Metal promoted rhodium-containing catalysts for gasoline engine exhaust gas treatments
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- JOHNSON MATTHEY PLC
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-14
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-21
AI Technical Summary
Existing TWC catalysts for gasoline engines face challenges in achieving improved performance during cold start and hot transient stages, particularly with Rh-containing catalysts exhibiting disadvantages in CO and hydrocarbon oxidation, and there is a need for cost-effective use of platinum group metals (PGMs) to mitigate price fluctuations and resource inefficiencies.
Incorporating transition metal oxides such as Mn, Fe, Cu, or Zr into Rh-containing TWC catalysts, with a molar ratio between 0.5:1 to 100:1, enhances TWC performance by improving redox properties and oxygen storage capacity, allowing for lower Rh usage and reduced costs.
The integration of transition metal oxides into Rh-containing TWC catalysts improves TWC performance, particularly in CO and hydrocarbon oxidation, while reducing Rh usage, thus lowering costs and enhancing oxygen storage capacity.
Abstract
Description
METAL PROMOTED RHODIUM-CONTAINING CATALYSTS FOR GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUST GAS TREATMENTSFIELD OF THE INVENTION
[0001] This disclosure relates to a catalyst article for the treatment of an exhaust gas. In particular, the disclosure relates to a TWC catalyst for treating exhaust gas from an internal combustion engine.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Internal combustion engines produce exhaust gases containing a variety of pollutants, including hydrocarbons (HCs) , carbon monoxide (CO) , and nitrogen oxides ( “NOx” ) . Emission control systems, including exhaust gas catalytic conversion catalysts, are widely utilized to reduce the amount of these pollutants emitted to atmosphere. A commonly used catalyst for gasoline engine exhaust treatments is the TWC (three-way catalyst) . A TWC typically contains one or more platinum group metals (PGMs) , particularly those selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium and rhodium. TWCs perform three main functions: (1) oxidation of CO; (2) oxidation of unburnt HCs; and (3) reduction of NOx.
[0003] Despite advances in TWC technology, there remains a need for improved catalytic converters for certain engine platforms that simultaneously improve the performance in cold start stage, giving better light off performance, as well as at hot transient stage, giving better window performance toward air-to-fuel ratio (A / F) . Flexible use of Rh, Pd and / or Pt in TWC is necessary to mitigate the potential risk of PGM price fluctuation as well as to save, and make efficient use of, natural resources of PGM. Particularly, Rh-containing catalysts / catalytic layers have good performance in NOx reduction but disadvantages in oxidation of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon species as compared to Pd-and Pt-containing catalysts / catalytic layers. This invention resolves these challenges amongst others, with a specific focus on improving TWC performance for Rh-containing catalysts / catalytic layers.
[0004] US2015352533A1 describes close-coupled catalysts (CCC) for TWC applications. The CCCs are implemented using light-weighted ceramic substrates in which a thin coating employing a low loading of iron (Fe) -activated rhodium (Rh) material composition, with iron loadings and an OSM of Ceria-Zirconia, is deposited onto the substrates. Different CCC samples are produced to determine and / or verify improved light-off (LO) and NOx conversion of the CCCs. Other CCC samples produced are a CCC including a standard (non-activated) Rh thin coating and a heavily loaded CCC with a single coating of Pd / Rh material composition. The CCC samples are aged under dyno-aging using the multi-mode aging cycle and their performance tested using a car engine with ports on the exhaust to measure the emissions, according to the testing protocol in the Environmental Protection Agency Federal Test Procedure 75. The thin coatings of Fe-activated Rh are described as exhibiting improved light-off and NOx conversion efficiency. US2011020201A1 describes catalysts, systems and methods for abating emissions in an exhaust stream. Systems comprising a transition metal oxide stabilized oxygen storage catalyst are described. The emissions treatment system may be used for the treatment of exhaust streams from lean burn engines including diesel engines and lean burn gasoline engines. WO2024126482A2 describes a catalyst composition comprising a platinum group metal comprising rhodium, platinum or a combination thereof, a metal-oxide promoter, wherein the metal in the metal-oxide promoter is selected from magnesium, iron, nickel or any combination thereof, and a support, wherein the support is selected from a rare earth metal-oxide doped zirconia solid solution, a ceria-alumina composite, rare earth metal-oxide doped ceria-zirconia solid solution or a combination thereof, wherein the platinum group metal and promoter are co-impregnated on the support or acid-base reactive impregnated on the support. A process for the preparation of the catalyst composition and a catalytic article made from the catalyst composition are also described.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a catalytic article for treating exhaust gas comprising:
[0006] a substrate comprising an inlet end and an outlet end with an axial length L; and
[0007] a first catalytic region comprising Rh and a first metal oxide, the metal of the first metal oxide being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or a combination of two or more thereof,
[0008] wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.5: 1 to 100: 1.
[0009] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing a catalyst article for treating exhaust gas, the method comprising:
[0010] providing a substrate;
[0011] providing a washcoat slurry comprising Rh and ions of a first metal, the first metal being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or combinations of two or more thereof;
[0012] coating the substrate with the washcoat slurry to provide a catalyst article; and
[0013] calcining the catalyst article.
[0014] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of treating an exhaust gas, the method comprising:
[0015] providing an exhaust gas,
[0016] providing the catalyst article described herein, and
[0017] contacting the exhaust gas with the catalyst article.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment according to the present invention, which contains first catalytic region with a length of 100%to the axial length L of the substrate (single layer) .
[0019] FIG. 2a shows one embodiment according to the present invention, the first catalytic region extends 100%of the axial length L, as bottom layer; the second catalytic region extends 100%of the axial length L, as top layer.
[0020] FIG. 2b depicts a variation of FIG. 2a.
[0021] FIG. 3a shows one embodiment according to the present invention, the first catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the inlet end; the second catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the outlet end. The total length of the second and the first catalytic region is equal or less than the axial length L.
[0022] FIG. 3b depicts a variation of FIG. 3a.
[0023] FIG. 3c shows one embodiment according to the present invention, the first catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the inlet end; the second catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the outlet end. The total length of the second and the first catalytic region is greater than the axial length L.
[0024] FIG. 3d depicts a variation of FIG. 3c.
[0025] FIG. 4a shows one embodiment according to the present invention, the first catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the inlet end; the second catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the outlet end. The total length of the second and the first catalytic region is less than or equal to the axial length L. The 3rd catalytic region extends 100%of the axial length L and overlies the first and second catalytic regions as top layer.
[0026] FIG. 4b depicts a variation of FIG. 4a.
[0027] FIG. 4c shows one embodiment according to the present invention, the 3rd catalytic region extends 100%of the axial length L as bottom layer. The first catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the inlet end; the second catalytic region extends less than 100%of the axial length L, from the outlet end. The total length of the second and the first catalytic region is less than or equal to the axial length L.
[0028] FIG. 4d depicts a variation of FIG. 4c.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0029] One aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a catalytic article for treating exhaust gas comprising:
[0030] a substrate comprising an inlet end and an outlet end with an axial length L; and
[0031] a first catalytic region comprising Rh and a first metal oxide, the metal of the first metal oxide being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or a combination of two or more thereof,
[0032] wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.5: 1 to 100: 1.
[0033] The inventors have surprisingly discovered that incorporating a certain amount of transition metal oxide (such as oxides of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zr) into Rh-containing TWC catalyst formulations may result in improved TWC performance after redox aging. In comparison to conventional Rh-containing TWC catalysts, this may enable the use of lower levels of Rh for the same TWC performance, thereby reducing costs. Furthermore, the OSC performance may be improved in comparison to conventional Rh-containing catalysts.
[0034] Without being bound by theory, it is considered that the redox properties of the metal of the first metal oxide may be responsible for the improvement in the TWC and OSC properties, for example enabling Rh to present at desirable oxidation states, enhancing oxygen transfer at redox conditions, and directly participating in the oxidation reactions of CO and THCs species.
[0035] The catalytic article is for treating exhaust gas, preferably exhaust gas from a vehicular engine, more preferably a gasoline engine.
[0036] The substrate preferably comprises a flow-through monolith. Alternatively, the substrate comprises a wall-flow filter. The flow-through monolith substrate may have a first face and a second face defining a longitudinal direction there between. The flow-through monolith substrate may have a plurality of channels extending between the first face and the second face. The plurality of channels may extend in the longitudinal direction and may provide a plurality of inner surfaces (e.g. the surfaces of the walls defining each channel) . Each of the plurality of channels may have an opening at the first face and an opening at the second face. For the avoidance of doubt, the flow-through monolith substrate is not a wall flow filter. The first face is typically at an inlet end of the substrate and the second face is at an outlet end of the substrate. The channels may be of a constant width and each plurality of channels may have a uniform channel width. Preferably, within a plane orthogonal to the longitudinal direction, the monolith substrate has from 300 to 900 channels per square inch, preferably from 400 to 800. For example, on the first face, the density of open first channels and closed second channels may be from 600 to 700 channels per square inch. The channels may have cross sections that are, for example, rectangular, square, circular, oval, triangular, hexagonal, or other polygonal shapes.
[0037] The monolith substrate may act as a support for holding catalytic material. Suitable materials for forming the monolith substrate include, for example, ceramic-like materials such as cordierite, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, mullite, spodumene, alumina-silica magnesia or zirconium silicate, or of porous, refractory metal. Such materials and their use in the manufacture of porous monolith substrates are well known in the art.
[0038] It should be noted that the flow-through monolith substrate described herein is a single component (i.e. a single brick) . Nonetheless, when forming an emission treatment system, the substrate used may be formed by adhering together a plurality of channels or by adhering together a plurality of smaller substrates as described herein. Such techniques are well known in the art, as well as suitable casings and configurations of the emission treatment system.
[0039] In embodiments wherein the catalyst article of the present comprises a ceramic substrate, the ceramic substrate may be made of any suitable refractory material, e.g., alumina, silica, ceria, zirconia, magnesia, zeolites, silicon nitride, silicon carbide, zirconium silicates, magnesium silicates, aluminosilicates and metallo aluminosilicates (such as cordierite and spodumene) , or a mixture or mixed oxide of any two or more thereof. Cordierite, a magnesium aluminosilicate, and silicon carbide are particularly preferred.
[0040] In embodiments wherein the catalyst article of the present invention comprises a metallic substrate, the metallic substrate may be made of any suitable metal, and in particular heat-resistant metals and metal alloys such as titanium and stainless steel as well as ferritic alloys containing iron, nickel, chromium, and / or aluminium in addition to other trace metals.
[0041] The catalyst article comprises a first catalytic region. The first catalytic region is typically disposed on and / or in the substrate. For example, when the substrate comprises a flow-through monolith, the first catalytic region may be situated in the channels of the monolith, for example on the wall of the channels and / or inside the porous walls of the channels. The first catalytic region may be in the form of a washcoat.
[0042] The relative terms “first” , “second” , etc. as used herein are simply labels used in order to distinguish the layers and are not intended to indicate the relative arrangement of the coatings or other features, unless stated otherwise.
[0043] The first catalytic region comprises Rh. The Rh is preferably in the form of particles, more preferably nanoparticles. The Rh may be present on a support material.
[0044] The first catalytic region comprises a first metal oxide, the first metal oxide being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or a combination of two or more thereof. Mn oxides may include, for example, Mn (II) oxide, Mn (III) oxides, Mn (IV) oxides, Mn (VI) oxides, Mn (VII) oxides and mixed oxides thereof, for example MnO, Mn3O4, Mn2O3, MnO2, MnO3, Mn2O7, Mn5O8, Mn7O12 and Mn7O13. Fe oxides may include, for example, Fe (II) oxide, Fe (III) oxides and / or mixed Fe (II) / Fe (III) oxides, for example, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe5O6, Fe5O7, Fe25O32, Fe13O19 and Fe2O3 (α, β, γ or ε) . Cu oxides may include, for example, Cu (I) oxides, Cu (II) oxide and Cu (I) / Cu (II) mixed oxides, for example, Cu2O, CuO and Cu4O3. Zr oxides may include, for example, Zr (II) oxide and Zr (IV) oxide, for example, ZrO and ZrO4.
[0045] The first metal oxide may be substantially devoid of metals other than Mn, Fe, Cu and Zr. In particular, the first metal oxide may be substantially devoid of Ce and / or Al.
[0046] The first metal oxide is preferably in the form of particles, more preferably nanoparticles.
[0047] The first metal oxide is preferably uniformly distributed throughout the first catalytic region. In particular, when a support material, such as an OSC material or inorganic oxide, is present, preferably the first metal oxide is not confined to the support material, for example by being pre-fixed to the support material. For example, conventional catalyst manufacturing methods may comprise impregnating a support material with a metal salt by incipient wetness followed by drying and calcining. The dried, calcined powder is then added to a PGM-containing slurry, which is then applied to a substrate. The slurry is then dried and calcined to form. a washcoat. In such situations, metal oxide may be “fixed” to the support material. Following aging, Rh, which may have initially been present only on a support material, such as an OSC or inorganic mixed oxide, may partially migrate to be present in other parts of the first catalytic region. By having the first metal oxide uniformly distributed throughout the first catalytic region, the first metal oxide may favourably interact with the Rh, even after aging. This is in contrast to, for example, catalytic regions comprising OSC materials and / or inorganic mixed oxide support materials having oxides of Mn, Fe, Cu and Zr incorporated into their crystal lattices, e.g. as mixed oxides.
[0048] The first metal oxide is typically a stand-alone compound. For example, the first metal oxide is typically not part of a mixed metal oxide, e.g. ceria-zirconia mixed oxide. Optionally, a portion of the first metal oxide nanoparticles may also be deposited on to the surface of the support materials, for example alumina and / or ceria-zirconia.
[0049] The molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.5: 1 to 100: 1. Lower amounts of metal of the first metal oxide may result in only a limited improvement in TWC / OSC behaviour. Higher amounts of metal of the first metal oxide may block active sites or accelerate the support sintering upon aging by formation of some unfavorable phases, for example aluminate or zirconate species, without any substantial further improvement in TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0050] Preferably, Rh is the only platinum group metal (PGM) present in the first catalytic region. In other words, the first catalytic region may be substantially devoid of PGM other than Rh such as, for example, Pt and Pd.
[0051] The metal of the first metal oxide is preferably Mn, Fe, Cu, or a combination of two or more thereof. Such metals may provide the catalytic article with particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0052] The first catalytic region preferably further comprises a first oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material and / or a first inorganic oxide.
[0053] The term “oxygen storage capacity” (OSC) as used herein takes on its normal meaning and refers to the ability of materials used as oxygen storage capacity materials in catalysts to store oxygen under lean conditions and to release it under rich conditions. The OSC material may improve the OSC behaviour of the catalyst article.
[0054] The first inorganic oxide may act, for example, as a support material for the Rh. For example, the Rh may be fixed to the first inorganic oxide. This may improve the thermostability of the first catalytic region, thereby improving its performance after aging.
[0055] The Rh and / or the first metal oxide may each be supported on the first inorganic oxide and / or the OSC material. That is, particles of Rh and / or particles of the first metal oxide may be supported on the first inorganic oxide and / or the first OSC material, but do not form part of the first inorganic oxide and / or the first OSC material per se (i.e. part of the framework of the first inorganic oxide and / or the first OSC material) . However, at least a portion of the Rh and / or the first metal oxide may be present “freely” in the first coating, i.e. not directly supported on the first inorganic oxide and / or the first OSC material. The term “supported on” as used herein may encompass that the component, typically in the form of nanoparticles, is directly in contact, and physical and / or chemically bound to the surface of the supporting material. The term “surface of the supporting material” may encompass the surface of the pores within a porous support material, such as an inorganic oxide support and / or OSC material, for example.
[0056] As will be appreciated, the first OSC material, the first inorganic oxide, the Rh and the first metal oxide are distinct from one another, i.e. they are independent, distinct components of the first catalytic region. As the first metal oxide is distinct from the first inorganic oxide and the first OSC material, the first metal oxide therefore does not form part of a (solid solution) mixed oxide in the first OSC material or the first inorganic oxide.
[0057] The first OSC material is preferably selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, and an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide. Such species may exhibit particularly pronounced OSC behaviour. More preferably, the first OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide or a combination thereof. The ceria-zirconia mixed oxide can further comprise dopants, such as lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium oxides, etc. The first OSC material may function as a support material for the Rh (e.g. as a first Rh support material) . In some embodiments, the first OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide and the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.
[0058] The first inorganic oxide is preferably an oxide of Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 13 and 14 elements. The first inorganic oxide is more preferably selected from the group consisting of alumina, magnesia, silica, zirconia, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Particularly preferably, the first inorganic oxide is alumina, lanthanum-alumina, zirconia, or a magnesia / alumina composite oxide. One especially preferred first inorganic oxide is alumina or lanthanum-alumina (i.e. lanthanum-doped alumina) . The alumina may comprise alpha alumina, gamma alumina, and / or theta alumina. In a preferred embodiment, the alumina comprises gamma alumina. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the alumina comprises alpha and / or theta alumina. Such species may be particularly effective support materials for the Rh.
[0059] The first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no greater than 10: 1; preferably, no greater than 8: 1 or 5: 1; more preferably, no greater than 4: 1 or 3: 1; most preferably, no greater than 2: 1.
[0060] Alternatively, the first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of 10: 1 to 1: 10; preferably, 8: 1 to 1: 8 or 5: 1 to 1: 5; more preferably, 4: 1 to 1: 4 or 3: 1 to 1: 3; and most preferably, 2: 1 to 1: 2.
[0061] In some embodiments, the first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 2: 1. In further embodiments, the first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 10: 1. In another further embodiments, the first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 20: 1 or no less than 30: 1. In yet another further embodiments, the first OSC material and the first inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 40: 1 or no less than 50: 1.
[0062] The first catalytic region may further comprise a first alkali or alkaline earth metal. In other embodiments, the first catalytic region can be substantially free of the first alkali or alkaline earth metal. The first alkali or alkaline earth metal is preferably barium, or strontium, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Preferably the barium or strontium, where present, is loaded in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %of barium or strontium, based on the total weight of the first catalytic region.
[0063] Preferably, the barium or the strontium is present as BaCO3 or SrCO3. Such a material can be performed by any method known in the art, for example incipient wetness impregnation or spray-drying.
[0064] The metal of the first metal oxide is preferably Mn. The presence of Mn oxide may result in a particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0065] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Mn, the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is preferably from 5: 1 to 100: 1, more preferably from 10: 1 to 90: 1, even more preferably from 15: 1 to 80: 1. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0066] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Mn, the first catalytic region preferably comprises from 10 to 150 g / ft2 of the first metal, more preferably from 20 to 140 g / ft2, even more preferably from 25 to 130 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the metal of the first metal oxide is Mn and the first catalytic region comprises from 60 to 120 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 70 to 110 g / ft2, more preferably from 80 to 10 g / ft2, even more preferably from 85 to 95 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0067] The metal of the first metal oxide is preferably Fe. The presence of Fe oxide may result in a particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0068] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Fe, the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is preferably from 0.5: 1 to 6: 1, more preferably from 0.6: 1 to 5: 1, even more preferably from 0.7: 1 to 4: 1. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the metal of the first metal oxide is Fe and the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.5: 1 to 1.2: 1, preferably from 0.6: 1 to 1.1: 1, more preferably from 0.7: 1 to 1: 1. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0069] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Fe, the first catalytic region preferably comprises from 2 to 20 g / ft2 of the first metal, more preferably from 3 to 17 g / ft2, even more preferably from 4 to 14 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 5 to 13 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the metal of the first metal oxide is Fe and the first catalytic region comprises from 5 to 25 g / ft2 of the first metal, more preferably from 6 to 20 g / ft2, even more preferably from 7 to 18 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 8 to 16 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 9 to 15 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 10 to 15 g / ft2.
[0070] The metal of the first metal oxide is preferably Cu. The presence of Cu oxide may result in a particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0071] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Cu, the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is preferably from 0.2: 1 to 6: 1, more preferably from 0.3: 1 to 5: 1, even more preferably from 0.4: 1 to 4: 1. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0072] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Cu, the first catalytic region preferably comprises: from 1 to 20 g / ft2 of the first metal, more preferably from 2 to 18 g / ft2, even more preferably from 3 to 15 g / ft2; still even more preferably from 4 to 13 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the metal of the first metal oxide is Cu and the first catalytic region comprises: from 2 to 10 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 3 to 9 g / ft2, more preferably from 4 to 8 g / ft2; even more preferably from 5 to 7 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0073] The metal of the first metal oxide is preferably Zr. The presence of Zr oxide may result in a particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0074] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Zr, the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is preferably from 0.2: 1 to 20: 1, more preferably from 0.3: 1 to 15: 1, even more preferably from 0.4: 1 to 13: 1. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0075] When the metal of the first metal oxide is Zr, the first catalytic region preferably comprises: from 1 to 50 g / ft2 of the first metal, more preferably from 2 to 40 g / ft2, even more preferably from 3 to 35 g / ft2. Such amounts may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour. In an alternative preferred embodiment, the metal of the first metal oxide is Zr and the first catalytic region comprises: from 5 to 25 g / ft2, preferably from 8 to 20 g / ft2, more preferably from 10 to 18 g / ft2, even more preferably from 11 to 16 g / ft2 of the first metal. Such ratios may result in particularly improved TWC / OSC behaviour.
[0076] The first catalytic region preferably comprises from 0.5 to 10 g / ft2 Rh, more preferably from 1 to 9 g / ft2 Rh, even more preferably from 2 to 8 g / ft2 Rh, still even more preferably from 2.5 to 8 g / ft2 Rh. Lower amounts of Rh may result in only minimal improvement in TWC behaviour. Higher amounts of Rh may increase the cost of the catalyst article without a corresponding significant improvement in TWC behaviour.
[0077] The total washcoat loading of the first catalytic region can be less than 4.0 g / in3; preferably, less than 3.5 g / in3 or 3.0 g / in3. Alternatively, the total washcoat loading of the first catalytic region can be from 0.5 to 4.0 g / in3; preferably, can be from 0.8 to 3.5 g / in3 or 1.0 to 3 g / in3.
[0078] The first catalytic region can extend for 100 percent of the axial length L. (E.g., see FIGs. 1, 2a, and 2b) . In some embodiments, the first catalytic region can extend for 20 to 99%, 30 to 90%, or 40-80%of the axial length L. Alternatively, the first catalytic region can extend for 30 to 70 percent of the axial length L. Preferably, for 40 to 60 percent, more preferably, 45 to 55 percent of the axial length L, (E.g., see FIGs. 3a-3d) .
[0079] In some embodiments, the first catalytic region can be supported / deposited directly on the substrate.
[0080] The catalytic article may further comprise a second catalytic region.
[0081] The second catalytic region can further comprise a second PGM component (the Rh of the first catalytic region being a first PGM component) , a second oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material, a second alkali or alkaline earth metal component, and / or a second inorganic oxide.
[0082] The second PGM component can be selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, and a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the second PGM component can be Pd, Rh or a mixture thereof. In other embodiments, the second PGM component can be Pt, Rh or a mixture thereof. In further embodiments, the second PGM component can be Rh.
[0083] The second OSC material can be cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, or a combination thereof. More preferably, the second OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, or a combination thereof. In addition, the second OSC material may further comprise one or more of dopants like lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium etc. Moreover, the second OSC material may have the function as a support material for the second PGM component. In some embodiments, the second OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide and the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.
[0084] The ceria-zirconia mixed oxide can have a weight ratio of zirconia to ceria at least 50: 50; preferably, higher than 60: 40; more preferably, higher than 70: 30. Alternatively, the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide also can have a weight ratio of ceria to zirconia less than 50: 50, preferably, less than 40: 60, more preferably, less than 30: 70.
[0085] The second OSC material (e.g., ceria-zirconia mixed oxide) can be from 10 to 90 wt. %; preferably, 25-75 wt. %; more preferably, 30-60 wt. %, based on the total washcoat loading of the second catalytic region.
[0086] The second OSC material loading in the second catalytic region can be less than 3 g / in3. In some embodiments, the second OSC material loading in the second catalytic region is no greater than 2.5 g / in3, 2.2 g / in3, 2 g / in3, 1.8 g / in3, or 1.7 g / in3.
[0087] The second alkali or alkaline earth metal is preferably barium, strontium, mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Preferably the barium or strontium, where present, is in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %of barium or strontium, based on the total weight of the second catalytic region.
[0088] It is even more preferable that the second alkali or alkaline earth metal is strontium. The strontium, where present, is preferably present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the second catalytic region.
[0089] It is also preferable that the second alkali or alkaline earth metal is mixed oxides or composite oxide of barium and strontium. Preferably, the mixed oxides or composite oxide of barium and strontium is present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the second catalytic region. It is more preferable that the second alkali or alkaline earth metal is composite oxide of barium and strontium.
[0090] Preferably the barium or strontium is present as BaCO3 or SrCO3. Such a material can be performed by any method known in the art, for example incipient wetness impregnation or spray-drying.
[0091] The second inorganic oxide is preferably an oxide of Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 13 and 14 elements. The second inorganic oxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of alumina, magnesia, silica, zirconia, barium oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Particularly preferably, the second inorganic oxide is alumina, lanthanum-alumina, zirconia, or a magnesia / alumina composite oxide. One especially preferred second inorganic oxide is alumina or lanthanum-alumina.
[0092] The second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no greater than 10: 1; preferably, no greater than 8: 1 or 5: 1; more preferably, no greater than 4: 1 or 3: 1; most preferably, no greater than 2: 1.
[0093] Alternatively, the second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of 10: 1 to 1: 10; preferably, 8: 1 to 1: 8 or 5: 1 to 1: 5; more preferably, 4: 1 to 1: 4 or 3: 1 to 1: 3; and most preferably, 2: 1 to 1: 2.
[0094] In some embodiments, the second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 2: 1. In further embodiments, the second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 10: 1. In another further embodiments, the second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 20: 1 or no less than 30: 1. In yet another further embodiments, the second OSC material and the second inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 40: 1 or no less than 50: 1.
[0095] The total washcoat loading of the second catalytic region can be less than 4.0 g / in3; preferably, less than 3.5 g / in3 or 3.0 g / in3. Alternatively, the total washcoat loading of the first catalytic region can be from 0.5 to 4.0 g / in3; preferably, can be from 0.6 to 3.5 g / in3 or 0.7 to 3 g / in3.
[0096] The second catalytic region can extend for 100 percent of the axial length L. (E.g., see FIGs. 2a and 2b)
[0097] The second catalytic region can extend for 30 to 70 percent of the axial length L. Preferably, for 40 to 60 percent, more preferably, 45 to 55 percent of the axial length L. and most preferably, the total length of the second region and the first region is equal or greater than the axial length L (E.g., see FIGs. 3a-3d) .
[0098] The second catalytic region can overlap with the first catalytic region for 0.1 to 99 percent of the axial length L (e.g., see FIGs. 3c and 3d, the first catalytic region can overlie the second catalytic region or the second catalytic region can overlie the first catalytic region) . Alternatively, the total length of the second catalytic region and the first catalytic region can equal to the axial length L (e.g., see FIGs. 3a and 3b) . In yet another alternative, total the length of the second catalytic region and the first catalytic region can be less than the axial length L, for example, no greater than 95%, 90%, 80%, or 70%of the axial length L.
[0099] In certain embodiments, the second catalytic region can be supported / deposited directly on the substrate.
[0100] The catalytic article may further comprise a third catalytic region.
[0101] The third catalytic region can further comprise a third PGM component, a third oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material, a third alkali or alkaline earth metal component, and / or a third inorganic oxide.
[0102] The third PGM component can be selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, and a mixture thereof. In some embodiments, the third PGM component can be Pd, Rh or a mixture thereof.
[0103] The third OSC material can be cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, or a combination thereof. More preferably, the third OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, or a combination thereof. In addition, the third OSC material may further comprise one or more of dopants like lanthanum, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium etc. Moreover, the third OSC material may have the function as a support material for the third PGM component. In some embodiments, the third OSC material comprises the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide and the alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.
[0104] The ceria-zirconia mixed oxide can have a weight ratio of zirconia to ceria at least 50: 50; preferably, higher than 60: 40; more preferably, higher than 75: 25. Alternatively, the ceria-zirconia mixed oxide also can have a weight ratio of ceria to zirconia less than 50: 50; preferably, less than 40: 60; more preferably, less than 25: 75.
[0105] The third OSC material (e.g., ceria-zirconia mixed oxide) can be from 10 to 90 wt. %; preferably, 25-75 wt. %; more preferably, 30-60 wt. %, based on the total washcoat loading of the third catalytic region.
[0106] The third OSC material loading in the third catalytic region can be less than 3 g / in3. In some embodiments, the second OSC material loading in the second catalytic region is no greater than 2.5 g / in3, 2.2 g / in3, 2 g / in3, 1.8 g / in3, or 1.7 g / in3.
[0107] The total washcoat loading of the third catalytic region can be less than 1.0 g / in3; preferably, no more than 3.5 g / in3, 3.0 g / in3, or 2.5 g / in3.
[0108] The third alkali or alkaline earth metal is preferably barium, strontium, mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Preferably the barium or strontium, where present, is in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %of barium or strontium, based on the total weight of the third catalytic region.
[0109] It is even more preferable that the third alkali or alkaline earth metal is strontium. The strontium, where present, is preferably present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the third catalytic region.
[0110] It is also preferable that the third alkali or alkaline earth metal is mixed oxides or composite oxide of barium and strontium. Preferably, the mixed oxides or composite oxide of barium and strontium is present in an amount of 0.1 to 15 wt. %, and more preferably 3 to 10 wt. %, based on the total weight of the third catalytic region. It is more preferable that the third alkali or alkaline earth metal is composite oxide of barium and strontium.
[0111] Preferably the barium or strontium is present as BaCO3 or SrCO3. Such a material can be performed by any method known in the art, for example incipient wetness impregnation or spray-drying.
[0112] The third inorganic oxide is preferably an oxide of Groups 2, 3, 4, 5, 13 and 14 elements. The third inorganic oxide is preferably selected from the group consisting of alumina, magnesia, silica, zirconia, barium oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof. Particularly preferably, the third inorganic oxide is alumina, lanthanum-alumina, zirconia, or a magnesia / alumina composite oxide. One especially preferred third inorganic oxide is alumina or lanthanum-alumina.
[0113] The third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no greater than 10: 1; preferably, no greater than 8: 1 or 5: 1; more preferably, no greater than 4: 1 or 3: 1; most preferably, no greater than 2: 1.
[0114] Alternatively, the third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of 10: 1 to 1: 10; preferably, 8: 1 to 1: 8 or 5: 1 to 1: 5; more preferably, 4: 1 to 1: 4 or 3: 1 to 1: 3; and most preferably, 2: 1 to 1: 2.
[0115] In some embodiments, the third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 2: 1. In further embodiments, the third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 10: 1. In another further embodiments, the third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 20: 1 or no less than 30: 1. In yet another further embodiments, the third OSC material and the third inorganic oxide can have a weight ratio of no less than 40: 1 or no less than 50: 1.
[0116] The third catalytic region can extend for 100 percent of the axial length L (e.g., see FIGs. 4a-4d) .
[0117] The third catalytic region can be less than the axial length L, for example, no greater than 95%, 90%, 80%, or 70%of the axial length L.
[0118] The second catalytic region can overlap with the first catalytic region for 0.1 to 99 percent of the axial length L, the first catalytic region can overlie the second catalytic region, or the second catalytic region can overlie the first catalytic region) . Alternatively, the either of second or first region can extend for 30 to 70 percent of the axial length L. Preferably, for 40 to 60 percent, more preferably, 45 to 55 percent of the axial length L. and most preferably, the total length of the second and the first region is equal or less than the axial length L (e.g., see FIGs. 4a-4d) .
[0119] The catalyst article of the invention may comprise further components that are known to the skilled person. For example, the compositions of the invention may further comprise at least one binder and / or at least one surfactant. Where a binder is present, dispersible alumina binders are preferred.
[0120] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of manufacturing a catalyst article for treating exhaust gas, the method comprising: providing a substrate; providing a washcoat slurry comprising Rh and ions of a first metal, the first metal being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or combinations of two or more thereof; coating the substrate with the washcoat slurry to provide a catalyst article; and calcining the catalyst article in air.
[0121] The ions of the first metal may form the first metal oxide in situ, typically in granular form. The ions of the first metal may be introduced into the washcoat slurry using any suitable salt such as, for example, a nitrate or acetate salt. The method may further comprise drying the catalyst article. This may remove solvent (e, g, water) from the washcoat slurry. The calcination may lead to oxidative decomposition of the metal salts and further formation of the first metal oxide. The calcination may occur, for example, at a temperature of from 400 to 600 ℃ and / or for a time of from 10 to 120 minutes. By including the first metal in the washcoat slurry in the form of ions, i.e. by forming the first metal oxide in situ, the first metal oxide may be distributed substantially uniformly throughout the washcoat. As discussed above in relation to the first aspect, following aging, Rh, which may have initially been present only on a support material, such as an OSC or inorganic mixed oxide, may partially migrate to be present in other parts of the first catalytic region. By having the first metal oxide uniformly distributed throughout the first catalytic region, the first metal oxide may favourably interact with the Rh, even after aging.
[0122] The washcoat slurry preferably comprises a first oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material and / or a first inorganic oxide
[0123] Providing the washcoat slurry preferably comprises: providing the first OSC material; providing the first inorganic oxide, wherein the first inorganic oxide comprises the Rh supported thereon; and preparing a washcoat slurry comprising the OSC material and the first inorganic oxide comprising the Rh supported thereon.
[0124] Providing the first inorganic oxide, wherein the first inorganic oxide comprises the Rh supported thereon, preferably comprises: providing the first inorganic oxide; contacting the first inorganic oxide with Rh ions, preferably in an aqueous suspension; and calcining the first inorganic oxide to fix particles of the Rh to the first inorganic oxide.
[0125] Providing the washcoat slurry preferably comprises providing a slurry comprising the OSC material, the first inorganic oxide and Rh ions.
[0126] The washcoat slurry preferably further comprises a binder.
[0127] The catalyst article is preferably the catalyst article of the first aspect.
[0128] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a catalyst article obtained or obtainable by the method of the above aspect.
[0129] Another aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of treating an exhaust gas, the method comprising: providing an exhaust gas, providing the catalyst article of the first aspect, and contacting the exhaust gas with the catalyst article.
[0130] The exhaust gas is preferably from an internal combustion engine, more preferably a gasoline engine.
[0131] DEFINTIONS
[0132] The term “region” as used herein refers to an area on a substrate, typically obtained by drying and / or calcining a washcoat. A “region” can, for example, be disposed or supported on a substrate as a “layer” or a “zone” . The area or arrangement on a substrate is generally controlled during the process of applying the washcoat to the substrate. The “region” typically has distinct boundaries or edges (i.e. it is possible to distinguish one region from another region using conventional analytical techniques) .
[0133] Typically, the “region” has a substantially uniform length. The reference to a “substantially uniform length” in this context refers to a length that does not deviate (e.g. the difference between the maximum and minimum length) by more than 10 %, preferably does not deviate by more than 5 %, more preferably does not deviate by more than 1 %, from its mean value.
[0134] It is preferable that each “region” has a substantially uniform composition (i.e. there is no substantial difference in the composition of the washcoat when comparing one part of the region with another part of that region) . Substantially uniform composition in this context refers to a material (e.g., region) where the difference in composition when comparing one part of the region with another part of the region is 5%or less, usually 2.5%or less, and most commonly 1%or less.
[0135] The term “zone” as used herein refers to a region having a length that is less than the total length of the substrate, such as ≤ 75 %of the total length of the substrate. A “zone” typically has a length (i.e. a substantially uniform length) of at least 5% (e.g. ≥ 5 %) of the total length of the substrate.
[0136] The total length of a substrate is the distance between its inlet end and its outlet end (e.g. the opposing ends of the substrate) .
[0137] Any reference to a “zone disposed at an inlet end of the substrate” used herein refers to a zone disposed or supported on a substrate where the zone is nearer to an inlet end of the substrate than the zone is to an outlet end of the substrate. Thus, the midpoint of the zone (i.e. at half its length) is nearer to the inlet end of the substrate than the midpoint is to the outlet end of the substrate. Similarly, any reference to a “zone disposed at an outlet end of the substrate” used herein refers to a zone disposed or supported on a substrate where the zone is nearer to an outlet end of the substrate than the zone is to an inlet end of the substrate. Thus, the midpoint of the zone (i.e. at half its length) is nearer to the outlet end of the substrate than the midpoint is to the inlet end of the substrate.
[0138] When the substrate is a wall-flow filter, then generally any reference to a “zone disposed at an inlet end of the substrate” refers to a zone disposed or supported on the substrate that is:
[0139] (a) nearer to an inlet end (e.g. open end) of an inlet channel of the substrate than the zone is to a closed end (e.g. blocked or plugged end) of the inlet channel, and / or
[0140] (b) nearer to a closed end (e.g. blocked or plugged end) of an outlet channel of the substrate than the zone is to an outlet end (e.g. open end) of the outlet channel.
[0141] Thus, the midpoint of the zone (i.e. at half its length) is (a) nearer to an inlet end of an inlet channel of the substrate than the midpoint is to the closed end of the inlet channel, and / or (b) nearer to a closed end of an outlet channel of the substrate than the midpoint is to an outlet end of the outlet channel.
[0142] Similarly, any reference to a “zone disposed at an outlet end of the substrate” when the substrate is a wall-flow filter refers to a zone disposed or supported on the substrate that is:
[0143] (a) nearer to an outlet end (e.g. an open end) of an outlet channel of the substrate than the zone is to a closed end (e.g. blocked or plugged) of the outlet channel, and / or
[0144] (b) nearer to a closed end (e.g. blocked or plugged end) of an inlet channel of the substrate than it is to an inlet end (e.g. an open end) of the inlet channel.
[0145] Thus, the midpoint of the zone (i.e. at half its length) is (a) nearer to an outlet end of an outlet channel of the substrate than the midpoint is to the closed end of the outlet channel, and / or (b) nearer to a closed end of an inlet channel of the substrate than the midpoint is to an inlet end of the inlet channel.
[0146] A zone may satisfy both (a) and (b) when the washcoat is present in the wall of the wall-flow filter (i.e. the zone is in-wall) .
[0147] The term “washcoat” is well known in the art and refers to an adherent coating that is applied to a substrate usually during production of a catalyst.
[0148] The acronym “PGM” as used herein refers to “platinum group metal” . The term “platinum group metal” generally refers to a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir and Pt, preferably a metal selected from the group consisting of Ru, Rh, Pd, Ir and Pt. In general, the term “PGM” preferably refers to a metal selected from the group consisting of Rh, Pt and Pd.
[0149] The term “mixed oxide” as used herein generally refers to a mixture of oxides in a single phase, as is conventionally known in the art. The term “composite oxide” as used herein generally refers to a composition of oxides having more than one phase, as is conventionally known in the art.
[0150] The term “one-pot” as used herein generally refers to adding and physically mixing of PGM component in its water-soluble salt form, mixed oxide, inorganic oxide, metal dopant in its water-soluble salt form, alkali / alkaline earth metal component, water, and other components to form a single washcoat.
[0151] The expression “consist essentially” as used herein limits the scope of a feature to include the specified materials or steps, and any other materials or steps that do not materially affect the basic characteristics of that feature, such as for example minor impurities. The expression “consist essentially of” embraces the expression “consisting of” .
[0152] The expression “substantially free of” as used herein with reference to a material, typically in the context of the content of a region, a layer or a zone, means that the material in a minor amount, such as ≤ 5 %by weight, preferably ≤ 2 %by weight, more preferably ≤ 1 %by weight. The expression “substantially free of” embraces the expression “does not comprise. ”
[0153] The expression “essentially free of” as used herein with reference to a material, typically in the context of the content of a region, a layer or a zone, means that the material in a trace amount, such as ≤ 1 %by weight, preferably ≤ 0.5 %by weight, more preferably ≤ 0.1 %by weight. The expression “essentially free of” embraces the expression “does not comprise. ”
[0154] Any reference to an amount of dopant, particularly a total amount, expressed as a %by weight as used herein refers to the weight of the support material or the refractory metal oxide thereof.
[0155] The term “loading” as used herein refers to a measurement in units of g / ft3 on a metal weight basis.
[0156] The term “WCL” as used herein refers to the washcoat loading in units of g / in3 on a solid content basis.
[0157] The following examples merely illustrate the invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize many variations that are within the spirit of the invention and scope of the claims.
[0158] EXAMPLES
[0159] A number of catalytic articles comprising flow-through monoliths were prepared using the methods described below.
[0160] Example 1: (Reference Example) Rh-TWC at Rh loading of 6 g / ft3
[0161] 1. Prepare a slurry of required amount of milled La-doped gamma alumina.
[0162] 2. Add required amount of rhodium nitrate solution (with Rh loading of 6 g / ft3) , and mix for 1 hr.
[0163] 3. Add required amount of milled ceria-zirconia support and mix for 1 hr.
[0164] 4. Add DI water and thickening agent, mix for at least 6 hours.
[0165] 5. Coat single dose from inlet around 40%dose length of the substrate full length, dry with air cure.
[0166] 6. Fire the brick at 500 ℃ for 30 min.
[0167] Example 2: Modified Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Cu addition at 3 g / ft3
[0168] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of copper (II) nitrate trihydrate at Cu loading of 3 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0169] Example 3: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Cu addition at 6 g / ft3
[0170] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of copper (II) nitrate trihydrate at Cu loading of 6 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0171] Example 4: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Cu addition at 12 g / ft3
[0172] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of copper (II) nitrate trihydrate at Cu loading of 12 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0173] Example 5: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Fe addition at 3 g / ft3
[0174] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate at Fe loading of 3 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0175] Example 6: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Fe addition at 6 g / ft3
[0176] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate at Fe loading of 6 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0177] Example 7: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Fe addition at 12 g / ft3
[0178] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate at Fe loading of 12 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0179] Example 8: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Zr addition at 3 g / ft3
[0180] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 3 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0181] Example 9: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Zr addition at 6 g / ft3
[0182] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 6 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0183] Example 10: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 1) , with Zr addition at 12 g / ft3
[0184] All steps were the same as Example 1 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 12 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0185] Example 11: (Reference Example) Rh-TWC at Rh loading of 3 g / ft3
[0186] 1. Prepare a solution of required amount of Rh nitrate (with Rh loading of 3 g / ft3)
[0187] 2. Add 1st portion of slurry of milled La-doped alumina and cerium-zirconium, mix for at least 1 hr.
[0188] 3. Add 2nd portion of slurry of milled La-doped alumina and cerium-zirconium, mix for at least 1 hr.
[0189] 4. Add DI water and thickening agent, mix for at least 6 hours.
[0190] 5. Coat single dose from inlet around 40%dose length of the substrate full length, dry with air cure.
[0191] 6. Fire the brick at 500 ℃ for 30 min.
[0192] Example 12: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Fe addition at 5 g / ft3
[0193] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of iron (III) nitrate hexahydrate at Fe loading of 5 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0194] Example 13: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Zr addition at 5 g / ft3
[0195] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 5 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0196] Example 14: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Zr addition at 15 g / ft3
[0197] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 15 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0198] Example 15: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Zr addition at 30 g / ft3
[0199] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of zirconium oxynitrate solution at Zr loading of 30 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0200] Example 16: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Mn addition at 30 g / ft3
[0201] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of manganese acetate salt at Mn loading of 30 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0202] Example 17: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Mn addition at 60 g / ft3
[0203] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of manganese acetate salt at Mn loading of 60 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0204] Example 18: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Mn addition at 90 g / ft3
[0205] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of manganese acetate salt at Mn loading of 90 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0206] Example 19: Modified. Rh-TWC (based on Example 11) , with Mn addition at 120 g / ft3
[0207] All steps were the same as Example 11 except required amount of manganese acetate salt at Mn loading of 120 g / ft3 was added between steps 3 and 4.
[0208] A summary of Examples 1-19 is set out in Table 1 below:
[0209] Table 1. Summary of Examples 1-19
[0210] Performance Test Example (I)
[0211] Reference Example 1 and Examples 2-4 Rh-TWC catalysts were further aged under high-temperature thermal redox aging condition, at 1000 ℃ for 40 hrs, with 2-mode perturbation between “Rich” (80 sec) and “Air” (20 sec) gas conditions.
[0212] Reference Example 1 and Examples 2-4 Rh-TWC catalysts after the above redox aging were tested separately over a Synthetic Catalyst Activity Test (SCAT) device for TWC Light-off tests. The Light-off tests were performed with a perturbed gas flow switched from rich (Lambda= 0.96) -to-lean (Lambda= 1.04) -to-rich (Lambda= 0.96) at a frequency of 1Hz. The test was run from room temperature to 600 ℃ at a ramp rate of 20 ℃ / min, at a GHSV of 200,000 hr-1. An FTIR was used to continuously measure the gas product composition during the test. Before the light off tests, rich-or lean-pretreatment was applied to catalysts. The conversions of HC, CO and NOx were calculated from comparing the concentration of the feed gas and the gas at the outlets of the catalysts.
[0213] Table 2. T50s and T75s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1-4 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr.
[0214] Table 2 shows T50s and T75s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1-4 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 1) , significantly improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved with increasing amount of Cu addition as Copper (II) nitrate salt (Examples 2-4) . The optimized improvement was achieved at Cu loading of 6 g / ft3, with T75 reductions of 14, 16, and 16 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC conversions (Example 5) from Ref.
[0215] Performance Test Example (II)
[0216] Reference Example 1 and Examples 5-7 Rh-TWC catalysts were further aged under high-temperature thermal redox aging condition, at 1000 ℃ for 40 hrs, with 2-mode perturbation as described in Performance Test Example (I) . Reference Example 1 and Examples 5-7 Rh-TWC catalysts after the above redox aging were tested separately over a SCAT device for TWC Light-off tests. The Light-off tests were performed under the same condition as that described in Performance Test Example (I) .
[0217] Table 3. T50s and T75s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1, 5-7 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr.
[0218] Table 3 shows T50s and T75s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1, 5-7 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 1) , continuously improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved with increasing amount of Fe addition as Iron (III) nitrate salt (Examples 5-7) . The optimized improvement was achieved at Fe loading of 12 g / ft3, with T75 reductions of 16, 18, and 20 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC conversions (Example 7) from Ref.
[0219] Performance Test Example (III)
[0220] Another set of Reference Example 1 and Examples 8-10 Rh-TWC catalysts were further aged under high-temperature thermal redox aging condition, at 1000 ℃ for 40 hrs, with 4-mode perturbation among cyclic “Stoichiometric” - “Lean” - “Stoichiometric” - “Rich” conditions (each hold for 5 min) . Reference Example 1 and Examples 8-10 Rh-TWC catalysts after the above redox aging were tested separately over a SCAT device for TWC Light-off tests. The Light-off tests were performed under the same condition as that described in Performance Test Example (I) .
[0221] Table 4. T50s and T75s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1, 8-10 Rh-TWCs after 4-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr.
[0222] Table 4 shows T50s of NOx, CO, and THC conversions during TWC light-off performance of Examples 1, 8-10 Rh-TWCs after 4-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 1) , continuously improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved with increasing amount of Zr addition as Zirconium oxynitrate salt (Examples 8-10) . The optimized improvement was achieved at Zr loading of 12 g / ft3, with T50 reductions of 6, 9, and 8 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC conversions (Example 10) from Ref.
[0223] Performance Test Example (IV)
[0224] Reference Example 11 and Examples 12-19 Rh-TWC catalysts were further aged under high-temperature thermal redox aging condition, at 1000 ℃ for 40 hrs, with 2-mode perturbation as described in Performance Test Example (I) . Reference Example 11 and Examples 12-19 Rh-TWC catalysts after the above redox aging were tested separately over a SCAT device for TWC Light-off tests. The Light-off tests were performed under the same condition as that described in Performance Test Example (I) .
[0225] Table 5. T50s light off temperature conversions of NOx, CO, and THC during TWC light-off performance of Examples 11-19 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr.
[0226] Table 5 shows T50s light off temperature conversions of NOx, CO, and THC during TWC light-off performance of Examples 11-19 Rh-TWCs after 2-mode redox aging at 1000 ℃ for 40 hr. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 11) , significantly improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved, when Fe was directly added as iron (III) nitrate salt at 5 g / ft3 (Example 12) . The T50 reductions were 15, 33, and 30 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 11) , significantly improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved, when Zr was directly added as zirconium oxynitrate solution at 5-30 g / ft3 (Examples 13-15) , and optimized at Zr loading of 15 g / ft3 (Example 14) . The highest T50 reductions were 76, 101, and 84 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC. Compared to Ref. Rh-TWC (Example 11) , significantly improved aged TWC light-off activity was achieved, when Mn was directly added as manganese acetate salt at 30-120 g / ft3 (Examples 16-19) , and optimized at Mn loading of 90 g / ft3 (Example 18) . The highest T50 reductions were 31, 59, and 50 ℃ respectively for NOx, CO, and THC.
[0227] A number of catalytic articles comprising wall flow filters were prepared using the methods described below.
[0228] Example 20: (Reference Example) Rh / Pd-TWC at Rh loading of 5 g / ft3
[0229] A three way catalyst washcoat was prepared at a washcoat loading of 1.6 g / in3 (1.2 g / in3 CeZr mixed oxide and 0.4 g / in3 alumina) and a PGM loading of 25 g / ft3 (Pd: Rh ratio 4: 1) .
[0230] The completed washcoat was adjusted to a suitable final washcoat solids content in order to coat onto the GPF substrate using Johnson Matthey’s precision coating process described in WO 99 / 47260. The substrate used was a commercially available cordierite GPF substrate of a nominal 63%porosity and 17.5 μm mean pore size and of dimensions 5.66 inch diameter by 4.6 inch in length, 300 cells per square inch and a channel wall thickness of 8 thousandths of an inch. The coating was applied from each end of the substrate with each application covering a length between 50 and 65%of to achieve a fully coated final product with no uncoated region. The coated part was then dried and calcined in the normal way known to the art.
[0231] Example 21: Modified. Rh / Pd-TWC (based on Example 20) , with Fe addition at 14 g / ft3
[0232] Example 21 was prepared in the same way as Reference Example 20 but with an additional additive of iron nitrate nonahydrate at a loading of 14 g / ft3, based on the loading of the Fe per se (0.5 wt.%Fe) .
[0233] Example 22: Modified. Rh / Pd-TWC (based on Example 20) , with Fe addition at 28 g / ft3
[0234] Example 22 was prepared in the same way as Reference Example 20 but with an additional additive of iron nitrate nonahydrate at a loading of 28 g / ft3, based on the loading of the Fe per se (1 wt.%Fe) .
[0235] Performance Test Example (V)
[0236] Examples 20, 21 and 22 were assessed under engine bench testing for oxygen storage capacity and light off conversation. The parts were hydrothermally oven aged under the conditions 1050 ℃, 2%O2, 10%H2O, N2 balance for 4 hours.
[0237] As shown in Table 6, light off testing showed a benefit to performance for Example 21 and Example 22 over Reference Example 20 after 1050 ℃ hydrothermal ageing.
[0238] Table 6 Light off testing for Examples 20, 21 and 22
[0239] The foregoing detailed description has been provided by way of explanation and illustration, and is not intended to limit the scope of the appended claims. Many variations in the presently preferred embodiments illustrated herein will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art and remain within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims
1.A catalytic article for treating exhaust gas comprising:a substrate comprising an inlet end and an outlet end with an axial length L; anda first catalytic region comprising Rh and a first metal oxide, the metal of the first metal oxide being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or a combination of two or more thereof,wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.5: 1 to 100: 1.2.The catalytic article of claim 1, wherein Rh is the only platinum group metal (PGM) present in the first catalytic region.3.The catalytic article of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the metal of the first metal oxide is Mn, Fe, Cu, or a combination of two or more thereof.4.The catalytic article of any preceding claim, wherein the first catalytic region further comprises a first oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material and / or a first inorganic oxide.5.The catalytic article of claim 4, wherein the first OSC material is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, and an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.6.The catalytic article of claim 4 or claim 5, wherein the first inorganic oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, magnesia, silica, zirconia, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof, preferably wherein the first inorganic oxide is selected from alumina and lanthanum-alumina.7.The catalytic article of any preceding claim, wherein the metal of the first metal oxide is Mn.8.The catalytic article of claim 7, wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 5: 1 to 100: 1, preferably from 10: 1 to 90: 1, more preferably from 15: 1 to 80: 1.9.The catalytic article of claim 7 or claim 8, wherein:the first catalytic region comprises from 10 to 150 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 20 to 140 g / ft2, more preferably from 25 to 130 g / ft2, orthe first catalytic region comprises from 60 to 120 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 70 to 110 g / ft2, more preferably from 80 to 10 g / ft2, even more preferably from 85 to 95 g / ft2.10.The catalytic article of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the metal of the first metal oxide is Fe.11.The catalytic article of claim 10, wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is preferably from 0.5: 1 to 6: 1, more preferably from 0.6: 1 to 5: 1, even more preferably from 0.7: 1 to 4: 1.12.The catalytic article of claim 10 or claim 11, wherein:the first catalytic region comprises from 2 to 20 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 3 to 17 g / ft2, more preferably from 4 to 14 g / ft2, even more preferably from 5 to 13 g / ft2, orthe first catalytic region comprises from 5 to 25 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 6 to 20 g / ft2, more preferably from 7 to 18 g / ft2, even more preferably from 8 to 17 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 9 to 16 g / ft2, still even more preferably from 10 to 15 g / ft2.13.The catalytic article of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the metal of the first metal oxide is Cu.14.The catalytic article of claim 13, wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.2: 1 to 6: 1, preferably from 0.3: 1 to 5: 1, more preferably from 0.4: 1 to 4: 1.15.The catalytic article of claim 13 or claim 14, wherein:the first catalytic region comprises: from 1 to 20 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 2 to 18 g / ft2, more preferably from 3 to 15 g / ft2; even more preferably from 4 to 13 g / ft2, orthe first catalytic region comprises: from 2 to 10 g / ft2 of the first metal, preferably from 3 to 9 g / ft2, more preferably from 4 to 8 g / ft2; even more preferably from 5 to 7 g / ft2.16.The catalytic article of any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the metal of the first metal oxide is Zr.17.The catalytic article of claim 16, wherein the molar ratio between the metal of the first metal oxide and the Rh in the first catalytic region is from 0.2: 1 to 20: 1, preferably from 0.3: 1 to 15: 1, more preferably from 0.4: 1 to 13: 1.18.The catalytic article of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein:the first catalytic region comprises: from 1 to 50 g / ft2, preferably from 2 to 40 g / ft2, more preferably from 3 to 35 g / ft2 of the first metal, orthe first catalytic region comprises: from 5 to 25 g / ft2, preferably from 8 to 20 g / ft2, more preferably from 10 to 18 g / ft2, even more preferably from 11 to 16 g / ft2 of the first metal.19.The catalytic article of any preceding claim, wherein the first catalytic region comprises from 0.5 to 10 g / ft2 Rh, more preferably from 1 to 9 g / ft2 Rh, even more preferably from 2 to 8 g / ft2 Rh, still even more preferably from 2.5 to 7 g / ft2 Rh.20.The catalytic article of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a second catalytic region.21.The catalytic article of claim 20, wherein the second catalytic region comprises a PGM component.22.The catalytic article of claim 21, wherein the PGM component is selected from the group consisting of platinum, palladium, rhodium, and a mixture thereof.23.The catalytic article of any one of claims 20 to 22, wherein the second catalytic region further comprises a second OSC material and / or a second inorganic oxide.24.The catalytic article of claim 23, wherein the second OSC material is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide, zirconium oxide, a ceria-zirconia mixed oxide, and an alumina-ceria-zirconia mixed oxide.25.The catalytic article of claim 23 or claim 24, wherein the second inorganic oxide is selected from the group consisting of alumina, magnesia, silica, zirconia, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, praseodymium, yttrium oxides, and mixed oxides or composite oxides thereof.26.The catalytic article of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first catalytic region extends for the axial length L.27.The catalytic article of any one of claims 20 to 26, wherein the second catalytic region extends for the axial length L.28.The catalytic article of any preceding claim, wherein the first catalytic region is supported / deposited directly on the substrate.29.The catalytic article of any one of claims 20 to 27, wherein the second catalytic region is supported / deposited directly on the substrate.30.The catalytic article of any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein the first catalytic region extends for less than the axial length L.31.The catalytic article of any one of claims 20 to 26, wherein the second catalytic region extends for less than the axial length L.32.The catalytic article of claim 30 or 31, wherein the first catalytic region is supported / deposited directly on the substrate.33.The catalytic article of claim 30 or 31, wherein the second catalytic region is supported / deposited directly on the substrate.34.A method of manufacturing a catalyst article for treating exhaust gas, the method comprising:providing a substrate;providing a washcoat slurry comprising Rh and ions of a first metal, the first metal being Mn, Fe, Cu, Zr or combinations of two or more thereof;coating the substrate with the washcoat slurry to provide a catalyst article; andcalcining the catalyst article.35.The method of claim 34, wherein the washcoat slurry comprises a first oxygen storage capacity (OSC) material and / or a first inorganic oxide.36.The method of claim 35, wherein providing the washcoat slurry comprises:providing the first OSC material;providing the first inorganic oxide, wherein the first inorganic oxide comprises the Rh supported thereon; andpreparing a washcoat slurry comprising the OSC material and the first inorganic oxide comprising the Rh supported thereon.37.The method of claim 36, wherein providing the first inorganic oxide, wherein the first inorganic oxide comprises the Rh supported thereon, comprises:providing the first inorganic oxide;contacting the first inorganic oxide with Rh ions, preferably in an aqueous suspension; andcalcining the first inorganic oxide to fix particles of the Rh to the first inorganic oxide.38.The method of claim 34, wherein providing the washcoat slurry comprises providing a slurry comprising the OSC material, the first inorganic oxide and Rh ions.39.The method of any of claims 34 to 38, wherein the washcoat slurry further comprises a binder.40.The method of any of claims 34 to 39, wherein the catalyst article is according to any of claims 1 to 33.41.A catalyst article obtained or obtainable by the method of any of claims 34 to 40.42.A method of treating an exhaust gas, the method comprising:providing an exhaust gas,providing the catalyst article of any of claims 1 to 33 and 41, andcontacting the exhaust gas with the catalyst article.43.The method of claim 42, wherein the exhaust gas is from an internal combustion engine, preferably a gasoline engine.