Communication of identifiers associated with network settings for artificial intelligence or machine learning-based positioning

Abstract

In some examples of the techniques described herein, one or more network settings may be associated with (e.g., mapped to) an identifier. In some approaches, a network entity (e.g., location management function (LMF) may indicate one or more identifiers to a wireless device (e.g., UE) for checking an AI / ML model on the wireless device. For instance, a network entity may help to maintain a correspondence or alignment between identifiers and corresponding network settings during training data collection. Maintaining a correspondence or alignment based on an associated identifier may demand procedures (e.g., long-term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) signaling) for procurement of the associated identifiers. For instance, one or more associated identifiers may be signaled from an LMF to a UE. Training or inference aspects may relate to the associated identifier(s).

Description

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO1COMMUNICATION OF IDENTIFIERS ASSOCIATED WITH NETWORK SETTINGS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR MACHINE LEARNINGBASED POSITIONINGCROSS REFERENCE

[0001] The present Application for Patent claims priority to Greek Patent Application No. 20240100699 by HIRZALLAH et al., entitled “COMMUNICATION OF IDENTIFIERS ASSOCIATED WITH NETWORK SETTINGS FOR ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE OR MACHINE LEARNING-BASED POSITIONING,” filed October 4, 2024, which is assigned to the assignee hereof, and is expressly incorporated by reference herein.FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY

[0002] The following relates to wireless communications, including communication of identifiers associated with network settings for artificial intelligence or machine learning-based positioning.BACKGROUND

[0003] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various types of communication content such as voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, and so on. These systems may be capable of supporting communication with multiple users by sharing the available system resources (e.g., time, frequency, and power). Examples of such multiple-access systems include fourth generation (4G) systems such as Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) systems, or LTE-A Pro systems, and fifth generation (5G) systems which may be referred to as New Radio (NR) systems. These systems may employ technologies such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), or discrete Fourier transform spread orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (DFT-S-OFDM). A wireless multiple-access communications system may include one or more base stations, each supporting wireless communication for communication devices, which may be known as user equipment (UE).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO2SUMMARY

[0004] The systems, methods, and devices of this disclosure each have several innovative aspects, no single one of which is solely responsible for the desirable attributes disclosed herein.

[0005] A method for wireless communications by a wireless device is described. The method may include receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0006] A wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to receive, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and perform an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0007] Another wireless device for wireless communications is described. The wireless device may include means for receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and means for performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-basedAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO3 positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0008] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to receive, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and perform an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0009] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure includes inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model during training, mapping at least one of the one or more identifiers as metadata to an AI / ML model, or training an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers.

[0010] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for performing the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure includes determining whether the wireless device supports the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on at least one of the one or more identifiers, controlling an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers, or inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model.

[0011] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of an availability of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO4

[0012] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers may be included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

[0013] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting, to the network entity, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, where the indication of the one or more identifiers may be received based on the request.

[0014] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an assistance data request procedure.

[0015] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an indication of an area and the one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity correspond to the area.

[0016] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers may be received via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

[0017] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers may be received via a message associated with a request for a location.

[0018] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0019] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO5 identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers may be valid.

[0020] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more identifiers may be associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0021] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting, to a server, a message indicating at least one of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.

[0022] In some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more network settings include information indicating a location of a transmission-reception point (TRP) or an antenna reference point (ARP), uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, an average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes, an LOS or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) state, calibration assistance information associated with a positioning reference unit (PRU), PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

[0023] Some examples of the method, wireless devices, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for transmitting, to the network entity, an indication of the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0024] A method for wireless communications by a network entity is described. The method may include outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioningAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO6 procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0025] A network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include one or more memories storing processor executable code, and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories. The one or more processors may individually or collectively be operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to output, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and output, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0026] Another network entity for wireless communications is described. The network entity may include means for outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and means for outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0027] A non-transitory computer-readable medium storing code for wireless communications is described. The code may include instructions executable by one or more processors to output, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and output, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0028] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the availability of the oneAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO7 or more identifiers may be included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

[0029] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, where the indication of the one or more identifiers may be output based on the request.

[0030] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an assistance data request procedure.

[0031] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an indication of an area and the one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity correspond to the area.

[0032] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers may be output via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

[0033] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers may be output via a message associated with a request for a location.

[0034] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0035] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers may be valid.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO8

[0036] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more identifiers may be associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0037] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the one or more network settings include information indicating a location of a TRP or an ARP, uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, an average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes, an LOS or NLOS state, calibration assistance information associated with a PRU, PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

[0038] Some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein may further include operations, features, means, or instructions for obtaining, from the wireless device, an indication of an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0039] In some examples of the method, network entities, and non-transitory computer-readable medium described herein, the indication of the operation indicates controlling an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers.

[0040] Details of one or more implementations of the subject matter described in this disclosure are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages will become apparent from the description, the drawings, and the claims. Note that the relative dimensions of the following figures may not be drawn to scale.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0041] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for artificial intelligenceAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO9 or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0042] FIG. 2 shows an example of a network structure that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0043] FIG. 3 shows an example of a network architecture that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0044] FIG. 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0045] FIG. 5 shows an example of a wireless communications system that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0046] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0047] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0048] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0049] FIGs. 9 and 10 show block diagrams of devices that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0050] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO10

[0051] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0052] FIGs. 13 and 14 show block diagrams of devices that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0053] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram of a communications manager that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0054] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system including a device that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0055] FIGs. 17 through 20 show flowcharts illustrating methods that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0056] FIG. 21 shows examples of wireless communications systems that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0057] FIG. 22 shows an example of a node diagram that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0058] FIGs. 23 A and 23B show examples of block diagrams that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.

[0059] FIG. 24 shows examples of block diagrams that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO11DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0060] Some wireless communication systems utilize measurements to generate a positioning estimate of a user equipment (UE). Artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML) positioning may improve positioning accuracy in stringent non-line- of-sight (NLOS) conditions. In some approaches, a network node (e.g., a gNB or one or more transmission-reception points (TRPs)) may change network settings. Examples of network settings may include a TRP relative time difference, a TRP reference signal (e.g., positioning reference signal (PRS)), transmission power, a TRP reference signal beam shape, or proprietary network information, among other examples. A network node may change network settings without explicitly indicating one or more actual values or a range of values for the network settings, in some examples. Because changing network settings may impact reference signaling or other network behavior, a change in network settings may cause a misalignment or lack of correspondence between the network settings and a UE-side AI / ML model, which may impact (e.g., reduce) positioning accuracy. For instance, an indication of network settings may not be provided to a UE.

[0061] In some examples of the techniques described herein, one or more network settings may be associated with (e.g., mapped to) an identifier. In some approaches, a network entity (e.g., location management function (LMF) may indicate one or more identifiers to a wireless device (e.g., UE) for checking an AI / ML model on the wireless device (e.g., UE). For instance, a network entity may help to maintain a correspondence or alignment between identifiers and corresponding network settings during training data collection. Maintaining a correspondence or alignment based on an associated identifier may demand procedures (e.g., long-term evolution positioning protocol (LPP) signaling) for procurement of the associated identifiers. For instance, one or more associated identifiers may be signaled from an LMF to a UE. Training or inference aspects may relate to the associated identifier(s).

[0062] Some examples of the techniques described herein may enable establishing a correspondence between one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures and one or more identifiers that are associated with network settings. Establishing the correspondence with the identifier(s) may enable one or more procedures for maintaining an alignment between the AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) and oneAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO12 or more network settings without explicitly indicating the one or more network settings. Additionally, or alternatively, the identified s) may be utilized to enable UE-side control of the AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) based on indication of an identifier. Avoiding an explicit indication of the one or more network settings may preserve confidentiality of the network setting(s) for security purposes.

[0063] Aspects of the disclosure are described in the context of wireless communications systems. Aspects of the disclosure are also described in the context of a wireless network structure. Aspects of the disclosure are further described in the context of a network architecture. Aspects of the disclosure are additionally described in the context of process flows. Aspects of the disclosure are further illustrated by and described with reference to apparatus diagrams, system diagrams, flowcharts, a node diagram, and block diagrams that relate to communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning.

[0064] FIG. 1 shows an example of a wireless communications system 100 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 100 may include one or more devices, such as one or more network devices (e.g., network nodes 105), one or more UEs 115, and a core network 130. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may be a Long Term Evolution (LTE) network, an LTE- Advanced (LTE-A) network, an LTE-A Pro network, a New Radio (NR) network, or a network operating in accordance with other systems and radio technologies, including future systems and radio technologies not explicitly mentioned herein.

[0065] The network nodes 105 may be dispersed throughout a geographic area to form the wireless communications system 100 and may include devices in different forms or having different capabilities. In various examples, a network node 105 may be referred to as a network element, a network entity, a mobility element, a radio access network (RAN) node, or network equipment, among other nomenclature. In some examples, network nodes 105 and UEs 115 may wirelessly communicate via communication link(s) 125 (e.g., a radio frequency (RF) access link). For example, a network node 105 may support a coverage area 110 (e.g., a geographic coverage area) over which the UEs 115 and the network node 105 may establish the communicationAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO13 link(s) 125. The coverage area 110 may be an example of a geographic area over which a network node 105 and a UE 115 may support the communication of signals according to one or more radio access technologies (RATs).

[0066] The UEs 115 may be dispersed throughout a coverage area 110 of the wireless communications system 100, and each UE 115 may be stationary, or mobile, or both at different times. The UEs 115 may be devices in different forms or have different capabilities. Some example UEs 115 are illustrated in FIG. 1. The UEs 115 described herein may be capable of supporting communications with various types of devices in the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., other wireless communication devices, including UEs 115 or network nodes 105), as shown in FIG. 1.

[0067] As described herein, a node of the wireless communications system 100, which may be referred to as a network entity or a wireless node, may be a network node 105 (e.g., any network node described herein), a UE 115 (e.g., any UE described herein), a network controller, an apparatus, a device, a computing system, one or more components, or another suitable processing entity configured to perform any of the techniques described herein. For example, a node may be a UE 115. As another example, a node may be a network node 105. As another example, a first node may be configured to communicate with a second node or a third node. In one aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another UE 115. In another aspect of this example, the first node may be a UE 115, the second node may be a network node 105, and the third node may be another network node 105. In yet other aspects of this example, the first, second, and third nodes may be different relative to these examples. Similarly, reference to a UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like may include disclosure of the UE 115, network node 105, apparatus, device, computing system, or the like being a node. For example, disclosure that a UE 115 is configured to receive information from a network node 105 also discloses that a first node is configured to receive information from a second node.

[0068] In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with a core network 130, or with one another, or both. For example, network nodes 105 may communicate with the core network 130 via wired or wireless backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an SI, N2, N3, or other interface protocol). In someAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO14 examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via backhaul communication link(s) 120 (e.g., in accordance with an X2, Xn, or other interface protocol) either directly (e.g., directly between network nodes 105) or indirectly (e.g., via the core network 130). In some examples, network nodes 105 may communicate with one another via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., in accordance with a midhaul interface protocol) or a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., in accordance with a fronthaul interface protocol), or any combination thereof. The backhaul communication link(s) 120, midhaul communication links 162, or fronthaul communication links 168 may be or include one or more wired links (e.g., an electrical link, an optical fiber link) or one or more wireless links (e.g., a radio link, a wireless optical link), among other examples or various combinations thereof. A UE 115 may communicate with the core network 130 via a communication link 155.

[0069] One or more of the network nodes 105 or network equipment described herein may include or may be referred to as a base station 140 (e.g., a base transceiver station, a radio base station, an NR base station, an access point (AP), a radio transceiver, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB), a next-generation NodeB or giga-NodeB (either of which may be referred to as a gNB), a 5GNB, a next-generation eNB (ng- eNB), a Home NodeB, a Home eNodeB, or other suitable terminology). In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may be implemented in an aggregated (e.g., monolithic, standalone) base station architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within one network node (e.g., a network node 105 or a single RAN node, such as a base station 140).

[0070] In some examples, a network node 105 may be implemented in a disaggregated architecture (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture), which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among multiple network entities (e.g., network nodes 105), such as an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O- RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN Alliance), or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN)). For example, a network node 105 may include one or more of a central unit (CU), such as a CU 160, a distributed unit (DU), such as a DU 165, a radio unit (RU), such as an RU 170, a RAN IntelligentAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO15Controller (RIC), such as an RIC 175 (e.g., a Near-Real Time RIC (Near-RT RIC), a Non-Real Time RIC (Non-RT RIC)), a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) system, such as an SMO system 180, or any combination thereof. An RU 170 may also be referred to as a radio head, a smart radio head, a remote radio head (RRH), a remote radio unit (RRU), or a TRP. One or more components of the network nodes 105 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the network nodes 105 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations). In some examples, one or more of the network nodes 105 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU), a virtual DU (VDU), a virtual RU (VRU)).

[0071] The split of functionality between a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170 is flexible and may support different functionalities depending on which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, RF functions, or any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU 160, a DU 165, or an RU 170. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU 160 and a DU 165 such that the CU 160 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU 165 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some examples, the CU 160 may host upper protocol layer (e.g., layer 3 (L3), layer 2 (L2)) functionality and signaling (e.g., Radio Resource Control (RRC), service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), Packet Data Convergence Protocol (PDCP)). The CU 160 (e.g., one or more CUs) may be connected to a DU 165 (e.g., one or more DUs) or an RU 170 (e.g., one or more RUs), or some combination thereof, and the DUs 165, RUs 170, or both may host lower protocol layers, such as layer 1 (LI) (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) or L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer, medium access control (MAC) layer) functionality and signaling, and may each be at least partially controlled by the CU 160. Additionally, or alternatively, a functional split of the protocol stack may be employed between a DU 165 and an RU 170 such that the DU 165 may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the RU 170 may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. The DU 165 may support one or multiple different cells (e.g., via one or multiple different RUs, such as an RU 170). In some cases, a functional split between a CU 160 and a DU 165 or between a DU 165 and an RU 170 may be within a protocol layer (e.g., some functions for a protocol layer may be performed by one of a CU 160, aAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO16DU 165, or an RU 170, while other functions of the protocol layer are performed by a different one of the CU 160, the DU 165, or the RU 170). A CU 160 may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions. A CU 160 may be connected to a DU 165 via a midhaul communication link 162 (e.g., Fl interface, Fl-c interface, or Fl-u, among other examples), and a DU 165 may be connected to an RU 170 via a fronthaul communication link 168 (e.g., open fronthaul (FH) interface). In some examples, a midhaul communication link 162 or a fronthaul communication link 168 may be implemented in accordance with an interface (e.g., a channel) between layers of a protocol stack supported by respective network entities (e.g., one or more of the network nodes 105) that are in communication via such communication links.

[0072] In some wireless communications systems (e.g., the wireless communications system 100), infrastructure and spectral resources for radio access may support wireless backhaul link capabilities to supplement wired backhaul connections, providing an IAB network architecture (e.g., to a core network 130). In some cases, in an IAB network, one or more of the network nodes 105 (e.g., network nodes 105 or IAB node(s) 104) may be partially controlled by each other. The IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as a donor entity or an IAB donor. A DU 165 or an RU 170 may be partially controlled by a CU 160 associated with a network node 105 or base station 140 (such as a donor network node or a donor base station). The one or more donor entities (e.g., IAB donors) may be in communication with one or more additional devices (e.g., IAB node(s) 104) via supported access and backhaul links (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120). IAB node(s) 104 may include an IAB mobile termination (IAB -MT) controlled (e.g., scheduled) by one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) of a coupled IAB donor. An IAB-MT may be equipped with an independent set of antennas for relay of communications with UEs 115 or may share the same antennas (e.g., of an RU 170) of IAB node(s) 104 used for access via the DU 165 of the IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., referred to as virtual IAB-MT (vIAB-MT)). In some examples, the IAB node(s) 104 may include one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165) that support communication links with additional entities (e.g., IAB node(s) 104, UEs 115) within the relay chain or configuration of the access network (e.g., downstream). In such cases, one or more components of theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO17 disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104 or components of the IAB node(s) 104) may be configured to operate according to the techniques described herein.

[0073] For instance, an access network (AN) or RAN may include communications between access nodes (e.g., an IAB donor), IAB node(s) 104, and one or more UEs 115. The IAB donor may facilitate connection between the core network 130 and the AN (e.g., via a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130). That is, an IAB donor may refer to a RAN node with a wired or wireless connection to the core network 130. The IAB donor may include one or more of a CU 160, a DU 165, and an RU 170, in which case the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface (e.g., a backhaul link). The IAB donor and IAB node(s) 104 may communicate via an Fl interface according to a protocol that defines signaling messages (e.g., an Fl AP protocol). Additionally, or alternatively, the CU 160 may communicate with the core network 130 via an interface, which may be an example of a portion of a backhaul link, and may communicate with other CUs (e.g., including a CU 160 associated with an alternative IAB donor) via an Xn-C interface, which may be an example of another portion of a backhaul link.

[0074] IAB node(s) 104 may refer to RAN nodes that provide IAB functionality (e.g., access for UEs 115, wireless self-backhauling capabilities). A DU 165 may act as a distributed scheduling node towards child nodes associated with the IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB-MT may act as a scheduled node towards parent nodes associated with IAB node(s) 104. That is, an IAB donor may be referred to as a parent node in communication with one or more child nodes (e.g., an IAB donor may relay transmissions for UEs through other IAB node(s) 104). Additionally, or alternatively, IAB node(s) 104 may also be referred to as parent nodes or child nodes to other IAB node(s) 104, depending on the relay chain or configuration of the AN. The IAB-MT entity of IAB node(s) 104 may provide a Uu interface for a child IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104) to receive signaling from a parent IAB node (e.g., the IAB node(s) 104), and a DU interface (e.g., a DU 165) may provide a Uu interface for a parent IAB node to signal to a child IAB node or UE 115.

[0075] For example, IAB node(s) 104 may be referred to as parent nodes that support communications for child IAB nodes, or may be referred to as child IAB nodes associated with IAB donors, or both. An IAB donor may include a CU 160 with a wiredAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO18 or wireless connection (e.g., backhaul communication link(s) 120) to the core network 130 and may act as a parent node to IAB node(s) 104. For example, the DU 165 of an IAB donor may relay transmissions to UEs 115 through IAB node(s) 104, or may directly signal transmissions to a UE 115, or both. The CU 160 of the IAB donor may signal communication link establishment via an Fl interface to IAB node(s) 104, and the IAB node(s) 104 may schedule transmissions (e.g., transmissions to the UEs 115 relayed from the IAB donor) through one or more DUs (e.g., DUs 165). That is, data may be relayed to and from IAB node(s) 104 via signaling via an NR Uu interface to MT of IAB node(s) 104 (e.g., other IAB node(s)). Communications with IAB node(s) 104 may be scheduled by a DU 165 of the IAB donor or of IAB node(s) 104.

[0076] In the case of the techniques described herein applied in the context of a disaggregated RAN architecture, one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture may be configured to support testing as described herein. For example, some operations described as being performed by a UE 115 or a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) may additionally, or alternatively, be performed by one or more components of the disaggregated RAN architecture (e.g., components such as an IAB node, a DU 165, a CU 160, an RU 170, an RIC 175, an SMO system 180).

[0077] A UE 115 may include or may be referred to as a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a handheld device, or a subscriber device, or some other suitable terminology, where the “device” may also be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. A UE 115 may also include or may be referred to as a personal electronic device such as a cellular phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA), a tablet computer, a laptop computer, or a personal computer. In some examples, a UE 115 may include or be referred to as a wireless local loop (WLL) station, an Internet of Things (loT) device, an Internet of Everything (loE) device, or a machine type communications (MTC) device, among other examples, which may be implemented in various objects such as appliances, vehicles, or meters, among other examples.

[0078] The UEs 115 described herein may be able to communicate with various types of devices, such as UEs 115 that may sometimes operate as relays, as well as the network nodes 105 and the network equipment including macro eNBs or gNBs, small cell eNBs or gNBs, or relay base stations, among other examples, as shown in FIG. 1.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO19

[0079] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may wirelessly communicate with one another via the communication link(s) 125 (e.g., one or more access links) using resources associated with one or more carriers. The term “carrier” may refer to a set of RF spectrum resources having a defined PHY layer structure for supporting the communication link(s) 125. For example, a carrier used for the communication link(s) 125 may include a portion of an RF spectrum band (e.g., a bandwidth part (BWP)) that is operated according to one or more PHY layer channels for a given RAT (e.g., LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR). Each PHY layer channel may carry acquisition signaling (e.g., synchronization signals, system information), control signaling that coordinates operation for the carrier, user data, or other signaling. The wireless communications system 100 may support communication with a UE 115 using carrier aggregation or multi-carrier operation. A UE 115 may be configured with multiple downlink component carriers and one or more uplink component carriers according to a carrier aggregation configuration. Carrier aggregation may be used with both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time division duplexing (TDD) component carriers. Communication between a network node 105 and other devices may refer to communication between the devices and any portion (e.g., entity, sub-entity) of a network node 105. For example, the terms “transmitting,” “receiving,” or “communicating,” when referring to a network node 105, may refer to any portion of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, a CU 160, a DU 165, a RU 170) of a RAN communicating with another device (e.g., directly or via one or more other network entities, such as one or more of the network nodes 105).

[0080] In some examples, such as in a carrier aggregation configuration, a carrier may have acquisition signaling or control signaling that coordinates operations for other carriers. A carrier may be associated with a frequency channel (e.g., an evolved universal mobile telecommunication system terrestrial radio access (E-UTRA) absolute RF channel number (EARFCN)) and may be identified according to a channel raster for discovery by the UEs 115. A carrier may be operated in a standalone mode, in which case initial acquisition and connection may be conducted by the UEs 115 via the carrier, or the carrier may be operated in a non- standalone mode, in which case a connection is anchored using a different carrier (e.g., of the same or a different RAT).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO20

[0081] The communication link(s) 125 of the wireless communications system 100 may include downlink transmissions (e.g., forward link transmissions) from a network node 105 to a UE 115, uplink transmissions (e.g., return link transmissions) from a UE 115 to a network node 105, or both, among other configurations of transmissions. Carriers may carry downlink or uplink communications (e.g., in an FDD mode) or may be configured to carry downlink and uplink communications (e.g., in a TDD mode).

[0082] A carrier may be associated with a particular bandwidth of the RF spectrum and, in some examples, the carrier bandwidth may be referred to as a “system bandwidth” of the carrier or the wireless communications system 100. For example, the carrier bandwidth may be one of a set of bandwidths for carriers of a particular RAT (e.g., 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20, 40, or 80 megahertz (MHz)). Devices of the wireless communications system 100 (e.g., the network nodes 105, the UEs 115, or both) may have hardware configurations that support communications using a particular carrier bandwidth or may be configurable to support communications using one of a set of carrier bandwidths. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include network nodes 105 or UEs 115 that support concurrent communications using carriers associated with multiple carrier bandwidths. In some examples, each served UE 115 may be configured for operating using portions (e.g., a sub-band, a BWP) or all of a carrier bandwidth.

[0083] Signal waveforms transmitted via a carrier may be made up of multiple subcarriers (e.g., using multi-carrier modulation (MCM) techniques such as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) or discrete Fourier transform spread OFDM (DFT-S-OFDM)). In a system employing MCM techniques, a resource element may refer to resources of one symbol period (e.g., a duration of one modulation symbol) and one subcarrier, in which case the symbol period and subcarrier spacing may be inversely related. The quantity of bits carried by each resource element may depend on the modulation scheme (e.g., the order of the modulation scheme, the coding rate of the modulation scheme, or both), such that a relatively higher quantity of resource elements (e.g., in a transmission duration) and a relatively higher order of a modulation scheme may correspond to a relatively higher rate of communication. A wireless communications resource may refer to a combination of an RF spectrum resource, a time resource, and a spatial resource (e.g., a spatial layer, a beam), and the use ofAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO21 multiple spatial resources may increase the data rate or data integrity for communications with a UE 115.

[0084] One or more numerologies for a carrier may be supported, and a numerology may include a subcarrier spacing (A ) and a cyclic prefix. A carrier may be divided into one or more BWPs having the same or different numerologies. In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured with multiple BWPs. In some examples, a single BWP for a carrier may be active at a given time and communications for the UE 115 may be restricted to one or more active BWPs.

[0085] The time intervals for the network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may be expressed in multiples of a basic time unit which may, for example, refer to a sampling period of Ts= l / (A / mflx■ Ay) seconds, for which fmaxmay represent a supported subcarrier spacing, and Ay may represent a supported discrete Fourier transform (DFT) size. Time intervals of a communications resource may be organized according to radio frames each having a specified duration (e.g., 10 milliseconds (ms)). Each radio frame may be identified by a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., ranging from 0 to 1023).

[0086] Each frame may include multiple consecutively-numbered subframes or slots, and each subframe or slot may have the same duration. In some examples, a frame may be divided (e.g., in the time domain) into subframes, and each subframe may be further divided into a quantity of slots. Alternatively, each frame may include a variable quantity of slots, and the quantity of slots may depend on subcarrier spacing. Each slot may include a quantity of symbol periods (e.g., depending on the length of the cyclic prefix prepended to each symbol period). In some wireless communications systems, such as the wireless communications system 100, a slot may further be divided into multiple mini-slots associated with one or more symbols. Excluding the cyclic prefix, each symbol period may be associated with one or more (e.g., Ay) sampling periods. The duration of a symbol period may depend on the subcarrier spacing or frequency band of operation.

[0087] A subframe, a slot, a mini-slot, or a symbol may be the smallest scheduling unit (e.g., in the time domain) of the wireless communications system 100 and may be referred to as a transmission time interval (TTI). In some examples, the TTI duration (e.g., a quantity of symbol periods in a TTI) may be variable. Additionally, orAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO22 alternatively, the smallest scheduling unit of the wireless communications system 100 may be dynamically selected (e.g., in bursts of shortened TTIs (sTTIs)).

[0088] Physical channels may be multiplexed for communication using a carrier according to various techniques. A physical control channel and a physical data channel may be multiplexed for signaling via a downlink carrier, for example, using one or more of time division multiplexing (TDM) techniques, frequency division multiplexing (FDM) techniques, or hybrid TDM-FDM techniques. A control region (e.g., a control resource set (CORESET)) for a physical control channel may be defined by a set of symbol periods and may extend across the system bandwidth or a subset of the system bandwidth of the carrier. One or more control regions (e.g., CORESETs) may be configured for a set of the UEs 115. For example, one or more of the UEs 115 may monitor or search control regions for control information according to one or more search space sets, and each search space set may include one or multiple control channel candidates in one or more aggregation levels arranged in a cascaded manner. An aggregation level for a control channel candidate may refer to an amount of control channel resources (e.g., control channel elements (CCEs)) associated with encoded information for a control information format having a given payload size. Search space sets may include common search space sets configured for sending control information to UEs 115 (e.g., one or more UEs) or may include UE-specific search space sets for sending control information to a UE 115 (e.g., a specific UE).

[0089] A network node 105 may provide communication coverage via one or more cells, for example a macro cell, a small cell, a hot spot, or other types of cells, or any combination thereof. The term “cell” may refer to a logical communication entity used for communication with a network node 105 (e.g., using a carrier) and may be associated with an identifier for distinguishing neighboring cells (e.g., a physical cell identifier (PCID), a virtual cell identifier (VCID)). In some examples, a cell also may refer to a coverage area 110 or a portion of a coverage area 110 (e.g., a sector) over which the logical communication entity operates. Such cells may range from smaller areas (e.g., a structure, a subset of structure) to larger areas depending on various factors such as the capabilities of the network node 105. For example, a cell may be or include a building, a subset of a building, or exterior spaces between or overlapping with coverage areas 110, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO23

[0090] A macro cell generally covers a relatively large geographic area (e.g., several kilometers in radius) and may allow unrestricted access by the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider supporting the macro cell. A small cell may be associated with a network node 105 operating with lower power (e.g., a base station 140 operating with lower power) relative to a macro cell, and a small cell may operate using the same or different (e.g., licensed, unlicensed) frequency bands as macro cells. Small cells may provide unrestricted access to the UEs 115 with service subscriptions with the network provider or may provide restricted access to the UEs 115 having an association with the small cell (e.g., the UEs 115 in a closed subscriber group (CSG), the UEs 115 associated with users in a home or office). A network node 105 may support one or more cells and may also support communications via the one or more cells using one or multiple component carriers.

[0091] In some examples, a carrier may support multiple cells, and different cells may be configured according to different protocol types (e.g., MTC, narrowband loT (NB-IoT), enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB)) that may provide access for different types of devices.

[0092] In some examples, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may be movable and therefore provide communication coverage for a moving coverage area, such as the coverage area 110. In some examples, coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) associated with different technologies may overlap, but the coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) may be supported by the same network node (e.g., a network node 105). In some other examples, overlapping coverage areas, such as a coverage area 110, associated with different technologies may be supported by different network entities (e.g., the network nodes 105). The wireless communications system 100 may include, for example, a heterogeneous network in which different types of the network nodes 105 support communications for coverage areas 110 (e.g., different coverage areas) using the same or different RATs.

[0093] The wireless communications system 100 may support synchronous or asynchronous operation. For synchronous operation, network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140) may have similar frame timings, and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of the network nodes 105) may be approximately aligned in time. For asynchronous operation, network nodes 105 may have different frame timings,Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO24 and transmissions from different network entities (e.g., different ones of network nodes 105) may, in some examples, not be aligned in time. The techniques described herein may be used for either synchronous or asynchronous operations.

[0094] Some UEs 115, such as MTC or loT devices, may be relatively low cost or low complexity devices and may provide for automated communication between machines (e.g., via Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communication). M2M communication or MTC may refer to data communication technologies that allow devices to communicate with one another or a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140) without human intervention. In some examples, M2M communication or MTC may include communications from devices that integrate sensors or meters to measure or capture information and relay such information to a central server or application program that uses the information or presents the information to humans interacting with the application program. Some UEs 115 may be designed to collect information or enable automated behavior of machines or other devices. Examples of applications for MTC devices include smart metering, inventory monitoring, water level monitoring, equipment monitoring, healthcare monitoring, wildlife monitoring, weather and geological event monitoring, fleet management and tracking, remote security sensing, physical access control, and transaction-based business charging.

[0095] Some UEs 115 may be configured to employ operating modes that reduce power consumption, such as half-duplex communications (e.g., a mode that supports one-way communication via transmission or reception, but not transmission and reception concurrently). In some examples, half-duplex communications may be performed at a reduced peak rate. Other power conservation techniques for the UEs 115 may include entering a power saving deep sleep mode when not engaging in active communications, operating using a limited bandwidth (e.g., according to narrowband communications), or a combination of these techniques. For example, some UEs 115 may be configured for operation using a narrowband protocol type that is associated with a defined portion or range (e.g., set of subcarriers or resource blocks (RBs)) within a carrier, within a guard-band of a carrier, or outside of a carrier.

[0096] The wireless communications system 100 may be configured to support ultra-reliable communications or low-latency communications, or various combinations thereof. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may be configured toAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO25 support ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC). The UEs 115 may be designed to support ultra-reliable, low-latency, or critical functions. Ultra-reliable communications may include private communication or group communication and may be supported by one or more services such as push-to-talk, video, or data. Support for ultra-reliable, low-latency functions may include prioritization of services, and such services may be used for public safety or general commercial applications. The terms ultra-reliable, low-latency, and ultra-reliable low-latency may be used interchangeably herein.

[0097] In some examples, a UE 115 may be configured to support communicating directly with other UEs (e.g., one or more of the UEs 115) via a device-to-device (D2D) communication link, such as a D2D communication link 135 (e.g., in accordance with a peer-to-peer (P2P), D2D, or sidelink protocol). In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of a group that are performing D2D communications may be within the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), which may support aspects of such D2D communications being configured by (e.g., scheduled by) the network node 105. In some examples, one or more UEs 115 of such a group may be outside the coverage area 110 of a network node 105 or may be otherwise unable to or not configured to receive transmissions from a network node 105. In some examples, groups of the UEs 115 communicating via D2D communications may support a one-to- many (1 :M) system in which each UE 115 transmits to one or more of the UEs 115 in the group. In some examples, a network node 105 may facilitate the scheduling of resources for D2D communications. In some other examples, D2D communications may be carried out between the UEs 115 without an involvement of a network node 105.

[0098] In some systems, a D2D communication link 135 may be an example of a communication channel, such as a sidelink communication channel, between vehicles (e.g., UEs 115). In some examples, vehicles may communicate using vehicle-to- everything (V2X) communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, or some combination of these. A vehicle may signal information related to traffic conditions, signal scheduling, weather, safety, emergencies, or any other information relevant to a V2X system. In some examples, vehicles in a V2X system may communicate with roadside infrastructure, such as roadside units, or with the network via one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO26 network entities (e.g., network nodes 105, base stations 140, RUs 170) using vehicle-to- network (V2N) communications, or with both.

[0099] The core network 130 may provide user authentication, access authorization, tracking, Internet Protocol (IP) connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The core network 130 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) or 5G core (5GC), which may include at least one control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME), an access and mobility management function (AMF)) and at least one user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW), a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW), or a user plane function (UPF)). The control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management for the UEs 115 served by the network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140) associated with the core network 130. User IP packets may be transferred through the user plane entity, which may provide IP address allocation as well as other functions. The user plane entity may be connected to IP services 150 for one or more network operators. The IP services 150 may include access to the Internet, Intranet(s), an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS), or a Packet-Switched Streaming Service.

[0100] The wireless communications system 100 may include an location server 185 (e.g., LMF). The location server 185 may provide positioning, location, or tracking functions. For instance, the location server 185 may participate in one or more positioning procedures to determine a location of (e.g., coordinates of, relative distance(s) to, or an address of) one or more of the UEs 115. Examples of positioning procedures may include one or more operations of assisted global navigation satellite system (A-GNSS), observed time difference of arrival (OTDOA), enhanced cell identifier (E-CID), sensor-based positioning, wireless local area network (WLAN)- based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, terrestrial beacon systems (TBS) positioning, downlink time difference of arrival (DL-TDOA), downlink angle of departure (DL-AOD), multi-round-trip time (Multi-RTT), New Radio enhanced cell identifier (NR E-CID), uplink time difference of arrival (UL-TDOA), and uplink angle of arrival (UL-AOA), among other examples. Some examples of the positioning procedures may be managed by, assisted by, or performed with the location server 185.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO27For instance, measurements associated with reference signaling may be provided to the location server 185, which may estimate a location of a UE 115 based on the measurements. In some aspects, the location server 185 may track or store location information corresponding to one or more UEs 115. Some examples of the positioning procedures may be performed without the location server 185.

[0101] The location server 185 may be included in the core network 130 or may be separate from the core network 130. In some examples, a location server 185 may be a standalone device or may be included in (e.g., integrated with) a network node 105, a base station 140, a UE 115, a satellite 190, a server, or another device. For instance, the location server 185 may be (or may be included in) a secure user plane location (SUPL) location platform (SLP) device, a third-party server, or another device. The location server 185 may generally refer to a positioning device, a location device, a computing device, or a server, among other examples.

[0102] A UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 directly or indirectly. For example, a UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 via a network node 105 that is serving the UE 115 and via the core network 130.Additionally, or alternatively, a UE 115 may communicate with the location server 185 through another path (e.g., via an application server (not shown)) or via another network (e.g., via a WLAN AP), among other examples. Communication between a UE 115 and the location server 185 may be represented via an indirect connection (e.g., through a communication link 125, a network node 105, a communication link 155, a backhaul communication link 120, or the core network 130) or as a direct connection, with one or more intervening nodes (if any) omitted for concision or convenience.

[0103] A satellite 190 may be an aerial or space vehicle with signaling capability. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may include or communicate with one or more satellites 190. The satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., GNSS(s)). A satellite positioning system may include any combination of one or more global or regional navigation satellites associated with one or more satellite positioning systems (e.g., global positioning system (GPS), global navigation satellite system (GLONASS), BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS), or Galileo, among other examples). A satellite positioning system may include satellites 190 or other transmitters positioned to enable receivers (e.g., UEs 115) to determine aAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO28 location on or above the Earth based on signals (e.g., the signals 195) received from the satellites 190. For instance, each satellite 190 may transmit a signal 195 marked with a repeating pseudo-random noise (PN) code of a set quantity of chips. In some cases, one or more transmitters located on ground-based control stations, network nodes 105, or UEs 115 may transmit signals for enabling a UE 115 to determine a location.

[0104] A UE 115 may include one or more receivers designed to receive the signal(s) 195 from the satellite(s) 190 for determining location information (e.g., a geographic location of the UE 115). For instance, the UE 115 may receive one or more signals 195 from the satellite(s) 190, which may be utilized to determine a location of the UE 115.

[0105] In a satellite positioning system, the use of signals 195 may be augmented with one or more satellite-based augmentation systems (SB AS) that may be associated with or enabled for use with one or more global or regional navigation satellite systems. An SB AS may provide integrity information, differential corrections, or other information for use in conjunction with a satellite positioning system. An SBAS may include one or more augmentation systems, such as the Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS), the European Geostationary Navigation Overlay Service (EGNOS), the Multi-functional Satellite Augmentation System (MSAS), or the GPS Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) system, among other examples.

[0106] In some aspects, the satellite(s) 190 may be included in one or more nonterrestrial networks (NTNs). In an NTN, a satellite 190 may communicate with one or more devices (e.g., network entities, ground stations, NTN gateways, or gateways) located on or above the Earth. For example, the satellite 190 may send or receive one or more communications 192 with a network node 105. In some aspects, the communication(s) 192 may include one or more signals relayed to or from a UE 115. Additionally, or alternatively, the satellite 190 may communicate with another terrestrial device that is connected to one or more elements of the wireless communications system 100. For instance, the satellite 190 may communicate with a ground station or NTN gateway, which may provide access to the wireless communications system 100 or one or more other entities (e.g., Internet web servers or one or more other user devices) external to the wireless communications system 100. In some examples, a UE 115 mayAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO29 receive communication signals 195 from the satellite 190 instead of, or in addition to, communication signals from a terrestrial network entity.

[0107] The wireless communications system 100 may operate using one or more frequency bands, which may be in the range of 300 megahertz (MHz) to 300 gigahertz (GHz). Generally, the region from 300 MHz to 3 GHz is known as the ultra-high frequency (UHF) region or decimeter band because the wavelengths range from approximately one decimeter to one meter in length. UHF waves may be blocked or redirected by buildings and environmental features, which may be referred to as clusters, but the waves may penetrate structures sufficiently for a macro cell to provide service to the UEs 115 located indoors. Communications using UHF waves may be associated with smaller antennas and shorter ranges (e.g., less than one hundred kilometers) compared to communications using the smaller frequencies and longer waves of the high frequency (HF) or very high frequency (VHF) portion of the spectrum below 300 MHz.

[0108] The wireless communications system 100 may also operate using a super high frequency (SHF) region, which may be in the range of 3 GHz to 30 GHz, also known as the centimeter band, or using an extremely high frequency (EHF) region of the spectrum (e.g., from 30 GHz to 300 GHz), also known as the millimeter band. In some examples, the wireless communications system 100 may support millimeter wave (mmW) communications between the UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 (e.g., base stations 140, RUs 170), and EHF antennas of the respective devices may be smaller and more closely spaced than UHF antennas. In some examples, such techniques may facilitate using antenna arrays within a device. The propagation of EHF transmissions, however, may be subject to even greater attenuation and shorter range than SHF or UHF transmissions. The techniques disclosed herein may be employed across transmissions that use one or more different frequency regions, and designated use of bands across these frequency regions may differ by country or regulating body.

[0109] The wireless communications system 100 may utilize licensed or unlicensed RF spectrum bands. For example, the wireless communications system 100 may employ License Assisted Access (LAA), LTE-Unlicensed (LTE-U) RAT, or NR technology using an unlicensed band such as the 5 GHz industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) band. While operating using unlicensed RF spectrum bands, devices such as theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO30 network nodes 105 and the UEs 115 may employ carrier sensing for collision detection and avoidance. In some examples, operations using unlicensed bands may be based on a carrier aggregation configuration in conjunction with component carriers operating using a licensed band (e.g., LAA). Operations using unlicensed spectrum may include downlink transmissions, uplink transmissions, P2P transmissions, or D2D transmissions, among other examples.

[0110] A network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) or a UE 115 may be equipped with multiple antennas, which may be used to employ techniques such as transmit diversity, receive diversity, multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, or beamforming. The antennas of a network node 105 or a UE 115 may be located within one or more antenna arrays or antenna panels, which may support MIMO operations or transmit or receive beamforming. For example, one or more base station antennas or antenna arrays may be co-located at an antenna assembly, such as an antenna tower. In some examples, antennas or antenna arrays associated with a network node 105 may be located at diverse geographic locations. A network node 105 may include an antenna array with a set of rows and columns of antenna ports that the network node 105 may use to support beamforming of communications with a UE 115. Likewise, a UE 115 may include one or more antenna arrays that may support various MIMO or beamforming operations. Additionally, or alternatively, an antenna panel may support RF beamforming for a signal transmitted via an antenna port.[OHl] The network nodes 105 or the UEs 115 may use MIMO communications to exploit multipath signal propagation and increase spectral efficiency by transmitting or receiving multiple signals via different spatial layers. Such techniques may be referred to as spatial multiplexing. The multiple signals may, for example, be transmitted by the transmitting device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Likewise, the multiple signals may be received by the receiving device via different antennas or different combinations of antennas. Each of the multiple signals may be referred to as a separate spatial stream and may carry information associated with the same data stream (e.g., the same codeword) or different data streams (e.g., different codewords). Different spatial layers may be associated with different antenna ports used for channel measurement and reporting. MIMO techniques include single-user MIMO (SU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to the same receivingAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO31 device, and multiple-user MIMO (MU-MIMO), for which multiple spatial layers are transmitted to multiple devices.

[0112] Beamforming, which may also be referred to as spatial filtering, directional transmission, or directional reception, is a signal processing technique that may be used at a transmitting device or a receiving device (e.g., a network node 105, a UE 115) to shape or steer an antenna beam (e.g., a transmit beam, a receive beam) along a spatial path between the transmitting device and the receiving device. Beamforming may be achieved by combining the signals communicated via antenna elements of an antenna array such that some signals propagating along particular orientations with respect to an antenna array experience constructive interference while others experience destructive interference. The adjustment of signals communicated via the antenna elements may include a transmitting device or a receiving device applying amplitude offsets, phase offsets, or both to signals carried via the antenna elements associated with the device. The adjustments associated with each of the antenna elements may be defined by a beamforming weight set associated with a particular orientation (e.g., with respect to the antenna array of the transmitting device or receiving device, or with respect to some other orientation).

[0113] A network node 105 or a UE 115 may use beam sweeping techniques as part of beamforming operations. For example, a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170) may use multiple antennas or antenna arrays (e.g., antenna panels) to conduct beamforming operations for directional communications with a UE 115. Some signals (e.g., synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals) may be transmitted by a network node 105 multiple times along different directions. For example, the network node 105 may transmit a signal according to different beamforming weight sets associated with different directions of transmission. Transmissions along different beam directions may be used to identify (e.g., by a transmitting device, such as a network node 105, or by a receiving device, such as a UE 115) a beam direction for later transmission or reception by the network node 105.

[0114] Some signals, such as data signals associated with a particular receiving device, may be transmitted by a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105 or a UE 115) along a single beam direction (e.g., a direction associated with the receivingAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO32 device, such as another network node 105 or UE 115). In some examples, the beam direction associated with transmissions along a single beam direction may be determined based on a signal that was transmitted along one or more beam directions. For example, a UE 115 may receive one or more of the signals transmitted by the network node 105 along different directions and may report to the network node 105 an indication of the signal that the UE 115 received with a highest signal quality or an otherwise acceptable signal quality.

[0115] In some examples, transmissions by a device (e.g., by a network node 105 or a UE 115) may be performed using multiple beam directions, and the device may use a combination of digital precoding or beamforming to generate a combined beam for transmission (e.g., from a network node 105 to a UE 115). The UE 115 may report feedback that indicates precoding weights for one or more beam directions, and the feedback may correspond to a configured set of beams across a system bandwidth or one or more sub-bands. The network node 105 may transmit a reference signal (e.g., a cell-specific reference signal (CRS), a channel state information reference signal (CSI- RS)), which may be precoded or unprecoded. The UE 115 may provide feedback for beam selection, which may be a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) or codebook-based feedback (e.g., a multi-panel type codebook, a linear combination type codebook, a port selection type codebook). Although these techniques are described with reference to signals transmitted along one or more directions by a network node 105 (e.g., a base station 140, an RU 170), a UE 115 may employ similar techniques for transmitting signals multiple times along different directions (e.g., for identifying a beam direction for subsequent transmission or reception by the UE 115) or for transmitting a signal along a single direction (e.g., for transmitting data to a receiving device).

[0116] A receiving device (e.g., a UE 115) may perform reception operations in accordance with multiple receive configurations (e.g., directional listening) when receiving various signals from a transmitting device (e.g., a network node 105), such as synchronization signals, reference signals, beam selection signals, or other control signals. For example, a receiving device may perform reception in accordance with multiple receive directions by receiving via different antenna subarrays, by processing received signals according to different antenna subarrays, by receiving according to different receive beamforming weight sets (e.g., different directional listening weightAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO33 sets) applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, or by processing received signals according to different receive beamforming weight sets applied to signals received at multiple antenna elements of an antenna array, any of which may be referred to as “listening” according to different receive configurations or receive directions. In some examples, a receiving device may use a single receive configuration to receive along a single beam direction (e.g., when receiving a data signal). The single receive configuration may be aligned along a beam direction determined based on listening according to different receive configuration directions (e.g., a beam direction determined to have a highest signal strength, highest signal-to- noise ratio (SNR), or otherwise acceptable signal quality based on listening according to multiple beam directions).

[0117] The wireless communications system 100 may be a packet-based network that operates according to a layered protocol stack. In the user plane, communications at the bearer or PDCP layer may be IP -based. An RLC layer may perform packet segmentation and reassembly to communicate via logical channels. A MAC layer may perform priority handling and multiplexing of logical channels into transport channels. The MAC layer also may implement error detection techniques, error correction techniques, or both to support retransmissions to improve link efficiency. In the control plane, an RRC layer may provide establishment, configuration, and maintenance of an RRC connection between a UE 115 and a network node 105 or a core network 130 supporting radio bearers for user plane data. A PHY layer may map transport channels to physical channels.

[0118] The UEs 115 and the network nodes 105 may support retransmissions of data to increase the likelihood that data is received successfully. Hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) feedback is one technique for increasing the likelihood that data is received correctly via a communication link (e.g., the communication link(s) 125, a D2D communication link 135). HARQ may include a combination of error detection (e.g., using a cyclic redundancy check (CRC)), forward error correction (FEC), and retransmission (e.g., automatic repeat request (ARQ)). HARQ may improve throughput at the MAC layer in relatively poor radio conditions (e.g., low signal -to-noise conditions). In some examples, a device may support same-slot HARQ feedback, in which case the device may provide HARQ feedback in a specific slot for data receivedAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO34 via a previous symbol in the slot. In some other examples, the device may provide HARQ feedback in a subsequent slot, or according to some other time interval.

[0119] Some wireless communication systems utilize measurements to generate a positioning estimate of a UE 115. AI / ML positioning may improve positioning accuracy in stringent NLOS conditions. In some approaches, a network node 105 (e.g., a gNB or one or more TRPs) may change network settings. Examples of network settings may include a TRP relative time difference, a TRP reference signal (e.g., PRS), transmission power, a TRP reference signal beam shape, or proprietary network information, among other examples. A network node 105 may change network settings without explicitly indicating one or more actual values or a range of values for the network settings, in some examples. Because changing network settings may impact reference signaling or other network behavior, a change in network settings may cause a misalignment or lack of correspondence between the network settings and a UE-side AI / ML model (for Case 1 or Case 2a as described with reference to FIG. 24, for example), which may impact (e.g., reduce) positioning accuracy. For instance, an indication of network settings may not be provided to a UE 115.

[0120] In some examples of the techniques described herein, one or more network settings may be associated with (e.g., mapped to) an identifier. In some approaches, a network entity (e.g., a location server 185 or LMF) may indicate one or more identifiers to a wireless device (e.g., UE 115) for checking an AI / ML model on the wireless device (e.g., UE 115). For instance, a network entity may help to maintain a correspondence or alignment between identifiers and corresponding network settings during training data collection. Maintaining a correspondence or alignment based on an associated identifier may demand procedures (e.g., LPP signaling) for procurement of the associated identifiers. For instance, one or more associated identifiers may be signaled from a location server 185 (e.g., LMF) to a UE 115. Training or inference aspects may relate to the associated identifier(s).

[0121] Some examples of the techniques described herein may enable establishing a correspondence between one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures and one or more identifiers that are associated with network settings. Establishing the correspondence with the identifier(s) may enable one or more procedures for maintaining an alignment between the AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) and oneAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO35 or more network settings without explicitly indicating the one or more network settings. Additionally, or alternatively, the identified s) may be utilized to enable UE-side control of the AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) based on indication of an identifier. Avoiding an explicit indication of the one or more network settings may preserve confidentiality of the network setting(s) for security purposes.

[0122] As used herein, the terms “Al,” “AI / ML,” “Al-based,” or “ML-based” may refer to Al or machine learning techniques. The term “Al model” may refer to one or more Al models (with or without machine learning) or to one or more machine learning models. As used herein, an Al model may be referred to as an “Al-based model,” an “ML model,” or an “ML-based model.”

[0123] FIG. 2 shows an example of a network structure 200 (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless network structure 200 may include a core network 130-a, a RAN 225, a UE 115-a, an LMF 265, an external device 230 (e.g., third-party device or server), or an SLP 235. In some examples, the wireless network structure 200 may be included in the wireless communications system 100 described with reference to FIG. 1. The core network 130-a may be an example of the core network 130, the UE 115-a may be an example of the UEs 115, or the LMF 265 may be an example of the location server 185, as described with reference to FIG. 1.

[0124] The core network 130-a may provide one or more control plane (C-plane) functions (e.g., UE registration, authentication, network access, or gateway selection, among other examples) or one or more user plane (U-plane) functions (e.g., UE gateway function, data network access, or IP routing, among other examples). One or more of the functions of the core network 130-a may be implemented in one or more devices (e.g., one or more electronic devices, computing devices, servers, among other examples) in hardware (e.g., circuitry) or a combination of hardware and instructions (e.g., a processor with instructions). The core network 130-a may be an EPC, 5GC, or a Next Generation Core (NGC), among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO36

[0125] The core network 130-a may provide an AMF 210, a session management function (SMF) 220, or a user plane function (UPF) 215. The AMF 210 may provide one or more C-plane functions, such as registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility management, lawful interception, transport for session management (SM) messages between one or more UEs 115-a and the SMF 220, transparent proxy services for routing SM messages, access authentication and access authorization, transport for short message service (SMS) messages between the UE 115-a and the short message service function (SMSF) (not shown in FIG. 2), or security anchor functionality (SEAF) (not shown in FIG. 2), among other examples. In some aspects, the AMF 210 may interact with an authentication server function (AUSF) (not shown in FIG. 2) and the UE 115-a, and may receive an intermediate key established as a result of a UE 115-a authentication process. In a case of authentication based on a universal mobile telecommunications system (UMTS) subscriber identity module (USIM), the AMF 210 may retrieve security information from the AUSF. In some examples, the AMF 210 may provide a security context management (SCM) function. The SCM function may receive a key from the SEAF that may be utilized to derive access-network specific keys. The AMF 210 may provide location services management for regulatory services, transport for location services messages between the UE 115-a and an LMF 265, transport for location services messages between the RAN 225 and the LMF 265, evolved packet system (EPS) bearer identifier allocation for interworking with the EPS, or UE 115-a mobility event notification. In some approaches, the AMF 210 may support one or more functionalities for Third Generation Partnership Project (3 GPP) access networks or non-3GPP access networks.

[0126] The UPF 215 may provide one or more U-plane functions, such as acting as an anchor point for intra / inter-RAT mobility, acting as an external protocol data unit (PDU) session point of interconnection to a data network (not shown in FIG. 2), providing packet routing and forwarding, packet inspection, user plane policy rule enforcement (e.g., gating, redirection, or traffic steering), user plane collection (e.g., interception), traffic usage reporting, quality of service (QoS) handling for the U-plane (e.g., uplink or downlink rate enforcement, reflective QoS marking in the downlink), uplink traffic verification (e.g., service data flow (SDF) to QoS flow mapping),Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO37 transport level packet marking in the uplink or downlink, downlink packet buffering, downlink data notification triggering, or sending or forwarding one or more indications of an end of a transmission (e.g., “end markers”) to a source RAN node, among other examples. In some examples, the UPF 215 may support the transfer of location services messages over a U-plane between the UE 115-a and another device (e.g., the SLP 235 or the external device 230.

[0127] The SMF 220 may provide one or more functions, such as session management, UE IP address allocation and management, selection and control of user plane functions, configuration of traffic steering at the UPF 215 to route traffic to a destination, control (e.g., partial control) of policy enforcement or QoS, or downlink data notification. In some aspects, the SMF 220 may communicate with the AMF 210 over an N11 interface 240.

[0128] The RAN 225 may include one or more gNBs 255 or one or more ng-eNBs 260. The gNB(s) 255 or the ng-eNB(s) 260 may be examples of the network nodes 105 described with reference to FIG. 1. For instance, a next generation RAN (NG-RAN) may include one or more gNBs 255, or other examples of the RAN 225 may include one or more ng-eNBs 260 or gNBs 255.

[0129] The core network 130-a may communicate with the RAN 225 via a C-plane interface 245 (e.g., NG-C or N2 interface) or a U-plane interface 250 (e.g., NG-U or N3 interface). The C-plane interface 245 or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the gNB 255 or the ng-eNB 260 to the core network 130-a (e.g., to one or more control plane functions or one or more user plane functions). For instance, the C-plane interface 245 may connect the AMF 210 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 in the RAN 225, or the U-plane interface 250 may connect the UPF 215 to one or more gNBs 255 or ng- eNBs 260 in the RAN 225. The gNB(s) 255 or ng-eNB(s) 260 of the RAN 225 may communicate with each other via one or more backhaul communication links 120-a (e.g., Xn-C interface). The backhaul communication link(s) 120-a may be examples of the backhaul communication links 120 described with reference to FIG. 1. One or more of the gNBs 255 or ng-eNBs 260 may communicate with one or more UEs 115-a over one or more communication links 125-a (e.g., the Uu interface). The communication link(s) 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to FIG. 1.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO38

[0130] The LMF 265 may communicate with the core network 130-a to provide location functionality (e.g., to participate in one or more positioning procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The LMF 265 may be an example of the location server 185 described with reference to FIG. 1. The LMF 265 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The LMF 265 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the LMF 265 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the LMF 265 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a C-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling control information, or separate from voice or payload data). In some aspects, the LMF 265 may be integrated into a component of the core network 130-a or may be external to the core network 130-a (e.g., on an external device 230, such as an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) server or other server).

[0131] In some examples, the SLP 235 may provide location functionality (e.g., may participate in one or more positioning procedures) for the UE(s) 115-a. The SLP 235 may be an example of the location server 185 described with reference to FIG. 1. The SLP 235 may be implemented as one or more devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The SLP 235 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the SLP 235 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet). In some examples, the SLP 235 may communicate with a UE 115-a or another device via a U-plane connection (e.g., using one or more interfaces or protocols for signaling voice or payload data, such as a transmission control protocol (TCP) or IP).

[0132] In some examples, the external device 230 may communicate with the LMF 265, the SLP 235, the core network 130-a (e.g., via the AMF 210 or the UPF 215), the RAN 225, or the UE 115-a to obtain location information (e.g., a location estimate) for the UE 115-a. The external device 230 may be referred to as a location services (LCS) client or an external client. The external device 230 may be implemented as one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO39 devices (e.g., one or more servers, such as physically separate servers, one or more instruction sets on a single server, or instruction sets distributed across multiple physical servers, among other examples). The external device 230 may support one or more location services for one or more UEs 115-a that may connect to the external device 230 via the RAN 225, via the core network 130-a, or via another connection (e.g., the Internet).

[0133] In some approaches, the functionality of a gNB 255 may be divided between a CU 160-a, one or more DUs 165-a, or one or more RUs 170-a. The CU 160-a may be an example of the CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, the one or more DUs 165-a may be examples of the DU 165 described with reference to FIG. 1, or the one or more RUs 170-a may be examples of the RU 170 described with reference to FIG. 1. In some examples, the CU 160-a may provide one or more functions, such as transferring user data, mobility control, radio access network sharing, positioning, session management, or others, except for one or more functions allocated exclusively to the DU(s) 165-a. A DU 165-a may support one or more cells. The DUs 165-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via midhaul communication links 162-a (e.g., via the Fl interface). The midhaul communication links 162-a may be examples of the midhaul communication links 162 described with reference to FIG.l. The RUs 170-a may perform one or more functions such as power amplification, signal transmission, or signal reception. The RUs 170-a may communicate with the DUs 165-a via fronthaul communication links 168-a (e.g., via the Fx interface). The fronthaul communication links 168-a may be examples of the fronthaul communication links 168 described with reference to FIG. l. The UE 115-a may communicate with the gNB 255, RU 170-a, or ng-eNB 260 a via communication links 125-a. The communication links 125-a may be examples of the communication links 125 described with reference to FIG.l. The UE 115-a may communicate with the CU 160-a via the RRC, SDAP, and PDCP layers, with a DU 165-a via the RLC and MAC layers, or with an RU 170-a via the PHY layer.

[0134] FIG. 3 shows an example of a network architecture 300 (e.g., a disaggregated base station architecture, a disaggregated RAN architecture) that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The network architecture 300 may illustrate an example for implementing one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO40 aspects of the wireless communications system 100. The network architecture 300 may include one or more CUs 160-b that may communicate directly with a core network 130-b via a backhaul communication link 120-b, or indirectly with the core network 130-b through one or more disaggregated network nodes 105 (e.g., a Near-RT RIC 175-b via an E2 link, or a Non-RT RIC 175-a associated with an SMO 180-a (e.g., an SMO Framework), or both). A CU 160-b may communicate with one or more DUs 165-b via respective midhaul communication links 162-b (e.g., an Fl interface). The DUs 165-b may communicate with one or more RUs 170-b via respective fronthaul communication links 168-b. The RUs 170-b may be associated with respective coverage areas 110-a and may communicate with UEs 115-b via one or more communication links 125-b. In some implementations, a UE 115-b may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 170-b.

[0135] Each of the network nodes 105 of the network architecture 300 (e.g., CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, Non-RT RICs 175-a, Near-RT RICs 175-b, SMOs 180-a, Open Clouds (O-Clouds) 305, Open eNBs (O-eNBs) 310) may include one or more interfaces or may be coupled with one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals (e.g., data, information) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each network node 105, or an associated processor (e.g., controller) providing instructions to an interface of the network node 105, may be configured to communicate with one or more of the other network nodes 105 via the transmission medium. For example, the network nodes 105 may include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105. Additionally, or alternatively, the network nodes 105 may include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or transceiver (e.g., an RF transceiver) configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other network nodes 105.

[0136] In some examples, a CU 160-b may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions may include RRC, PDCP, SDAP, or the like. Each control function may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 160-b. A CU 160-b may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., CU-UP), control plane functionality (e.g., CU-CP), or a combination thereof. In some examples, a CU 160-b may beAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO41 logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. A CU-UP unit may communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as an El interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. A CU 160-b may be implemented to communicate with a DU 165-b, as necessary, for network control and signaling.

[0137] A DU 165-b may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more functions (e.g., base station functions, RAN functions) to control the operation of one or more RUs 170-b. In some examples, a DU 165-b may host, at least partially, one or more of an RLC layer, a MAC layer, and one or more aspects of a PHY layer (e.g., a high PHY layer, such as modules for FEC encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). In some examples, a DU 165-b may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer may be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers hosted by the DU 165-b, or with control functions hosted by a CU 160-b.

[0138] In some examples, lower-layer functionality may be implemented by one or more RUs 170-b. For example, an RU 170-b, controlled by a DU 165-b, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (e.g., performing fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like), or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower-layer functional split. In such an architecture, an RU 170-b may be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 115-b. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communication with the RU(s) 170-b may be controlled by the corresponding DU 165-b. In some examples, such a configuration may enable a DU 165-b and a CU 160-b to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.

[0139] The SMO 180-a may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning of non-virtualized and virtualized network nodes 105. For non-virtualized network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (e.g., an 01 interface). For virtualizedAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO42 network nodes 105, the SMO 180-a may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (e.g., an O-Cloud 305) to perform network node life cycle management (e.g., to instantiate virtualized network nodes 105) via a cloud computing platform interface (e.g., an 02 interface). Such virtualized network nodes 105 can include, but are not limited to, CUs 160-b, DUs 165-b, RUs 170-b, and Near-RT RICs 175-b. In some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate with components configured in accordance with a 4G RAN (e.g., via an 01 interface). Additionally, or alternatively, in some implementations, the SMO 180-a may communicate directly with one or more RUs 170-b via an 01 interface. The SMO 180-a also may include a Non- RT RIC 175-a configured to support functionality of the SMO 180-a.

[0140] The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, artificial intelligence (Al) or machine learning (ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Non-RT RIC 175-a may be coupled with or communicate with (e.g., via an Al interface) the Near-RT RIC 175-b. The Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (e.g., via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 160-b, one or more DUs 165-b, or both, as well as an O-eNB 310, with the Near-RT RIC 175-b.

[0141] In some examples, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 175-b, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 175-b and may be received at the SMO 180-a or the Non-RT RIC 175-a from nonnetwork data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 175-a or the Near-RT RIC 175-b may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 175-a may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ Al or ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO 180-a (e.g., reconfiguration via 01) or via generation of RAN management policies (e.g., Al policies).

[0142] FIG. 4 shows an example of a wireless communications system 400 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO43 based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 400 may implement aspects of or may be implemented by aspects of the wireless communications system 100. For example, the wireless communications system 400 includes a wireless device 415, which may be an example of a UE 115, network node 105, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, a UE 115-a, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng-eNB 260 described with reference to FIG. 2, or a UE 115-b, RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to FIG. 3. The wireless communications system 400 also includes a network entity 405, which may be an example of a network node 105, location server 185, RU 170, DU 165, or CU 160 described with reference to FIG. 1, an LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, AMF 210, SMF 220, UPF 215, gNB 255, RU 170-a, DU 165-a, CU 160-a, or ng-eNB 260 described with reference to FIG. 2, or an RU 170-b, DU 165-b, or CU 160-b described with reference to FIG. 3.

[0143] The wireless device 415 may communicate with the network entity 405 using a link 425, which may be an example of a communication link 125, a backhaul communication link 120, or a communication link 155 described with reference to FIG. 1, a communication link 125-a, a backhaul communication link 120-a, a C-plane interface 245, or a U-plane interface 250 described with reference to FIG. 2, a communication link 125-b or a backhaul communication link 120-b described with reference to FIG. 3, or another link. The link 425 may include a uni-directional or bidirectional link that enables uplink or downlink network communications. For example, the wireless device 415 may transmit one or more uplink transmissions (not shown in FIG. 4), such as uplink control signals or uplink data signals, to the network entity 405 using the link 425, or the network entity 405 may transmit one or more downlink transmissions 410, such as downlink control signals or downlink data signals, to the wireless device 415 using the link 425.

[0144] The network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may receive, an indication 440 of one or more identifiers. In some approaches, the indication 440 may be communicated via downlink control information (DCI), an RRC message, a medium access control-control (MAC-CE) message, LTE positioning protocol (LPP) signaling, or NR positioning protocol A (NRPPa) signaling, among other examples.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO44

[0145] Each of the one or more identifiers may be associated with one or more network settings of a network node (e.g., base station, gNB, TRP, or positioning reference unit (PRU). For instance, an identifier may represent or correspond to one or more network settings. A network setting may be a parameter or a condition of operation for a network entity 405 or network node. In some examples, the network entity 405 (e.g., included in a core network) and a network node (e.g., included in a radio access network) may be included in a network. For instance, a network node (not shown in FIG. 4) may apply one or more network settings for communicating with the wireless device 415. The network node may be associated with the network entity 405. For instance, the network node may be a base station (e.g., gNB) that relays communications (e.g., signal(s) or information) between the wireless device 415 and the network entity 405. Additionally, or alternatively, the network node may transmit one or more reference signals to the wireless device 415, which the wireless device 415 may utilize to perform an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. In some examples, the network node and the network entity 405 may communicate (e.g., output, transmit, obtain, or receive between each other) information indicating the one or more network settings.

[0146] In some approaches, the network entity 405 may include (e.g., store) a mapping, database, table (e.g., look-up table), list, array, index, tree, or other data structure indicating the association between the one or more of the identifiers and the one or more network settings (e.g., values or parameters of the network setting(s)). In some approaches, the one or more identifiers may not indicate actual quantities or values of the network setting(s).

[0147] Some examples of the one or more network settings may include, and may not be limited to, information indicating a location of a TRP (or PRS) or an antenna reference point (ARP), an uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, an integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape (of a TRP or PRS, for instance), a beam angle (e.g., pointing angle) (of a TRP or PRS, for instance), an average or confidence of a beam angle (e.g., pointing angle) (of a TRP or PRS, for instance), a range of a beam angle, an integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power (e.g., a PRS transmit power), a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmitAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO45 timing error (for a network node, TRP, or group of TRPs, for instance), an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes (for network nodes or TRPs, for instance), an LOS or NLOS state (e.g., TRP expected LOS), PRU information, PRU calibration information, or calibration assistance information associated with a PRU, among other examples.

[0148] Some examples of network settings of an information indicating a location of a TRP or ARP, or an integrity of a location of a TRP or ARP may include one or more of the following. An nr- TRP -Locationinfo field may provide location coordinates of one or more TRPs or location coordinates of antenna reference points for downlink PRS (DL-PRS) Resource Set(s) or DL-PRS Resources of the TRPs. A dl-PRS- ResourceSetARP-ErrorCorrelationTime field may specify a DL-PRS Resource Set ARP Error Correlation Time, which may be an upper bound of a correlation time of the DL- PRS Resource Set ARP error. A dl-PRS-ResourceARP-ErrorCorrelationTime field may specify a DL-PRS Resource ARP Error Correlation Time, which may be an upper bound of a correlation time of a DL-PRS Resource ARP error. A dl-PRS-Re source Set ARP or dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP-Cartesian field may provide an antenna reference point location of a DL-PRS Resource Set relative to a trp-Location or trp- LocationCartesian location. If none of dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP or dl-PRS- ResourceSetARP-Cartesian is present, an antenna reference point location of a DL-PRS Resource Set may coincide with the trp-Location or trp-LocationCartesian location. An nr-IntegrityDL-PRS-ResourceSetARP-LocationBounds field may provide a mean or standard deviation ARP of a location error bound of a DL-PRS Resource Set of an overbounding model that bounds the antenna reference point location error of a DL-PRS Resource Set. The nr-IntegrityDL-PRS-ResourceSetARP-LocationBounds field may include one or more sub-fields units, including a meanLocationErrorBound or stdDevLocationErrorBound associated with an nr-IntegrityTRP-LocationBounds field. A dl-PRS-Resource-ARP-List field may provide antenna reference point location(s) of a DL-PRS Resource(s) associated with a Resource Set of a TRP together with integrity information. If the dl-PRS-Resource-ARP-List field is absent, the antenna reference point location(s) of the DL-PRS Resources may coincide with the dl-PRS-Re source Set ARP location or dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP-Cartesian. The dl-PRS- Resource-ARP-List field may include one or more sub-fields. A dl-PRS-Resource-ARP-Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO46 location or dl-PRS-Resource-ARP-locationCartesian field may provide an antenna reference point location of a DL-PRS Resource associated with a DL-PRS Resource Set of a TRP relative to a dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP or dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP-Cartesian location. If none of dl-PRS-Resource-ARP -location or dl-PRS-Resource-ARP- locationCartesian is present, the antenna reference point location of a DL-PRS Resource may coincide with a dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP location or dl-PRS-Resource-ARP- locationCartesian. An nr-IntegrityDL-PRS-ResourceARP-LocationBounds field may provide a mean or a standard deviation ARP of a location error bound of the DL-PRS Resources of an overbounding model that bounds an antenna reference point location error of a DL-PRS Resource. The nr-IntegrityDL-PRS-ResourceARP-LocationBounds field may include one or more sub-fields units, such as meanLocationErrorBound or stdDevLocationErrorBound, as associated with an nr-IntegrityTRP-LocationBounds field.

[0149] Some examples network settings of a transmit power or power integrity (e.g., of a PRS) may include one or more of the following. A beamPowerList field may provide a relative power between DL-PRS Resources for an angle given by azimuth and elevation. A first BeamPowerElement in a list may provide a peak power for an angle and may be defined as 0 decibels (dB) power (e.g., the first value may be set to 'O' by a location server). One or more remaining BeamPowerElements in the list may provide a relative DL-PRS Resource power relative to a first element in the list. An nr-dl-prs- RelativePower field, except for a first element in a beamPowerList, may provide a relative power of a DL-PRS Resource, relative to a first element in the beamPowerList. For the first element in beamPowerList, the nr-dl-prs-RelativePower field may provide a peak power for an angle normalized to 0 dB. The nr-dl-prs-RelativePower field may have a scale factor 1 dB, or a range of 0 ot -30 dB. An nr-dl-prs-RelativePowerFine field may provide a relatively finer granularity for the nr-dl-prs-RelativePower. A total relative power of the DL-PRS Resource may be given by nr-dl-prs-RelativePower + nr- dl-prs-RelativePowerFine. The nr-dl-prs-RelativePowerFine may have a scale factor of 0.1 dB or a range 0 to -0.9 dB. For a first element in beamPowerList, the nr-dl-prs- RelativePowerFine field may not be utilized in some examples. An nr- IntegrityBeamPowerBounds field may specify a mean or a Standard Deviation beam power error bound for an overbounding model that bounds the beam power error. If theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO47 nr-IntegrityBeamPowerBounds field is absent, the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds for an instance of the beamPowerList may be the same as nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds of a previous instance in the beamPowerList. If integrity bounds are provided, the nr- IntegrityBeamPowerBounds field may be included in a first instance of the beamPowerList. A meanBeamPower field may specify a Mean Beam Power Error bound, which may be a mean value for an overbounding model that bounds the beam power error of the DL-PRS Resources. The bound may be meanBeamPower + K * stdDevBeamPower or may be such that an associated probability to be exceeded may be lower than IRaiiocation for ir-Minimum < IRaiiocation < ir-Maximum, where K = normInv(IRaiiocation / 2) and ir-Minimum, where irMaximum may be provided in an IE NR-IntegrityServiceParameters. IRaiiocation may be a fraction of a Target Integrity Risk that represents an integrity risk budget available. The meanBeamPower may have a scale factor of 0.1 dB or a range of 0-12.7 dB. A stdDevBeamPower field may specify a Standard Deviation Beam Power Error bound, which may be a standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds the beam power error of DL-PRS Resources. The stdDevBeamPower field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range 0-12.7 dB.

[0150] Examples of network settings of beam angles, shapes, or integrity (e.g., of aPRS), may include one or more of the following. An nr-TRP-BeamAntennaAngles field may provide a relative power between DL-PRS Resources per angle per TRP. If the nr- TRP-BeamAntennaAngles field is absent and the field associated-DL-PRS-ID is present, the nr-TRP-BeamAntennaAngles for a TRP may be obtained from nr-TRP- BeamAntennaAngles of an associated TRP. A dl -PRS -Beaminfo Set field may provide DL-PRS beam information for each DL-PRS Resource of a DL-PRS Resource Set associated with a TRP. If the dl-PRS-BeamlnfoSet field is absent and a field associated- DL-PRS-ID is present, the dl-PRS-BeamlnfoSet for a TRP may be obtained from a dl- PRS-BeamlnfoSet of an associated TRP. A dl-PRS-Azimuth field may specify an azimuth angle of a boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in the DL-PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. For a Global Coordinate System (GCS), an azimuth angle may be measured counter-clockwise from geographical North. For a Local Coordinate System (LCS), an azimuth angle may be measured counter-clockwise from an x-axis of the LCS. The dl-PRS-Azimuth may have a scale factor of 1 degree or a range of 0 to 359 degrees. A dl-PRS-Azimuth-fine fieldAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO48 may provide a relatively finer granularity for the dl-PRS-Azimuth. A total azimuth angle of a boresight direction may be given by dl-PRS-Azimuth + dl-PRS-Azimuth- fine. The dl-PRS-Azimuth-fine field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range 0 to 0.9 degrees. A dl-PRS -Elevation field may specify an elevation angle of a boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in a DL- PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. For a Global Coordinate System (GCS), an elevation angle may be measured relative to zenith and positive to the horizontal direction (e.g., elevation of 0 degrees may point to zenith, or 90 degrees may point to a horizon). For an LCS, an elevation angle may be measured relative to a z-axis of the LCS (e.g., an elevation of 0 degrees may point to a z-axis, or 90 degrees may point to an x-y plane). The dl-PRS -Elevation field may have a scale factor of 1 degree or a range of 0 to 180 degrees. A dl-PRS -El evati on-fine field may provide a relatively finer granularity for the dl-PRS -El evati on. A total elevation angle of a boresight direction may be given by dl-PRS -El evati on + dl-PRS-Elevation-fine. The dl-PRS-Elevation-fine field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range of 0 to 0.9 degrees. An nr- IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds field may provide an overbounding model that bounds spatial direction information of DL-PRS Resources. If the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds field is absent, an nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds for an instance of the DL-PRS- BeamlnfoElement may be the same as the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds of a previous instance of the DL-PRS-BeamlnfoElement in DL-PRS-BeamlnfoResourceSet. If integrity bounds are provided, the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds field may be present (e.g., present at least) in a first instance of the DL-PRS-BeamlnfoResourceSet. The nr- IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds may include one or more sub-fields, such as a meanAzimuth, which field may specify a mean azimuth error bound, which may be a mean value for an overbounding model that bounds the azimuth angle error of the boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in a DL-PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. A bound may be meanAzimuth + K * stdDev Azimuth of may be such that an associated probability to be exceeded may be be lower than IRaiiocation for ir-Minimum < IRaiiocation < ir-Maximum, where K = normInv(IRaiiocation / 2) and ir-Minimum, ir-Maximum may be associated with an IE NR- IntegrityServiceParameters. IRaiiocation may be a fraction of a Target Integrity Risk that represents an integrity risk budget available. The meanAzimuth field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range of 0-25.5 degrees. Another example of a subfield mayAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO49 include a stdDev Azimuth field, which may specify a standard deviation azimuth error bound, which may be a standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds the azimuth error of a boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in a DL-PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. Scale factor 0.1 degrees; range 0-25.5 degrees. Another example of a subfield may include a meanElevation field, which may specify a mean elevation error bound, which may be a mean value for an overbounding model that bounds the elevation angle error of a boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in a DL-PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. A bound may be meanElevation + K * stdDevElevation or may be such that an associated probability to be exceeded may be be lower than IRaiiocation for ir-Minimum < IRaiiocation < ir-Maximum, where K = normInv(IRaiiocation / 2) and ir-Minimum, ir-Maximum associated with an IE NR- IntegrityServiceParameters. IRaiiocation may be a fraction of a Target Integrity Risk that represents an integrity risk budget available. The meanElevation field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range of 0-25.5 degrees. Another example of a subfield may include a stdDevElevation field, which may specify a standard deviation elevation error bound, which may be the standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds an elevation error of a boresight direction in which DL-PRS Resources associated with a DL-PRS Resource ID in a DL-PRS Resource Set may transmitted. The stdDevElevation field may have a scale factor of 0.1 degrees or a range of 0-25.5 degrees. A dl-PRS- BeamlnfoErrorCorrelationTime field may specify a Beam Boresight Direction Angle Error Correlation Time, which may be an upper bound of a correlation time of a DL- PRS Resource angle error. A trp-BeamAntennalnfoErrorCorrelationTime field may specify a Mean Beam Power Error Correlation Time, which may be an upper bound of a correlation time of a mean beam power error.

[0151] Some examples of network settings of a relative time difference of TRPs or an integrity of relative time difference between TRPs may include one or more of the following. A referenceTRP-RTD-Info field may define a reference TRP for an RTD or may include one or more sub-fields, such as a dl-PRS-ID-Ref field, which may be used along with a DL-PRS Resource Set ID and a DL-PRS Resources ID to uniquely identify a DL-PRS Resource, or may be associated to a reference TRP. Another example of a sub-field may include an nr-PhysCellld-Ref field, which may specify a physical cellAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO50 identity of a reference TRP. Another example of a sub-field may include an nr- CellGloballd-Ref field, which may specify an NCGI, which may be a globally unique identity of a cell in NR, of a reference TRP. Another example of a sub-field may include an nr-ARFCN-Ref field, which may specify an NR-ARFCN of a TRP’s CD-SSB corresponding to an nr-PhysCelllD. Another example of a sub-field may include a refTime field, which may specify a reference time at which an rtd-InfoList may be valid. A systemFrameNumber choice may refer to an SFN of a reference TRP. Another example of a sub-field may include an rtd-RefQuality field, which may specify a quality of a timing of reference TRP, which may be used to determine one or more RTD values provided in rtd-InfoList. A subframeOffset field may specify a subframe boundary offset at a TRP antenna location between a reference TRP and a neighbour TRP in time units, where Afmax= 480 ■ 103Hz. The offset may be counted from a beginning of a subframe #0 of a reference TRP to a beginning of a closest subsequent subframe of a neighbor TRP. The subframeOffset field may have a scale factor 1 Tc. An rtd-Quality field may specify a quality of an RTD. An nr-IntegrityRTD-InfoBounds field may specify an overbounding model that bounds an inter- TRP synchronization error between a reference TRP and another TRP. The nr-IntegrityRTD-InfoBounds field may include a sub-field, such as a resolution, which may be used in a meanRTD or a stdDevRTD.Enumerated values mdotl, ml, mlO, or m30 may correspond to 0.1, 1, 10, or 30 meters, respectively. Another example of a sub-field may include a meanRTD field, which may specify a mean inter- TRP synchronization error bound, which may be a mean value for an overbounding model that bounds an inter- TRP synchronization error. The bound may be meanRTD + K * stdDevRTD, or may be such that an associated probability to be exceeded may be lower than an IRallocation for ir-Minimum < Deallocation < ir- Maximum, where K = normInv(IRallocation / 2) or ir-Minimum, ir-Maximum may be associated with an IE NR-IntegrityServiceParameters. IRallocation may be a fraction of a Target Integrity Risk that represents an integrity risk budget available. Another example of a sub-field may include a stdDevRTD field, which may specify a standard deviation inter- TRP synchronization error bound, which may be a standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds an inter- TRP synchronization error. An rtd- ErrorCorrelationTime field may specify an inter- TRP synchronization error Correlation Time, which may be an upper bound of a correlation time of an inter- TRP synchronization error.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO51

[0152] Examples of network settings of timing error (e.g., TRP timing error groups), margins, or integrity of timing error may include one or more of a following. A dl-PRS-TEG-InfoSet field may specify a TRP Tx TEG ID associated with one or more transmissions of each DL-PRS Resource of a TRP. A dl-prs-trp-Tx-TEG-ID in a dl- PRS-TEG-InfoSet may be associated with an nr-DL-PRS-ResourcelD of NR-DL-PRS- Info using a same structure and order. An nr-TRP-TxTEG-TimingErrorMargin field may specify a timing error margin value for one or more TRP Tx TEGs included in one NR-DL-PRS-TRP-TEG-InfoPerTRP.

[0153] Examples of network settings of integrity information may include one or more of a following. AN nr-IntegrityServiceParameters field may specify a range of Integrity Risk (IR) for which integrity assistance data are valid. An nr- Integrity Service Alert field may indicate whether corresponding assistance data may be used for integrity related applications.

[0154] Examples of network settings of an LOS or NLOS state (e.g., TRP expected LOS) may include one or more of the following. An NR-DL-PRS-ExpectedLOS- NLOS-Assistance field may be used by a location server to provide an expected likelihood of an LOS propagation path from a TRP to a target device, or for one or more DL-PRS Resources of a TRP to a target device.

[0155] Examples of network settings of PRU information or PRU calibration information may include one or more of a following. An nr-PRU-Locationlnfo field may provide location coordinates of a PRU. An nr-PRU-DL-TDOA-MeasInfo field may specify a list of carrier phase measurement RSCPD together with other measurement information in a DL-TDOA by a PRU. An nr-PRU-DL-AoD-MeasInfo field may specify a list of other measurement information in DL-AoD by a PRU. An nr-PRU- RSCP-MeasInfo field may specify a list of carrier phase measurement RSCP measured by a PRU, together with DL-PRS RSRP, or DL-PRS RSRPP measurement(s) associated with one or more RSCP measurements. In some examples of the techniques described herein, an identifier that is associated with one or more network settings may not uniquely identify an AI / ML model or may not be an AI / ML model identifier (e.g., may not be an identifier that is specific to one AI / ML model).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO52

[0156] In some examples, the one or more network settings may relate to the communication of reference signaling used in association with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure or may relate to the measurement of reference signaling used in association with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure. A positioning procedure may be one or more operations for estimating a location of a device (e.g., the wireless device 415 or a UE). For instance, a positioning procedure may include one or more operations of A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, or UL-AOA positioning, among other examples. Position information may include an estimated position (e.g., estimated location) or one or more measurements associated with a positioning procedure (e.g., AI / ML-based positioning procedure or non-AI / ML-based positioning procedure). For instance, position information may include a position or measurement determined based on one or more positioning procedures, such as A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E- CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, or UL-A positioning, among other examples. Examples of positioning procedures are described with reference to FIG. 21.

[0157] As used herein, the term “AI / ML-based positioning procedure” may refer to a positioning procedure performed with an Al model or ML model. An “AI / ML-based positioning procedure” may refer to direct AI / ML (D-AI / ML) positioning or assisted AI / ML positioning (A-AI / ML). An “AI / ML model” for positioning may refer generally to a physical AIML model, a logical AI / ML model, an AI / ML function, AI / ML functionality, or an AI / ML method, among other examples. The term “non-AI / ML- based positioning procedure” may refer to a positioning procedure performed without an Al model or ML model. AI / ML-based positioning procedures may improve positioning accuracy.

[0158] A non-AI / ML-based positioning procedure may include one or more positioning procedures where an AI / ML technique is not utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a location or measurement. For instance, A-GNSS positioning, OTDOAAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO53 positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, or other positioning performed without the use of an AI / ML technique or model may be examples of a non-AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0159] An AI / ML-based positioning procedure may include one or more positioning procedures where one or more AI / ML techniques (e.g., AI / ML model(s) or AI / ML function(s)) are utilized to determine (e.g., infer or predict) a position or measurement. In some examples, an Al model may be utilized to perform one or more operations of a positioning procedure (e.g., to infer or predict a measurement, value, quantity, or location). For instance, A-GNSS positioning, OTDOA positioning, E-CID positioning, sensor-based positioning, WLAN-based positioning, Bluetooth-based positioning, TBS positioning, DL-TDOA positioning, DL-AOD positioning, Multi-RTT positioning, NR E-CID positioning, UL-TDOA positioning, UL-AOA positioning, or other positioning performed with the use of an AI / ML technique(s) or model(s) may be examples of an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. For instance, an Al model may be trained to model one or more operations of a positioning procedure. When the Al model is executed, for instance, a position or one or more measurements may be generated (e.g., inferred or predicted) without directly performing the one or more operations of the positioning procedure.

[0160] A position may be information or data indicating a point, area, or region where an object (e.g., the wireless device 415) is located. A location may be expressed as coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude of a geographic coordinate system (GCS), universal transverse mercator (UTM) coordinates, state plane coordinate system (SPCS) coordinates, or Earth-centered Earth-fixed (ECEF) coordinates, among other examples), an address, or a location relative to another location, among other examples.

[0161] A measurement may be measured, generated, calculated, inferred, or predicted based on one or more samples, data, information, or characteristics of a reference signal. Examples of measurements may include signal strength, reference signal received power (RSRP), reference signal received path power (RSRPP), received signal strength indicator (RSSI), reference signal received quality (RSRQ), signal-to- interference plus noise ratio (SINR), SNR, channel frequency response (CFR), channelAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO54 impulse response (CIR), power delay profile (PDP), delay profile (DP), channel quality indicator (CQI), CSI, line-of-sight (LOS) indicator, time of arrival (TOA), angle of arrival (AO A), angle of departure (AOD), round-trip time (RTT), reference signal time difference (RSTD), time difference of arrival (TDOA), reference signal carrier phase (RSCP), reference signal carrier phase difference (RSCPD), or reception-to- transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference, among other examples. In some examples, a measurement may be data or an indicator that indicates one or more of the aforementioned values.

[0162] In some examples, a network node may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may obtain (e.g., receive), a reference signal (not shown in FIG. 4). In some examples, the network node may be a PRU. The reference signal may be a signal (e.g., electromagnetic signal, RF signal) with one or more established characteristics (e.g., signaling pattern, strength, amplitude, magnitude, frequency, timing, modulation, phase, or data, among other examples). For instance, the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405 may store information indicating one or more of the characteristics of the reference signal, which may allow for comparison of one or more stored characteristics and one or more characteristics of the received reference signal. The reference signal (e.g., the comparison) may enable channel estimation (e.g., channel attenuation, phase, frequency shift, or Doppler effects, among other examples), positioning, or tracking. Examples of the reference signal may include a reference signal of a synchronization signal block (SSB), a CSLRS, a positioning reference signal (PRS), a sounding reference signal (SRS), a demodulation reference signal (DMRS), or a tracking reference signal (TRS), among other examples.

[0163] The measurement s) may be processed to generate input (e.g., input data) to an AI / ML model, to generate training data (e.g., a training dataset), or may be utilized by an AI / ML model to generate an inferred position or other measurements. Examples of input data, inferred measurements, and positions (e.g., locations) are provided with reference to FIG. 23 A and FIG. 23B. In some aspects, an indication of one or more measurements or positions (e.g., one or more inferred measurements or positions) may be communicated with (e.g., transmitted to or received from) the wireless device 415 or the network entity 405. For example, the wireless device 415 may output (e.g., transmit) or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive) an indication of one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO55 inferred measurements or positions based on the one or more processing operations associated with AI / ML.

[0164] In some examples, one or more AI / ML models may be stored or processed on the wireless device 415 (e.g., a UE or a network node) or on the network entity 405 (e.g., a network node or a location server). Examples of locations where an AI / ML model may be stored or processed are provided with reference to FIG. 24. One or more of the techniques described herein may be utilized to control (e.g., activate, deactivate, select, switch, transition to, or transition from) one or more AI / ML models.

[0165] One or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures (e.g., AI / ML model(s) or AI / ML function(s), among other examples) may correspond to an identifier of one or more identifiers. An identifier may be a value, code, signal, index, or other information. For instance, the wireless device 415 may include (e.g., store) a mapping, database, table (e.g., look-up table), list, array, index, tree, or other data structure indicating the correspondence between one or more of the identifiers and one or more of the AI / ML- based positioning procedures.

[0166] In some aspects, the one or more network settings may impact reference signaling or AI / ML-based positioning procedure performance. For instance, one or more network settings may affect the accuracy, reliability, correspondence, or alignment between AI / ML training and inference. In some examples, an AI / ML model may be trained in correspondence with one or more network settings. If the one or more network settings change, AI / ML model performance may be reduced. Because the one or more network settings may impact reference signaling or AI / ML-based positioning procedure performance, it may be helpful to maintain a correspondence between an AI / ML-based positioning procedure and the network setting(s) utilized during training of the AI / ML-based positioning procedure (e.g., AI / ML model or function). The one or more identifiers described herein may be utilized to establish a correspondence with one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures, or to control one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures (e.g., perform LCM) to maintain a correspondence between one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures and network settings, while avoiding an explicit indication of the network setting(s).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO56

[0167] Table (1) provides some more specific examples of network settings with corresponding information elements (IES).Table (1)

[0168] As described herein, the network entity 405 (e.g., location server or LMF) may provide the wireless device 415 with one or more identifiers associated with one or more network settings. In some approaches, the indication 440 of the one or more identifiers may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data. For example, signaling for providing the identifier(s) may be part of a “provide assistance data” procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, signaling for providing the identified s) may be part of a broadcast of assistance data signaling. For instance, the identified s) may be communicated via a positioning system information block (SIB).

[0169] In some examples, the indication 440 of the one or more identifiers may indicate at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure. In an assistance data message, for instance, the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) may provide a list of potential identifiers (e.g., one or more identifiers for which a correspondence may be established with one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO57

[0170] In some approaches, the indication 440 of the one or more identifiers may indicate at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers are valid. In an assistance data message, for example, the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) may provide information indicating one or more area validities for one or more identifiers. In some aspects, the area or area validity may be indicated as (or correspond to) a training area, validity area, inference area, or data collection area, among other examples.

[0171] In some examples, the network entity 405 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 415 may receive, an indication of an availability of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node. For instance, the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) may announce the availability (e.g., signal an announcement of the availability) of one or more identifiers associated with one or more network settings. In some aspects, the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers may be included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data (e.g., assistance data provisioning). For example, signaling of the announcement may be performed as a part of request location signaling or assistance data provisioning.

[0172] In some approaches, the wireless device 415 may transmit, or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive), a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE) may request provision of the one or more identifiers corresponding to the one or more network settings. The indication 440 of the one or more identifiers may be communicated (e.g., output, transmitted, obtained, or received) based on the request. In some aspects, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an assistance data request procedure. For instance, the signaling of the request may be part of a request assistance data procedure.

[0173] In some examples, the request for the one or more identifiers may be associated with an indication of an area. The one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity 405 may correspond to the area. In the request, for instance, the wireless device 415 may request one or more potential or available network-side identifiers for an area (e.g., a geographic area, one or more cells, or a zone served by one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO58 network nodes or one or more network entities). The network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) may provide a set of identifiers that cover the area.

[0174] In some approaches, one or more of the communications or signals described herein may be communicated via LPP signaling (e.g., LPP procedure(s) or field(s)) to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For instance, request location signaling, a request assistance data procedure, assistance data provisioning, or other communications may be performed via LPP signaling.

[0175] In some aspects, the indication 440 of the one or more identifiers may be received via a message associated with a request for a location. For example, signaling for providing the one or more identifiers may be part of request location signaling. In some approaches, the announcement or request signaling may not be performed or may be skipped. The network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) may provide the identifier information directly without waiting for an announcement or request.

[0176] Some aspects of the systems and techniques described herein may relate to training, data collection, inference, or confirmation of correspondence. In some examples, the one or more identifiers may be associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure. For instance, at least one of the one or more identifiers may be utilized with an AI / ML model for positioning.

[0177] In some examples, the wireless device 415 may perform an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings. In some aspects, the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure may include inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model during training. For example, an identifier may be utilized as AI / ML model input during training. The identifier may be utilized as an input to assist the AI / ML model in training to infer a position with increased accuracy. Additionally, or alternatively, an AI / ML model may be trained where different identifiers may be input to enable the AI / ML model to be trained to adapt to different network settings corresponding to different identifiers.

[0178] In some approaches, the operation may include mapping at least one of the one or more identifiers as metadata to an AI / ML model. For instance, the identifier(s) may be stored or linked to one or more AI / ML models as metadata. In some aspects, theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO59 identifiers may be utilized as metadata to select, activate, or switch to an AI / ML model (from a set of AI / ML models, for instance) with metadata corresponding to an identifier (e.g., an identifier) indicated by the network entity 405.

[0179] In some examples, the operation may include training an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers. For instance, the identifier(s) may be utilized to train one or more AI / ML models for positioning. For instance, one or more of the identifiers may be utilized in association with (e.g., as metadata of) one or more AI / ML models, may be utilized as input to the one or more AI / ML models, may be utilized to sort collected data, or may be utilized to associate collected data with one or more AI / ML models. For instance, the wireless device 415 may collect data (e.g., one or more measurements of reference signals) in one or more periods when different identifiers are in use or indicated by the network entity 405. The collected data in each of the periods may be labeled, stored, or input for training each of the AI / ML models corresponding to each of the identifiers.

[0180] In some aspects, the wireless device 415 may transmit, or the network entity 405 or a server (e.g., an over-the-top (OTT) server) may obtain (e.g., receive) a message indicating at least one of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node. For example, one or more of the identifiers may be reported to an OTT server.

[0181] In some approaches, the one or more identifiers may be utilized in one or more aspects on the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE). For example, the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure may include determining whether the wireless device 415 supports the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers. In some aspects, one or more of the identifiers may be utilized by the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE) to determine (e.g., verify) whether the wireless device 415 may support AI / ML positioning. The wireless device 415 may indicate to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) whether the wireless device 415 supports AI / ML positioning based on whether the model metadata for a corresponding identifier matches an identifier indicated by the network entity 405. In some examples, the wireless device 415 may supports AI / ML- based positioning or may not support AI / ML positioning. In some examples, “support” of an AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) may mean that the corresponding AI / ML-Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO60 based positioning procedure(s) (e.g., the AI / ML positioning model(s) or functionality(s)) may be supported whether or not the AI / ML-based positioning procedure(s) is downloaded, compiled, validated, verified, ready, or available at the wireless device 415. Depending on the determination, the wireless device 415 may determine whether to activate or deactivate AI / ML-based positioning.

[0182] In some examples, the operation may include controlling an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers. For instance, one or more of the identifiers may be utilized by the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE) to select or switch an AI / ML model for positioning (e.g., after training, during runtime, or during inference, among other examples).

[0183] In some approaches, the operation may include inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model. For instance, one or more of the identifiers may be utilized by the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE) as model input during inference (e.g., to produce an inferred measurement s) or position(s)).

[0184] In some aspects, the wireless device 415 may transmit, or the network entity 405 may obtain (e.g., receive) an indication of the operation associated with the AI / ML- based positioning procedure. For instance, the wireless device 415 (e.g., UE) may utilize LPP signaling to indicate to the network entity 405 (e.g., LMF) whether the wireless device 415 has applied (or will apply) model selection or switching based on one or more of the identifiers. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device 415 may transmit information indicating (e.g., recommending) activation or deactivation of AI / ML positioning.

[0185] In some examples, the indication of the operation may indicate controlling an AI / ML model based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers. For instance, the wireless device 415 may determine whether to perform an operation based on the indication of the one or more identifiers (e.g., in a case that the wireless device 415 includes an AI / ML-based positioning procedure corresponding to one or more of the indicated identifiers). The wireless device 415 may transmit an indication of the operation (e.g., activation, deactivation, switching, selecting, or transitioning to a non- AI / ML-based positioning procedure).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO61

[0186] In some examples, network settings may be referred to as conditions, which may be divided into two categories: network-side additional conditions or wireless device-side additional conditions. For an AI / ML-enabled feature, additional conditions may refer to one or more aspects for the training of the model (but which may not be a part of wireless device 415 capability for the AI / ML-enabled feature).

[0187] For inference for wireless device-side models, to ensure correspondence or alignment between training and inference regarding one or more network-side additional conditions, one or more of the following options may be utilized: model identification to achieve alignment on the network-side additional condition between network-side and wireless device-side, model training at the network and transfer to wireless device 415, where the model has been trained under the additional condition, information or indication on network-side additional conditions provided to the wireless device 415, correspondence or alignment assisted by monitoring (by the wireless device 415 or network, the performance of wireless device-side candidate models or functionalities to select a model or functionality.

[0188] One or more options may be utilized for model identification. In a first option, model identification with data collection related configuration(s) or indication(s) may be performed. In a second option, model identification may be performed with dataset transfer. In a third option, model identification may be performed in a model transfer from network to the wireless device 415. In a fourth option, model identification may be carried out via standardization of reference models (for CSI compression). In a fifth option model identification may be performed via model monitoring.

[0189] In the first option, (e.g., model identification with data collection related configuration(s) or indication(s)) one or more of the following aspects may be utilized. A relationship between a model identifier and data collection related configuration(s) or indication(s) may be utilized. Information transmitted from the network to the wireless device 415 may be utilized. Information transmitted from the wireless device 415 to the network may be utilized.

[0190] In some approaches, wireless device-sided AI / ML model(s) may be developed (e.g., trained or updated) at the wireless device 415. One or more of theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO62 following aspects may be utilized in some examples. For data collection, the network signals a data collection related configuration(s) and an associated identifier(s). As used herein, an associated identifier may refer to an identifier associated with one or more network settings. The associated identifiers may be utilized in relation with networksided additional conditions. The wireless device 415 may collect the data corresponding to the associated identified s). One or more AI / ML models may be developed (e.g., trained or updated) at the wireless device 415 side based on the collected data corresponding to the associated identifier(s).

[0191] The wireless device 415 may (to facilitate AI / ML model inference) report information of the one or more AI / ML models corresponding to the associated identifiers to the network. A model identifier may be determined or assigned for each AI / ML model. In some examples, the reported information may indicate a relationship between the model identifier(s) and the associated identifier(s), how the model identifier(s) are determined or assigned (e.g., the network assigns the model identifier, the wireless device 415 assigns or reports the model identifier, or the associated identifier(s) may be assumed as a model identified s) (where a model identifier for each AI / ML model may not be determined or utilized), or the model identifier is determined via one or more rules. One or more of these procedures may be utilized with interaction of associated identifiers between the wireless device 415 and network for resolving the correspondence issue without model identification. Regarding the associated identifier, the wireless device 415 may assume that network-side additional conditions with the same associated identifier may be utilized (e.g., are reliable) at least within one or more cells in some approaches.

[0192] From a network perspective, for a wireless device part of a two-sided model may be utilized in the following example of model identification. A dataset may be transferred from the network or network-side to the wireless device 415 or wireless device-side via signaling. A wireless device part of the two-sided model(s) may be developed based on the dataset. The wireless device may reports information of the wireless device part of the two-sided model(s) corresponding to the dataset to the network. A model may be trained on the network side or on the wireless device 415 side first.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO63

[0193] In some approaches, the using associated identifier may be utilized for training or inference correspondence or alignment for an AI / ML one or more beam management use cases. For instance, an associated identifier may be utilized to ensure correspondence or alignment for network-side additional condition(s) across training and inference for a wireless device-sided model for beam management cases, where the network-side additional condition may impact the training and inference correspondence for multiple (e.g., different) sets of beams. In some examples, the associated identifier may be communicated within a CSI framework or outside of the CSI framework. In some approaches, the associated identifier may be utilized to control an AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on performance monitoring.

[0194] In some approaches, the associated identifier may be utilized to ensure a correspondence or alignment for training and inference for AI / ML-based positioning. For AI / ML based positioning Case 1 and Case 2a, for instance, the associated identifier may be utilized to coordinate network-side additional condition(s) (e.g., network settings) to ensure the correspondence or alignment between training and inference. In some cases, network-side additional conditions with the same associated identifier may be utilized within a cell, a TRP, or an area.

[0195] FIG. 5 shows an example of a wireless communications system 500 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The wireless communications system 500 may include a wireless device 515, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, or a wireless device 415, as described herein. The wireless communications system 500 may also include a network 505, which may be an example of a network node 105, gNB 255, ng-eNB 260, CU 160, CU 160-a, CU 160-b, DU 165, DU 165-a, DU 165-b, RU 170, RU 170-a, RU 170-b, the location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, a network entity 405, or a combination thereof, as described herein.

[0196] As illustrated in FIG. 5, the network 505 (e.g., network entity) may include one or more identifiers 510-b, which may be associated with one or more network settings 520. The association(s) between the one or more identifiers 510-b and the one or more network settings 520 may be structured as described with reference to FIG. 4.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO64

[0197] The wireless device 515 may include one or more identifiers 510-a. At least one of the one or more identifiers 510-a may correspond to (e.g., may match) at least one of the one or more identifiers 510-b. One or more of the identifiers 510-a may correspond to one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures 525 (e.g., AI / ML model(s) or AI / ML function(s) for producing measurement information related to positioning). The correspondence between the one or more identifiers 510-a and the one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures 525 may be structured as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0198] In some examples of the techniques described herein, the network 505 may output (e.g., transmit), or the wireless device 515 may receive, an indication of the one or more identifiers 510-b, where one or more of the identifiers 510-b may be associated with one or more network settings 520 of a network node. The one or more network settings 520 may relate to communication of reference signaling for one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures 525 or for measurement of reference signaling for one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures 525. The wireless device 515 may performing one or more operations associated with one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures based on the one or more identifiers 510-b associated with the one or more network settings 520. For instance, the wireless device 515 may store one or more identifiers 510-a that match the one or more indicated identifiers 510-b. The wireless device 515 may train one or more AI / ML models corresponding to one or more identifiers 510-a, may input the one or more identifiers 510-a to one or more AI / ML models for training or inference, may map one or more of the identifiers 510-a as metadata to the one or more AI / ML models, may determine whether the wireless device 515 supports one or more AIML-based positioning procedures 525 based on one or more of the identifiers 510-a, or may control one or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures 525 based on the one or more identifiers 510-a.

[0199] FIG. 6 shows an example of a process flow 600 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 600 may include a UE 115-c, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, wireless device 415, or wireless device 515, as described herein. The process flow 600 may also include a location server 185-a, which may be an example ofAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO65 the location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, network entity 405, or network 505, as described herein. In some approaches, the location server 185-a may communicate with the UE 115-c via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples), which are not shown in FIG. 6.

[0200] In the following description of the process flow 600, the communications between the UE 115-c and the location server 185-a may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-c or the location server 185-a may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 600, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 600. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0201] In some examples, the UE 115-c and the location server 185-a may communicate information (e.g., an indication of one or more identifiers, assistance data, measurement data, or requests for location or measurements, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, the UE 115-c and a network node may communicate information (e.g., an indication of one or more identifiers, assistance data, measurement data, or requests for location or measurements, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the location server 185-a or the UE 115-c, or may not be transmitted to the location server 185-a or the UE 115-c.

[0202] At 605, the UE 115-c may transmit a request for one or more identifiers to the location server 185-a. For instance, the request may be transmitted to the location server 185-a as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0203] At 610, the location server 185-a may output (e.g., transmit), to the UE 115-c, an indication of one or more identifiers. For instance, the location server 185-a may transmit the transmit the indication of the one or more identifiers as described with reference to FIG. 4.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO66

[0204] At 615, the UE 115-c may collected data for training an AI / ML model (for positioning, for instance) based on the one or more identifiers. For instance, the UE 115-c may receive reference signaling, measure the reference signaling, or store reference signal measurements as described with reference to FIG. 4 or FIG. 5. In some approaches, the UE 115-c may train the AI / ML model, or may transmit the collected data to another device (e.g., OTT server or the location server 185-a, among other examples) for training.

[0205] FIG. 7 shows an example of a process flow 700 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 700 may include a UE 115-d, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, wireless device 415, or wireless device 515, as described herein. The process flow 700 may also include a location server 185-b, which may be an example of the location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, network entity 405, or network 505, as described herein. The process flow 700 may also include an OTT server 725, which may be an example of the external device 230 (e.g., a third-party server) or another device, as described herein. In some approaches, the location server 185-b or the OTT server 725 may communicate with the UE 115-d via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s), TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples), which are not shown in FIG. 7.

[0206] In the following description of the process flow 700, the communications between the UE 115-d, the OTT server 725, or the location server 185-b may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-d, the OTT server 725, or the location server 185-b may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 700, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 700. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0207] In some examples, the UE 115-d, the location server 185-b, or the OTT server 725 may communicate information (e.g., an indication of availability, a request, an indication of one or more identifiers, assistance data, measurement data, or requestsAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO67 for location or measurements, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, a network node may communicate information (e.g., an indication of availability, a request, an indication of one or more identifiers, assistance data, measurement data, or requests for location or measurements, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the location server 185-b, to the OTT server 725, or the UE 115-d, or may not be transmitted to the location server 185-b, to the OTT server 725, or to the UE 115-d.

[0208] At 705, the location server 185-b may output (e.g., transmit), to the UE 115-d, an indication of availability of one or more identifiers associated with one or more network settings. For instance, the location server 185-b may transmit the indication (e.g., announcement) of availability as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0209] At 710, the UE 115-d may transmit a request for an indication of the one or more identifiers to the location server 185-b. For instance, the request may be transmitted to the location server 185-b as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0210] At 715, the location server 185-b may output (e.g., transmit), to the UE 115-d, an indication of one or more identifiers. For instance, the location server 185-b may transmit the indication of the one or more identifiers as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0211] At 720, the UE 115-d may transmit an indication of one or more identifiers to the OTT server 725. For instance, the UE 115-d may transmit the indication as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0212] FIG. 8 shows an example of a process flow 800 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The process flow 800 may include a UE 115-e, which may be an example of a UE 115, UE 115-a, UE 115-b, wireless device 415, or wireless device 515, as described herein. The process flow 800 may also include a location server 185-c, which may be an example of the location server 185, LMF 265, external device 230, SLP 235, network entity 405, or network 505, as described herein. In some approaches, location server 185-c may communicate with the UE 115-e via one or more network nodes (e.g., base station(s),Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO68TRP(s), CU(s), DU(s), or RU(s), among other examples), which are not shown in FIG. 8.

[0213] In the following description of the process flow 800, the communications between the UE 115-e and the location server 185-c may be transmitted in a different order than the example order shown, or the operations performed by the UE 115-e or the location server 185-c may be performed in different orders or at different times. One or more operations may be omitted from the process flow 800, or one or more other operations may be added to the process flow 800. Although some operations or signaling may be shown to occur at different times for discussion purposes, these operations may actually occur at the same time or in overlapping time periods in some examples.

[0214] In some examples, the UE 115-e and the location server 185-c may communicate information (e.g., an indication of availability, a request, an indication of one or more identifiers, an indication of an operation, assistance data, measurement data, or requests for location or measurements, among other examples) via a network node or independent of a network node. In some examples, the UE 115-e and a network node may communicate information (e.g., an indication of availability, a request, an indication of one or more identifiers, an indication of an operation, assistance data, measurement data, or requests for location or measurements, among other examples), where the information may be relayed transparently via the network node, may be processed by the network node before communication to the location server 185-c or the UE 115-e, or may not be transmitted to the location server 185-c or the UE 115-e.

[0215] At 805, the location server 185-c may output (e.g., transmit), to the UE 115- e, an indication of availability. For instance, the location server 185-c may transmit an indication (e.g., announcement) of availability to the UE 115-e as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0216] At 810, the UE 115-e may transmit a request for an indication of one or more identifiers to the location server 185-c. For instance, the request may be transmitted to the location server 185-c as described with reference to FIG. 4.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO69

[0217] At 815, the location server 185-c may output (e.g., transmit), to the UE 115-e, an indication of one or more identifiers. For instance, the location server 185-c may transmit the indication as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0218] At 820, the UE 115-e may perform an operation to control an AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers. For instance, the UE 115-e may perform an operation determined by the UE 115-e and corresponding to one or more of the identifiers to activate, deactivate, switch, or select an AI / ML-based positioning procedure, or to transition to a non- AI / ML-based positioning procedure as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0219] At 825, the UE 115-e may transmit an indication of the operation to the location server 185-c. For instance, the indication of the operation may be transmitted to the location server 185-c as described with reference to FIG. 4. In some aspects, the UE 115-e may inform the location server 185-c (e.g., LMF) regarding the AI / ML positioning selection, switching, or fallback.

[0220] FIG. 9 shows a block diagram 900 of a device 905 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 905 may be an example of aspects of a wireless device as described herein. The device 905 may include a receiver 910, a transmitter 915, and a communications manager 920. The device 905, or one or more components of the device 905 (e.g., the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0221] The receiver 910 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 905. The receiver 910 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO70

[0222] The transmitter 915 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 905. For example, the transmitter 915 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning). In some examples, the transmitter 915 may be co-located with a receiver 910 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 915 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0223] The communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0224] In some examples, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).

[0225] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 920, the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or variousAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO71 combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0226] In some examples, the communications manager 920 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both. For example, the communications manager 920 may receive information from the receiver 910, send information to the transmitter 915, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0227] The communications manager 920 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The communications manager 920 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0228] By including or configuring the communications manager 920 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 905 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 910, the transmitter 915, the communications manager 920, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0229] FIG. 10 shows a block diagram 1000 of a device 1005 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-basedAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO72 positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1005 may be an example of aspects of a device 905 or a wireless device as described herein. The device 1005 may include a receiver 1010, a transmitter 1015, and a communications manager 1020. The device 1005, or one or more components of the device 1005 (e.g., the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, the communications manager 1020), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0230] The receiver 1010 may provide a means for receiving information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1005. The receiver 1010 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0231] The transmitter 1015 may provide a means for transmitting signals generated by other components of the device 1005. For example, the transmitter 1015 may transmit information such as packets, user data, control information, or any combination thereof associated with various information channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels related to communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning). In some examples, the transmitter 1015 may be co-located with a receiver 1010 in a transceiver module. The transmitter 1015 may utilize a single antenna or a set of multiple antennas.

[0232] The device 1005, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1020 may include an identifier component 1025 an operation component 1030, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1020 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1020, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1010, theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO73 transmitter 1015, or both. For example, the communications manager 1020 may receive information from the receiver 1010, send information to the transmitter 1015, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1010, the transmitter 1015, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0233] The communications manager 1020 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The identifier component 1025 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML- based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The operation component 1030 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing an operation associated with the AI / ML- based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0234] FIG. 11 shows a block diagram 1100 of a communications manager 1120 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1120 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 920, a communications manager 1020, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1120, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1120 may include an identifier component 1125, an operation component 1130, an availability component 1135, a request component 1140, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0235] The communications manager 1120 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The identifier component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from a networkAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO74 entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML- based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The operation component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for performing an operation associated with the AI / ML- based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

[0236] In some examples, performing the operation associated with the AI / ML- based positioning procedure includes inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model during training, mapping at least one of the one or more identifiers as metadata to an AI / ML model, or training an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers.

[0237] In some examples, performing the operation associated with the AI / ML- based positioning procedure includes determining whether the wireless device supports the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on at least one of the one or more identifiers, controlling an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers, or inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model.

[0238] In some examples, the availability component 1135 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving, from the network entity, an indication of an availability of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.

[0239] In some examples, the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers is included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

[0240] In some examples, the request component 1140 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, where the indication of the one or more identifiers is received based on the request.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO75

[0241] In some examples, the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an assistance data request procedure.

[0242] In some examples, the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an indication of an area. In some examples, the one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity correspond to the area.

[0243] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers is received via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

[0244] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers is received via a message associated with a request for a location.

[0245] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0246] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers are valid.

[0247] In some examples, the one or more identifiers are associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0248] In some examples, the identifier component 1125 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to a server, a message indicating at least one of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.

[0249] In some examples, the one or more network settings include information indicating a location of a TRP or an ARP, uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, an average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier ofAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO76 a group of network nodes, a LOS or NLOS state, calibration assistance information associated with a PRU, PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

[0250] In some examples, the operation component 1130 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting, to the network entity, an indication of the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0251] FIG. 12 shows a diagram of a system 1200 including a device 1205 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1205 may be an example of or include components of a device 905, a device 1005, or a wireless device 415 as described herein. The device 1205 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1220, an VO controller, such as an I / O controller 1210, one or more transceivers 1215, one or more antennas 1225, at least one memory 1230, code 1235, and at least one processor 1240. The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250. These components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1245). The I / O controller 1210 may manage input and output signals for the device 1205. The I / O controller 1210 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the device 1205. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may represent a physical connection or port to an external peripheral. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may utilize an operating system such as iOS®, ANDROID®, MS-DOS®, MS- WINDOWS®, OS / 2®, UNIX®, LINUX®, or another known operating system. Additionally, or alternatively, the I / O controller 1210 may represent or interact with a modem, a keyboard, a mouse, a touchscreen, or a similar device. In some cases, the I / O controller 1210 may be implemented as part of one or more processors, such as the at least one processor 1240. In some cases, a user may interact with the device 1205 via the I / O controller 1210 or via hardware components controlled by the I / O controller 1210.

[0252] In some cases, the device 1205 may include a single antenna. However, in some other cases, the device 1205 may have more than one antenna, which may be capable of concurrently transmitting or receiving multiple wireless transmissions. TheAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO77 transceiver(s) 1215 may communicate bi-directionally via the one or more antennas 1225 using wired or wireless links as described herein. For example, the transceiver 1215 may represent a wireless transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1215 may also include a modem to modulate the packets, to provide the modulated packets to one or more antennas 1225 for transmission, and to demodulate packets received from the one or more antennas 1225. The transceiver 1215, or the transceiver 1215 and one or more antennas 1225, may be an example of a transmitter 915, a transmitter 1015, a receiver 910, a receiver 1010, or any combination thereof or component thereof, as described herein.

[0253] The one or more transceivers 1215 may include one or more wireless wide area network (WWAN) transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satellite transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless communication networks, such as an NR network, an LTE network, or a GSM network, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0254] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, dedicated short-range communications (DSRC), wireless access for vehicular environments (WAVE), near-field communication (NFC), or ultra-wideband (UWB),Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO78 among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z-WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, vehi cl e-to- vehicle (V2V) transceivers, or vehicle-to- everything (V2X) transceivers, among other examples.

[0255] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1205 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1205 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0256] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1225 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (NAVIC), or Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1240 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1205, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO79

[0257] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1225 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.

[0258] The device 1205 may include one or more sensors 1250 coupled with the one or more processors 1240 for obtaining sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples). For example, the one or more sensors 1250 may sense or detect movement or orientation information. In some aspects, the movement or orientation information may be independent from motion data derived from signals received by the one or more WWAN transceivers, the one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or the satellite signal interface. In some examples, the sensor(s) 1250 may include an accelerometer (e.g., a micro-electrical mechanical systems (MEMS) device), a gyroscope, a geomagnetic sensor (e.g., a compass), an altimeter (e.g., a barometric pressure altimeter), or any other type of movement detection sensor. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more sensors 1250 may include an image sensor, camera, microphone, light detector, or pressure sensor, among other examples. In some aspects, the sensor(s) 1250 may include a plurality of different types of devices, and the device 1205 (e.g., sensor(s) or 1250 processor(s) 1240) may combine the outputs of the different types of devices to provide motion information. For example, the sensor(s) 1250 may use a combination of a multi-axis accelerometer sensors, orientation sensors, or image sensors to provide the ability to compute positions in two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) coordinate systems.

[0259] The at least one memory 1230 may include RAM and ROM. The at least one memory 1230 may store computer-readable, computer-executable, or processorexecutable code, such as the code 1235. The code 1235 may include instructions that,Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO80 when executed by the at least one processor 1240, cause the device 1205 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1235 may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1235 may not be directly executable by the at least one processor 1240 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1230 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices.

[0260] The at least one processor 1240 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into the at least one processor 1240. The at least one processor 1240 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., the at least one memory 1230) to cause the device 1205 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting signaling for sample-based position estimation). For example, the device 1205 or a component of the device 1205 may include at least one processor 1240 and at least one memory 1230 coupled with or to the at least one processor 1240, the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 configured to perform various functions described herein.

[0261] In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1230 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1240 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (whichAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO81 may include the at least one processor 1240) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1230)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1240 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1240 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1205 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code 1235 (e.g., processor-executable code) stored in the at least one memory 1230 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0262] For example, the communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a request that the wireless device is to report a set of one or more measurements. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for receiving a reference signal, where the wireless device generates the set of one or more measurements based on the reference signal, and where the set of one or more measurements is associated with a time period. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a first indication of a reference time of the reference signal, where the first indication of the reference time of the reference signal is based on the set of one or more measurements of the reference signal associated with the time period. The communications manager 1220 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a second indication of a set of one or more signal samples that have a temporal association with the reference time of the reference signal, where individual ones of the set of one or more signal samples are distributed in accordance with a uniform spacing or a subsampled uniform spacing.

[0263] By including or configuring the communications manager 1220 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1205 may support techniques for enhanced positioning accuracy, improved communication reliability, reduced latency, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, or improved utilization of processing capability.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO82

[0264] In some examples, the communications manager 1220 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, monitoring, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1215, the one or more antennas 1225, or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1220 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1220 may be supported by or performed by the at least one processor 1240, the at least one memory 1230, the code 1235, or any combination thereof. For example, the code 1235 may include instructions executable by the at least one processor 1240 to cause the device 1205 to perform various aspects of signaling for sample-based position estimation as described herein, or the at least one processor 1240 and the at least one memory 1230 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0265] FIG. 13 shows a block diagram 1300 of a device 1305 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1305 may be an example of aspects of a network entity as described herein. The device 1305 may include a receiver 1310, a transmitter 1315, and a communications manager 1320. The device 1305, or one or more components of the device 1305 (e.g., the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, the communications manager 1320), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to, individually or collectively, support or enable the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0266] The receiver 1310 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1305. In some examples, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1310 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO83

[0267] The transmitter 1315 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1305. For example, the transmitter 1315 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1315 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1315 and the receiver 1310 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0268] The communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be capable of performing one or more of the functions described herein.

[0269] In some examples, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., in communications management circuitry). The hardware may include at least one of a processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA or other programmable logic device, a microcontroller, discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure. In some examples, at least one processor and at least one memory coupled with the at least one processor may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., by one or more processors, individually or collectively, executing instructions stored in the at least one memory).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO84

[0270] Additionally, or alternatively, the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in code (e.g., as communications management software or firmware) executed by at least one processor (e.g., referred to as a processor-executable code). If implemented in code executed by at least one processor, the functions of the communications manager 1320, the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or various combinations or components thereof may be performed by a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, a microcontroller, or any combination of these or other programmable logic devices (e.g., configured as or otherwise supporting, individually or collectively, a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure).

[0271] In some examples, the communications manager 1320 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both. For example, the communications manager 1320 may receive information from the receiver 1310, send information to the transmitter 1315, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0272] The communications manager 1320 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The communications manager 1320 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0273] By including or configuring the communications manager 1320 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1305 (e.g., at least one processor controlling or otherwise coupled with the receiver 1310, the transmitter 1315,Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO85 the communications manager 1320, or a combination thereof) may support techniques for reduced processing, reduced power consumption, or more efficient utilization of communication resources.

[0274] FIG. 14 shows a block diagram 1400 of a device 1405 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1405 may be an example of aspects of a device 1305 or a network entity as described herein. The device 1405 may include a receiver 1410, a transmitter 1415, and a communications manager 1420. The device 1405, or one or more components of the device 1405 (e.g., the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, the communications manager 1420), may include at least one processor, which may be coupled with at least one memory, to support the described techniques. Each of these components may be in communication with one another (e.g., via one or more buses).

[0275] The receiver 1410 may provide a means for obtaining (e.g., receiving, determining, identifying) information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). Information may be passed on to other components of the device 1405. In some examples, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the receiver 1410 may support obtaining information by receiving signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof.

[0276] The transmitter 1415 may provide a means for outputting (e.g., transmitting, providing, conveying, sending) information generated by other components of the device 1405. For example, the transmitter 1415 may output information such as user data, control information, or any combination thereof (e.g., I / Q samples, symbols, packets, protocol data units, service data units) associated with various channels (e.g., control channels, data channels, information channels, channels associated with a protocol stack). In some examples, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmitting signals via one or more antennas. Additionally, or alternatively, the transmitter 1415 may support outputting information by transmittingAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO86 signals via one or more wired (e.g., electrical, fiber optic) interfaces, wireless interfaces, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the transmitter 1415 and the receiver 1410 may be co-located in a transceiver, which may include or be coupled with a modem.

[0277] The device 1405, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1420 may include an availability manager 1425 an identifier manager 1430, or any combination thereof. The communications manager 1420 may be an example of aspects of a communications manager 1320 as described herein. In some examples, the communications manager 1420, or various components thereof, may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both. For example, the communications manager 1420 may receive information from the receiver 1410, send information to the transmitter 1415, or be integrated in combination with the receiver 1410, the transmitter 1415, or both to obtain information, output information, or perform various other operations as described herein.

[0278] The communications manager 1420 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The availability manager 1425 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The identifier manager 1430 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0279] FIG. 15 shows a block diagram 1500 of a communications manager 1520 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The communications manager 1520 may be an example of aspects of a communicationsAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO87 manager 1320, a communications manager 1420, or both, as described herein. The communications manager 1520, or various components thereof, may be an example of means for performing various aspects of communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning as described herein. For example, the communications manager 1520 may include an availability manager 1525, an identifier manager 1530, a request manager 1535, an operation manager 1540, or any combination thereof. Each of these components, or components or subcomponents thereof (e.g., one or more processors, one or more memories), may communicate, directly or indirectly, with one another (e.g., via one or more buses). The communications may include communications within a protocol layer of a protocol stack, communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack, within a device, component, or virtualized component associated with a network entity, between devices, components, or virtualized components associated with a network entity), or any combination thereof.

[0280] The communications manager 1520 may support wireless communications in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. The availability manager 1525 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The identifier manager 1530 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

[0281] In some examples, the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers is included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

[0282] In some examples, the request manager 1535 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, where the indication of the one or more identifiers is output based on the request.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO88

[0283] In some examples, the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an assistance data request procedure.

[0284] In some examples, the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an indication of an area. In some examples, the one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity correspond to the area.

[0285] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers is output via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

[0286] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers is output via a message associated with a request for a location.

[0287] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0288] In some examples, the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers are valid.

[0289] In some examples, the one or more identifiers are associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0290] In some examples, the one or more network settings include information indicating a location of a TRP or an ARP, uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, an average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes, a LOS or NLOS state, calibration assistance information associated with a PRU, PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

[0291] Listing (1) provides an example of an integrity of a location of a TRP (e.g., NR-IntegrityParametersTRP-LocationInfo-rl8).NR-IntegrityParametersTRP-LocationInfo-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE {Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO89 trp-ErrorCorrelationTime-r 18INTEGER(0..255) OPTIONAL, - Need ON dl-PRS-ResourceSetARP-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl 8 INTEGER(0..255) OPTIONAL, - Need ON dl-PRS-ResourceARP-ErrorCorrelationTime-rl8 INTEGER(0..255) OPTIONAL, - Need ON}Integritylnfo-rl7 ::= SEQUENCE { horizontalProtectionLevel-rl 7 INTEGER (0..50000), verticalProtectionLevel-rl7 INTEGER (0..50000)OPTIONAL, achievableTargetIntegrityRisk-rl7 INTEGER (10..90) OPTIONAL,}Listing (1)In Listing (1), the field integrity Info may provide the integrity result for the locationEstimate. The horizontalProtectionLevel may provide a horizon protection level (HPL) for the locationEstimate along a semi-major axis of an error ellipse, with a scale factor of 0.01 meters and a range from 0-500 meters. The verticalProtectionLevel may provide a vertical protection level (VPL) for the locationEstimate, with a scale factor of 0.01 meters and a range from 0-500 meters. The achievableTargetlntegrityRisk may indicates an achievable target integrity risk (TIR) for which the HPL and VPL are provided. The achievable TIR may be given by P=10-0. In [hour-1], where n is the value of achievableTargetlntegrityRisk and the range is 10-1 to 10-9 per hour. If the achievableTargetlntegrityRisk field is absent, the achievable TIR may be the same as the targetintegrity Risk in CommonlEsRequestLocationlnformation.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO90

[0292] Listing (2) provides an example of integrity of beam information (e.g., NR- IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds-r 18).NR-IntegrityBeamInfoBounds-rl8 ::= SEQUENCE { meanAzimuth-rl 8 INTEGER (0..255) stdDevAzimuth-r 18 INTEGER (0..255) meanElevation-r 18 INTEGER (0..255) stdDevElevation-rl 8 INTEGER (0 .255).Listing (2)

[0293] In Listing (2), the field nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds may provide an overbounding model that bounds the spatial direction information of downlink PRS resources. If this field is absent, the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds for this instance of the DL-PRS-BeamlnfoElement may be the same as the nr-IntegrityBeamlnfoBounds of the previous instance of the DL-PRS-BeamlnfoElement in DL-PRS-BeamlnfoResourceSet. If integrity bounds are provided, this field may be present in the first instance of the DL- PRS-BeamlnfoResourceSet.

[0294] One or more of the following sub-fields may be included. The field meanAzimuth may specify the mean azimuth error bound which may be a mean value for an overbounding model that bounds the azimuth angle error of the boresight direction in which the DL-PRS Resources associated with this DL-PRS Resource ID in the DL-PRS Resource Set are transmitted. The bound may be meanAzimuth + K * stdDev Azimuth and may be such that the probability of it to be exceeded may be lower than IRallocation for ir-Minimum < Deallocation < ir-Maximum, where K = normInv(IRallocation / 2) and ir-Minimum, ir-Maximum as provided in IE NR- IntegrityServiceParameters. This IRallocation may be a fraction of the Target Integrity Risk that represents the integrity risk budget available. The scale factor may be 0.1 degrees with a range of 0-25.5 degrees.

[0295] The field stdDev Azimuth may specifies the standard deviation azimuth error bound which may be the standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds the azimuth error of the boresight direction in which the DL-PRS Resources associated withAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO91 this DL-PRS Resource ID in the DL-PRS Resource Set are transmitted. The scale factor may be 0.1 degrees with a range of 0-25.5 degrees.

[0296] The field meanElevation may specify the mean elevation error bound which may be the mean value for an overbounding model that bounds the elevation angle error of the boresight direction in which the DL-PRS Resources associated with this DL-PRS Resource ID in the DL-PRS Resource Set are transmitted. The bound is meanElevation + K * stdDevElevation and may be such that the probability of it to be exceeded may be lower than IRallocation for ir-Minimum < Deallocation < ir-Maximum, where K = normInv(IRallocation / 2) and ir-Minimum, ir-Maximum as provided in IE NR- IntegrityServiceParameters. This IRallocation is a fraction of the Target Integrity Risk that represents the integrity risk budget available. The scale factor may be 0.1 degrees with a range of 0-25.5 degrees.

[0297] The field stdDevElevation may specify the standard deviation elevation error bound which may be the standard deviation for an overbounding model that bounds the elevation error of the boresight direction in which the DL-PRS Resources associated with this DL-PRS Resource ID in the DL-PRS Resource Set may be transmitted. The scale factor may be 0.1 degrees, with a range of 0-25.5 degrees.

[0298] In some examples, the operation manager 1540 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining, from the wireless device, an indication of an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

[0299] In some examples, the indication of the operation indicates controlling an AI / ML model based on at least one of the one or more identifiers.

[0300] FIG. 16 shows a diagram of a system 1600 including a device 1605 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML- based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The device 1605 may be an example of or include components of a device 1305, a device 1405, or a network entity 405 as described herein. The device 1605 may include components for bi-directional voice and data communications including components for transmitting and receiving communications, such as a communications manager 1620, one or more transceivers 1610, one or more antennas 1615, at least one memory 1625, code 1630, and at least one processor 1635. These components may be in electronicAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO92 communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more buses (e.g., a bus 1640).

[0301] The transceiver 1610 may support bi-directional communications via wired links, wireless links, or both as described herein. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wired transceiver and may communicate bi-directionally with another wired transceiver. Additionally, or alternatively, in some examples, the transceiver 1610 may include a wireless transceiver and may communicate bidirectionally with another wireless transceiver. In some examples, the device 1605 may include one or more antennas 1615, which may be capable of transmitting or receiving wireless transmissions (e.g., concurrently). The transceiver 1610 may also include a modem to modulate signals, to provide the modulated signals for transmission (e.g., by one or more antennas 1615, by a wired transmitter), to receive modulated signals (e.g., from one or more antennas 1615, from a wired receiver), and to demodulate signals. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include one or more interfaces, such as one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various receiving or obtaining operations, or one or more interfaces coupled with the one or more antennas 1615 that are configured to support various transmitting or outputting operations, or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610 may include or be configured for coupling with one or more processors or one or more memory components that are operable to perform or support operations based on received or obtained information or signals, or to generate information or other signals for transmission or other outputting, or any combination thereof. In some implementations, the transceiver 1610, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615, or the transceiver 1610 and the one or more antennas 1615 and one or more processors or one or more memory components (e.g., the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, or both), may be included in a chip or chip assembly that is installed in the device 1605. In some examples, the transceiver 1610 may be operable to support communications via one or more communications links (e.g., communication link(s) 125, backhaul communication link(s) 120, a midhaul communication link 162, a fronthaul communication link 168).

[0302] The one or more transceivers 1610 may include one or more WWAN transceivers, one or more short-range wireless transceivers, or one or more satelliteAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO93 transceivers. The WWAN transceiver(s) may communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more wireless devices, such as the network node 105 or the UE 115, among other examples. The WWAN transceiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for communicating with other devices, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations (e.g., eNBs, gNBs), or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g., NR, LTE, or GSM, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium (e.g., time or frequency resources of a frequency spectrum). The WWAN transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples) or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the WWAN transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals.

[0303] The short-range wireless transceivers may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 to communicate with (e.g., transmit one or more signals to, or receive one or more signals from) one or more network entities, such as one or more UEs 115, network nodes 105, access points, base stations, or another device(s), via at least one RAT (e.g, Wi-Fi, LTE Direct, BLUETOOTH®, ZIGBEE®, Z-WAVE®, PC5, DSRC, WAVE, NFC, or UWB, among other examples) over a wireless communication medium. The short-range wireless transceiver(s) may be configured for transmitting and encoding signals (e.g., messages, indications, or information, among other examples), or for receiving and decoding signals (e.g, messages, indications, information, or pilots, among other examples), in accordance with the RAT. For instance, the short-range wireless transceiver(s) may include one or more transmitters for transmitting and encoding signals, or one or more receivers for receiving and decoding signals. In some examples, the short-range wireless transceiver s) may be one or more Wi-Fi transceivers, BLUETOOTH® transceivers, ZIGBEE® transceivers, Z- WAVE® transceivers, NFC transceivers, UWB transceivers, V2V transceivers, or V2X transceivers, among other examples.

[0304] The satellite transceiver(s) may include one or more satellite signal receivers, or one or more satellite signal transmitters. In some cases, the device 1605Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO94 may be a terrestrial device that may communicate one or more satellites via the satellite transceiver(s). In other cases, device 1605 may be a satellite (or other non-terrestrial entity) that uses the satellite transceiver(s) to communicate with one or more terrestrial networks or other satellites.

[0305] The satellite signal receiver(s) may be connected to one or more of the antenna(s) 1615 for receiving or measuring satellite positioning or communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more satellite positioning system receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal receiver(s) may include one or more NTN receivers, where the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data) originating from a device or network. The satellite signal receiver(s) may include hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for receiving and processing satellite positioning or communication signals. The satellite signal receiver(s) or the processor 1635 may perform calculations to determine a location of the device 1605, the UE 115, the network node 105, or another device using measurements obtained from one or more satellite signals.

[0306] The one or more satellite signal transmitters may be connected to one or more of the antennas 1615 for transmitting satellite positioning communication signals. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) may be satellite positioning system transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be GPS signals, GLONASS® signals, Galileo signals, BeiDou signals, NAVIC, or QZSS signals, among other examples. In some examples, the satellite signal transmitter(s) include one or more NTN transmitters, and the satellite positioning or communication signals may be communication signals (e.g., carrying control or user data). The satellite signal transmitter(s) may comprise hardware or a combination of hardware and instructions for transmitting satellite positioning or communication signals.

[0307] The at least one memory 1625 may include RAM, ROM, or any combination thereof. The at least one memory 1625 may store computer-readable, computerexecutable, or processor-executable code, such as the code 1630. The code 1630 may include instructions that, when executed by one or more of the at least one processorAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO951635, cause the device 1605 to perform various functions described herein. The code 1630 may be stored in a non -transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. In some cases, the code 1630 may not be directly executable by a processor of the at least one processor 1635 but may cause a computer (e.g., when compiled and executed) to perform functions described herein. In some cases, the at least one memory 1625 may include, among other things, a BIOS which may control basic hardware or software operation such as the interaction with peripheral components or devices. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein (for example, as part of a processing system).

[0308] The at least one processor 1635 may include one or more intelligent hardware devices (e.g., one or more general-purpose processors, one or more DSPs, one or more CPUs, one or more graphics processing units (GPUs), one or more neural processing units (NPUs) (also referred to as neural network processors or deep learning processors (DLPs)), one or more microcontrollers, one or more ASICs, one or more FPGAs, one or more programmable logic devices, discrete gate or transistor logic, one or more discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof). In some cases, the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to operate a memory array using a memory controller. In some other cases, a memory controller may be integrated into one or more of the at least one processor 1635. The at least one processor 1635 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in a memory (e.g., one or more of the at least one memory 1625) to cause the device 1605 to perform various functions (e.g., functions or tasks supporting signaling for sample-based position estimation). For example, the device 1605 or a component of the device 1605 may include at least one processor 1635 and at least one memory 1625 coupled with one or more of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 configured to perform various functions described herein. The at least one processor 1635 may be an example of a cloud-computing platform (e.g., one or more physical nodes and supporting software such as operating systems, virtual machines, or container instances) that may host the functions (e.g., by executing codeAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO961630) to perform the functions of the device 1605. The at least one processor 1635 may be any one or more suitable processors capable of executing scripts or instructions of one or more software programs stored in the device 1605 (such as within one or more of the at least one memory 1625).

[0309] In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may include multiple processors and the at least one memory 1625 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein. In some examples, the at least one processor 1635 may be a component of a processing system, which may refer to a system (such as a series) of machines, circuitry (including, for example, one or both of processor circuitry (which may include the at least one processor 1635) and memory circuitry (which may include the at least one memory 1625)), or components, that receives or obtains inputs and processes the inputs to produce, generate, or obtain a set of outputs. The processing system may be configured to perform one or more of the functions described herein. For example, the at least one processor 1635 or a processing system including the at least one processor 1635 may be configured to, configurable to, or operable to cause the device 1605 to perform one or more of the functions described herein. Further, as described herein, being “configured to,” being “configurable to,” and being “operable to” may be used interchangeably and may be associated with a capability, when executing code stored in the at least one memory 1625 or otherwise, to perform one or more of the functions described herein.

[0310] In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications of (e.g., within) a protocol layer of a protocol stack. In some examples, a bus 1640 may support communications associated with a logical channel of a protocol stack (e.g., between protocol layers of a protocol stack), which may include communications performed within a component of the device 1605, or between different components of the device 1605 that may be co-located or located in different locations (e.g., where the device 1605 may refer to a system in which one or more of the communications manager 1620, the transceiver 1610, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, and the at least one processor 1635 may be located in one of the different components or divided between different components).Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO97

[0311] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage aspects of communications with a core network 130 (e.g., via one or more wired or wireless backhaul links). For example, the communications manager 1620 may manage the transfer of data communications for client devices, such as one or more UEs 115. In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may manage communications with one or more other network nodes 105, and may include a controller or scheduler for controlling communications with UEs 115 (e.g., in cooperation with the one or more other network devices). In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may support an X2 interface within an LTE / LTE-A wireless communications network technology to provide communication between network nodes 105.

[0312] For example, the communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for transmitting a request that a wireless device is to report a set of one or more measurements. The communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a first indication of a reference time of a reference signal that is transmitted to the wireless device, where the first indication of the reference time of the reference signal is based on the set of one or more measurements of the reference signal associated with a time period. The communications manager 1620 is capable of, configured to, or operable to support a means for obtaining a second indication of a set of one or more signal samples that have a temporal association with the reference time of the reference signal, where individual ones of the set of one or more signal samples are distributed in accordance with a uniform spacing or a subsampled uniform spacing.

[0313] By including or configuring the communications manager 1620 in accordance with examples as described herein, the device 1605 may support techniques for increased positioning accuracy, improved communication reliability, reduced latency, improved user experience related to reduced processing, reduced power consumption, more efficient utilization of communication resources, improved coordination between devices, longer battery life, improved utilization of processing capability.

[0314] In some examples, the communications manager 1620 may be configured to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, monitoring, outputting, transmitting) using or otherwise in cooperation with the transceiver 1610, the one orAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO98 more antennas 1615 (e.g., where applicable), or any combination thereof. Although the communications manager 1620 is illustrated as a separate component, in some examples, one or more functions described with reference to the communications manager 1620 may be supported by or performed by the transceiver 1610, one or more of the at least one processor 1635, one or more of the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, or any combination thereof (for example, by a processing system including at least a portion of the at least one processor 1635, the at least one memory 1625, the code 1630, or any combination thereof). For example, the code 1630 may include instructions executable by one or more of the at least one processor 1635 to cause the device 1605 to perform various aspects of signaling for sample-based position estimation as described herein, or the at least one processor 1635 and the at least one memory 1625 may be otherwise configured to, individually or collectively, perform or support such operations.

[0315] FIG. 17 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1700 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1700 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1700 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0316] At 1705, the method may include receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The operations of 1705 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1705 may be performed by an identifier component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO99

[0317] At 1710, the method may include performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings. The operations of 1710 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1710 may be performed by an operation component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0318] FIG. 18 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1800 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1800 may be implemented by a wireless device or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1800 may be performed by a wireless device as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 12. In some examples, a wireless device may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the wireless device to perform the described functions.Additionally, or alternatively, the wireless device may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0319] At 1805, the method may include receiving, from a network entity, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers associated with one or more network settings of a network node. The operations of 1805 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1805 may be performed by an availability component 1135 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0320] At 1810, the method may include transmitting, to the network entity, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node. The operations of 1810 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1810 may be performed by a request component 1140 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0321] At 1815, the method may include receiving, from the network entity, the indication of the one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO100 based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure, where the indication of the one or more identifiers is received based on the request. The operations of 1815 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1815 may be performed by an identifier component 1125 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0322] At 1820, the method may include performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings. The operations of 1820 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1820 may be performed by an operation component 1130 as described with reference to FIG. 11.

[0323] FIG. 19 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 1900 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 1900 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 1900 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 24 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0324] At 1905, the method may include outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The operations of 1905 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1905 may be performed by an availability manager 1525 as described with reference to FIG. 15.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO101

[0325] At 1910, the method may include outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers. The operations of 1910 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 1910 may be performed by an identifier manager 1530 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0326] FIG. 20 shows a flowchart illustrating a method 2000 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. The operations of the method 2000 may be implemented by a network entity or its components as described herein. For example, the operations of the method 2000 may be performed by a network entity as described with reference to FIGs. 1 through 24 and 13 through 16. In some examples, a network entity may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the network entity to perform the described functions. Additionally, or alternatively, the network entity may perform aspects of the described functions using special-purpose hardware.

[0327] At 2005, the method may include outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, where each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, where the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure. The operations of 2005 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2005 may be performed by an availability manager 1525 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0328] At 2010, the method may include obtaining, from the wireless device, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node. The operations of 2010 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2010 may be performed by a request manager 1535 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0329] At 2015, the method may include outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers, where the indication of the one or moreAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO102 identifiers is output based on the request. The operations of 2015 may be performed in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. In some examples, aspects of the operations of 2015 may be performed by an identifier manager 1530 as described with reference to FIG. 15.

[0330] FIG. 21 shows examples of wireless communications systems 2100 that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Various positioning techniques are illustrated in the context of the wireless communications systems 2100. Some examples of the positioning procedures described herein may be performed in accordance with one or more aspects of the positioning techniques. While TRPs and UEs are provided in the examples illustrated in FIG. 21, other devices (e.g., network entities, base stations, RRHs, RUs, APs, wireless devices, or stations, among other examples) may be similarly utilized in other examples. The examples of positioning techniques include downlink-based positioning techniques, uplink-based positioning techniques, and downlink-and-uplink-based positioning techniques.

[0331] Examples of OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2105 are illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2105 positioning techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning procedure. In OTDOA or DL-TDOA 2105 positioning techniques, a UE may measure a difference between TOAs of reference signals (e.g., PRSs) received from one or more pairs of TRPs (e.g., TRP2 and TRP3). In some approaches, a difference in TOAs may be referred to as an RSTD or a TDOA measurement. A positioning device (e.g., the UE, a location server, an LMF, an SLP, or another device) may utilize the differences in TOAs to determine (e.g., estimate) a location of the UE.

[0332] In some aspects, the UE may receive an identifier (ID) associated with a reference TRP (e.g., a serving base station) and one or more IDs associated with one or more non-reference TRPs in received data (e.g., assistance data). The UE may measure the difference of TOAs between the reference TRP and each of the non-reference TRPs to produce RSTDs or TDOAs. In some aspects, the UE may report an indication of the RSTDs or TDOAs to the positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, an SLP, or another device). Based on established locations of the base stations and the RSTDAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO103 measurements, the positioning device (e.g., the UE for UE-based positioning or a location server for UE-assisted positioning) may estimate the UE’s location.

[0333] An example of UL-TDOA 2110 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the UL-TDOA 2110 positioning techniques may be included in an uplink-based positioning procedure. UL-TDOA 2110 may have some similarities to DL-TDOA 2105. The UL- TDOA 2110 positioning techniques may be based on uplink reference signals (e.g., SRS) transmitted from the UE to multiple TRPs. For example, the UE transmits one or more uplink reference signals that are measured by a reference TRP (e.g., TRP3) and non-reference TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). Each TRP then reports the reception time (which may be referred to as a relative time of arrival (RTOA)) of the reference signal(s) to a positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, or UE) that has information about the locations and relative timing of the TRPs. Based on the reception- to-reception (Rx-Rx) time differences between the reported RTOA of the reference TRP and the reported RTOA of each non-reference TRP, the locations of the TRPs, and the corresponding timing offsets, the positioning device may estimate the location of the UE using TDOA.

[0334] An example of DL-AOD 2115 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the DL-AOD 2115 positioning techniques may be included in a downlink-based positioning procedure. In DL-AOD 2115, a UE may obtain received signal strength measurements corresponding to multiple downlink transmit beams for one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2). In some approaches, the UE reports the measurements to a positioning device. The positioning device may use the signal strength measurements of the multiple downlink transmit beams to determine the angle(s) (e.g., AOD1 and AOD2) between the UE and the transmitting TRP(s). The positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or another device) may estimate the location of the UE based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the transmitting TRP(s).

[0335] An example of UL-AOA 2120 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the UL-AOA 2120 positioning techniques may be included in an uplink positioning procedure. In UL-AOA 2120, one or more TRPs (e.g., TRP1 and TRP2) measure the received signal strength of one or more uplink reference signals (e.g., SRSs) received from a UE on one or more uplink receive beams. In some aspects, the signal strength measurements may be reported to a positioning device. A positioning device (e.g.,Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO104LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may use the signal strength measurements and the angle(s) of the receive beam(s) to determine the angle(s) between the UE and the TRP(s). Based on the determined angle(s) and the established location(s) of the TRP(s), the positioning device may estimate the location of the UE.

[0336] Some positioning techniques or procedures may include a combination downlink-based and uplink-based positioning techniques. Examples of downlink-based and uplink-based positioning techniques may include E-CID positioning and multi- round-trip-time (RTT) positioning (which may be referred to as “multi-RTT” or “multicell RTT” when multiple cells are utilized).

[0337] In multi-RTT, a first device (e.g., a TRP or UE) may transmit a first RTT- related signal (e.g., a PRS or SRS) to a second device (e.g., the UE or TRP). The second device may transmit a second RTT-related signal (e.g., an SRS or PRS) back to the first device. Each device may measure a time difference between the TOA of the received RTT-related signal and the transmission time of the transmitted RTT-related signal. The time difference may be referred to as a reception-to-transmission (Rx-Tx) time difference. In some aspects, the Rx-Tx time difference measurement may be obtained or adjusted to include (e.g., include only) a time difference between nearest slot boundaries for the received and transmitted signals. The first device or the second device may send the corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurements to a positioning device (e.g., a location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device), which may calculate a round trip propagation time (or RTT) between the two device based on the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., as a sum of the two Rx-Tx time difference measurements). Additionally, or alternatively, one device may send a corresponding Rx-Tx time difference measurement to the other device, which may calculate the RTT. The distance between the two devices may be determined from the RTT and a signal speed (e.g., the speed of light).

[0338] An example of multi-cell RTT 2125 is illustrated in FIG. 21. One or more of the multi-RTT or multi-cell RTT techniques described may be included in an uplinkbased or downlink-based positioning procedure. In multi-cell RTT 2125, a first device (e.g., a UE or TRP) may perform an RTT positioning procedure with multiple second devices (e.g., multiple TRPs or UEs) to enable the location of the first device to beAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO105 determined (e.g., using multilateral! on) based on distances to, and the established locations of, the second devices.

[0339] In some examples, RTT or multi-RTT techniques may be combined with one or more other positioning techniques (e.g., UL-AOA, DL-AOD, or other positioning techniques), to enhance location accuracy. Examples of combined DL-AOD and RTT 2130 positioning techniques are illustrated in FIG. 21.

[0340] E-CID positioning techniques (not shown in FIG. 21) may be based on radio resource management (RRM) measurements. In E-CID, a UE may obtain or report a serving cell ID, a timing advance (TA), identifiers of one or more detected neighbor TRPs, estimated timing of one or more detected neighbor TRPs, or a signal strength measurement of one or more detected neighbor TRPs. A positioning device (e.g., an LFM, SLP, UE, or another device) may utilize the serving cell ID, TA, identifiers, estimated timing, or signal strength measurements with one or more established locations of one or more TRPs to estimate the location of the UE.

[0341] In some approaches, a positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, or another device) may provide assistance data to the UE. Assistance data is data to assist with one or more positioning operations (e.g., to detect one or more neighboring TRPs or to receive reference signaling). For instance, the assistance data may indicate IDs of the TRPs (e.g., IDs of one or more cells or TRPs corresponding to a network node) from which reference signals may be measured. In some examples, a positioning device may transmit assistance data or other information indicating one or more reference signal configuration parameters. The reference signal configuration parameter(s) may include or indicate a quantity of consecutive slots including PRS, a periodicity of consecutive slots including PRS, a muting sequence, a frequency hopping sequence, a reference signal identifier, a reference signal bandwidth, or one or more other parameters applicable to a positioning technique or procedure. Additionally, or alternatively, the assistance data may be sent from one or more TRPs (e.g., in periodically broadcasted overhead messages, a scheduled message, a unicast message, or a multicast message, among other examples). In some examples, a UE may be able to detect one or more neighboring TRPs (e.g., network entities) without the use of assistance data.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO106

[0342] For OTDOA positioning techniques or DL-TDOA positioning techniques, the assistance data may indicate an expected RSTD value and an associated uncertainty or search window around the expected RSTD. For example, an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±500 microseconds (ps). In another example, when any of the resources used for the positioning measurement(s) are in frequency range 1 (FR1), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±32 ps. In another example, when all of the resources used for the positioning measurement s) are in frequency range 2 (FR2), an expected RSTD value may have an associated uncertainty or search window with a range of ±8 ps.

[0343] In some examples, a location may be referred to as a position estimate, location estimate, position, position fix, or fix, among other examples. A location may be geodetic and include coordinates (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude) or may be civic and include a street address, postal address, or another description of a location. In some aspects, a location may be defined relative to another location or may be defined in absolute terms (e.g., latitude, longitude, or altitude). A location may include an indication of error or uncertainty (e.g., by including an area or volume within which the location may be included with a specified or default level of confidence).

[0344] Various examples of sidelink positioning techniques are illustrated in FIG. 21. Sidelink positioning techniques may include positioning techniques that are based on sidelink communication (e.g., based exclusively on sidelink communication or based on sidelink communication jointly with other communication(s), such as Uu interface communication).

[0345] A first example of sidelink positioning 2135 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the first example of sidelink positioning 2135, at least one peer UE with an established location may improve location estimation (e.g., Uu-based positioning, multi-cell RTT, DL-TDOA, or UL-TDOA, among other examples) for a target UE by providing an additional anchor (e.g., sidelink RTT (SL-RTT)).

[0346] A second example of sidelink positioning 2140 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the second example of sidelink positioning 2140, different types (e.g., categories, classes, or capabilities) of UEs may be utilized. For example, first UEs and a second UEAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO107 may be utilized. Relative to the second UE, the first UEs may have one or more increased capabilities, such as one or more additional sensors, a faster processor, greater memory capacity, one or more additional antenna elements, a higher transmit power capability, access to one or more additional frequency bands, or any combination thereof. In some aspects, the second UE may be a reduced capacity or “RedCap” UE. The second UE may be assisted by the first UEs to determine the location of the second UE. For instance, sidelink-based positioning or ranging procedures may be performed with the first UEs, which may enhance the location accuracy of the second UE.

[0347] A third example of sidelink positioning 2145 is illustrated in FIG. 21. The third example of sidelink positioning 2145 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu- based connections). In the third example of sidelink positioning 2145, the UEs may perform peer-to-peer (P2P) positioning or ranging. Sidelink positioning may be helpful for out-of-coverage or public safety scenarios. For instance, the UEs may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning techniques. In some examples, sidelink positioning may be performed by UEs in public safety scenarios (e.g., for police, firefighters, search-and-rescue, or paramedics, among other examples).

[0348] A fourth example of sidelink positioning 2150 is illustrated in FIG. 21. The fourth example of sidelink positioning 2150 may be performed via one or more sidelink connections (e.g., via sidelink connections exclusively or jointly with one or more Uu- based connections). In the fourth example of sidelink positioning 2150, one or more of the UEs may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position using sidelink positioning techniques, such as SL-RTT. For instance, one or more of the UEs may be out of coverage of a network and may determine a location or a relative distance and a relative position among the UEs using sidelink positioning techniques.

[0349] An example of relay positioning 2155 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the example of relay positioning 2155, a relay UE (e.g., with an established location) may participate in the location estimation of a remote UE (without performing uplink reference signal transmission over the Uu interface, for instance). For example, the relay UE may receive a downlink PRS from a TRP and may relay an SL-PRS to the remote UE. In some cases, the remote UE may also receive another downlink PRS from theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO108TRP. A positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize a downlink PRS measurement and an SL-PRS measurement with the established location of the relay UE to estimate the location of the remote UE.

[0350] An example of joint positioning 2160 is illustrated in FIG. 21. In the example of joint positioning 2160, multiple peer UEs (without established locations, for instance) may be located. In some approaches, multiple peer UEs may be jointly located in NLOS conditions by utilizing one or more constraints from one or more peer (e.g., neighboring or nearby) UEs. As illustrated in FIG. 21, RTT or TDOA techniques may be performed between TRP1 and each of the peer UEs, may be performed between TRP2 and each of the peer UEs, and may be performed between the peer UEs. In some examples, one or more of the peer UEs may report measurements from the RTT or TDOA technique(s) to a positioning device. The positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize the measurements from the RTT or TDOA technique(s) to estimate the locations of the peer UEs.

[0351] Some aspects of the techniques described herein may be performed in conjunction with one or more of the positioning techniques described with reference to FIG. 21. For instance, one or more samples of a reference signal (e.g., PRS, SRS, or other reference signal) may be measured or transmitted in accordance with one or more of the techniques described with reference to FIG. 4 for one or more of the positioning techniques. Some examples of the positioning techniques may be performed in one or more wireless communications systems 2100, such as LTE and NR, where NR may support sidelink communications.

[0352] FIG. 22 shows an example of a node diagram 2200 that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. Al models are programmatic or algorithmic structures that simulate intelligent behavior. Machine learning models may be examples of Al models. Machine learning models are programmatic or algorithmic structures that may be trained to infer or predict an output based on an input. For example, a machine learning model may be trained using training input data and ground truth data.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO109

[0353] Machine learning models may be categorized as unsupervised or supervised. Unsupervised learning may be utilized to draw inferences and find patterns from input data without references to labeled outcomes. Two examples of unsupervised learning models include clustering and dimensionality reduction. Clustering is an unsupervised technique that involves the grouping, or clustering, of data points. Clustering techniques may include k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, mean shift clustering, and density-based clustering. Dimensionality reduction may be a procedure for reducing a quantity of random variables under consideration by obtaining a set of principal variables. Dimensionality reduction may reduce the dimension of a feature set or reduce a quantity of features). Some dimensionality reduction techniques may be categorized as feature elimination or feature extraction. One example of dimensionality reduction may be referred to as principal component analysis (PCA). PCA may involve projecting higher dimensional data (e.g., three dimensions) to a lower-dimensional space (e.g., two dimensions), which may result in a lower dimension of data (e.g., two dimensions instead of three dimensions) while maintaining one or more variables in the model.

[0354] Supervised learning involves learning a function that maps an input to an output based on associated inputs and outputs. For instance, supervised learning may be utilized to draw inferences and find patterns from input data based on labeled data (e.g., training input data with associated ground truth data). A supervised model may subcategorized as a regression or classification model. Regression models may provide continuous outputs. One example of a regression model is a linear regression, which may determine a line that fits (e.g., best fits) input data. Extensions of linear regression include multiple linear regression (e.g., finding a plane of best fit) and polynomial regression (e.g., finding a curve of best fit).

[0355] In classification models, the output may be discrete. One example of a classification model is logistic regression. Logistic regression may be similar to linear regression, but may be used to model a probability for a finite quantity of outcomes. For example, a logistic regression may be utilized such that the output values may be between 0 and 1. Another example of a classification model is a support vector machine. For two classes of data, for example, a support vector machine may determine a hyperplane or a boundary between the two classes of data that maximizes a margin between the two classes. For instance, many planes may separate two classes, while oneAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO110 plane may maximize the margin or distance between the classes. Another example of a classification model is Naive Bayes, which is based on Bayes Theorem.

[0356] Other examples of classification models include decision tree models, random forest models, and neural network models, where an output may be discrete. In a decision tree model, a tree structure is defined with multiple nodes. Decisions may be used to move from a root node at the top of the decision tree to a leaf node (e.g., a node without a child node) at the bottom of the decision tree. A higher quantity of nodes in the decision tree model may correlate with higher decision accuracy.

[0357] Random forest models may utilize ensemble learning techniques that build from decision tree models. Random forests involve creating multiple decision trees using bootstrapped datasets of the original data and randomly selecting a subset of variables at each tier of the decision tree. The model may select the mode of all of the predictions of each decision tree. By relying on a “majority wins” model, the risk of error from an individual tree may be reduced.

[0358] Another example of a machine learning model is a neural network (NN). A neural network may be a network of functional nodes. Neural networks may utilize one or more input variables to traverse the nodes and generate one or more output variables. For example, a neural network may utilize an input vector to generate an output vector.

[0359] The Al model illustrated in FIG. 22 is an example of a neural network. The neural network includes an input layer i that receives n (one or more) inputs (illustrated as “Input 1,” “Input 2,” and “Input n”), one or more hidden layers (illustrated as hidden layers “hl,” “h2,” and “h3”) for processing the inputs from the input layer, and an output layer o that provides m (one or more) outputs (labeled “Output 1” and “Output m”). While examples of quantities of inputs n, hidden layers h, and outputs m are illustrated in FIG. 22, same or different quantities of inputs, hidden layers, or outputs may be utilized in other examples. In some approaches, the hidden layers h may include linear function(s) or activation function(s) that the nodes (illustrated as circles) of each successive hidden layer process from the nodes of the previous hidden layer.

[0360] In some aspects, the Al model illustrated in FIG. 22 or another Al model may be trained in accordance with one or more training techniques. In some examples of the training techniques described herein, one or more Al models (e.g., implementedAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WOI l l by one or more devices) may be trained based on training input data (e.g., measurements of reference signals to or from various UEs) and ground truth data (e.g., locations of the various UEs), thereby enabling later determination of an output (e.g., an inferred or prediction location or measurement) when an Al model is executed with runtime input data (e.g., from other UEs).

[0361] Ground truth data may be data representing a target output associated with training input data. Ground truth data may be generated or observed (e.g., empirical) data. In some examples, ground truth data may indicate one or more observed locations (e.g., coordinates or addresses, among other examples) corresponding to training input data. Examples of training input data may include reference signal data (e.g., measurements of a PRS, SRS, reference signal of an SSB, CSI-RS, DMRS, or TRS, among other examples), signal data (e.g., signal strength data, RSRP data, RSRPP data, RS SI data, RSRQ data, SINR data, or SNR data, among other examples), channel data (e.g., CIR data, PDP data, DP data, CQI data, CSI data, decoding failure rate, or retransmission request rate, among other examples), AOA data, AOD data, TDOA data, RTT data, TA data, sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples), or identifier data (e.g., cell ID data or service set identifier (SSID) data, among other examples), among other examples.

[0362] In some examples, ground truth data may indicate one or more measurements or values (e.g., AOA measurements, AOD measurements, TDOA measurements, RTT measurements, LOS angle(s), or other values) corresponding to training input data. Examples of training input data may include reference signal data (e.g., measurements of a PRS, SRS, reference signal of an SSB, CSI-RS, DMRS, or TRS, among other examples), signal data (e.g., signal strength data, RSRP data, RSSI data, RSRQ data, SINR data, or SNR data, among other examples), channel data (e.g., CIR data, PDP data, DP data, CQI data, CSI data, decoding failure rate, or retransmission request rate, among other examples), TA data, sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples), or identifier data (e.g., cell ID data or SSID data, among other examples), among other examples.

[0363] An Al model (e.g., the Al model illustrated in FIG. 22 or a machine learning model) may be trained by executing the Al model with the training data to produce anAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO112 output, comparing the output with the ground truth data, and adjusting weights of the Al model to reduce a disparity between the output and the ground truth data. For example, one or more of the nodes or connections of the Al model may have an associated weight that may be adjusted to modify one or more of the outputs. In some approaches, a cost function may be utilized to compare the output with the ground truth data to indicate a cost (e.g., error or disparity). Adjustments to the weights that reduce the cost may be retained, advanced, or increased, while adjustments to the weights that increase the cost may be discarded, avoided, or decreased. Training procedures may be repeated or iterated to improve Al model performance.

[0364] Input data (e.g., runtime input data) may be provided to a trained Al model, which may infer or predict an output based on the input data. Some examples of Al models may be trained to infer or predict a location based on input data (e.g., reference signal data, signal data, channel data, AO A data, AOD data, TDOA data, RTT data, TA data, sensor data, or identifier data, among other examples). Some examples of Al models may be trained to infer or predict measurements or values (e.g., timing measurement(s), angle measurement(s), AOA measurement(s), AOD measurement(s), TDOA measurement(s), RTT measurement s), LOS angle(s), or other values) based on input data.

[0365] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be performed in conjunction with one or more of the Al models described with reference to FIG. 22. For instance, an Al model may be trained or controlled based on an identifier as described with reference to FIG. 4.

[0366] FIG. 23A shows an example of a block diagram 2300-a that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples of the techniques described herein, a positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize D-AI / ML positioning. In D-AI / ML positioning, one or more Al models 2310 (e.g., machine learning model(s) or D-AI / ML model(s)) may be trained to utilize input data 2305 to output (e.g., infer or predict) a location 2315 (e.g., a position estimate, coordinates, or an address of a UE). Examples of the input data 2305 may include reference signal data (e.g., measurements of a PRS, SRS, reference signal of an SSB, CSLRS, DMRS, or TRS, among other examples),Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO113 signal data (e.g., signal strength data, RSRP data, RSRPP data, RSSI data, RSRQ data, SINR data, or SNR data, among other examples), channel data (e.g., CFR data, CIR data, PDP data, DP data, CQI data, CSI data, decoding failure rate, or retransmission request rate, among other examples), AOA data, AOD data, TDOA data, RTT data, TA data, RSTD data, difference of RSTDs (diff-RSTD) data, RTOA data, difference of RTOAs (diff-RTOA) data, sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples), or identifier data (e.g., cell ID data or SSID data, among other examples), among other examples.

[0367] FIG. 23B shows a block diagram 2300-b that supports communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. In some examples of the techniques described herein, a positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) may utilize A-AI / ML (or indirect) positioning. In A-AI / ML, one or more Al models 2330 (e.g., machine learning model(s) or “A-AI / ML” model(s)) may be trained to utilize input data 2325 to output (e.g., infer or predict) one or more inferred measurements 2335. For instance, an AI / ML model may output a new measurement or an enhancement of a measurement (e.g., LOS / NLOS identification, timing of measurement, angle of measurement, or likelihood of measurement). The Al model(s) 2330 may be located at a wireless device or network entity (e.g., UE or network node). Examples of the input data 2325 may include reference signal data (e.g., measurements of a PRS, SRS, reference signal of an SSB, CSLRS, DMRS, or TRS, among other examples), signal data (e.g., signal strength data, RSRP data, RSRPP data, RSSI data, RSRQ data, SINR data, or SNR data, among other examples), channel data (e.g., CFR data, CIR data, PDP data, DP data, CQI data, CSI data, decoding failure rate, or retransmission request rate, among other examples), AOA data, AOD data, TDOA data, RTT data, TA data, RSTD data, diff-RSTD data, RTOA data, diff-RTOA data, sensor data (e.g., image data, RF data, motion data, orientation data, or audio data, among other examples), or identifier data (e.g., cell ID data or SSID data, among other examples), among other examples. Examples of the inferred measurements 2335 may include one or more intermediate positioning measurements, timing measurements, Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., from the perspective of a wireless device or network node), RSTD measurements, RTOA measurements, angle measurements, AOAAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO114 measurements, AOD measurements, TDOA measurements, RTT measurements, an LOS indicator, LOS angles, or other values.

[0368] In A-AI / ML, the input data 2325 or Al model(s) 2330 may be structured in accordance with one or more approaches. Different model input structures may have different implications regarding model output accuracy, generalization, robustness, or model complexity.

[0369] In some approaches, a same Al model 2330 may be utilized (e.g., separately utilized) for input data 2325 from multiple (e.g., P) TRPs, where a separate input may be utilized for input data 2325 from each respective TRP. For instance, a first CIR corresponding to a first TRP may be utilized as an input for the Al model 2330 to generate a first TOA corresponding to the first TRP, a second CIR corresponding to a second TRP may be utilized as an input for the Al model 2330 to generate a second TOA corresponding to the second TRP, and an Kth CIR corresponding to an Kth TRP may be utilized as an input for the Al model 2330 to generate an Kth TOA corresponding to the Kth TRP. The first TOA, the second TOA, and the Kth TOA may be examples of the inferred measurements 2335.

[0370] In some approaches, different Al models 2330 (e.g., K Al models) may be utilized for input data 2325 from multiple (e.g., K) TRPs, where a separate input may be utilized for input data 2325 from each respective TRP. For instance, a first CIR corresponding to a first TRP may be utilized as an input for a first Al model to generate a first TOA corresponding to the first TRP, a second CIR corresponding to a second TRP may be utilized as an input for a second Al model to generate a second TOA corresponding to the second TRP, and an Kth CIR corresponding to an Kth TRP may be utilized as an input for an Kth Al model to generate an Kth TOA corresponding to the Kth TRP. The first Al model, the second Al model, and the Kth Al model may be examples of the Al models 2330. The first TOA, the second TOA, and the Kth TOA may be examples of the inferred measurements 2335.

[0371] In some approaches, one Al model 2330 may be utilized (e.g., jointly or concurrently utilized) for input data 2325 from multiple (e.g., P) TRPs, where a separate input may be utilized for input data 2325 from each respective TRP. For instance, a first CIR corresponding to a first TRP, a second CIR corresponding to a second TRP, and anAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO115Kth CIR corresponding to an Kth TRP may be utilized as inputs for the Al model 2330 to generate a first TO A corresponding to the first TRP, a second TO A corresponding to the second TRP, and an Kth TOA corresponding to the Kth TRP. The first TOA, the second TOA, and the Kth TOA may be examples of the inferred measurements 2335.

[0372] The inferred measurement(s) 2335 may be provided to, or utilized by, a positioning device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) to output a location 2345 (e.g., a position estimate, coordinates, or an address of a UE). For example, the positioning device may include a positioning component 2340. The positioning component may be, or may utilize, one or more other Al models (e.g., positioning model(s)) or non- Al models (trilateration with Chan’s algorithm or a Kalman filter, among other examples) to determine the location 2345 (e.g., UE coordinates). In some examples, the Al model(s) 2330 and the positioning component 2340 may be implemented at the same device (e.g., location server, LMF, SLP, UE, or other device) or at different devices. For network-assisted positioning, for instance, a UE may apply the Al model(s) 2330 to generate the inferred measurement s) 2335, which may be reported to an network entity (e.g., location server or LMF, among other examples). The network entity may apply the positioning component 2340 to generate the location 2345. For UE-based positioning, a device (e.g., a network node, location server, LMF, or another UE with a sidelink connection to the UE) may apply the Al model(s) 2330 to generate the inferred measurement s) 2335, which may be reported to the UE, which may apply the positioning component 2340 to generate the location 2345.

[0373] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be performed in conjunction with one or more of the D-AI / ML positioning described with reference to FIG. 23 A or the A-AI / ML described with reference to FIG. 23B. For instance, one or more samples of a reference signal (e.g., PRS, SRS, or other reference signal) may be examples of input data 2305 or input data 2325, or the Al model(s) 2310 or the Al model(s) 2330 may produce inferred measurements 2335 based on the samples.

[0374] In some examples of non-AI / ML-based positioning, a path finding procedure (e.g., LOSQuad, multiple signal classification (MUSIC), or matching pursuit (MP), among other examples), may utilize input data (e.g., reference signal data (e.g., PRS or SRS measurements) or channel data (e.g., CFR data, CIR data, PDP data, or DP data) toAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO116 produce intermediate positioning measurements. Examples of the intermediate positioning measurements may include Rx-Tx time difference measurements (e.g., from the perspective of a wireless device or network node), RSTD measurements, RTOA measurements, an LOS indicator, or other values. The intermediate positioning measurements may be provided to a positioning engine, which may perform one or more procedures (e.g., trilateration with Chan’s algorithm or a Kalman filter, among other examples) to determine a location (e.g., UE coordinates). Some non-AI / ML-based positioning procedures (e.g., RAT-dependent positioning procedures) may fail in NLOS conditions. One or more AI / ML-based positioning procedures may enhance positioning accuracy in NLOS conditions because the AI / ML model(s) may learn a channel multipath profile and the profile’s mapping to location information.

[0375] FIG. 24 shows examples of block diagrams 2400 that support communication of identifiers associated with network settings for AI / ML-based positioning in accordance with one or more aspects of the present disclosure. A first use case 2405 (e.g., “Case 1”) may be an example of UE-based positioning, where the UE includes an Al model. In the first use case 2405, the Al model may be utilized for D- AI / ML positioning or A- AI / ML (e.g., UE-based positioning with UE-side A- AI / ML or D-AI / ML). For example, a network node may transmit a reference signal (e.g., PRS) to the UE. In a D-AI / ML positioning approach, the UE may execute the Al model based on measurements of the reference signal to determine a location. An indication of the location (e.g., UE coordinates) may be transmitted to the location server (e.g., LMF). In an A-AI / ML approach, the UE may execute the Al model based on measurements of the reference signal to determine one or more inferred measurements (e.g., based on the PRS). The UE may utilize the inferred measurement s) to determine the location using another Al model or a non- Al model. An indication of the location may be transmitted to the location server.

[0376] A second use case 2410 (e.g., “Case 2a”) may be an example of UE-assisted or location server-based positioning, where the UE includes an Al model. In the second use case 2410, the Al model may be utilized for AI / ML assisted positioning (e.g., UE- assisted positioning with UE-side A-AI / ML). For example, a network node may transmit a reference signal (e.g., PRS) to the UE. In the A-AI / ML approach, the UE may execute the Al model based on measurements of the reference signal to determine oneAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO117 or more inferred measurements (e.g., based on the PRS). For instance, the inferred measurement(s) may include PRS-based measurement(s) (e.g., an RSTD, LOS indicator, or UE Rx-Tx time difference, among other examples) as model output(s). An indication of the inferred measurement(s) may be transmitted to the location server (e.g., LMF). The location server may utilize the inferred measurement(s) to determine the location using an Al model or non- Al model.

[0377] A third use case 2415 (e.g., “Case 2b”) may be an example of UE-assisted or location server-based positioning, where the location server (e.g., LMF) includes an Al model (e.g., UE-assisted positioning with location server-side D-AI / ML). In the third use case 2415, the Al model may be utilized for D-AI / ML positioning. For example, a network node may transmit a reference signal (e.g., PRS) to the UE. The UE may measure the reference signal and transmit an indication of the measurement(s) to the location server. In a D-AI / ML positioning approach, the location server may execute the Al model based on the measurement s) of the reference signal to determine a location. For instance, the measurement s) may include one or more PRS-based measurements as model input (e.g, CIR, PDP, DP, RSTD, diff-RSTD, RSRP, or RSRPP, among other examples).

[0378] A fourth use case 2420 (e.g, “Case 3a”) may be an example of network node-assisted positioning, where the network node includes an Al model. In the fourth use case 2420, the Al model may be utilized for A-AI / ML (e.g, network node-assisted positioning with network node-side A-AI / ML). For example, a UE may transmit a reference signal (e.g, SRS) to the network node. The network node may measure the reference signal. In the A-AI / ML approach, the network node may execute the Al model based on a measurement(s) of the reference signal to determine one or more inferred measurements (e.g, based on the SRS). For instance, the inferred measurement(s) may include an SRS-based measurement as model output (e.g, an RTOA, LOS indicator, network node Rx-Tx time difference, among other examples). An indication of the inferred measurement(s) may be transmitted to the location server (e.g, LMF). The location server may utilize the inferred measurement(s) to determine the location using an Al model or a non- Al model.

[0379] A fifth use case 2425 (e.g, “Case 3b”) may be an example of network nodeassisted positioning, where the location server (e.g, LMF) includes an Al model. In theAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO118 fifth use case 2425, the Al model may be utilized for D-AI / ML positioning (e.g., network node-assisted positioning with location server-side D-AI / ML). For example, a UE may transmit a reference signal (e.g., SRS) to the network node. The network node may measure the reference signal (e.g., based on the SRS) and transmit an indication of the measurement(s) to the location server. For instance, the measurement(s) may include an SRS-based measurement as model input (e.g., CIR, PDP, DP, RTOA, diff- RTOA, RSRP, or RSRPP, among other examples). In a D-AI / ML positioning approach, the location server may execute the Al model based on the measurement(s) of the reference signal to determine a location.

[0380] Some examples of the techniques described herein may utilize one or more AI / ML models. For instance, some of the techniques may be utilized for signaling or protocol aspects for enabling AI / ML model selection, activation, deactivation, switching, or fallback. Some techniques may provide a signaling mechanism of one or more applicable functionalities or models. Some aspects may be utilized for identification related signaling, other signaling, or mechanism(s) to facilitate model training, inference, performance monitoring, or data collection of UE-sided model training data for UE-sided or network-sided Al models (e.g., with or without data collection for core network, operations, administration, and maintenance (0AM), or an over-the-top (OTT) device).

[0381] Some examples of the techniques described herein may provide positioning accuracy enhancements for D-AI / ML positioning or A- AI / ML positioning. D-AI / ML use cases may include Case 1 (e.g., UE-based positioning with a UE-side Al model and D-AI / ML positioning), Case 2b (e.g., UE-assisted or location server-based positioning with an location server-side Al model and D-AI / ML positioning), Case 3b: NG-RAN node assisted positioning with an location server-side Al model and D-AI / ML positioning). A-AI / ML use cases may include Case 2a (e.g., UE-assisted or location server-based positioning with a UE-side Al model and A-AI / ML positioning) or Case 3a (e.g., NG-RAN node assisted positioning with a gNB-side Al model and A-AI / ML positioning.

[0382] Some examples of the techniques described herein may include measurement aspects, signaling, or one or more other mechanisms to facilitate one or more operations (e.g., LCM operations) related to positioning accuracy enhancements.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO119Some aspects may include measurement signaling or approaches to help ensure correspondence or alignment between training and inferencing related to network-side conditions for performing inferencing at a UE for positioning use cases. Some aspects may be utilized for performance monitoring.

[0383] One or more of the techniques described herein may be utilized for Al model identification or procedures for utilizing an Al model. In some examples, a network entity (e.g., core network device, 0AM device, or OTT device) may collect UE-sided model training data. In some approaches, an Al model may be communicated (e.g., transferred or delivered) between devices. In some aspects, one-sided models or two- sided models may be utilized. For example, a wireless device and network entity may interoperate. Performance monitoring or testing (e.g., static or non-static scenarios, propagation conditions for clustered delay line (CDL) or field data, among other examples) may be utilized in some approaches.

[0384] In some examples, offline or online Al model training may be utilized. Postdeployment validation may be performed to manage Al model changes or drift over time.

[0385] Some examples of the techniques described herein may be performed in conjunction with one or more of the use cases (e.g., the first...

Claims

Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO130CLAIMSWhat is claimed is:

1. A wireless device, comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to: receive, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, wherein each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, wherein the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure; and perform an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based at least in part on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

2. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein performing the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure comprises inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model during training, mapping at least one of the one or more identifiers as metadata to an AI / ML model, or training an AI / ML model based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers.

3. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein performing the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure comprises determining whether the wireless device supports the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers, controlling an AI / ML model based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers, or inputting at least one of the one or more identifiers to an AI / ML model.

4. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to:Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO131 receive, from the network entity, an indication of an availability of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.

5. The wireless device of claim 4, wherein the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers is included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

6. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the wireless device to: transmit, to the network entity, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is received based at least in part on the request.

7. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is received via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

8. The wireless device of claim 1, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is received via a message associated with a request for a location.

9. A network entity, comprising: one or more memories storing processor-executable code; and one or more processors coupled with the one or more memories and individually or collectively operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: output, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, wherein each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, wherein the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure; and output, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO13210. The network entity of claim 9, wherein the indication of the availability of the one or more identifiers is included in a message associated with a request for a location or in a message associated with assistance data.

11. The network entity of claim 9, wherein the one or more processors are individually or collectively further operable to execute the code to cause the network entity to: obtain, from the wireless device, a request for the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is output based at least in part on the request.

12. The network entity of claim 11, wherein the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an assistance data request procedure.

13. The network entity of claim 11, wherein: the request for the one or more identifiers is associated with an indication of an area, and the one or more identifiers indicated from the network entity correspond to the area.

14. The network entity of claim 9, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is output via signaling associated with an assistance data provision procedure or via a broadcast of assistance data.

15. The network entity of claim 9, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers is output via a message associated with a request for a location.

16. The network entity of claim 9, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

17. A method for wireless communications by a wireless device, comprising: receiving, from a network entity, an indication of one or more identifiers, wherein each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more networkAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO133 settings of a network node, wherein the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure; and performing an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure based at least in part on the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings.

18. The method of claim 17, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

19. The method of claim 17, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers are valid.

20. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more identifiers are associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

21. The method of claim 17, further comprising: transmitting, to a server, a message indicating at least one of the one or more identifiers associated with the one or more network settings of the network node.

22. The method of claim 17, wherein the one or more network settings comprise information indicating a location of a transmission-reception point (TRP) or an antenna reference point (ARP), uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, an average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes, a line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sightAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO134(NLOS) state, calibration assistance information associated with a positioning reference unit (PRU), PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

23. The method of claim 17, further comprising: transmitting, to the network entity, an indication of the operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

24. A method for wireless communications by a network entity, comprising: outputting, to a wireless device, an indication of an availability of one or more identifiers, wherein each of the one or more identifiers is associated with one or more network settings of a network node, wherein the one or more network settings relate to communication of reference signaling for an artificial intelligence or machine learning (AI / ML)-based positioning procedure or measurement of reference signaling for an AI / ML-based positioning procedure; and outputting, to the wireless device, an indication of the one or more identifiers.

25. The method of claim 24, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data as a candidate identifier for use with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

26. The method of claim 24, wherein the indication of the one or more identifiers indicates at least one of the one or more identifiers in a message of assistance data that indicates one or more areas for which the one or more identifiers are valid.

27. The method of claim 24, wherein the one or more identifiers are associated with a dataset for performing the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

28. The method of claim 24, wherein the one or more network settings comprise information indicating a location of a transmission-reception point (TRP) or an antenna reference point (ARP), uncertainty of a location of a TRP or an ARP, integrity of a location of a TRP or an ARP, a beam shape, a beam angle, anAttorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)Qualcomm Ref. No. 2407176WO135 average or confidence of a beam angle, range of a beam angle, integrity of beam information, TRP beam antenna information, a transmit power, a power integrity, a relative time difference between TRPs, an integrity of a relative time difference between TRPs, a transmit timing error, an integrity of timing error, integrity information, an identifier of a group of network nodes, a line-of-sight (LOS) or non-line-of-sight (NLOS) state, calibration assistance information associated with a positioning reference unit (PRU), PRU information, or PRU calibration information.

29. The method of claim 24, further comprising: obtaining, from the wireless device, an indication of an operation associated with the AI / ML-based positioning procedure.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein the indication of the operation indicates controlling an AI / ML model based at least in part on at least one of the one or more identifiers.Attorney Docket No. PB0014GR.WO (114958.5083)

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