Plant-derived nanovesicles and use thereof

Abstract

Compositions comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plant, mushroom or algae are provided. Methods of treating muscle and bone diseases, treating neurological diseases, treating age-related disease, inducing muscle differentiation, inducing neuronal differentiation, treating malnutrition, reducing inflammation and reducing oxidative stress by administering a composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plant, mushroom or algae are also provided. Methods of delivering a compound to a cell comprising loading the compound into nanovesicles from a plant, mushroom or algae and contacting the cell with the loaded nanovesicles are also provided.

Description

PLANT-DERIVED NANOVESICLES AND USE THEREOFCROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 705,578, filed October 10, 2024, the contents of which are all incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.FIELD OF INVENTION

[0002] The present invention is in the field of plant-derived nanovesicles and their therapeutic use.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed structures released by both animal and plant cells that play crucial roles in intercellular communication. These vesicles are categorized into three main groups based on their formation mechanism and size: exosomes, microvesicles, and apoptotic bodies. While animal-derived EVs typically range from 50-1000 nm in size, plant-derived extracellular (nano)vesicles (pDENs) are generally between 30-1500 nm. pDENs contain a diverse cargo of biomolecules, including proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, small RNA molecules, and pharmacologically active compounds. They have shown promising therapeutic effects against various conditions such as inflammation, oxidative stress, cancer, and bacterial infections. Compared to animal cell-derived EVs, pDENs offer unique advantages, including enhanced stability, safety, easier extraction, and natural bioactive properties. Additionally, pDENs have demonstrated the ability to cross biological barriers like the blood-brain barrier, making them potentially valuable for drug delivery applications. The growing interest in pDENs has led to extensive research on their isolation, characterization, and potential uses in disease prevention and treatment. Not all NVs are secreted and both have importance.

[0004] The current state of the art in plant derived nanovesicles (pDENs) research has seen significant advancements in recent years. pDENs have been isolated from various plant sources and shown to possess diverse therapeutic properties, including anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antioxidant effects. These vesicles are being explored as potential drug delivery systems due to their biocompatibility and ability to carry complex molecular cargoes. However, challenges remain in standardizing isolation protocols and characterizing the heterogeneous populations of pDENs. Importantly, pDENs are highly resistant todigestion and the harsh degradative conditions in the gastrointestinal tract. Further, they cross the intestinal barrier, which allows them to be administered orally in addition to other modes of administration.

[0005] miRNAs represent one of the main cargo molecules in extracellular vesicles as well as in pDENs. These small non-coding RNAs are conserved among species. Indeed, plant microRNAs (pmiRNAs) have been found to potentially regulate human gene expression through cross-kingdom interactions. Studies have shown that pmiRNAs can enter the human body through dietary intake and remain stable in the circulatory system. These exogenous miRNAs have the ability to bind to complementary sequences in human mRNAs, therefore affecting post-transcriptional gene regulation. Computational analyses have identified numerous potential target genes in humans for various plant miRNAs, including those from common food sources such as wheat, maize, and rice. For example, rice miRNAs (osa- miRNAs) were predicted to interact with mRNAs of human genes involved in cancer, cardiovascular diseases, and neurodegenerative disorders. The potential impact of plant miRNAs on human gene expression highlights a potential important mechanism by which ingestion of edible plants can impact human physiological and pathological pathways.

[0006] Plant microRNAs (miRNAs) can potentially interact with human mRNAs in the following ways:1. Complementary base pairing: Plant miRNAs can bind to complementary sequences in human mRNAs, typically in the 3' UTR, 5' UTR, or open reading frame regions. This binding is often imperfect, with mismatches in at least one nucleotide after the seed region.2. Cross-kingdom regulation: Plant miRNAs that enter the human body through dietary intake can potentially regulate human gene expression by binding to target mRNAs.3. RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) involvement: The binding of plant miRNAs to human mRNAs may involve the RISC, leading to mRNA cleavage or translation inhibition.4. Stability in circulation: Plant miRNAs that are packaged in pDENs, can remain stable in the human circulatory system and reach various organs and tissues.5. Sequence conservation: Some plant miRNAs show homology to human miRNA sequences, suggesting potential evolutionary conservation of regulatory mechanisms.6. Binding energy: The interaction between plant miRNAs and human mRNAs is characterized by the free energy (AG) of binding, with stronger interactions having higher AG values.7. Conservation of binding sites: For some plant miRNA families, the binding sites in human target mRNAs are conserved when compared to flanking nucleotide sequences.

[0007] While these interactions have been demonstrated through computational analyses and some experimental studies, it's important to note that the full extent and biological significance of plant miRNA regulation of human gene expression is still under investigation. Factors such as miRNA concentration, target gene abundance, and physiological barriers need to be considered when evaluating the potential impact of these cross-kingdom interactions. The identification of specific subsets of pDENs, with specific molecular repertoires, are greatly needed.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0008] The present invention provides compositions comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plants, mushrooms or algae are provided. Methods of treating age- related diseases and conditions, treating muscle and bone diseases and conditions, treating neurological diseases and conditions, regulating circadian rhythm, treating malnutrition, inducing muscle and neuronal differentiation, inhibiting oxidative stress and inhibiting inflammation, by administering a composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plant are also provided. Methods of delivering a compound to a cell comprising loading the compound into nanovesicles from a plant and contacting the cell with the loaded nanovesicles are also provided.

[0009] According to a first aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: cocoa, sage, guava, lion’s mane, horseradish, wasabi, fenugreek, quince, lentil, chickpea, quinoa, pitaya and a combination thereof.

[0010] According to another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising a mixture of isolated populations of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli and Lion’s mane.[Oi l] According to another aspect, there is provided a pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato,pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, moringa, carob, lemon, carrot, green tea, avocado, broccoli, tobacco, cinnamon, durian, persimmon, onion, olive, eggplant, pistachio, cherry, fennel, apple, jujube, strawberry, pineapple, coconut potato, aloe vera, garlic, cannabis, saffron and a combination thereof, for use in treating a musculoskeletal, age-related or neurological disorder or disease, treating malnutrition, inducing muscle cell or neuronal differentiation, treating inflammation or reducing oxidative stress in a subject in need thereof.

[0012] According to some embodiments, the composition further comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or adjuvant.

[0013] According to some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral administration.

[0014] According to some embodiments, the NVs are derived from fruit, seeds, or roots of the plant or from the leaves of the citron.

[0015] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 10A8 NVs / ml.

[0016] According to some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disorder or disease is selected from muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy, myopathy, muscle injury, muscle cell senescence, cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle damage after GLP-1 or obesity drug use, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myositis, inflammatory muscle disease, autoimmune muscle diseases, muscle aging, muscle wasting, motor neuron disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, muscle injury, muscle loss, a muscle inflammatory disease, sport injury, rhabdomyolysis, Inclusion Body Myositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, and chemotherapy induced muscle wasting.

[0017] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, pomegranate, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof.

[0018] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof.

[0019] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron or a combination thereof.

[0020] According to some embodiments, the composition is for use in treating muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

[0021] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes or any combination thereof for use in inducing muscle cell differentiation.

[0022] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomatoes, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof for use in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression as compared to myostatin expression in a control healthy subject.

[0023] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomatoes or a combination thereof for use in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression as compared to myostatin expression in a control healthy subject.

[0024] According to some embodiments, the neurological disorder or disease is selected from Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, neuropathy, psychiatric diseases, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug addiction, vision diseases, migraine, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, recurrent brain encephalopathy, Bell’s palsy, myasthenia gravis, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy and seizure disorders, attention deficient hyperactive disorder (ADHD), attention deficient disorder (ADD), Rett Syndrome, Tourette syndrome, brain cancer and neurodevelopmental diseases.

[0025] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, pomegranate, sage, citron, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry or a combination thereof.

[0026] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli, Lion’s mane or a combination thereof.

[0027] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, pomegranate, sage, citron or a combination thereof.

[0028] According to some embodiments, the composition is for use in treating neuronal cell death or a disease characterized by neuronal cell death.

[0029] According to some embodiments, the disease is Parkinson’s disease.

[0030] According to some embodiments, the age-related disorder or disease is selected from cachexia, sarcopenia, malnutrition, Parkinson’s disease, arthritis, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease.

[0031] According to some embodiments, the composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes, pomegranate or any combination thereof for use in inducing neuronal differentiation.

[0032] According to some embodiments, the NVs are loaded with a nutrient and for use in treating malnutrition.

[0033] According to some embodiments, regulating circadian rhythm comprises administering a melatonin mimic.

[0034] According to some embodiments, regulating circadian rhythm comprises inducing sleep or treating insomnia.

[0035] According to another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant loaded with a compound, wherein the edible plant is selected from: cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes and any combination thereof, for use in delivery of the compound to target cells.

[0036] According to some embodiments, the compound is selected from a drug, a nucleic acid molecule, a protein, a nutrient, a vitamin, a mineral and a small molecule.

[0037] According to some embodiments, the cell is a muscle cell.

[0038] According to some embodiments, the muscle cell is selected from a satellite cell, a myoblast and a myotube.

[0039] According to another aspect, there is provided an in vitro method of inducing muscle cell differentiation, the method comprising providing a muscle cell in culture and contacting the muscle cell with isolated NVs from a plant selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, guava, sage, pomegranate and red grapes, thereby inducing muscle cell differentiation.

[0040] According to some embodiments, the muscle cell is a satellite cell, a myoblast, a myotube, a cultured meat cell or any combination thereof.

[0041] According to another aspect, there is provided an in vitro method of inducing neural cell differentiation, the method comprising providing a neural cell in culture and contactingthe neural cell with isolated NVs from a plant selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, sage, pomegranate and red grapes, thereby inducing neuronal cell differentiation.

[0042] According to some embodiments, the neuronal cell is a neuronal stem cell, a cultured cell or both.

[0043] According to another aspect, there is provided a method of delivering a compound to a cell, the method comprising loading the compound into NVs derived from a plant selected from: cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes and any combination thereof to produce loaded NVs and contacting the cell with the loaded NVs, thereby delivering the compound to the cell.

[0044] According to some embodiments, the cell is a muscle cell, optionally wherein the muscle cell is selected from a satellite cell, a myoblast and a myotube.

[0045] According to some embodiments, the compound is selected from a drug, a nucleic acid molecule, a protein, a nutrient, a vitamin, a mineral and a small molecule.

[0046] According to some embodiments, the loading is active loading into the NVs.

[0047] According to some embodiments, the compound is a protein or nucleic acid molecule and the loading comprises producing a transgenic citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, guava, sage, pomegranate or red grape plant expressing the protein or nucleic acid molecule and isolating NVs from the transgenic plant.

[0048] According to another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a muscle or bone disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, administering to the subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry and a combination thereof, thereby treating the muscle disorder or disease.

[0049] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration.

[0050] According to some embodiments, the NVs are derived from edible fruit, seeds, or roots of the edible plant or from the leaves of the citron.

[0051] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 10A8 EVs / ml. /

[0052] According to some embodiments, the muscle or bone disorder or disease is selected from muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy, myopathies, muscle injury, muscle cell senescence, cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle damage after GLP-1 or obesity drug use, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myositis, inflammatory muscle disease, autoimmune muscle diseases, muscle aging, muscle wasting, motor neuron disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, muscle injury and sport injury, muscle loss, a muscle inflammatory disease, rhabdomyolysis, Inclusion Body Myositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, and chemotherapy induced muscle wasting.

[0053] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof and wherein the disease is muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

[0054] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron or a combination thereof and wherein the disease is muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

[0055] According to some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomatoes or a combination thereof and wherein the muscle disease or disorder is selected from muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression as compared to myostatin expression in a control healthy subject.

[0056] According to another aspect, there is provided a method of treating malnutrition in a subject, the method comprising loading a nutritional compound into NVs derived from a plant, a mushroom or an algae to produce loaded NVs and administering the loaded NVs to the subject, thereby treating malnutrition.

[0057] According to another aspect, there is provided a method of culturing a primary cell, the method comprising culturing the primary cell in medium comprising NVs derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, moringa or a combination thereof, thereby culturing a primary cell.

[0058] Further embodiments and the full scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changesand modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0059] Figures 1A-E: Bar graphs of the percentage of senescent cells in (1A-C) primary human satellite cells, (ID) neuronal cells and (IE) bone marrow MSCs contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from cows’ milk and umbilical cord MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0060] Figures 2A-E: (2A-C) Bar graphs of the fold increase in expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in primary human satellite cells contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs and chorionic placenta MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls. (2D-E) Bar graphs of the fold decrease in expression of myosin heavy chain (MyHC) in primary human muscle cells contacted with injuring agent dexamethasone and various nanovesicles from plants.

[0061] Figures 3A-C: Bar graphs of the fold decrease in expression of myostatin in primary human satellite cells pretreated with lung cancer exosomes contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs and chorionic placenta MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0062] Figure 4: A bar graph of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) from primary human satellite cells contacted with fluorescently labeled nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs are used as a control.

[0063] Figures 5A-B: Bar graph of relative proliferation of HCT115 colorectal cancer cells contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs and chorionic placenta MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0064] Figures 6A-6F: Bar graphs of relative luciferase activity from NF-kB reporters in (6A-C) human monocytes and (6D-F) human microglia contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0065] Figures 7A-C: Bar graphs of relative cell death of neuronal cells contacted with 6- OHDA alone in combination with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs and chorionic placenta MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0066] Figure 8: A bar graph of the fold increase in expression of beta-3-tubulin in neuronal stem cells contacted with various nanovesicles from plants. Nanovesicles from umbilical cord MSCs as well as several compounds are used as controls.

[0067] Figures 9A-C: Bar graphs of mean fluorescent intensity (MFI) from myotubes contacted with H2O2, a fluorescent ROS detector and nanovesicles from various plants. Nano vesicles from umbilical cord MSCs and several compounds are used as controls.

[0068] Figure 10: Bar graphs of percentage wound closure from HaCaT cells grown in a monolayer and scratched by the Incucyte WoundMaker tool and exposed to nanovesicles from various plants. Wound closure was assessed after 24 hours. Nanovesicles from cow’s milk and umbilical cord MSCs are used as controls.

[0069] Figure 11: Bar graph of the ratio of red to green fluorescence from a JC-1 assay as a read out of mitochondrial membrane potential from muscle cells treated with H2O2 with and without nanovesicles from various plants.

[0070] Figures 12A-C: (12A) Bar graph of the fold reduction in myosin heavy chain in muscle cells treated with dexamethasone with or without combination A of NVs. (12B) Bar graph of cell senescence in THP-1 cells treated with LPS+palbociclib for 72 hours with or without combination A of NVs. (12C) Bar graph of cell senescence in muscle cells treated with palbociclib for 72 hours with or within combination A of NVs.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0071] The present invention, in some embodiments, provides compositions comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plant are provided. Methods of treating muscle and bone diseases and conditions, treating neurological diseases and conditions, treating age- related disease and conditions, treating malnutrition, inducing muscle differentiation, inducing neuronal differentiation, reducing inflammation and reducing oxidative stress by administering a composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles from a plant are also provided. Methods of delivering a compound to a cell comprising loading the compound into nanovesicles from a plant and contacting the cell with the loaded nanovesicles are also provided.

[0072] The invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising finding that nanovesicles derived from various plants are highly effective in modulating human cells, including muscle and neuronal cells. The nanovesicles were found to have many beneficial effects includingenhancing muscle stem cell proliferation and differentiation (regenerative effects), reducing muscle cell senescence and aging, increasing myosin heavy chain (MyHC) expression, inducing muscle cell differentiation, reducing myostatin expression, reducing inflammation, reducing oxidative stress, inducing neuronal differentiation, and reducing neuronal cell death and inhibiting neuroinflammation. Further, nanovesicles were found to be safe as they did not increase cancer cell proliferation (indeed a statistically significant reduction was observed) and did not induce cell death or other toxic effects in a variety of normal cells even at very high concentrations. It was thus found that these plant-derived nanovesicles were effective in treating age-related pathologies, muscle diseases and disorders, bone diseases and disorders, neuronal disease and disorders, inflammation and oxidative stress.

[0073] By a first aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from citron.

[0074] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from turmeric.

[0075] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from cocoa.

[0076] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from ginger.

[0077] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from sage.

[0078] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from guava.

[0079] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from grape.

[0080] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from basil.

[0081] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from tomato.

[0082] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from pomegranate.

[0083] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from lychee.

[0084] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from beet.

[0085] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from lion’s mane.

[0086] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from horseradish.

[0087] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from soybean.

[0088] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from oat.

[0089] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from prickly pear.

[0090] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from rice.

[0091] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from com.

[0092] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from candyleaf.

[0093] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from wasabi.

[0094] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from fenugreek.

[0095] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from bitter melon.

[0096] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from quince.

[0097] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from lentil.

[0098] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from chickpea.

[0099] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from coffee.

[0100] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from quinoa.

[0101] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from endive.

[0102] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from pitaya.

[0103] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from carambola.

[0104] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from iboga.

[0105] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from moringa.

[0106] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from carob.

[0107] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from lemon.

[0108] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from carrot.

[0109] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from green tea plant.

[0110] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from avocado.

[0111] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from broccoli.

[0112] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from cinnamon.

[0113] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from durian.

[0114] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from persimmon.

[0115] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from onion.

[0116] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from olive.

[0117] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from eggplant.

[0118] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from pistachio.

[0119] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from cherry.

[0120] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from fennel.

[0121] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from apple.

[0122] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from jujube.

[0123] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from strawberry.

[0124] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from pineapple.

[0125] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from coconut.

[0126] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from aloe vera.

[0127] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from garlic.

[0128] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from cannabis.

[0129] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from saffron.

[0130] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from nettle.

[0131] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from a berry.

[0132] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from mushroom.

[0133] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from Arthrospira platensis.

[0134] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from chlorella.

[0135] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from sea moss.

[0136] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from spirulina.

[0137] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising a mixture of isolated populations of nanovesicles (NVs), comprising an isolated population of NVs derived from citron, an isolated population of NVs derived cocoa, an isolated population of NVs derived pomegranate, an isolated population of NVs derived broccoli and an isolated population of NVs derived Lion’s mane.

[0138] In some embodiments, the composition is a pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a nutraceutical composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a therapeutic composition. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in therapy. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method of the invention. In some embodiments, composition consists of the isolated population of vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition essentially consists of the isolated population of vesicles. In some embodiments, the active ingredient in the composition is the isolated population of vesicles. In some embodiments, the composition is for use in a method of the invention.

[0139] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a therapeutically acceptable carrier, excipient or adjuvant. As used herein, the term “carrier,” “excipient,” or “adjuvant” refers to any component of a pharmaceutical composition that is not the active agent. As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” refers to non-toxic, inert solid, semi-solid liquid fdler, diluent, encapsulating material, formulation auxiliary of any type, or simply a sterile aqueous medium, such as saline. Some examples of the materials that can serve as pharmaceutically acceptable carriers are sugars, such as lactose, glucose and sucrose, trehalose, starches such as com starch and potato starch, cellulose and its derivatives such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, ethyl cellulose and cellulose acetate; powdered tragacanth; malt, gelatin, pectin, talc; excipients such as cocoa butter and suppository waxes; oils such as peanut oil, cottonseed oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, olive oil, com oil and soybean oil; glycols, such as propylene glycol, polyols such as glycerin, sorbitol, mannitol and polyethylene glycol; esters such as ethyl oleate and ethyl laurate, agar; buffering agents such as magnesium hydroxide and aluminum hydroxide; alginic acid; pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline, Ringer's solution; ethyl alcohol and phosphate buffer solutions, as well as other non-toxic compatible substances used in pharmaceutical formulations. Some nonlimiting examples of substances which can serve as a carrier herein include sugar, starch, cellulose and its derivatives, powered tragacanth, malt, gelatin, talc, stearic acid, magnesium stearate, calcium sulfate, vegetable oils, polyols, alginic acid, pyrogen-free water, isotonic saline, phosphate buffer solutions, cocoa butter (suppository base), emulsifier as well as other non-toxic pharmaceutically compatible substances used in other pharmaceutical formulations. Wetting agents and lubricants such as sodium lauryl sulfate, as well as coloring agents, flavoring agents, excipients, stabilizers, antioxidants, and preservatives may also be present. Any non-toxic, inert, and effective carrier may be used to formulate the compositions contemplated herein. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, excipients, and diluents in this regard are well known to those of skill in the art, such as those described in The Merck Index, Thirteenth Edition, Budavari et al., Eds., Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, N.J. (2001); the CTFA (Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association) International Cosmetic Ingredient Dictionary and Handbook, Tenth Edition (2004); and the “Inactive Ingredient Guide,” U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) Office of Management, the contents of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, carriers and diluents useful in the present compositions include distilled water, physiological saline, Ringer's solution, dextrose solution, Hank's solution, and DMSO. These additional inactive components, as well as effective formulations and administrationprocedures, are well known in the art and are described in standard textbooks, such as Goodman and Gillman’s: The Pharmacological Bases of Therapeutics, 8th Ed., Gilman et al. Eds. Pergamon Press (1990); Remington’s Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18th Ed., Mack Publishing Co., Easton, Pa. (1990); and Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy, 21st Ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Pa., (2005), each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety. The presently described composition may also be contained in artificially created structures such as liposomes, ISCOMS, slow- releasing particles, and other vehicles which increase the half-life of the peptides or polypeptides in serum. Liposomes include emulsions, foams, micelies, insoluble monolayers, liquid crystals, phospholipid dispersions, lamellar layers and the like. Liposomes for use with the presently described peptides are formed from standard vesicleforming lipids which generally include neutral and negatively charged phospholipids and a sterol, such as cholesterol. The selection of lipids is generally determined by considerations such as liposome size and stability in the blood. A variety of methods are available for preparing liposomes as reviewed, for example, by Coligan, J. E. et al, Current Protocols in Protein Science, 1999, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, and see also U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,235,871, 4,501,728, 4,837,028, and 5,019,369.

[0140] The carrier may comprise, in total, from about 0.1% to about 99.99999% by weight of the pharmaceutical compositions presented herein.

[0141] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an additive. In some embodiments, the additive is a vitamin. In some embodiments, the vitamin is selected from an essential vitamin and anti-oxidant vitamins. In some embodiments, the vitamin is selected from A, C, D, E, and B-complex vitamins. In some embodiments, the vitamin is vitamin C. Additive may also include plant-derived bioactive molecules like flavonoids or curcuminoids. Adding essential minerals that complement the vitamins can create a more comprehensive nutritional profile. Other FDA approved ingredients such as NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) can also be added. In addition, some amino acids such as L-serine and glycine that can be beneficial and are approved by the FDA as stabilizers (glycine, leucine and isoleucine, monosodium glutamate). In some embodiments, the additive is a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the additive is amino acid.

[0142] In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for administering to a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, the subject is a veterinary animal. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral administration. As used herein, the terms “administering,”“administration,” and like terms refer to any method which, in sound medical practice, delivers a composition containing an active agent to a subject in such a manner as to provide a therapeutic effect. One aspect of the present subject matter provides for oral administration of a therapeutically effective amount of a composition of the present subject matter to a patient in need thereof. Other suitable routes of administration can include parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intranasal, transdermal, intraspinal, topical, subcutaneous, inhalation or intraperitoneal. In some embodiments, the composition is formulated for oral administration. In some embodiments, formulated for oral administration is as a tablet, lozenge, or capsule.

[0143] The dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.

[0144] In some embodiments, the vesicles are from a plant. In some embodiments, the plant is a fresh plant. In some embodiments, the plant is a frozen plant. In some embodiments, the plant is plant culture. In some embodiments, the plant is a plant in culture. In some embodiments, the plant is a part of a plant. In some embodiments, the plant is an edible plant. In some embodiments, edible is edible by humans. In some embodiments, the part is an edible part. In some embodiments, the vesicles are derived from the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from an edible part of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are isolated from the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are extracted from the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the fruit of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the root of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the leaves of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the stem of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the seed of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from the rind of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicle are from stem cells (the apical or lateral meristem) from the plant. In some embodiments, the stem cells are from the apical or lateral meristem of the plant. In some embodiments, the stem cells are from the seed of the plant. In some embodiments, the vesicles are from any part of the plant.

[0145] In some embodiments, the vesicles are microvesicles. As used herein, the term “microvesicles” refers to a small membrane-bound structure of less than 1000 nanometers (nm) in size. In some embodiments, a vesicle comprises a lipid bilayer. In some embodiments, the vesicles are extracellular vesicles (EVs). In some embodiments, the microvesicles are nanovesicles (NVs). In some embodiments, nanovesicles are exosomes.Nanovesicles are derived from cells and can carry a variety of biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids. The NVs of the invention are derived from specific plants. In some embodiments, the NVs comprise a diameter of at most 1 micron. In some embodiments, the vesicles comprise a size of at most 10000, 5000, 2000, 1500, 1300, 1200, 1100, 1000, 900, 800, 700, 600, 500, 400, 300, 200,100, 50 or 30 run. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, size is diameter. In some embodiment the composition comprises a mixture of different size vesicles.

[0146] In some embodiments, the NVs are secreted. In some embodiments, the NVs are not secreted. In some embodiments, the vesicles are isolated. As used herein, the term “isolated” refers to vesicles that are essentially free from contaminating cellular components, such as RNA, DNA, proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids, or other proteinaceous impurities that are outside the vesicles. It will be understood that within the vesicles are lipids, proteins, nucleic acid molecules and the like, but the isolation of the vesicles removes these components that are outside of the vesicles, e.g., that are soluble. In some embodiments, secreted NVs are isolated from the extracellular space. In some embodiments, non-secreted NVs are isolated from cells. In some embodiments, the method comprises lysing or otherwise breaking the cells. Typically, a preparation of isolated vesicles contains the vesicles in a highly purified form, i.e., at least about 80% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, greater than 95% pure, or greater than 99% pure. In some embodiments, the vesicles are purified. In some embodiments, a purified population of vesicles comprises at least 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 92, 95, 97, 99 or 100% purity. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the composition is depleted of proteins outside of vesicles (i.e. proteins in solution). In some embodiments, the composition is depleted of nucleic acid molecules outside of vesicles. In some embodiments, depleted is devoid of. It will be understood that the addition of enzymes such as DNAse, RNAse or proteinase can be added to isolated vesicles to remove biological components that may have adhered to the outside of the vesicles, though such a step is optional. In some embodiments, the composition is not a juice. In some embodiments, the composition is not a piece of plant. In some embodiments, the composition is not a plant extract. It will be understood by a skilled artisan, that as the composition is not merely chopped up, juiced, strained or otherwise ruptured plant, but rather is specifically isolated vesicles.

[0147] In some embodiments, isolated is isolated by centrifugation. In some embodiments, centrifugation is ultracentrifugation. In some embodiments, the isolated is by tangential flowfiltration (TFF). Methods of isolated vesicles and in particular NVs and EVs are well known in the art and include for example, differential centrifugation, ultracentrifugation, gradient centrifugation, filtration, TFF and size exclusion chromatography, isolation by magnetic beads, or by polymer — based procedures. Any method known in the art may be used for isolating vesicles from the plants.

[0148] In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 10A4, 5xlOA4, 10A5, 5xl0A5, 10A6, 5xlOA6, 10A7, 5xlOA7, 10A8, 5xl0A8, 10A9, 5xlOA9, 10A10, 10Al 1, 10A12, 10Al 3 or 10A14 vesicles per ml. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 10A6 vesicles / ml. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 10A7 vesicles / ml. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least 10A8 vesicles / ml.

[0149] In some embodiments, citron is a citron plant. In some embodiments, citron is Citrus medica. In some embodiments, citron is cedrate. In some embodiments, citron is fingered citron. In some embodiments, citron is the citron fruit. In some embodiments, citron is the citron leaves. In some embodiments, citron is not the leaves. In some embodiments, citron is the citron seeds. In some embodiments the citron is citron stem cells. In some embodiments, the citron is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in treating a disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the age-related disease is cancer. In some embodiments the disease is muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in treating oxidativestress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from citron loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0150] In some embodiments, turmeric is a turmeric plant. In some embodiments, turmeric is Curcuma longa. In some embodiments, turmeric is the turmeric fruit. In some embodiments, turmeric is the turmeric leaves. In some embodiments, turmeric is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the turmeric is turmeric stem cells. In some embodiments, the turmeric is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, turmeric is the turmeric root. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in treating a disease . In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments,the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from turmeric loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0151] In some embodiments, cocoa is a cocoa plant. In some embodiments, cocoa is Theobroma cacao. In some embodiments, cocoa is the cocoa fruit. In some embodiments, cocoa is the cocoa leaves. In some embodiments, cocoa is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the cocoa is cocoa stem cells. In some embodiments, the cocoa is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, cocoa is the cocoa seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. Insome embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cocoa loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0152] In some embodiments, ginger is a ginger plant. In some embodiments, ginger is Zingiber officinale. In some embodiments, ginger is the ginger fruit. In some embodiments, ginger is the ginger leaves. In some embodiments, ginger is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the ginger is ginger stem cells. In some embodiments, the ginger is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, ginger is the ginger seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the diseaseis characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from ginger loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0153] In some embodiments, sage is a sage plant. In some embodiments, sage is Salvia officinalis. In some embodiments, sage is Salvia sclarea. In some embodiments, sage is the sage fruit. In some embodiments, sage is the sage leaves. In some embodiments, sage is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the sage is sage stem cells. In some embodiments, the sage is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, sage is the sage seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In someembodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sage loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0154] In some embodiments, guava is a guava plant. In some embodiments, guava is Psidium guajava. In some embodiments, guava is the guava fruit. In some embodiments, guava is the guava leaves. In some embodiments, guava is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the guava is guava stem cells. In some embodiments, the guava is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, guava is the guava seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In someembodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from guava loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0155] In some embodiments, grape is red grape. In some embodiments, grape is a grape plate. In some embodiments, grape is Vitis vinifera. In some embodiments, grape is the grape fruit. In some embodiments, grape is the grape leaves. In some embodiments, grape is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the grape is grape stem cells. In some embodiments, the grape is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, grape is the grape seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease.In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from grape loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0156] In some embodiments, basil is a basil plant. In some embodiments, basil is Ocimum basilicum. In some embodiments, basil is the basil fruit. In some embodiments, basil is the basil leaves. In some embodiments, basil is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the basil is basil stem cells. In some embodiments, the basil is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, basil is the basil seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from basil loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0157] In some embodiments, tomato is a tomato plant. In some embodiments, tomato is a lycopene producing tomato. In some embodiments, tomato is Solanum lycopersicum. In some embodiments, tomato is the tomato fruit. In some embodiments, tomato is the tomato leaves. In some embodiments, tomato is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the tomato istomato stem cells. In some embodiments, the tomato is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, tomato is the tomato seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tomato loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0158] In some embodiments, pomegranate is a pomegranate plant. In some embodiments, pomegranate is Punica granatum. In some embodiments, pomegranate is the pomegranate fruit. In some embodiments, pomegranate is the pomegranate leaves. In some embodiments, pomegranate is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the pomegranate is pomegranate stem cells. In some embodiments, the pomegranate is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, pomegranate is the pomegranate seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In someembodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pomegranate loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0159] In some embodiments, lychee is a lychee plant. In some embodiments, lychee is Litchi chinensis. In some embodiments, lychee is the lychee fruit. In some embodiments, lychee is the lychee leaves. In some embodiments, lychee is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the lychee is lychee stem cells. In some embodiments, the lychee is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, lychee is the lychee seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in decreasingneuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lychee loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0160] In some embodiments, beet is a beet plant. In some embodiments, beet is Beta vulgaris. In some embodiments, beet is the beet fruit. In some embodiments, beet is the beet leaves. In some embodiments, beet is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the beet is beet stem cells. In some embodiments, the beet is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, beet is the beet seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. Insome embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from beet loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0161] In some embodiments, lion’s mane is a lion’s mane plant. In some embodiments, lion’s mane is Hericium erinaceus. In some embodiments, lion’s mane is the lion’s mane fruit. In some embodiments, lion’s mane is the lion’s mane leaves. In some embodiments, lion’s mane is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the lion’s mane is lion’s mane stem cells. In some embodiments, the lion’s mane is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, lion’s mane is the lion’s mane seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane arefor use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mare are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lion’s mane loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0162] In some embodiments, horseradish is a horseradish plant. In some embodiments, horseradish is Armoracia rusticana. In some embodiments, horseradish is the horseradish fruit. In some embodiments, horseradish is the horseradish leaves. In some embodiments, horseradish is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the horseradish is horseradish stem cells. In some embodiments, the horseradish is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, horseradish is the horseradish seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradishare for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from horseradish loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0163] In some embodiments, soybean is a soybean plant. In some embodiments, soybean is Glycine max. In some embodiments, soybean is the soybean fruit. In some embodiments, soybean is the soybean leaves. In some embodiments, soybean is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the soybean is soybean stem cells. In some embodiments, the soybean is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, soybean is the soybean seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population ofisolated vesicles from soybean are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from soybean loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0164] In some embodiments, oat is an oat plant. In some embodiments, oat is Avena sativa. In some embodiments, oat is the oat fruit. In some embodiments, oat is the oat leaves. In some embodiments, oat is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the oat is oat stem cells. In some embodiments, the oat is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, oat is the oat seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. Insome embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from oat loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0165] In some embodiments, prickly pear is a prickly pear plant. In some embodiments, prickly pear is Opuntia basilaris. Prickly pear is also known as opuntia and sabres. In some embodiments, prickly pear is the prickly pear fruit. In some embodiments, prickly pear is the prickly pear leaves. In some embodiments, prickly pear is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the prickly pear is prickly pear stem cells. In some embodiments, the prickly pear is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, prickly pear is the prickly pear seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition.In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from prickly pear loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0166] In some embodiments, rice is a rice plant. In some embodiments, rice is Oryza sativa. In some embodiments, rice is the rice fruit. In some embodiments, rice is the rice leaves. In some embodiments, rice is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the rice is rice stem cells. In some embodiments, the rice is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, rice is the rice seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments,the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from rice loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0167] In some embodiments, com is a com plant. In some embodiments, com is Zea mays. In some embodiments, com is the com fruit. In some embodiments, com is the com leaves. In some embodiments, com is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the com is com stem cells. In some embodiments, the com is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, com is the com seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease.In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from com loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0168] In some embodiments, candyleaf is a candyleaf plant. Candyleaf is also known as sweetleaf and sugarleaf. In some embodiments, candyleaf is stevia. In some embodiments, candyleaf is Stevia rebaudiana. In some embodiments, candyleaf is the candyleaf fruit. In some embodiments, candyleaf is the candyleaf leaves. In some embodiments, candyleaf is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the candyleaf is candyleaf stem cells. In some embodiments, the candyleaf is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, candyleaf is the candyleaf seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease orcondition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from candyleaf loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0169] In some embodiments, wasabi is a wasabi plant. In some embodiments, wasabi is Eutrema japonicum. In some embodiments, wasabi is the wasabi fruit. In some embodiments, wasabi is the wasabi leaves. In some embodiments, wasabi is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the wasabi is wasabi stem cells. In some embodiments, the wasabi iscultured plant cells. In some embodiments, wasabi is the wasabi seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from wasabi loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0170] In some embodiments, fenugreek is a fenugreek plant. In some embodiments, fenugreek is Trigonella foenum. In some embodiments, fenugreek is the fenugreek fruit. In some embodiments, fenugreek is the fenugreek leaves. In some embodiments, fenugreek is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the fenugreek is fenugreek stem cells. In some embodiments, the fenugreek is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, fenugreek is the fenugreek seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fenugreek are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, apopulation of isolated vesicles from fenugreek loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0171] In some embodiments, bitter melon is a bitter melon plant. In some embodiments, bitter melon is Momordica charantia. In some embodiments, bitter melon is the bitter melon fruit. In some embodiments, bitter melon is the bitter melon leaves. In some embodiments, bitter melon is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the bitter melon is bitter melon stem cells. In some embodiments, the bitter melon is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, bitter melon is the bitter melon seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in protecting neuronal cell death.In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from bitter melon loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0172] In some embodiments, quince is a quince plant. In some embodiments, quince is Cydonia oblonga. In some embodiments, quince is the quince fruit. In some embodiments, quince is the quince leaves. In some embodiments, quince is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the quince is quince stem cells. In some embodiments, the quince is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, quince is the quince seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In someembodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quince loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0173] In some embodiments, lentil is a lentil plant. In some embodiments, lentil is Lens culinaris. In some embodiments, lentil is the lentil fruit. In some embodiments, lentil is the lentil leaves. In some embodiments, lentil is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the lentil is lentil stem cells. In some embodiments, the lentil is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, lentil is the lentil seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In someembodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lentil loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0174] In some embodiments, chickpea is a chickpea plant. In some embodiments, chickpea is Cicer arietinum. In some embodiments, chickpea is the chickpea fruit. In some embodiments, chickpea is the chickpea leaves. In some embodiments, chickpea is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the chickpea is chickpea stem cells. In some embodiments, the chickpea is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, chickpea is the chickpea seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing.In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chickpea loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0175] In some embodiments, coffee is a coffee plant. In some embodiments, coffee is Coffea arabica. In some embodiments, coffee is Coffea canephora. In some embodiments, coffee is not a drink. In some embodiments, coffee is the coffee fruit. In some embodiments, coffee is the coffee leaves. In some embodiments, coffee is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the coffee is coffee stem cells. In some embodiments, the coffee is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, coffee is the coffee seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population ofisolated vesicles from coffee are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coffee loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0176] In some embodiments, quinoa is a quinoa plant. In some embodiments, quinoa is Chenopodium quinoa. In some embodiments, quinoa is the quinoa fruit. In some embodiments, quinoa is the quinoa leaves. In some embodiments, quinoa is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the quinoa is quinoa stem cells. In some embodiments, the quinoa is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, quinoa is the quinoa seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. Insome embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from quinoa loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0177] In some embodiments, pitaya is a pitaya plant. In some embodiments, pitaya is Selenicereus undatus. In some embodiments, pitaya is pitahaya or white-fleshed pitahaya. In some embodiments, pitaya is the pitaya fruit. In some embodiments, pitaya is the pitaya leaves. In some embodiments, pitaya is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the pitaya is pitaya stem cells. In some embodiments, the pitaya is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, pitaya is the pitaya seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia.In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pitaya loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0178] In some embodiments, carambola is a carambola plant. In some embodiments, carambola is Averrhoa carambola. Carambola is also known as star fruit. In some embodiments, carambola is the carambola fruit. In some embodiments, carambola is the carambola leaves. In some embodiments, carambola is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the carambola is carambola stem cells. In some embodiments, the carambola is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, carambola is the carambola seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is amusculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carambola loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0179] In some embodiments, moringa is a moringa plant. In some embodiments, moringa is Moringa oleifera. In some embodiments, moringa is the moringa leaves. In some embodiments, moringa is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the moringa is moringa stem cells. In some embodiments, the moringa is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, moringa is the moringa seeds. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-relateddisease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the neurodegenerative disease is Parkinson’s disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from moringa loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0180] In some embodiments, carob is a carob plant. In some embodiments, carob is Ceratonia siliqua. In some embodiments, carob is carob gum. In some embodiments, carobis the carob fruit. In some embodiments, carob is the carob leaves. In some embodiments, carob is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the carob is carob stem cells. In some embodiments, the carob is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, carob is the carob seeds. In some embodiments, carob is the carob fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carob loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0181] In some embodiments, lemon is a lemon plant. In some embodiments, lemon is Citrus limon. In some embodiments, lemon is citrus lemon. In some embodiments, lemon is the lemon fruit. In some embodiments, lemon is the lemon leaves. In some embodiments, lemon is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the lemon is lemon stem cells. In some embodiments, the lemon is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, lemon is the lemon seeds. In some embodiments, lemon is the lemon fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from lemon are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesiclesfrom lemon loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0182] In some embodiments, carrot is a carrot plant. In some embodiments, carrot is Daucus carota. In some embodiments, carrot is the carrot root. In some embodiments, carrot is the carrot leaves. In some embodiments, carrot is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the carrot is carrot stem cells. In some embodiments, the carrot is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, carrot is the carrot seeds. In some embodiments, carrot is the carrot fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in modulatingmicrobiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from carrot loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0183] In some embodiments, green tea is a green tea plant. In some embodiments, green tea is Camellia sinensis. In some embodiments, green tea is the green tea leaves. In some embodiments, green tea is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the green tea is green tea stem cells. In some embodiments, the green tea is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, green tea is the green tea seeds. In some embodiments, green tea is the green tea fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in protecting neuronal cell death.In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from green tea loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0184] In some embodiments, avocado is an avocado plant. In some embodiments, avocado is Persea americana. In some embodiments, avocado is the avocado fruit. In some embodiments, avocado is the avocado leaves. In some embodiments, avocado is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the avocado is avocado stem cells. In some embodiments, the avocado is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, avocado is the avocado seeds. In some embodiments, avocado is the avocado fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolatedvesicles from avocado are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from avocado loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0185] In some embodiments, broccoli is a broccoli plant. In some embodiments, broccoli is Brassica oleracea. In some embodiments, broccoli is the broccoli root. In some embodiments, broccoli is the broccoli leaves. In some embodiments, broccoli is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the broccoli is broccoli stem cells. In some embodiments, the broccoli is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, broccoli is the broccoli seeds. In some embodiments, broccoli is the broccoli fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population ofisolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from broccoli loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0186] In some embodiments, tobacco is a tobacco plant. In some embodiments, tobacco is the Nicotiana genus of plants. In some embodiments, tobacco is nicotiana tabacum. In some embodiments, tobacco is the tobacco leaves. In some embodiments, tobacco is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the tobacco is tobacco stem cells. In some embodiments, the tobacco is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, tobacco is the tobacco seeds. In some embodiments, tobacco is the tobacco fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobaccoare for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from tobacco loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0187] In some embodiments, cinnamon is a cinnamon plant. In some embodiments, plant is a tree. In some embodiments, a cinnamon plant is a cinnamon fem. In some embodiments, cinnamon is Cinnamomum verum. In some embodiments, cinnamon is cinnamon bark. In some embodiments, cinnamon is the cinnamon fruit. In some embodiments, cinnamon is the cinnamon leaves. In some embodiments, cinnamon is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the cinnamon is cinnamon stem cells. In some embodiments, the cinnamon is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, cinnamon is the cinnamon seeds. In some embodiments, cinnamon is the cinnamon fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age- related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is adisease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cinnamon loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0188] In some embodiments, durian is a durian plant. In some embodiments, durian is Durio zibethinus. In some embodiments, durian is the durian fruit. In some embodiments, durian is the durian leaves. In some embodiments, durian is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the durian is durian stem cells. In some embodiments, the durian is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, durian is the durian seeds. In some embodiments, durian is the durian fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronaldisease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from durian loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0189] In some embodiments, persimmon is a persimmon plant. In some embodiments, persimmon is Diospyros kaki. In some embodiments, persimmon is Japanese persimmon. In some embodiments, persimmon is the persimmon fruit. In some embodiments, persimmon is the persimmon leaves. In some embodiments, persimmon is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the persimmon is persimmon stem cells. In some embodiments, the persimmon is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, persimmon is the persimmon seeds. In some embodiments, persimmon is the persimmon fruit. In some embodiments, apopulation of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from persimmon loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0190] In some embodiments, onion is a onion plant. In some embodiments, onion is Allium cepa. In some embodiments, onion is onion root. In some embodiments, onion is the onionfruit. In some embodiments, onion is the onion leaves. In some embodiments, onion is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the onion is onion stem cells. In some embodiments, the onion is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, onion is the onion seeds. In some embodiments, onion is the onion fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from onion loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0191] In some embodiments, olive is a olive plant. In some embodiments, olive is Olea europaea. In some embodiments, olive is olive tree. In some embodiments, olive is the olive fruit. In some embodiments, olive is the olive leaves. In some embodiments, olive is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the olive is olive stem cells. In some embodiments, the olive is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, olive is the olive seeds. In some embodiments, olive is the olive fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from olive loaded with a compound are foruse in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0192] In some embodiments, eggplant is a eggplant plant. In some embodiments, eggplant is Solanum melongena. In some embodiments, eggplant is the eggplant fruit. In some embodiments, eggplant is the eggplant leaves. In some embodiments, eggplant is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the eggplant is eggplant stem cells. In some embodiments, the eggplant is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, eggplant is the eggplant seeds. In some embodiments, eggplant is the eggplant fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use indecreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from eggplant loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0193] In some embodiments, pistachio is a pistachio plant. In some embodiments, pistachio is Pistacia vera. In some embodiments, pistachio is a pistachio nut. In some embodiments, pistachio is the pistachio fruit. In some embodiments, pistachio is the pistachio leaves. In some embodiments, pistachio is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the pistachio is pistachio stem cells. In some embodiments, the pistachio is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, pistachio is the pistachio seeds. In some embodiments, pistachio is the pistachio fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in improvingcognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pistachio loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0194] In some embodiments, cherry is a cherry plant. In some embodiments, cherry is Prunus avium. In some embodiments, cherry is cherry gum. In some embodiments, cherry is the cherry fruit. In some embodiments, cherry is the cherry leaves. In some embodiments, cherry is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the cherry is cherry stem cells. In some embodiments, the cherry is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, cherry is the cherry seeds. In some embodiments, cherry is the cherry fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In someembodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from cherry loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0195] In some embodiments, fennel is a fennel plant. In some embodiments, fennel is Foeniculum vulgare. In some embodiments, fennel is fennel gum. In some embodiments, fennel is the fennel fruit. In some embodiments, fennel is the fennel leaves. In some embodiments, fennel is not the leaves. In some embodiments, the fennel is fennel stem cells. In some embodiments, the fennel is cultured plant cells. In some embodiments, fennel is the fennel seeds. In some embodiments, fennel is the fennel fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress isincreased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from fennel loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0196] In some embodiments, apple is an apple plant. In some embodiments, apple is Malus domestica. In some embodiments, apple is the apple seed. In some embodiments, apple is the apple leaves. In some embodiments, apple is the apple root. In some embodiments, apple is the apple fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. Insome embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from apple loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0197] In some embodiments, jujube is a jujube plant. In some embodiments, jujube is Ziziphus jujuba. In some embodiments, jujube is the jujube seed. In some embodiments, jujube is the jujube leaves. In some embodiments, jujube is the jujube root. In some embodiments, jujube is the jujube fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujubeare for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from jujube loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0198] In some embodiments, pineapple is a pineapple plant. In some embodiments, pineapple is Ananas comosus. In some embodiments, pineapple is the pineapple seed. In some embodiments, pineapple is the pineapple leaves. In some embodiments, pineapple is the pineapple root. In some embodiments, pineapple is the pineapple fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments,the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from pineapple loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0199] In some embodiments, coconut is a coconut plant. In some embodiments, coconut is Cocos nucifera. In some embodiments, coconut is the coconut seed. In some embodiments, coconut is the coconut leaves. In some embodiments, coconut is the coconut root. In some embodiments, coconut is the coconut fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, thedisease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from coconut loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0200] In some embodiments, potato is a potato plant. In some embodiments, potato is Solanum tuberosum. In some embodiments, potato is the potato seed. In some embodiments, potato is the potato leaves. In some embodiments, potato is the potato root. In some embodiments, potato is the potato fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is adisease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from potato loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0201] In some embodiments, mango is a mango plant. In some embodiments, mango is Mangifera indica. In some embodiments, mango is the mango seed. In some embodiments, mango is the mango leaves. In some embodiments, mango is the mango root. In some embodiments, mango is the mango fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia.In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mango loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0202] In some embodiments, garlic is a garlic plant. In some embodiments, garlic is Allium sativum. In some embodiments, garlic is the garlic seed. In some embodiments, garlic is the garlic leaves. In some embodiments, garlic is the garlic root. In some embodiments, garlic is the garlic fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease iscachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from garlic loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0203] In some embodiments, aloe vera is a aloe vera plant. In some embodiments, aloe vera is Aloe barbadensis Miller. In some embodiments, aloe vera is the aloe vera seed. In some embodiments, aloe vera is the aloe vera leaves. In some embodiments, aloe vera is the aloe vera root. In some embodiments, aloe vera is the aloe vera fruit. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In someembodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from aloe vera loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0204] In some embodiments, iboga is an iboga plant. In some embodiments, iboga is Tabemanthe iboga. In some embodiments, iboga is the iboga seed. In some embodiments, iboga is the iboga leaves. In some embodiments, iboga is the iboga root. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is amusculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from iboga loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0205] In some embodiments, nettle is a nettle plant. In some embodiments, nettle is Urtica dioica. In some embodiments, nettle is the nettle seed. In some embodiments, nettle is the nettle leaves. In some embodiments, nettle is the nettle root. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is amusculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from nettle loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0206] In some embodiments, berry is selected from strawberry, raspberry, blueberry, blackberry, and currant. In some embodiments, currant is selected from white currant, black currant and red currant. In some embodiments, the berry is currant. I some embodiments, the berry is strawberry. In some embodiments, the berry is blueberry. In some embodiments, the berry is raspberry. In some embodiments, the berry is blackberry. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, thedisease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from berry loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0207] In some embodiments, strawberry is a strawberry plant. In some embodiments, strawberry is Fragaria x ananassa. In some embodiments, strawberry is a cross of F. chiloensis and F. virginiana. In some embodiments, strawberry is the strawberry seed. In some embodiments, strawberry is the strawberry leaves. In some embodiments, strawberry is the strawberry root. In some embodiments, strawberry is the strawberry fruit. In someembodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in treating a disease or condition. In some embodiments the disease or condition is a skin disease or condition. In some embodiments, the skin disease or condition is a wound. In some embodiments, the skin disease or condition is skin aging. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in treating fibrosis. In some embodiments, fibrosis is liver fibrosis. In some embodiments, fibrosis is kidney fibrosis. In some embodiments, fibrosis is muscle fibrosis. In some embodiments, fibrosis is lung fibrosis. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in delivering a molecule of interest to a brain cell in a subject. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry loaded with a molecule of interest are for use in delivering a molecule of interest to a brain cell in a subject. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in delivering a molecule of interest across the BBB. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry loaded with a molecule of interest are for use in delivering a molecule of interest across the BBB.

[0208] In some embodiments, composition comprises NVs isolated from a mushroom. In some embodiments, composition comprises a mushroom extract. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a mushroom liquid. In some embodiments, mushroom is oyster mushroom. In some embodiments, mushroom is psilocybin mushroom. In some embodiments, oyster mushroom is Pleurotus osteatus. In some embodiments, the psilocybin mushroom is Psilocybe cubensis. In some embodiments, the mushroom is shitake. In some embodiments, shitake mushroom is Lentinula edodes. In some embodiments, mushroom is the cultivated mushroom. In some embodiments, the cultivated mushroom is the basidiomycete mushroom. In some embodiments, the cultivated mushroom is Agaricus bisporus. In some embodiments, mushroom is reishi mushroom. In some embodiments, reishi is Ganoderma lingzhi. In some embodiments, mushroom is chaga mushroom. In some embodiments, chaga is Inonotus obliquus. In some embodiments, mushroom is cordyceps. In some embodiments, cordyceps is Cordyceps sinensis or Ophiocordyceps sinensis. In some embodiments, the mushroom is black truffle. In some embodiments, black truffle is Tuber melanosporum. In some embodiments, the mushroom is porcini. In some embodiments, porcini is Boletus edulis. In some embodiments, the mushroom is porcini. In some embodiments, porcini is Boletus edulis. In some embodiments, the mushroom is turkey tail (coriolus). In some embodiments, coriolus is Coriolus versicolor. In some embodiments,the mushroom is black pearl. In some embodiments, black pear is a hybrid of Pleurotus ostreatus and Pleurotus eryngii. In some embodiments, the mushroom is shimeji. In some embodiments, shimeji is Hypsizygus tessulatus. In some embodiments, the mushroom is maitake. In some embodiments, maitake is Grifola frondosa. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from strawberry are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in reducing senescence. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in reducing senescence. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles frommushroom are for use in treating a neuromuscular disease. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in treating a neuromuscular disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in treating a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating PD. In some embodiments, Agaricus bisporus is for use in treating PD. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0209] In some embodiments, Arthrospira platensis is a cyanobacteria. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesiclesfrom Arthrospira platensis are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from Arthrospira platensis loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0210] In some embodiments, chlorella is green algae. In some embodiments, chlorella is Chlorella vulgaris. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In someembodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from chlorella loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0211] In some embodiments, sea moss is red algae. Sea moss is also known as Irish moss. In some embodiments, sea moss is Chondrus crispus. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from seamoss are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from sea moss loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0212] In some embodiments, spirulina is cyanobacterium. In some embodiments, spirulina is Arthrospira platensis. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in improvingcognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in decreasing senescence. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating a muscle injury. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in reducing myostatin expression. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in treating PD. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from spirulina loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0213] In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, a disease is a disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by inflammation. In some embodiments, the disease is a mitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction. In some embodiments, the disease is decreased mitochondrial function. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondrial transfer. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating inflammation. In someembodiments, the disease is characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, oxidative stress is increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating oxidative stress. In some embodiments, treating is reducing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in inducing muscle differentiation. In some embodiments, muscle differentiation comprises muscle cell proliferation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in inducing neuronal differentiation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in improving cognition, memory and / or sleep. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, improving is increasing. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in protecting neuronal cell death. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in decreasing senescence. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a muscle injury. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in reducing myostatin expression. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in decreasing neuroinflammation. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in treating PD. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in modulating microbiota. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, a population of isolated vesicles from mushroom loaded with a compound are for use in delivering a compound to a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the cell is in vitro.

[0214] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a combination of isolated populations of vesicles from at least two different plants. In some embodiments, a combination is a mix of vesicles. In some embodiments, a combination comprises the fusing of vesicles from two different plants. In some embodiments, the at least two different plants are selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato,pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, iboga, moringa, nettle and berry. In some embodiments, the at least two different plants are selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, iboga, moringa, carob, lemon, carrot, green tea, avocado, broccoli, tobacco, cinnamon, durian, persimmon, onion, olive, eggplant, pistachio, cherry, fennel, nettle and berry. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises isolated populations of vesicles from at least one of: Arthrospira platensis, chlorella, spimlina and sea moss.

[0215] By another aspect, there is provided a method of treating a disease in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition of the invention, thereby treating the disease in the subject.

[0216] By another aspect, there is provided a method of treating inflammation in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition of the invention, thereby treating inflammation in the subject.

[0217] By another aspect, there is provided a method of reducing oxidative stress in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition of the invention, thereby treating reducing oxidative stress in the subject.

[0218] By another aspect, there is provided a method of reducing myostatin expression in a cell, the method comprising contacting the cell with a composition of the invention, thereby reducing myostatin expression in the subject.

[0219] By another aspect, there is provided a method of inducing muscle cell differentiation, the method comprising contacting the muscle cell with a composition of the invention, thereby inducing muscle cell differentiation.

[0220] By another aspect, there is provided a method of treating muscle senescence and muscle aging, the method comprising contacting a muscle cell with a composition of the invention, thereby treating muscle senescence and muscle aging (sarcopenia).

[0221] By another aspect, there is provided a method of inducing neuronal cell differentiation, the method comprising contacting the neuronal cell with a composition of the invention, thereby inducing neuronal cell differentiation.

[0222] By another aspect, there is provided a method of decreasing neural cell damage and / or neurotoxicity, the method comprising contacting a neuronal cell with a composition of the invention or administering to a subject a composition of the invention, thereby decreasing neural cell damage and / or neurotoxicity.

[0223] By another aspect, there is provided a method of inducing neuronal regeneration by the method comprising contacting a neuronal cell with a composition of the invention or administering to a subject a composition of the invention, thereby decreasing neural cell damage and / or neurotoxicity.

[0224] By another aspect, there is provided a method of decreasing intestinal cell damage following inflammation or change in microbiota the method comprising contacting the intestinal cells with a composition of the invention, thereby decreasing cell damage and changes in intestinal permeability.

[0225] By another aspect, there is provided a method of increasing wellness in a subject, wherein increased wellness comprises concomitantly affecting multiple pathological pathways selected from inhibition of senescence, oxidative stress, inflammation and gut health, the method comprising administering to the subject a composition of the invention, thereby increasing wellness.

[0226] By another aspect, there is provided a method of regulating circadian rhythm, the method comprising administering to a subject a composition of the invention, thereby regulating circadian rhythm.

[0227] By another aspect, there is provided a method of delivering a compound into a target cell, the method comprising loading the compound into vesicles from a plant, fungus or algae to produce loaded vesicles and contacting the target cell with the loaded vesicles, thereby delivering the compound into the target cell.

[0228] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of vesicles from a plant, fungus or algae loaded with a compound.

[0229] By another aspect, there is provided a method of treating malnutrition in a subject, the method comprising administering vesicles from a plant, fungus or algae to the subject, thereby treating malnutrition.

[0230] By another aspect, there is provided a method of treating malnutrition in a subject, the method comprising loading a nutritional compound into vesicles from a plant, fungus oralgae to produce nutritional vesicles and administering the nutritional vesicles to the subject, thereby treating malnutrition.

[0231] By another aspect, there is provided a composition comprising an isolated population of NVs loaded with mammalian mitochondria.

[0232] In some embodiments, the method is an in vitro method. In some embodiments, the method is an ex vivo method. In some embodiments, the method is a culture method. In some embodiments, the method is an in vivo method. In some embodiments, the cell is in a subject. In some embodiments, the subject is in need of a method of the invention. In some embodiments, the subject is a mammal. In some embodiments, the mammal is a human. In some embodiments, the subject suffers from the disease or disorder. In some embodiments, the subject is malnourished. In some embodiments, the subject is undernourished.

[0233] In some embodiments, the cell is an in vivo cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an ex vivo cell. In some embodiments, the cell is an in vitro cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a cell in culture. In some embodiments, culture is tissue culture. In some embodiments, the cell is a cultured meat cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a human cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a stem cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a bacterial cell. In some embodiments, the bacterial cell is in a host. In some embodiments, the host is a mammal. In some embodiments, the host is a human. In some embodiments, the cell is part of the gut microbiome of the host. In some embodiments, the method is a method of modulating the gut microbiome. In some embodiments, the inflammation is gut inflammation. In some embodiments, gut inflammation comprises increased gut permeability. In some embodiments, the cell is a muscle cell. In some embodiments, the muscle cell is a satellite cell. In some embodiments, the muscle cell is a myoblast. In some embodiments, the muscle cell is a myotube. In some embodiments the muscle cell is a cardiac cell or a smooth muscle cells. In some embodiments, the muscle cell is a muscle stem cell. In some embodiments, the muscle cell is a cultured meat cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a neuronal cell. In some embodiments, the neuronal cell is a neuronal stem cell. In some embodiments, the neuronal cell is a neuronal precursor cell. In some embodiments the neuronal cells is selected from: a glial cell, microglia and oligodendrocyte. In some embodiments, the neuronal cell is a neuronal stem cell. In some embodiments, neuronal is neural.

[0234] In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease or condition. In some embodiments, the age-related disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the disease is aging.In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, the disease is aging-induced muscle loss. In some embodiments, the disease is systemic aging. In some embodiments, the age-related disease or condition is frailty. As used herein, “frailty” refers to a health condition where the body gradually loses its natural reserves resulting in a state of reduced resilience, characterized by a decline in strength, energy, and ability to recover quickly. Subjects afflicted with frailty are more vulnerable to adverse outcomes like falls, disability, and hospital admission, especially after a minor illness or stressful event. In some embodiments, the disease is a systemic disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a multisystem disease. In some embodiments, the vesicles inhibit signaling by old cells. In some embodiments, the composition of the invention is for use in inhibiting signaling by old cells. In some embodiments, the signaling induces aging in other cells or tissues. In some embodiments, the NVs inhibit the secretion of SASP (Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype) and / or “aging” EVs from old cells. In some embodiments, old cells are senescent cells. In some embodiments, senescence is muscle cell senescence. In some embodiments, senescence is neuronal senescence. In some embodiments, senescence is immune cell senescence. In some embodiments, senescence is T cell senescence. In some embodiments, senescence is macrophage senescence. In some embodiments, senescence is primary cell senescence in culture. In some embodiments, senescence is senescence of stem cells. In some embodiments, the stem cells are MSCs. In some embodiments, the MSCs are bone marrow MSCs. In some embodiments, the disease is an age-related disease.

[0235] In some embodiments, the disease is a proliferative disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cancer. In some embodiments, the cancer is selected from gastrointestinal cancer, brain cancer, pancreatic cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, skin cancer, renal cancer, hepatic cancer, head and neck cancer, oral cancer, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, bladder cancer, and prostate cancer. In some embodiments, the brain cancer is glioma. In some embodiments, glioma is glioblastoma. In some embodiments, the skin cancer is melanoma. In some embodiments, the head and neck cancer is oral cancer.

[0236] In some embodiments, the disease is a musculoskeletal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a muscle disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuromuscular disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a bone disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a metabolic disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a degenerative disease. In some embodiments, the disease is amitochondrial disease. In some embodiments, the disease is treatable by mitochondria transfer. In some embodiments, the method comprises administering NVs loaded with exogenous mitochondria. In some embodiments, the exogenous mitochondria are mammalian mitochondria. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by muscle cell senescence. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by increased myostatin expression. In some embodiments, myostatin expression is in a muscle cell. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by increased oxidative stress. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, pomegranate, citron or a combination thereof are useful in treating oxidative stress or a disease characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, pomegranate, citron, wasabi, coffee, stevia or a combination thereof are useful in treating oxidative stress or a disease characterized by oxidative stress. In some embodiments, increased is as compared to a control. In some embodiments, the control is a healthy control. In some embodiments, the control is a healthy cell. In some embodiments, the control is a healthy subject. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is muscle wasting. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, treating a musculoskeletal disease comprises inducing muscle stem cell regeneration.

[0237] In some embodiments, a muscle disease is a muscle-associated disease. In some embodiments, the muscle disease is muscle damage. In some embodiments, the muscle disease is muscle loss. In some embodiments, muscle loss is muscle loss with age (sarcopenia). In some embodiments, muscle loss is muscle loss from low gravity. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disease is selected from: muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy, myopathy, muscle injury, muscle cell senescence, cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle damage after GLP-1 or obesity drug use, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myositis, inflammatory muscle disease, autoimmune muscle diseases, muscle aging, muscle wasting, motor neuron disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, muscle injury and sport injury, a muscle inflammatory disease, rhabdomyolysis, Inclusion Body Myositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, and chemotherapy induced muscle wasting. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disease is muscle injury. In some embodiments, the muscular dystrophy is Duchenne’s or Becker muscular dystrophy. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disease is myopathy. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disease is characterized by muscle inflammation. In some embodiments, the musculoskeletal disease is muscle inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the muscle inflammatory disease is selected from myositis and idiopathic inflammatory myopathy. Insome embodiments, the obesity drug is a GLP-1 agonist. In some embodiments, treating a muscle-associated disease comprises inducing muscle stem cell regeneration. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron or a combination thereof are useful in treating the muscle disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle cell senescence. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, grape, tomato or a combination thereof are useful in inducing muscle cell differentiation. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression. In some embodiments, vesicles from wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, the disease is muscle injury. In some embodiments, the disease is muscle senescence. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato or a combination thereof are useful in inhibiting myostatin expression. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato or a combination thereof are useful in treating a disease characterized by increased expression of myostatin. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, rice or a combination thereof are useful in inhibiting myostatin expression. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, rice or a combination thereof are useful in treating a disease characterized by increased expression of myostatin. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, citron, or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle injury. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, citron, turmeric, beet, ginger, sage, guava, prickly pear, grapes, pomegranate, lychee, horseradish, soy, oat, lion’s mane, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, fenugreek, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, endive, pitaya, carambola, spirulina, moringa, stevia, carob or a combination thereof are useful in treating muscle injury. In some embodiments, useful is for use.

[0238] In some embodiments, the NVs for use according to a method of the invention are selected from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli, Lion’s mane or a combination thereof.In some embodiments, the NVs for use according to a method of the invention are a combination of NVs from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli, and Lion’s mane.

[0239] In some embodiments, an increase is at least a 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 95, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450 or 500% increase. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, a decrease is at least a 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90 95, 97, 99 or 100% decrease. Each possibility represents a separate embodiment of the invention. In some embodiments, increasing is significantly increasing. In some embodiments, decreasing is significantly decreasing.

[0240] In some embodiments, treating inflammation is treating an inflammatory disease or condition. In some embodiments, an inflammatory disease is inflammaging. As used herein, the term “inflammaging” refers to the chronic, low-grade, sterile inflammation that develops with advanced age and contributes to age-related diseases, frailty, and mortality. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease is a gut inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, the gut inflammatory disease is inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In some embodiments, IBD comprises colitis, and Crohn’s disease. In some embodiments, the inflammatory disease is a metabolic disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, turmeric, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, or a combination thereof are useful in treating an inflammatory disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, turmeric, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, moringa, or a combination thereof are useful in treating an inflammatory disease.

[0241] In some embodiments, the disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuronal disease. In some embodiments, a neuronal disease is a neurological disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a gastrointestinal disease. In some embodiments, the disease is cachexia. In some embodiments, the disease is sarcopenia. In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition. In some embodiments, the disease is a neuron-associated disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a disease of the central nervous system (CNS). In some embodiments, the disease is a disease of the peripheral nervous system. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by neuronal death. In some embodiments, the disease is characterized by neuronal dysfunction. In some embodiments, the neurological disease is a neuroinflammatory disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, turmeric, cocoa, sage or a combination thereof are useful in treating a neuroinflammatory disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, turmeric, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, tomato, beet, wasabi, coffee, moringa or a combinationthereof are useful in treating a neuroinflammatory disease . In some embodiments, the disease is a motor disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a sensory disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a sensory neuron disease. In some embodiments, the disease is a motor neuron disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease is a neurodegenerative disease. In some embodiments, the neurological disease is selected from: Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, multiple sclerosis, Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), recurrent brain encephalopathy, hearing loss, taste and smell loss, neuropathy, psychiatric diseases, addiction, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug addiction, vision diseases, migraine, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, recurrent brain encephalopathy, Bell’s palsy, myasthenia gravis, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy and seizure disorders, attention deficient hyperactive disorder (ADHD), attention deficient disorder (ADD), Tourette syndrome, Rett Syndrome, brain cancer and neurodevelopmental diseases. In some embodiments, the disease is Parkinson’s disease. In some embodiments, Parkinson’s disease comprises Parkinsonian disorders. In some embodiments, Parkinson’s disease comprises PD and atypical parkinsonian disorders. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, or a combination thereof are useful in treating neurological disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, or a combination thereof are useful in treating PD. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, or a combination thereof are useful in treating neuronal death and senescence. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, ginger, wasabi, coffee or a combination thereof are useful in treating neurological disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, ginger, wasabi, coffee or a combination thereof are useful in treating PD. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry, or a combination thereof are useful in treating neurological disease. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry, or a combination thereof are useful in treating PD. In some embodiments, vesicles from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, sage, or a combination thereof are useful in treating neuronal death and senescence. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, pomegranate, sage, citron, grape, tomato or a combination thereof are useful in inducing neuronal differentiation.

[0242] In some embodiments, the disease is malnutrition, and the vesicles are from a plant with high nutrient value. In some embodiments, the nutrient is protein. In some embodiments, the nutrient is fat. In some embodiments, the nutrient is carbohydrate. The nutrient contents of plants are well known in the art and a skilled artisan would be able to select the plant that is high in the desired nutrient such that this plants isolated vesicles could be used to treat malnutrition.

[0243] In some embodiments, the disease is a dysregulation of circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, the composition is for regulating circadian rhythm. In some embodiments, regulating circadian rhythm comprises providing or administering a melatonin mimic. In some embodiments, regulating circadian rhythm comprises inducing sleep. In some embodiments, regulating circadian rhythm comprises treating insomnia. In some embodiments, the disease or condition is insomnia. In some embodiments, the NVs from cherry, grapes, banana, tomatoes, apples, jujube, spirulina, strawberries, citron, orange, lemon, kiwi, fennel, pistachio or a combination thereof are useful for regulating circadian rhythm.

[0244] In some embodiments, the composition is for use in delivering a compound into a cell. In some embodiments, the cell is a target cell. In some embodiments, cell is in vitro. In some embodiments, the cell is in vivo. In some embodiments, the compound is a nutrient. In some embodiments, the compound is a drug. In some embodiments, the compound is a small molecule. In some embodiments, the compound is a protein. In some embodiments, the compound is a nutrient. In some embodiments, the compound is a nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the compound is a vitamin. In some embodiments, the nutrient is a vitamin. In some embodiments, the compound is a mineral. In some embodiments, the compound is a lipid. In some embodiments, the compound is a nucleic acid molecule. In some embodiments, the nucleic acid molecule is selected from an mRNA, a non-coding RNA, an siRNA, and an antisense oligonucleotide. In some embodiments, the compound is a DNA molecules (plasmids, vectors). In some embodiments, the compound is a viral vector. In some embodiments, the viral vector is for gene therapy. In some embodiments, the compound is crispr / cas9 system. In some embodiments, the compound is an antibody. In some embodiments, the compound is selected from a peptide, a protein and a small molecules. In some embodiments, the compound is cannabis or other compounds with addictive characteristics such as psychoactive alkaloids, ibogaine or psilocybin. In some embodiments, a compound is a molecule of interest. In some embodiments, the target cell is a muscle cell. In some embodiments, the target cell is an immune cell. In some embodiments,the target cell is an aging cell. In some embodiments, the target cell is a cell of the gut. In some embodiments, the target cell is a neuronal or neural cell. In some embodiments, the neural cell is a neural stem cell. In some embodiments, vesicles from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, grape, tomato and any combination thereof are useful for delivering a compound.

[0245] In some embodiments, the loading is active loading. In some embodiments, the compound is not a protein or nucleic acid molecule, and the loading is active loading. In some embodiments, the loading is passive loading. In some embodiments, the compound is a protein or nucleic acid molecule and the loading is passive loading. Methods of loading vesicles, such as by gradient, liposomes, sonication or electroporation are well known in the art and any such method may be employed. In some embodiments, the compound is a protein of nucleic acid molecule and loading comprises producing a transgenic plant, fungus or algae expressing the compound. In some embodiments, the transgenic plant is selected from a transgenic citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, guava, sage, pomegranate and grape plant expressing the protein or nucleic acid molecule. Methods of generating transgenic organisms are well known and any such method may be used. A vector expressing the compound may be transferred to the cells of the plant. In some embodiments, the compound may be generated in a vesicle by expressing with it a peptide tag. In some embodiments, the peptide tag is a vesicle nucleating peptide (VNp). In some embodiments, the VNp is derived from alpha-synuclein. In some embodiments, the alpha-synuclein is human alpha-synuclein. Alpha-synuclein inclusion will result in the transgenic plants generating the specific compounds such that they are encapsulated in the nanovesicles. Any method that results in encapsulation of the compound in the vesicles may be used.

[0246] The term "expression" as used herein refers to the biosynthesis of a gene product, including the transcription and / or translation of said gene product. Thus, expression of a nucleic acid molecule may refer to transcription of the nucleic acid fragment (e.g., transcription resulting in mRNA or other functional RNA) and / or translation of RNA into a precursor or mature protein (polypeptide).

[0247] Expressing of a protein or nucleic acid molecule within a cell is well known to one skilled in the art. It can be carried out by, among many methods, transfection, viral infection, or direct alteration of the cell’s genome. In some embodiments, the transcribable sequence of the compound is in an expression vector such as plasmid or viral vector. In some embodiments, the transcribable sequence is an open reading frame.

[0248] A vector nucleic acid sequence generally contains at least an origin of replication for propagation in a cell and optionally additional elements, such as a heterologous polynucleotide sequence, expression control element (e.g., a promoter, enhancer), selectable marker (e.g., antibiotic resistance), poly-Adenine sequence.

[0249] The vector may be a DNA plasmid delivered via non-viral methods or via viral methods. The viral vector may be a retroviral vector, a herpesviral vector, an adenoviral vector, an adeno-associated viral vector or a poxviral vector. The promoters may be active in mammalian cells. The promoters may be a viral promoter.

[0250] In some embodiments, the transcribable sequence is operably linked to a promoter. The term “operably linked” is intended to mean that the nucleotide sequence of interest is linked to the regulatory element or elements in a manner that allows for expression of the nucleotide sequence (e.g. in a host cell when the vector is introduced into the host cell).

[0251] In some embodiments, the vector is introduced into the cell by standard methods including electroporation (e.g., as described in From et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 82, 5824 (1985)), Heat shock, infection by viral vectors, high velocity ballistic penetration by small particles with the nucleic acid either within the matrix of small beads or particles, or on the surface (Klein et al., Nature 327. 70-73 (1987)), and / or the like.

[0252] The term "promoter" as used herein refers to a group of transcriptional control modules that are clustered around the initiation site for an RNA polymerase i.e., RNA polymerase II. Promoters are composed of discrete functional modules, each consisting of approximately 7-20 bp of DNA, and containing one or more recognition sites for transcriptional activator or repressor proteins. In some embodiments, the promoter is a constitutive promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is an inducible promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a tissue specific promoter. In some embodiments, the promoter is a cell or cell type specific promoter. In some embodiments, the cell is the target cell.

[0253] In some embodiments, nucleic acid sequences are transcribed by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II and Pol II). RNAP II is an enzyme found in eukaryotic cells. It catalyzes the transcription of DNA to synthesize precursors of mRNA and most snRNA and microRNA.

[0254] In some embodiments, mammalian expression vectors include, but are not limited to, pcDNA3, pcDNA3.1 (±), pGL3, pZeoSV2(±), pSecTag2, pDisplay, pEF / myc / cyto, pCMV / myc / cyto, pCR3.1, pSinRep5, DH26S, DHBB, pNMTl, pNMT41, pNMT81, which are available from Invitrogen, pCI which is available from Promega, pMbac, pPbac, pBK-RSV and pBK-CMV which are available from Strategene, pTRES which is available from Clontech, and their derivatives.

[0255] In some embodiments, expression vectors containing regulatory elements from eukaryotic viruses such as retroviruses are used by the present invention. SV40 vectors include pSVT7 and pMT2. In some embodiments, vectors derived from bovine papilloma virus include pBV-lMTHA, and vectors derived from Epstein Bar virus include pHEBO, and p2O5. Other exemplary vectors include pMSG, pAV009 / A+, pMTO10 / A+, pMAMneo- 5, baculovirus pDSVE, and any other vector allowing expression of proteins under the direction of the SV-40 early promoter, SV-40 later promoter, metallothionein promoter, murine mammary tumor virus promoter, Rous sarcoma virus promoter, polyhedrin promoter, or other promoters shown effective for expression in eukaryotic cells.

[0256] In some embodiments, recombinant viral vectors, which offer advantages such as lateral infection and targeting specificity, are used for in vivo expression. In one embodiment, lateral infection is inherent in the life cycle of, for example, retrovirus and is the process by which a single infected cell produces many progeny virions that bud off and infect neighboring cells. In one embodiment, the result is that a large area becomes rapidly infected, most of which was not initially infected by the original viral particles. In one embodiment, viral vectors are produced that are unable to spread laterally. In one embodiment, this characteristic can be useful if the desired purpose is to introduce a specified gene into only a localized number of targeted cells.

[0257] Various methods can be used to introduce the expression vector of the present invention into cells. Such methods are generally described in Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Springs Harbor Laboratory, New York (1989, 1992), in Ausubel et al., Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, John Wiley and Sons, Baltimore, Md. (1989), Chang et al., Somatic Gene Therapy, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Mich. (1995), Vega et al., Gene Targeting, CRC Press, Ann Arbor Mich. (1995), Vectors: A Survey of Molecular Cloning Vectors and Their Uses, Butterworths, Boston Mass. (1988) and Gilboa et at. [Biotechniques 4 (6): 504-512, 1986] and include, for example, stable or transient transfection, lipofection, electroporation and infection with recombinant viral vectors. In addition, see U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,464,764 and 5,487,992 for positive-negative selection methods.

[0258] In one embodiment, plant expression vectors are used. In one embodiment, the expression of a polypeptide coding sequence is driven by a number of promoters. In someembodiments, viral promoters such as the 35S RNA and 19S RNA promoters of CaMV [Brisson et al., Nature 310:511-514 (1984)], or the coat protein promoter to TMV [Takamatsu et al., EMBO J. 6:307-311 (1987)] are used. In another embodiment, plant promoters are used such as, for example, the small subunit of RUBISCO [Coruzzi et al., EMBO J. 3: 1671-1680 (1984); and Brogli et al., Science 224:838-843 (1984)] or heat shock promoters, e.g., soybean hspl7.5-E or hspl7.3-B [Gurley et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 6:559-565 (1986)]. In one embodiment, constructs are introduced into plant cells using Ti plasmid, Ri plasmid, plant viral vectors, direct DNA transformation, microinjection, electroporation and other techniques well known to the skilled artisan. See, for example, Weissbach & Weissbach [Methods for Plant Molecular Biology, Academic Press, NY, Section VIII, pp 421-463 (1988)]. Other expression systems such as insects and mammalian host cell systems, which are well known in the art, can also be used by the present invention.

[0259] It will be appreciated that other than containing the necessary elements for the transcription and translation of the inserted coding sequence (encoding the polypeptide), the expression construct of the present invention can also include sequences engineered to optimize stability, production, purification, yield or activity of the expressed polypeptide. Additional the vector may contain an element or encode a protein that results in the expressed polypeptide or nucleic acid molecule being encapsulated in the plant nanovesicles.

[0260] In some embodiments, the plant is selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, iboga, moringa, nettle and berry. In some embodiments, the plant is selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, iboga, moringa, carob, lemon, carrot, green tea, avocado, broccoli, tobacco, cinnamon, durian, persimmon, onion, olive, eggplant, pistachio, cherry, fennel, nettle and berry. In some embodiments, the plant is selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, fenugreek, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, moringa, carob, lemon, carrot, green tea, avocado, broccoli, tobacco, cinnamon, durian, persimmon, onion, olive, eggplant, pistachio, cherry, fennel, apple, jujube, strawberry, pineapple, coconut potatoes,aloe vera, garlic, cannabis, and saffron. In some embodiments, the algae is selected from Arthrospira platensis, chlorella, sea moss and spirulina.

[0261] By another aspect, there is provided a method of culturing a primary cell, the method comprising culturing a primary cell in medium comprising NVs derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, moringa or a combination thereof, thereby culturing a primary cell.

[0262] As used herein, the term “primary cell” refers to a cell freshly obtained from a multicellular organism. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a mammalian cell. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a human primary cell. In some embodiments, a primary cell is not immortalized. In some embodiments, a primary cell is a not a cell line. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a stem cell. In some embodiments, the medium is stem cell media. In some embodiments, the stem cell is a mesenchymal stem cell (MSC). In some embodiments, the media is MSC media. In some embodiments, the MSC is an umbilical cord or bone marrow MSC. In some embodiments, the primary cell is an astrocyte. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a neuron. In some embodiments, the medium is neuronal cell media. In some embodiments, the media is astrocyte media. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a neuronal cell. In some embodiments, the primary cell is a glial cell. In some embodiments, the method is a method of extending the time that a primary cell can be cultured. In some embodiments, extending the time is extending the time before senescence. In some embodiments, before senescence is before 10% of the cells become senescent. In some embodiments, culture is tissue culture. In some embodiments, culture is in vitro culture. In some embodiments, culture is ex vivo culture.

[0263] By another aspect, there is provided tissue culture media supplemented with NVs derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, moringa or a combination thereof.

[0264] In some embodiments, the media is stem cell media. In some embodiments, the media is MSC media. In some embodiments, the media is neuronal media. In some embodiments, the media is glial media. In some embodiments, the media is astrocyte media. In some embodiments, the media is neuronal media and the NVs are from moringa.

[0265] As used herein, the term "about" when combined with a value refers to plus and minus 10% (is this accepted or should we include up to 20% change?) of the reference value. For example, the length of about 1000 nanometers (nm) refers to a length of 1000 nm+- 100 nm.

[0266] It is noted that as used herein and in the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus,for example, reference to "a polynucleotide" includes a plurality of such polynucleotides and reference to "the polypeptide" includes reference to one or more polypeptides and equivalents thereof known to those skilled in the art, and so forth. It is further noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any optional element. As such, this statement is intended to serve as antecedent basis for use of such exclusive terminology as "solely," "only" and the like in connection with the recitation of claim elements, or use of a "negative" limitation.

[0267] In those instances where a convention analogous to "at least one of A, B, and C, etc." is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., "a system having at least one of A, B, and C" would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and / or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and / or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase "A or B" will be understood to include the possibilities of "A" or "B" or "A and B".

[0268] It is appreciated that certain features of the invention, which are, for clarity, described in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features of the invention, which are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any suitable sub-combination. All combinations of the embodiments pertaining to the invention are specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every combination was individually and explicitly disclosed. In addition, all subcombinations of the various embodiments and elements thereof are also specifically embraced by the present invention and are disclosed herein just as if each and every such sub-combination was individually and explicitly disclosed herein.

[0269] Additional objects, advantages, and novel features of the present invention will become apparent to one ordinarily skilled in the art upon examination of the following examples, which are not intended to be limiting. Additionally, each of the various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below finds experimental support in the following examples.

[0270] Various embodiments and aspects of the present invention as delineated hereinabove and as claimed in the claims section below find experimental support in the following examples.EXAMPLES

[0271] Generally, the nomenclature used herein and the laboratory procedures utilized in the present invention include molecular, biochemical, microbiological and recombinant DNA techniques. Such techniques are thoroughly explained in the literature. See, for example, "Molecular Cloning: A laboratory Manual" Sambrook et al., (1989); "Current Protocols in Molecular Biology" Volumes I-III Ausubel,...

Claims

CLAIMS:

1. A pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, prickly pear, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, fenugreek, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, endive, banana, mango, papaya, pitaya, carambola, moringa, carob, lemon, carrot, green tea, avocado, broccoli, tobacco, cinnamon, durian, persimmon, onion, olive, eggplant, pistachio, cherry, fennel, apple,jujube, strawberry, pineapple, coconut potato, aloe vera, garlic, cannabis, saffron; a mushroom; an algae; or a combination thereof, for use in treating a musculoskeletal, age-related or neurological disorder or disease, treating malnutrition, inducing muscle cell or neuronal differentiation, treating inflammation or reducing oxidative stress in a subject in need thereof.

2. The composition of claim 1, further comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or adjuvant.

3. The composition of claim 1 or 2, formulated for oral administration.

4. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein said NVs are derived from fruit, seeds, or roots of said plant or from the leaves of the citron.

5. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 4, comprising at least 10A8 NVs / ml.

6. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said musculoskeletal disorder or disease is selected from muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy, myopathy, muscle injury, muscle cell senescence, cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle damage after GLP-1 or obesity drug use, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myositis, inflammatory muscle disease, autoimmune muscle diseases, muscle aging, muscle wasting, motor neuron disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, muscle injury and sport injury, muscle loss, a muscle inflammatory disease, rhabdomyolysis, Inclusion Body Myositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, and chemotherapy induced muscle wasting.

7. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof.

8. The composition of claim 7, comprising NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron or a combination thereof.

9. The composition of claim 8, for use in treating muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

10. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes or any combination thereof for use in inducing muscle cell differentiation.

11. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomatoes, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof for use in treating muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression as compared to myostatin expression in a control healthy subject.

12. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said neurological disorder or disease is selected from Parkinson’s disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease, multiple sclerosis (MS), brain and spinal cord injury, stroke, neuropathy, psychiatric diseases, addiction, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), drug addiction, vision diseases, migraine, epilepsy, cerebral palsy, autism spectrum disorder, recurrent brain encephalopathy, Bell’s palsy, myasthenia gravis, Huntington’s disease, epilepsy and seizure disorders, attention deficient hyperactive disorder (ADHD), attention deficient disorder (ADD), Tourette syndrome, Rett Syndrome, brain cancer and neurodevelopmental diseases.

13. The composition of claim 12, comprising NVs from cocoa, pomegranate, sage, citron, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry or a combination thereof.

14. The composition of claim 13, comprising NVs from cocoa, pomegranate, sage, citron or a combination thereof.

15. The composition of claim 13 or 14, for use in treating neuronal cell death or a disease characterized by neuronal cell death.

16. The composition of claim 15, wherein said disease is Parkinson’s disease.

17. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said age-related disorder or disease is selected from cachexia, sarcopenia, malnutrition, Parkinson’s disease, arthritis, dementia, Alzheimer’s disease.

18. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes, pomegranate or any combination thereof for use in inducing neuronal differentiation.

19. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein said NVs are loaded with a nutrient and for use in treating malnutrition.

20. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 19, comprises NVs from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli, Lion’s mane or a combination thereof.

21. A composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant loaded with a compound, wherein said edible plant is selected from: cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes and any combination thereof, for use in delivery of said compound to target cells.

22. The composition of claim 21, wherein said compound is selected from a drug, a nucleic acid molecule, a protein, a nutrient, a vitamin, a mineral and a small molecule.

23. The composition of claim 21 or 22, wherein said cell is a muscle cell.

24. The composition of any one of claims 1 to 11 and 23, wherein said muscle cell is selected from a satellite cell, a myoblast and a myotube.

25. An in vitro method of inducing muscle cell differentiation, the method comprising providing a muscle cell in culture and contacting said muscle cell with isolated NVs from a plant selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, guava, sage, pomegranate and red grapes, thereby inducing muscle cell differentiation.

26. The in vitro method of claim 25, wherein said muscle cell is a satellite cell, a myoblast, a myotube, a cultured meat cell or any combination thereof.

27. An in vitro method of inducing neural cell differentiation, the method comprising providing a neural cell in culture and contacting said neural cell with isolated NVs from a plant selected from citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, sage, pomegranate and red grapes, thereby inducing neuronal cell differentiation.

28. The in vitro method of claim 27, wherein said neuronal cell is a neuronal stem cell, a cultured cell or both.

29. A method of delivering a compound to a cell, the method comprising loading said compound into NVs derived from a plant selected from: cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, red grapes, tomatoes and any combination thereof to produce loaded NVs and contacting said cell with said loaded NVs, thereby delivering said compound to said cell.

30. The method of claim 29, wherein said cell is a muscle cell, optionally wherein said muscle cell is selected from a satellite cell, a myoblast and a myotube.

31. The method of claim 29 or 30, wherein said compound is selected from a drug, a nucleic acid molecule, a protein, a nutrient, a vitamin, a mineral and a small molecule.

32. The method of any one of claims 29 to 31, wherein said loading is active loading into said NVs.

33. The method of claim 32, wherein said compound is a protein or nucleic acid molecule and said loading comprises producing a transgenic citron, turmeric, cocoa, tomatoes, guava, sage, pomegranate or red grape plant expressing said protein or nucleic acid molecule and isolating NVs from said transgenic plant.

34. A method of treating a muscle or bone disorder or disease in a subject in need thereof, the method comprising, administering to said subject a pharmaceutical composition comprising nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: citron, turmeric, cocoa, ginger, sage, guava, red grapes, basil, tomato, pomegranate, lychee, beet, lion’s mane, horseradish, soybean, oat, rice, com, candyleaf, wasabi, bitter melon, quince, lentil, chickpea, coffee, quinoa, ginger, wasabi, coffee, bitter melon, moringa, stevia, carob, lemon, green tea, broccoli, durian, cherry and a combination thereof, thereby treating said muscle disorder or disease.

35. The method of claim 34, wherein said pharmaceutical composition is formulated for oral administration.

36. The method of claim 34 or 35, wherein said NVs are derived from edible fruit, seeds, or roots of said edible plant or from the leaves of the citron.

37. The method of any one of claims 34 to 36, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises at least 10A8 EVs / ml.

38. The method of any one of claims 34 to 37, wherein said muscle or bone disorder or disease is selected from muscle atrophy, muscular dystrophy, myopathy, muscle injury, muscle cell senescence, cachexia, sarcopenia, muscle damage after GLP-1 use, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), myositis, inflammatory muscle disease, autoimmune muscle diseases, muscle aging, muscle wasting, motor neuron disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoporosis, cardiovascular disease, muscle weakness, muscle injury and sport injury, muscle loss, a muscle inflammatory disease, rhabdomyolysis, Inclusion Body Myositis, fibromyalgia, myasthenia gravis, and chemotherapy induced muscle wasting.

39. The method of any one of claims 34 to 38, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomato, wasabi, Lion’s mane, moringa, broccoli, bitter melon or a combination thereof and wherein said disease is muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

40. The method of claim 39, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, or a combination thereof and wherein said disease is muscle cell senescence or a disease characterized by muscle cell senescence.

41. The method of any one of claims 33 to 38, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises NVs from cocoa, turmeric, sage, citron, tomatoes or a combination thereof and wherein said muscle disease or disorder is selected from muscle cachexia, muscle injury, muscle senescence or a disease or disorder characterized by increased myostatin expression as compared to myostatin expression in a control healthy subject.

42. A method of treating malnutrition in a subject, the method comprising loading a nutritional compound into NVs derived from a plant, a mushroom or an algae to produce loaded NVs and administering said loaded NVs to said subject, thereby treating malnutrition.

43. A method of culturing a primary cell, the method comprising culturing said primary cell in medium comprising NVs derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, moringa or a combination thereof, thereby culturing a primary cell.

44. A pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising an isolated population of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from a plant selected from: cocoa, sage, guava, lion’s mane, horseradish, wasabi, fenugreek, quince, lentil, chickpea, quinoa, pitaya and a combination thereof.

45. A pharmaceutical or nutraceutical composition comprising a mixture of isolated populations of nanovesicles (NVs) derived from citron, cocoa, pomegranate, broccoli and Lion’s mane.

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