (e.g., 1314) that is optional for inclusion in postambles (e.g., 1302) or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1802 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0146] At 1804, the reader may receive, from the device, a second signal based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1418, receive from the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) a second signal based on the first signal. Referring to FIG. 6, the first signal may be the carrier wave 610, and the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) . In some aspects, 1804 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0147] FIG. 19 is a flowchart 1900 illustrating methods of wireless communication at a reader (or a reader device) in accordance with various aspects of the present disclosure. The method may be performed by a device in cooperation with a reader (or reader device) . In some examples, the device may be an A-IoT device, such as an A-IoT UE 506, 606, 1402, and the reader may be an A-IoT reader (e.g., reader 1406) , which may be a network entity or a UE. The UE may be the UE 104, 350, 502, 602, or the apparatus 2004 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20. The network entity may be a base station, or a component of a base station, in the access network of FIG. 1 or a core network component (e.g., base station 102, 310, 504, 604; or the network entity 2002 in the hardware implementation of FIG. 20) . By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0148] As shown in FIG. 19, at 1908, the reader may transmit, to a device, a first signal comprising at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. FIG. 8, FIG. 9, FIG. 10, FIG. 11, FIG. 12, FIG. 13, and FIG. 14 illustrate various aspects of the steps in connection with flowchart 1900. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (reader 1404) may, at 1410, transmit to a device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) a first signal including at least one of a postamble (e.g., 1302) or a start indicator portion of a preamble (e.g., 1320) that includes at least one of a first part (e.g., 1322) having a first waveform pattern or a second part (e.g., 1314) that is optional for inclusion in postambles (e.g., 1302) or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1908 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0149] At 1910, the reader may receive, from the device, a second signal based on the first signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1418, receive from the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) a second signal based on the first signal. Referring to FIG. 6, the first signal may be the carrier wave 610, and the second signal may be the backscattered signal 616 or the modulated RF signal 618, both of which may be based on the first signal (e.g., carrier wave 610) . In some aspects, 1910 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0150] In some aspects, the reader may generate the first signal. If the device type of the device is the first type, the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and does not include the second part (at 1904) . If the device type is a second type, the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and the second part (at 1906) . For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1408 generate the first signal. If the device type of the device is the first type, the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and does not include the second part. If the device type is a second type, the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and the second part. In some aspects, 1904 and 1906 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0151] In some aspects, the first part may include a target pattern associated with the first type, and the second part does not include the target pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the first part 912 may include a target pattern (e.g., 922 and 924) associated with the first type, and the second part does not include the target pattern.
[0152] In some aspects, the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first part (e.g., 812) of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) with the first waveform pattern may be a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of R2D signals (e.g., R2D transmission 802) , and the second waveform pattern (e.g., 814) may be an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions (e.g., 804) of the R2D signals (e.g., R2D transmission 802) .
[0153] In some aspects, the first part of the start indicator portion may be located at one of: a beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, an end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, or a middle of the start indicator portion. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first part 812 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) may be located at the end of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) and after the second part 814 of the start indicator portion (e.g., 804) . In some examples, the first part of the start indicator portion may be located at the beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, or the middle of the start indicator portion.
[0154] In some aspects, the second waveform pattern includes one or more OOK chips, and each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 12, the second waveform pattern (e.g., 1214) may include one or more OOK chips (e.g., 1222) , and each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips may include an ON pattern (e.g., 1222) or an OFF pattern.
[0155] In some aspects, at 1902, the reader may transmit, to the device, a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1406, transmit to the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern. In some aspects, 1902 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0156] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes one of: the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration, the ON pattern, wherein the ON pattern has a second duration, a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 8, the first waveform pattern (e.g., 812) may include one of:the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 820) , the OFF pattern with a first duration (e.g., 822) , the ON pattern with a second duration (e.g., 824) , a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern (e.g., 826) , or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns (e.g., 828) , where each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.
[0157] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 9, the first waveform pattern (e.g., 912) may include the ON pattern (e.g., 922) followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 924) , and the second waveform pattern (e.g., 914) may include multiple ON / OFF patterns, where a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern (e.g., 924) in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern (e.g., 926) in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern (e.g., 914) .
[0158] In some aspects, the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern. For example, referring to FIG. 10, the first waveform pattern (e.g., at 1012) includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern (e.g., at 1014) includes the ON pattern (e.g., 1022) followed by the OFF pattern (e.g., 1024) , and a first ON duration of the ON pattern (e.g., 1022) in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern (e.g., at 1012) .
[0159] In some aspects, at 1914, the reader may transmit a third signal to the device. The start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1422, transmit a third signal to the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) . Referring to FIG. 11, the start indicator portion of the third signal (e.g., subsequent R2D transmission 1122) may include the first part (e.g., 1132) of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble. In some aspects, 1914 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0160] In some aspects, at 1912, the reader may transmit, to the device, an R2D transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal. For example, referring to FIG. 14, the reader (e.g., reader 1404) may, at 1420, transmit to the device (e.g., A-IoT UE 1402) an R2D transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal. In some aspects, 1912 may be performed by the signal processing component 199.
[0161] FIG. 20 is a diagram 2000 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an apparatus 2004. The apparatus 2004 may be a UE, a component of a UE, or may implement UE functionality. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may include at least one cellular baseband processor (or processing circuitry) 2024 (also referred to as a modem) coupled to one or more transceivers 2022 (e.g., cellular RF transceiver) . The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 may include at least one on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2024'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may further include one or more subscriber identity modules (SIM) cards 2020 and at least one application processor (or processing circuitry) 2006 coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 2008 and a screen 2010. The application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2006'. In some aspects, the apparatus 2004 may further include a Bluetooth module 2012, a WLAN module 2014, an SPS module 2016 (e.g., GNSS module) , one or more sensor modules 2018 (e.g., barometric pressure sensor / altimeter; motion sensor such as inertial measurement unit (IMU) , gyroscope, and / or accelerometer (s) ; magnetometer, audio and / or other technologies used for positioning) , additional memory modules 2026, a power supply 2030, and / or a camera 2032. The Bluetooth module 2012, the WLAN module 2014, and the SPS module 2016 may include an on-chip transceiver (TRX) (or in some cases, just a receiver (RX) ) . The Bluetooth module 2012, the WLAN module 2014, and the SPS module 2016 may include their own dedicated antennas and / or utilize the antennas 2080 for communication. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 communicates through the transceiver (s) 2022 via one or more antennas 2080 with the UE 104 and / or with an RU associated with a network entity 2002. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) 2024', 2006', respectively. The additional memory modules 2026 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . Each computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) 2024', 2006', 2026 may be non-transitory. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 are each responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . The software, when executed by the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, causes the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 to perform the various functions described supra. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 are configured to perform the various functions described supra based at least in part of the information stored in the memory (or memory circuitry) . That is, the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may be configured to perform a first subset of the various functions described supra without information stored in the memory and may be configured to perform a second subset of the various functions described supra based on the information stored in the memory. The computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 when executing software. The cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 / application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006 may be a component of the UE 350 and may include the at least one memory 360 and / or at least one of the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. In one configuration, the apparatus 2004 may be at least one processor chip (modem and / or application) and include just the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and / or the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, and in another configuration, the apparatus 2004 may be the entire UE (e.g., see UE 350 of FIG. 3) and include the additional modules of the apparatus 2004.
[0162] As discussed supra, the component 198 may be configured to receive, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble, where the preamble includes a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; process, based on a device type of the device, the at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and transmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal. The component 198 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 15, FIG. 16, and FIG. 17, and / or performed by the UE 1402 in FIG. 14. The component 198 may be within the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024, the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, or both the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006. The component 198 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. As shown, the apparatus 2004 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the apparatus 2004, and in particular the cellular baseband processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2024 and / or the application processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2006, includes means for receiving, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble, where the preamble includes a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; means for processing, based on a device type of the device, the at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and means for transmitting, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal. The apparatus 2004 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 15 and FIG. 16, and / or aspects performed by the UE 1402 in FIG. 14. The means may be the component 198 of the apparatus 2004 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the apparatus 2004 may include the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and the controller / processor 359. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 368, the RX processor 356, and / or the controller / processor 359 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0163] FIG. 21 is a diagram 2100 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a network entity 2102. The network entity 2102 may be a BS, a component of a BS, or may implement BS functionality. The network entity 2102 may include at least one of a CU 2110, a DU 2130, or an RU 2140. For example, depending on the layer functionality handled by the component 199, the network entity 2102 may include the CU 2110; both the CU 2110 and the DU 2130; each of the CU 2110, the DU 2130, and the RU 2140; the DU 2130; both the DU 2130 and the RU 2140; or the RU 2140. The CU 2110 may include at least one CU processor (or processing circuitry) 2112. The CU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2112 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2112'. In some aspects, the CU 2110 may further include additional memory modules 2114 and a communications interface 2118. The CU 2110 communicates with the DU 2130 through a midhaul link, such as an F1 interface. The DU 2130 may include at least one DU processor (or processing circuitry) 2132. The DU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2132 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2132'. In some aspects, the DU 2130 may further include additional memory modules 2134 and a communications interface 2138. The DU 2130 communicates with the RU 2140 through a fronthaul link. The RU 2140 may include at least one RU processor (or processing circuitry) 2142. The RU processor (s) (or processing circuitry) 2142 may include on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2142'. In some aspects, the RU 2140 may further include additional memory modules 2144, one or more transceivers 2146, antennas 2180, and a communications interface 2148. The RU 2140 communicates with the UE 104. The on-chip memory (or memory circuitry) 2112', 2132', 2142' and the additional memory modules 2114, 2134, 2144 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . Each computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may be non-transitory. Each of the processors (or processing circuitry) 2112, 2132, 2142 is responsible for general processing, including the execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) . The software, when executed by the corresponding processor (s) (or processing circuitry) causes the processor (s) (or processing circuitry) to perform the various functions described supra. The computer-readable medium / memory (or memory circuitry) may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor (s) (or processing circuitry) when executing software.
[0164] As discussed supra, the component 199 may be configured to transmit a first signal to a device, where the first signal includes at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; and receive a second signal from the device, where the second signal is based on the first signal. The component 199 may be further configured to perform any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, and / or performed by the reader 1404 in FIG. 14. The component 199 may be within one or more processors (or processing circuitry) of one or more of the CU 2110, DU 2130, and the RU 2140. The component 199 may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by one or more processors, or some combination thereof. When multiple processors are implemented, the multiple processors may perform the stated processes / algorithm individually or in combination. The network entity 2102 may include a variety of components configured for various functions. In one configuration, the network entity 2102 includes means for transmitting a first signal to a device, where the first signal includes at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; and means for receiving a second signal from the device, where the second signal is based on the first signal. The network entity 2102 may further include means for performing any of the aspects described in connection with the flowcharts in FIG. 18 and FIG. 19, and / or aspects performed by the reader 1404 in FIG. 14. The means may be the component 199 of the network entity 2102 configured to perform the functions recited by the means. As described supra, the network entity 2102 may include the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and the controller / processor 375. As such, in one configuration, the means may be the TX processor 316, the RX processor 370, and / or the controller / processor 375 configured to perform the functions recited by the means.
[0165] This disclosure provides a method for wireless communication at a UE. The method may include receiving, from a reader device, a first signal including a preamble, where the preamble includes a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion includes a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; processing, based on a device type of the device, the at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and transmitting, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal. By introducing a harmonized design that includes a first part and an optional second part for the start indicator in an R2D signal based on different device types, the methods allow devices to decode R2D signals according to their capacity, whereas basic devices can process just the first part and more capable devices can utilize the full indicator for more detailed information. Hence, the methods improve the interoperability of wireless communication. Additionally, by providing the option to include or exclude the optional part in the start indicator when communicating with different devices, the methods enhance the system’s adaptability and efficiency across different devices. In some examples, by extending the harmonized design to postamble sequences for different device types, the methods further enhance the reliability and efficiency of data transmission.
[0166] It is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts disclosed is an illustration of example approaches. Based upon design preferences, it is understood that the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes / flowcharts may be rearranged. Further, some blocks may be combined or omitted. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in a sample order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented.
[0167] The previous description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language claims. Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one” unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” Terms such as “if, ” “when, ” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when, ” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The word “exemplary” is used herein to mean “serving as an example, instance, or illustration. ” Any aspect described herein as “exemplary” is not necessarily to be construed as preferred or advantageous over other aspects. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” include any combination of A, B, and / or C, and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, or multiples of C. Specifically, combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C, ” “one or more of A, B, or C, ” “at least one of A, B, and C, ” “one or more of A, B, and C, ” and “A, B, C, or any combination thereof” may be A only, B only, C only, A and B, A and C, B and C, or A and B and C, where any such combinations may contain one or more member or members of A, B, or C. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Accordingly, for a set of X, X would include one or more elements. When at least one processor is configured to perform a set of functions, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the set of functions. Accordingly, each processor of the at least one processor may be configured to perform a particular subset of the set of functions, where the subset is the full set, a proper subset of the set, or an empty subset of the set. A processor may be referred to as processor circuitry. A memory / memory module may be referred to as memory circuitry. If a first apparatus receives data from or transmits data to a second apparatus, the data may be received / transmitted directly between the first and second apparatuses, or indirectly between the first and second apparatuses through a set of apparatuses. A device configured to “output” data or “provide” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may transmit the data, for example with a transceiver, or may send the data to a device that transmits the data. A device configured to “obtain” data, such as a transmission, signal, or message, may receive, for example with a transceiver, or may obtain the data from a device that receives the data. Information stored in a memory includes instructions and / or data. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims. The words “module, ” “mechanism, ” “element, ” “device, ” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means. ” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for. ”
[0168] As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A” (where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like) shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.
[0169] The following aspects are illustrative only and may be combined with other aspects or teachings described herein, without limitation.
[0170] Aspect 1 is a method of wireless communication at a device. The method includes receiving, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a preamble, wherein the preamble comprises a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion comprises a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; processing, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; and transmitting, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.
[0171] Aspect 2 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals.
[0172] Aspect 3 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 2, where the method further includes performing, based on at least one of the first waveform pattern or the second waveform pattern of the start indicator portion, a time synchronization with the reader device.
[0173] Aspect 4 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 3, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion is located at one of: a beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, an end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, or a middle of the start indicator portion.
[0174] Aspect 5 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 4, wherein the second waveform pattern includes one or more On-Off Keying (OOK) chips, wherein each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern.
[0175] Aspect 6 is the method of aspect 5, where the method further includes receiving, from the reader device, a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern.
[0176] Aspect 7 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 5, wherein the first waveform pattern includes one of: the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration, the ON pattern, wherein the ON pattern has a second duration, a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.
[0177] Aspect 8 is the method of aspect 7, wherein the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern.
[0178] Aspect 9 is the method of aspect 8, wherein processing the at least one of the first part and the second part comprises: processing, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part using an analog circuit of the device.
[0179] Aspect 10 is the method of aspect 8, wherein processing the at least one of the first part and the second part comprises: processing, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part using a pattern detection method.
[0180] Aspect 11 is the method of aspect 7, wherein the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern.
[0181] Aspect 12 is the method of aspect 11, wherein processing the at least one of the first part and the second part comprises: processing, in response to the device type being a first type or a second type, the first part using an analog circuit of the device and the second part using a digital pattern detector of the device.
[0182] Aspect 13 is the method of aspect 1, wherein the first waveform pattern includes an ON pattern followed by an OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern, and wherein processing the at least one of the first part and the second part comprises: processing, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part, or processing, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part.
[0183] Aspect 14 is the method of any of aspects 1 to 13, where the method further includes receiving, from the reader device, a third signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble.
[0184] Aspect 15 is the method of aspect 14, where the method further includes receiving, from the reader, a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal.
[0185] Aspect 16 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of aspects 1-15.
[0186] Aspect 17 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of any of aspects 1-15.
[0187] Aspect 18 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 1-15.
[0188] Aspect 19 is an apparatus of any of aspects 16-18, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 1-15.
[0189] Aspect 20 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a device, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of any of aspects 1-15.
[0190] Aspect 21 is a method of wireless communication at a device. The method includes receiving, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a postamble, wherein the postamble comprises a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; processing, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble; and transmitting, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.
[0191] Aspect 22 is the method of aspect 21, wherein processing the at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble comprises: processing, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part of the postamble, or processing, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part of the postamble.
[0192] Aspect 23 is the method of aspect 21, wherein the first part of the postamble with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in postambles of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to include in the postambles of the R2D signals.
[0193] Aspect 24 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the device to perform the method of one or more of aspects 21-23.
[0194] Aspect 25 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of any of aspects 21-23.
[0195] Aspect 26 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 21-23.
[0196] Aspect 27 is an apparatus of any of aspects 24-26, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 21-23.
[0197] Aspect 28 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a device, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of any of aspects 21-23.
[0198] Aspect 29 is a method of wireless communication at a reader. The method includes transmitting, to a device, a first signal comprising at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; and receiving, from the device, a second signal based on the first signal.
[0199] Aspect 30 is the method of aspect 29, where the method further includes generating, in response to a device type of the device being a first type, the first signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and does not include the second part, or generating, in response to the device type being a second type, the first signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and the second part.
[0200] Aspect 31 is the method of any of aspects 29 to 30, wherein the first part includes a target pattern associated with the first type, and the second part does not include the target pattern.
[0201] Aspect 32 is the method of aspect 29, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals.
[0202] Aspect 33 is the method of aspect 29, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion is located at one of: a beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion, an end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, or a middle of the start indicator portion.
[0203] Aspect 34 is the method of any of aspects 29 to 33, wherein the second waveform pattern includes one or more On-Off Keying (OOK) chips, wherein each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern.
[0204] Aspect 35 is the method of aspect 34, where the method further includes transmitting, to the device, a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern.
[0205] Aspect 36 is the method of any of aspects 29 to 34, wherein the first waveform pattern includes one of: the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration, the ON pattern, wherein the ON pattern has a second duration, a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, or a sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.
[0206] Aspect 37 is the method of aspect 36, wherein the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern.
[0207] Aspect 38 is the method of aspect 36, wherein the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern.
[0208] Aspect 39 is the method of any of aspects 29 to 38, where the method further includes transmitting, to the device, a third signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble.
[0209] Aspect 40 is the method of aspect 39, where the method further includes transmitting, to the device, a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal.
[0210] Aspect 41 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a reader, comprising: a processing system that includes processor circuitry and memory circuitry that stores code and is coupled with the processor circuitry, the processing system configured to cause the reader to perform the method of one or more of aspects 29-40.
[0211] Aspect 42 is an apparatus for wireless communication at a reader, comprising: at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, where the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to perform the method of any of aspects 29-40.
[0212] Aspect 43 is the apparatus for wireless communication at a reader, comprising means for performing each step in the method of any of aspects 29-40.
[0213] Aspect 44 is an apparatus of any of aspects 41-43, further comprising a transceiver configured to receive or to transmit in association with the method of any of aspects 29-40.
[0214] Aspect 45 is a computer-readable medium (e.g., a non-transitory computer-readable medium) storing computer executable code at a reader, the code when executed by at least one processor causes the at least one processor to, individually or in any combination, perform the method of any of aspects 29-40.
Claims
1.An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to:receive, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a preamble, wherein the preamble comprises a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion comprises a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern;process, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; andtransmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.2.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein to receive the first signal, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to receive the first signal via the transceiver, and wherein the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in start indicator portions of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to:perform, based on at least one of the first waveform pattern or the second waveform pattern of the start indicator portion, a time synchronization with the reader device.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion is located at one of:a beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion,an end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, ora middle of the start indicator portion.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second waveform pattern includes one or more On-Off Keying (OOK) chips, wherein each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern.6.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:receive, from the reader device, a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern.7.The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the first waveform pattern includes one of:the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern,the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration,the ON pattern, wherein the ON pattern has a second duration,a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, ora sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.8.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein to process the at least one of the first part and the second part, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:process, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part using an analog circuit of the device.10.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein to process the at least one of the first part and the second part, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:process, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part using a pattern detection method.11.The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein to process the at least one of the first part and the second part, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:process, in response to the device type being a first type or a second type, the first part using an analog circuit of the device and the second part using a digital pattern detector of the device.13.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first waveform pattern includes an ON pattern followed by an OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern, and wherein to process the at least one of the first part and the second part, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:process, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part, orprocess, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part.14.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:receive, from the reader device, a third signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the device to:receive, from the reader, a reader-to-device (R2D) transmission indicative of a pattern for the first part in the start indicator portion of the third signal.16.An apparatus for wireless communication at a device, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to:receive, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a postamble, wherein the postamble comprises a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern;process, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble; andtransmit, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.17.The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein to receive the first signal, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to receive the first signal via the transceiver, and wherein to process the at least one of the first part or the second part of the postamble, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the device to:process, in response to the device type being a first type, the first part of the postamble, orprocess, in response to the device type being a second type, the first part and the second part of the postamble.18.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the first part of the postamble with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in postambles of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to include in the postambles of the R2D signals.19.An apparatus for wireless communication at a reader, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled to the at least one memory and, based at least in part on information stored in the at least one memory, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the reader to:transmit, to a device, a first signal comprising at least one of a postamble or a start indicator portion of a preamble that includes at least one of a first part having a first waveform pattern or a second part that is optional for inclusion in postambles or start indicator portions and has a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern; andreceive, from the device, a second signal based on the first signal.20.The apparatus of claim 19, further comprising a transceiver coupled to the at least one processor, wherein to transmit the first signal, the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the reader to transmit the first signal via the transceiver, and wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is further configured to cause the reader to:generate, in response to a device type of the device being a first type, the first signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and does not include the second part, orgenerate, in response to the device type being a second type, the first signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the first signal includes the first part and the second part.21.The apparatus of claim 20, wherein the first part includes a target pattern associated with the first type, and the second part does not include the target pattern.22.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion with the first waveform pattern is a defined waveform pattern to be included in the start indicator portions of reader-to-device (R2D) signals, and wherein the second waveform pattern is an additional waveform pattern that is optional to be included in the start indicator portions of the R2D signals.23.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the first part of the start indicator portion is located at one of:a beginning of the start indicator portion and before the second part of the start indicator portion,an end of the start indicator portion and after the second part of the start indicator portion, orin a middle of the start indicator portion.24.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second waveform pattern includes one or more On-Off Keying (OOK) chips, wherein each OOK chip of the one or more OOK chips includes an ON pattern or an OFF pattern.25.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the reader to:transmit, to the device, a pattern configuration indicative of the one or more OOK chips in the second waveform pattern.26.The apparatus of claim 24, wherein the first waveform pattern includes one of:the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern,the OFF pattern, wherein the OFF pattern has a first duration,the ON pattern, wherein the ON pattern has a second duration,a first ON pattern, a first OFF pattern following the first ON pattern, and a second ON pattern following the first OFF pattern, ora sequence of ON / OFF patterns, wherein each ON / OFF pattern of the sequence of ON / OFF pattern includes one ON pattern and one OFF pattern.27.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the first waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, and the second waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, wherein a first OFF duration of the OFF pattern in the first waveform pattern is longer than a second OFF duration of a single OFF pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the second waveform pattern.28.The apparatus of claim 26, wherein the first waveform pattern includes multiple ON / OFF patterns, and the second waveform pattern includes the ON pattern followed by the OFF pattern, wherein a first ON duration of the ON pattern in the second waveform pattern is longer than a second ON duration of a single ON pattern in the ON / OFF patterns in the first waveform pattern.29.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the at least one processor, individually or in any combination, is configured to cause the reader to:transmit, to the device, a third signal, wherein the start indicator portion of the third signal includes the first part of the preamble but does not include the second part of the preamble.30.A method of wireless communication at a device, comprising:receiving, from a reader device, a first signal comprising a preamble, wherein the preamble comprises a start indicator portion, and the start indicator portion comprises a first part having a first waveform pattern and a second part having a second waveform pattern different from the first waveform pattern;processing, based on a device type of the device, at least one of the first part or the second part of the start indicator portion of the preamble; andtransmitting, to the reader device, a second signal based on the first signal.
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