All-solid-state batteries made with screen-printing and sintering

Abstract

A method for fabricating a multilayer all-solid-state battery is provided. The method involves preparing distinct mixtures for the cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte from particulate materials, metal ions, and a polymeric binder. These mixtures are sequentially screen-printed onto a conductive substrate to form a sandwich structure, where the electrodes cover at least 90% of the battery cell's surface area. The entire structure is then subjected to a low-temperature heat treatment that sinters the particles, creating a dense, fully integrated battery with strong interfacial contact. The resulting battery can achieve high voltages (2.5-28V) and large cell areas (up to 1m x 1m), with a core facilitating superior heat dissipation without additional cooling. The process enables the fabrication of batteries without toxic or flammable materials, enhancing safety and simplifying recycling, making them suitable for powering motor vehicles.

Description

[0001] All-Solid-State Batteries Made with Screen-Printing and Sintering

[0002] Technical Field :

[0003] The present invention relates to all-solid-state battery structures as well as a method for fabricating multilayer all-solid-state battery structures . More specifically, the invention pertains to methods using screen-printing techniques to deposit particle-based mixtures for the cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte layers , followed by a low- temperature heat treatment to form a fully integrated and functional battery . The invention also provides screen printed energy storage modules for enhanced efficiency, for instance for powering a motor vehicle, in particular a heavy vehicle, and methods of manufacturing such screen printed energy storage modules .

[0004] Background

[0005] Battery technologies face ongoing challenges in enhancing energy density, mechanical flexibility, safety, and environmental sustainability . Traditional methods for fabricating batteries often involve complex, multi-step processes that struggle to balance these factors effectively. This has led to a need for innovative approaches that incorporate new materials and more streamlined fabrication techniques .

[0006] Printed solid state batteries are already known . The review article by Zhou et al in Electrochemical Energy Reviews (2023 ) 6 : 34 has an overview of such batteries . Solid-state batteries (SSBs ) possess the advantages of high safety, high energy density and long cycle life . Printed electronics provides cost ef fective, time-saving and eco- efficiency manufacturing techniques for batteries with outstanding microscopic size and aesthetic diversity .

[0007] The development of printable electronics has spurred interest in fabricating batteries using additive manufacturing methods . Such methods promise lower costs , reduced material waste, and the ability to create batteries in flexible and customized form factors .

[0008] US 2013 / 0280579 Al discloses a method for fabricating a flexible electrochemical cell using printing techniques . The method involves printing an anode layer, a cathode layer, and a non-aqueous gel electrolyte layer . The gel electrolyte, which is a core component of this disclosure, is formed by swelling a polymer matrix, such as PVDF-HFP, with an ionic liquid electrolyte . This approach is aimed at creating low-cost, environmentally stable microbatteries . While this method provides a way to fabricate flexible batteries , the reliance on a gel-based electrolyte, which contains a liquid component, inherently limits the maximum processing temperatures the structure can withstand .

[0009] Furthermore, such a system does not constitute a true all-solid-state architecture .

[0010] Other documents in the art address aspects of battery manufacturing . For instance, US 11 , 637 , 317 describes solid polymer electrolyte compositions but does not cover the integration of distinct particle-based layers for cathodes , anodes , and electrolytes in a unified printing process .

[0011] US 2019 / 0190065 introduces a UV-curable combination separator and electrolyte material, but this focuses on a combined layer rather .

[0012] Therefore, there is a need for a simplified and unified fabrication method that enables the creation of true all-solid-state batteries with enhanced performance characteristics , such as those suitable for high-power applications including motor vehicles . A particular challenge is to develop a process that allows for the use of solid-state materials for all active layers while ensuring strong interfacial contact and good ionic conductivity, preferably using scalable, low- temperature manufacturing techniques that are compatible with a wide range of substrates , including flexible materials , and that can produce batteries with optimal thermal management, high energy density, and safe, non-toxic compositions .

[0013] Summary

[0014] It is an obj ect of the present invention to alleviate at least some of the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a robust and versatile method for fabricating multilayer all-solid-state battery structures using a unified screen-printing and low- temperature sintering process . This method enables the production of screen printed energy storage modules for enhanced efficiency, for instance for powering a motor vehicle, in particular a heavy vehicle .

[0015] In a first aspect, there is provided a solid-state battery comprising :

[0016] • an electrode covering at least 90% of the surface area of a battery cell ;

[0017] • a cathode, an anode, and a solid electrolyte ;

[0018] • a core in thermal contact with at least one terminal ;

[0019] • an assembly without additional cooling in addition to the core in thermal contact with the at least one terminal .

[0020] In one embodiment, the battery cell fabricated by the method of the invention has an area between 10 cm x 10 cm and 1 m x 1 m. In one embodiment, the battery cell fabricated by the method of the invention produces a voltage in the range 2 . 5 - 28 V.

[0021] According to a preferred embodiment of the invention, a method for fabricating a multilayer all-solid-state battery structure comprises the sequential steps of : providing a cathode material , an anode material , and a solid electrolyte material in particulate form, along with metal ions and a polymeric binder or precursor; preparing three distinct mixtures for the cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte, respectively, wherein each mixture combines its respective particulate material with the metal ions and binder; screen-printing each of the three distinct mixtures onto a conductive substrate to form a sandwich structure of cathode, solid electrolyte, and anode layers , wherein at least one electrode layer covers at least 90% of the surface area of the resulting battery cell ; optionally UV-curing the structure ; and subj ecting the sandwich structure to a heat treatment at a temperature below the melting point of the particulate materials, thereby sintering the particles . This method provides a unified and versatile manufacturing platform for producing true all-solid-state batteries , simplifying the production process and enabling consistent fabrication across all layers, and specifically enabling the creation of battery structures with the aforementioned enhanced characteristics , such as ef ficient thermal management characteristics and high voltage output .

[0022] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method is characterized in that at least one of the three distinct mixtures further comprises a volatile sintering aid . The inclusion of a volatile sintering aid facilitates the densif ication of the particulate materials at lower temperatures, improving particle packing and ionic pathways without requiring extreme heat that could damage the substrate or other components .

[0023] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method is characterized in that the particulate materials are particles with a size in the range of 10 -500 nm. Utilizing nanoparticles ensures the formation of stable, homogeneous printable mixtures and promotes effective sintering, leading to dense layers with high-quality interfaces .

[0024] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method is characterized in that at least one of the three layers comprises an amorphous melting component selected from the group consisting of amorphous silica, glass-ceramics, and lithium borate glasses . This component acts as a low- temperature flux, melting during the heat treatment to bind particles together and enhance ionic conductivity, particularly at the interfaces between layers .

[0025] According to another preferred embodiment of the invention, the method is characterized in that the heat treatment is performed at a temperature in the interval of 120 - 210 °C . Performing the heat treatment in this specific temperature range allows for ef fective sintering of the particulate materials while remaining compatible with a wide variety of thermally sensitive substrates, including flexible polymers and paper .

[0026] In a second aspect there is provided an al 1- sol id- st at e battery structure comprising :

[0027] a) a cathode layer; b ) an anode layer ;

[0028] c) a solid electrolyte layer disposed between said cathode layer and said anode layer; wherein said cathode layer, said anode layer, and said solid electrolyte layer are each formed from sintered particulate materials .

[0029] In one embodiment, the particulate materials forming said cathode layer, said anode layer, and said solid electrolyte layer are nanoparticles having a characteristic size in the range of 10 to 500 nanometers .

[0030] In one embodiment, at least one of said cathode layer, said anode layer, or said solid electrolyte layer comprises an amorphous melting component selected from the group consisting of amorphous silica, glass-ceramics, and lithium borate glasses .

[0031] In one embodiment, the battery structure is laminated onto a substrate .

[0032] In one embodiment, said substrate comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of glass , metal, textile, and paper .

[0033] In one embodiment, the multilayer al 1- sol id- stat e battery structure is protected with a laminate foil on at least one side .

[0034] In one embodiment, the all-solid-state battery structure further comprises :

[0035] an electrode covering at least 90% of the surface area of the battery cell ; and a core in thermal contact with at least one terminal , said core forming an assembly without additional cooling beyond said core .

[0036] Drawings

[0037] The invention is now illustrated with aid of the following non-limiting drawings in which :

[0038] Figure 1 shows a schematic block diagram showing the steps a) -e ) according to the invention .

[0039] Figure 2 shows an embodiment with screen printed layers after step d) when all layers are applied, but not yet heat treated .

[0040] Figure 3 shows the screen printed layers after step e) , when all layers are heat treated to become sintered .

[0041] Figure 4 shows schematic representations of the three distinct mixtures prepared in step b) . It is shown from left to right three dif ferent mixtures comprising :

[0042] • a cathode material in particulate form, metal ions suitable for use in batteries ( counterions not shown) , a polymeric binder .

[0043] • an anode material in particulate form, metal ions suitable for use in batteries ( counterions not shown) , a polymeric binder .

[0044] • a solid electrolyte material in particulate form metal ions suitable for use in batteries ( counterions not shown) , a polymeric binder .

[0045] Figure 5 shows a schematic roll made of a screen printed product, which has been rolled to a roll . Detailed Description of the Invention

[0046] Before the invention is disclosed and described in detail , it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the particular compounds, configurations, and method steps disclosed herein, as such may vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology employed herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting, since the scope of the present invention will be limited only by the appended claims and equivalents thereof .

[0047] As used herein, the term "all-solid-state battery structure" refers to an electrochemical cell wherein the anode, the cathode, and the electrolyte are all solid materials in their final, operational state . This is distinct from batteries that utilize a gel electrolyte (a polymer swollen with a liquid or ionic liquid) or a liquid electrolyte, as the electrolyte in the present invention is based on a solid material in particulate form which is subsequently sintered into a coherent, solid layer .

[0048] As used herein, a "conductive substrate" refers to an electrically conductive base material onto which the battery layers are sequentially screen-printed, and which may also serve as a current collector for the first deposited layer .

[0049] As used herein, "particulate form" refers to a material that exists as a collection of discrete, solid particles, as opposed to a monolithic solid, a dissolved species, or a gel . In the context of the invention, the cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte materials are provided as powders . In a preferred embodiment, these particulate materials are nanoparticles , having a characteristic size in the range of 10 to 500 nanometers .

[0050] As used herein, a "polymeric binder" is a polymer material used to hold together the active material particles ( such as cathode or anode particles ) and adhere them to the current collector (usually a metal foil like copper or aluminum) . It does not participate directly in the electrochemical reactions but is crucial for the mechanical integrity, flexibility, and stability of the electrode .

[0051] The term " sandwich structure" refers to the specific multilayer arrangement formed after the printing step, wherein the solid electrolyte layer is disposed directly between the anode layer and the cathode layer . This configuration ensures physical separation between the electrodes while allowing for ionic communication through the solid electrolyte .

[0052] As used herein, " screen-printing" refers to a printing technique in which ink or another printable material is forced through a fine mesh screen onto a substrate ( the surface being printed) , except in areas blocked by a stencil . The stencil defines the desired pattern, so only certain areas allow the ink to pass through .

[0053] As used herein, " sintering" refers to a thermal process where particulate materials are heated to a temperature below their melting point, causing the individual particles to bond, fuse, and grow together . This process reduces the porosity of the layer and forms a dense, coherent solid mass . The purpose of sintering in this invention is to establish strong physical and ionic contact between the particles within each layer and at the interfaces between the anode, electrolyte, and cathode layers , thereby enhancing ionic conductivity and overall battery performance . This is distinct from simple "drying, " which is a lower- temperature process solely for the removal of solvents .

[0054] A "volatile sintering aid" is a temporary component added to one or more of the particulate mixtures to facilitate the sintering process at lower temperatures . During the heat treatment step, this component either evaporates or thermally decomposes , and its removal creates a temporary liquid phase or gaseous byproducts that promote the rearrangement and densif ication of the solid active particles . Examples include water, polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) , and volatile alcohols such as ethanol .

[0055] An "amorphous melting component" is a substance included in one or more of the mixtures that has a low melting point or glass transition temperature . During the heat treatment step, this component softens or melts to form a viscous liquid phase that wets the surrounding higher-melting-point active material particles . This acts as a flux, binding the particles together and filling voids , which enhances the densif ication of the printed layer and improves ionic transport pathways . Examples include amorphous silica, glass-ceramics, and lithium borate glasses .

[0056] The present invention provides a method for fabricating a multilayer all-solid-state battery structure . The method is defined by a sequence of steps that enable the creation of a fully integrated battery using a unified fabrication platform, including those with enhanced characteristics for specific applications like motor vehicles . These include : a) Provision of Materials

[0057] The process begins with providing the necessary components . These include :

[0058] ( i ) Particulate Materials : Three distinct types of materials are provided in particulate form: a cathode material, an anode material, and a solid electrolyte material . The use of a solid electrolyte in particulate form is a key aspect of the invention, allowing it to be formulated into a printable slurry, similar to the anode and cathode materials . In a preferred embodiment, these particulate materials are nanoparticles with a size in the range of 10 - 500 nm, as measured by scanning electron microscopy according to ISO 19749 : 2021 . This size range is advantageous for creating stable, high-resolution printable mixtures and for facilitating low- temperature sintering . The selection of these materials can be made such that the resulting battery is manufactured without use of one or more of the materials selected from the group consisting of Prussian blue, lead, cadmium, cobalt, nickel , mercury, manganese, sulfuric acid, organic solvents , fluorinated compounds , antimony, arsenic, beryllium, thallium, selenium, perfluorinated compounds, polyvinylchloride, silicon, lithium, neodymium, dysprosium, and lanthanum, thereby ensuring non-toxic and non-flammable properties . Examples of cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte materials are provided for various battery chemistries , including but not limited to lithium-ion, sodium-ion, potassium-ion, magnesium-ion, calcium-ion, aluminum- ion, and zinc-ion batteries . For instance, in lithium-ion batteries , the solid electrolyte may be selected from garnet-type,

[0059] NAS ICON- type , perovskite-type, or sulfide-based materials . The anode material may be carbon-based or silicon-based, and the cathode material may be a known lithium-ion cathode compound . ( ii ) Metal Ions : Metal ions suitable for the desired battery chemistry are provided. These ions facilitate ionic transport within the battery . Examples include, but are not limited to, lithium (Li+) , sodium (Na+) , potassium (K+) , magnesium (Mg2 +) , calcium (Ca2 +) , aluminum (Al3 +) , and zinc ( Zn2 +) ions .

[0060] ( iii ) Polymeric Binder or Precursor : A polymeric binder is provided to give the printable mixtures the required viscosity and to ensure cohesion of the printed layers . Examples include fluoropolymers like PVDF, rubbers like SBR, or natural polymers like alginate and CMC, PAA, PAN, PEG, PI , PU, conductive polymers , hybrid binders , thermoplastic elastomers ( SEBS ) , ion-conductive polymers, and green binders . Alternatively, a combination of a polymer precursor and a photoinitiator may be used.

[0061] b) Preparation of Three Distinct Mixtures

[0062] Three separate and distinct mixtures , or " inks, " are prepared: one for the cathode, one for the anode, and one for the solid electrolyte . Each mixture is formulated by combining its respective active particulate material (cathode, anode, or solid electrolyte) with the metal ions and the polymeric binder or precursor combination . This unified approach, where all three functional layers are derived from similar particle-based slurries , is central to the simplicity and elegance of the fabrication method.

[0063] In certain embodiments , at least one of the mixtures may further comprise additional components to aid in processing . For instance, a volatile sintering aid may be included. Examples of such aids include water, polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) , or volatile alcohols like ethanol . During the subsequent heat treatment step, these aids evaporate or decompose, creating temporary voids or a liquid phase that promotes particle rearrangement and densif ication at lower temperatures .

[0064] In other embodiments , at least one of the layers may comprise an amorphous melting component, such as amorphous silica, glass-ceramics , or lithium borate glasses . During heat treatment, this component melts and acts as a flux, wetting the solid particles and helping to fuse them together, thereby reducing interfacial resistance and improving ionic conductivity .

[0065] c) Screen-Printing of Layers

[0066] Each of the three distinct mixtures is sequentially screen-printed onto a conductive substrate to form a sandwich structure . The layers are deposited in the order of anode, solid electrolyte, and cathode (or vice-versa) , with the solid electrolyte layer physically separating the two electrodes . The conductive substrate, which may be a metal foil , also serves as the current collector for the first deposited layer . This additive, layer-by-layer process is highly scalable and allows for precise control over the thickness and geometry of each layer . Crucially, this screen-printing process enables the formation of a battery cell where at least one electrode covers at least 90% of the surface area of the battery cell . This large-area coverage by the electrodes , facilitated by the printing process , allows for the fabrication of battery cells much larger than current formats, such as being A4 size or even up to 1 m x 1 m in area . In some embodiments , the process can be enhanced by using high-frequency squeegees or micro-pore-vacuum plates to accommodate flexible or uneven substrates .

[0067] d) Optional UV-Curing

[0068] If a polymer precursor and photoinitiator were used in the mixtures instead of a pre-formed polymeric binder, the printed sandwich structure is subj ected to UV-curing . The UV radiation activates the photoinitiator, inducing a polymerization reaction that solidifies the precursor into a stable polymer network, thereby enhancing the structural integrity of the battery. In some embodiments , this step may be combined with IR irradiation .

[0069] e) Heat Treatment (Sintering)

[0070] This is a crucial step in forming a high-performance all-solid-state battery . The entire sandwich structure is subj ected to a heat treatment . The temperature is carefully controlled to be below the melting point of the active particulate materials ( cathode, anode, and solid electrolyte) but high enough to activate the sintering process . In a preferred embodiment, this temperature is in the interval of 120 - 210 °C .

[0071] The purpose of this step is to sinter the particles within each layer and at the interfaces between layers . This process encourages the particles to fuse together, which densifies the layers , eliminates voids , and creates continuous pathways for ion transport . This is critical for achieving low interfacial resistance and high ionic conductivity, which are paramount for good battery performance . The inclusion of volatile sintering aids or amorphous melting components , as described above, makes this low- temperature sintering process particularly effective .

[0072] The minimum temperature during the heat treatment is determined by the sintering aid as outlined above and the maximum temperature during the heat treatment is determined by the melting point of the particulate material , which should not be exceeded . In addition, the temperature should not exceed the temperature where the polymeric binder or the polymer precursor or the photoinitiator decompose .

[0073] These volatile aids can enhance the sintering process by improving the flow and packing of particles, leading to better densif ication and structural integrity .

[0074] The heat treatment is in one embodiment carried out at at 120 - 210 °C .

[0075] The heat treatment is generally made when all the layers have been screen printed. However, it is also possible to make the heat treatment after each or after some of the screen printed layers have been applied . In such case all screen printed layers should receive at least one heat treatment to ensure that all layers are heat treated . Thus is one embodiment, the heat treatment is performed after screen-printing each mixture in step c) or alternatively after screen-printing some of the mixtures . In this embodiment, the heat treatment can be adapted to the dif ferent layers so that for instance a first applied layer can be heat treated at a higher temperature than the subsequently applied layer ( s ) can withstand.

[0076] In one embodiment heat treatment for instance in a furnace is performed after application of each layer . In an alternative embodiment, the entire multilayer battery structure is treated in a furnace after step c) or step d) when all layers have been applied .

[0077] Advantages

[0078] The method of the present invention enables the fabrication of batteries with several significant advantages , making them particularly suitable for applications such as powering motor vehicles , especially heavy vehicles : • Heat Dissipation : Given that the unipolar or bipolar electrodes , formed by the screen-printing process , cover at least 90% of the surface area of the battery cell , it is easier to dissipate heat from the core of the cell . Because of this , the battery when assembled into a module / pack does not require any / very little thermal management, making it significantly more space-efficient than competing technologies . The battery structure can be designed with a core in thermal contact with at least one terminal , forming an assembly without requiring additional cooling beyond this core .

[0079] • Size and Voltage Output : Because the production process is a printing process , the cell can be much bigger than current formats (pouch cells ) , allowing for single cells to be A4 size or larger, such as 1 m x 1 m in area . Subsequent layers are then put onto that area, so the battery grows in thickness and capacity. It is possible to obtain higher voltage directly from a single cell ; the method allows for building a single cell that produces a much higher voltage than current cells , e . g . , close to standard voltages used in the vehicle market (24 V, 48 V, 96 V and multiples ) , thereby simplifying power electronics and reducing the number of cells needed to build a pack . Specifically, the battery cell can produce a voltage in the range 2 . 5 - 28 V.

[0080] • Energy Density and Peak Current : Given the solid-state design and the bipolar electrodes covering a large area, the energy density of the fabricated battery is higher than in a Li-Ion design . For the same reasons , the peak current that can be produced for short periods of time, for accelerating even a heavy vehicle, can be much higher than with competing technologies . Similarly, the battery can sustain higher currents over extended periods of time .

[0081] Further Embodiments and Configurations

[0082] The method allows for great flexibility . In one embodiment, a fourth mixture comprising at least one conductive material ( e . g . , carbon nanotubes , graphene ) can be screen printed to form an external connection or current collector . In another embodiment, the final battery structure can be laminated onto a secondary substrate, such as glass, metal , textile, or paper, and may be protected with a laminate foil to enhance durability . This versatility makes the method suitable for producing everything from rigid micro-batteries to flexible and wearable power sources .

[0083] Three dif ferent materials are provided in particulate form, wherein the materials are a cathode material , an anode material, and a solid electrolyte material respectively . The cathode material is used for preparing the mixture to print the cathode layer . The anode material is used for preparing the mixture to print the anode layer . The solid electrolyte material is used for preparing the mixture to print the solid electrolyte layer . A binder is used in all mixtures . Either the same binder or dif ferent binders are used for the dif ferent layers . The ions can dif fuse across the solid electrolyte so that they can dif fuse back and forth between the cathode and the anode during cycling of the battery.

[0084] Both of the electrodes , i . e . the anode and the cathode as well as the solid electrolyte are printed onto a conductive substrate such as a thin metal foil to obtain a sandwich structure .

[0085] The sandwich structure is in one embodiment laminated onto another substrate . That other substrate is in one embodiment a film, such as a film made of a polymeric material .

[0086] In one embodiment, at least one of the three distinct mixtures comprises a volatile sintering aid and when the heat treatment is performed at any point after step c) , the temperature is below the melting point of all of the three dif ferent materials in particulate form. Volatile sintering aids help facilitate the sintering process by evaporating during heating, creating a temporary liquid phase or aiding particle rearrangement . Examples of sintering aids include but are not limited to the following :

[0087] Water, which can act as a temporary binder that evaporates during heating, aiding in the densif ication of the material . If water is used, the temperature during the heat treatment should be above the boiling point of water .

[0088] Polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) and polyethylene glycol ( PEG) . They decompose upon heating, creating a gaseous byproduct that can promote particle movement and reduce porosity . I f they are used, the temperature should be above the decomposition temperature of the compounds .

[0089] Ammonium Compounds, which decompose upon heating, releasing gases that assist in the sintering process . I f ammonium salts are used the temperature should be above their decomposition temperature .

[0090] Alcohols, which are volatile such as ethanol and / or methanol, can be used as binders in the initial stages and then evaporate during sintering . If alcohols are used as sintering aids the temperature should exceed the boiling point of the alcohol .

[0091] The minimum temperature during the heat treatment is determined by the sintering aid as outlined above and the maximum temperature during the heat treatment is determined by the melting point of the particulate material , which should not be exceeded . In addition, the temperature should not exceed the temperature where the polymeric binder or the polymer precursor or the photoinitiator decompose .

[0092] These volatile aids can enhance the sintering process by improving the flow and packing of particles, leading to better densif ication and structural integrity .

[0093] Heat treatment is performed after screen-printing each mixture in step c) , optionally at 120 - 210 °C . In this embodiment, the heat treatment can be adapted to the dif ferent layers so that for instance the first applied layer can be heat treated at a higher temperature than the subsequently applied layer ( s ) can withstand.

[0094] In one embodiment, at least one of the three layers comprises an amorphous melting component . Such a component does not have a long-range ordered crystalline structure and can transition to a liquid state upon heating . These components are used to enhance the performance of the battery structure, particularly in the solid electrolytes or the solid electrode materials . Examples of amorphous melting components include but are not limited to :

[0095] Amorphous silica (SiCt) : It can act as a filler or support material that enhances the thermal and mechanical stability of the electrode or solid electrolyte .

[0096] Glass-ceramics : These materials can have an amorphous phase that melts and helps to densify the structure during processing, and improving ionic conductivity in solid electrolytes .

[0097] Lithium borate glasses : The amorphous phase can lower the melting point and improve sintering characteristics for the particulate materials .

[0098] In general , the presence of an amorphous melting component can improve the overall electrochemical performance by enhancing ion transport, reducing interface resistance, and promoting better mechanical properties . There are provided Li+Sol id- State batteri es . In such batteri es the anode materi al compri s es one se lected from Li metal , graphi te , S i , and Li4T i50i2 ( LTO ) . The cathode materi al compri s e s one se l ected f rom NMC , NCA, LCO, LFP , Li3V2( PO4 ) 3 , LiMn204, and Sul fur . The so l id e lectro lyte materi al compri s e s one se l ected f rom Garnet- type ( LLZO ) , NAS I CON- type ( LATP / LAGP ) , Perovs kite- type ( LLTO ) , Sul f ide-bas ed ( LGPS , argyrodite s ) , and Anti -perovs ki te so l id electro lyte material .

[0099] There are provided Na+Sol id- State batteri es . In such batteri es the anode materi al compri s es one s e lected from Na metal , hard carbon, and Sn / Na al loys . The cathode material compri s es one s e l ected from NaM02( l ayered oxide s ) , Na3V2( PO4)3, Prus s ian Blue analogues , sul fur , and organi c cathode s . The so l id el ectrol yte materi al compri s e s one sel ected f rom NAS ICON- type , Nai + xZr2S ixP3_xOi2, Sul f ide-bas ed (Na3PS4, Na3SbS4) , and Pol ymer e l ectrol yte s ( PEO + Na sal t s ) .

[0100] There are provided K+So l id- State batteri e s . In such batteri es the anode compri se s one s e lected f rom K metal , graphi te , and hard carbon . The cathode materi al compri s es one se l ected from KM02l ayered oxide s , KFeP04, KVP04F, K3V2( PO4)3, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , sul f ides , and sul fur . The so l id state e lectro lyte compri s e s one se l ected f rom NAS I CON- type K4.33Z r2( S i04)x( P04)3_x, Sul f ide e l ectro l yte s , and Po l ymer e lectro l yte s ( PEO + K s alt s ) .

[0101] There are provided Mg2 +So l id-State batterie s . In such batteri es the anode compri se s Mg metal . The cathode compri s es one s e l ected from Mo6S8( Chevrel ) , T iS2, VS2, MgMn2O4, MgFeP04, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , and sul fur . The sol id e lectro lyte compri s e s one s el ected f rom Mg- conducting oxides ( spine l s , NAS ICON- type ) , Mg2 +- conducting pol ymers (po l yethyl ene oxide + Mg s al t s ) , and Chevrel -compat ibl e sol id e lectro lyte s .

[0102] There are provided Ca2 +So l id-State batterie s . In such a battery the anode compri s e s Ca metal . The cathode compri s e s one se l ected from CaxMnO2, CaV2O5, CaFeP04, CaM2( PO4)3, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , T iS2, Mo6S8, and sul fur . The so l id electro lyte material compri s e s one s el ected f rom Ca mconduct ing NAS I CON- type oxide s , Hydride-based e l ectrol yte s , and Po l ymer e lectro l yte s ( PEO + Ca s al t s ) .

[0103] There are provided Al3 +So l id-State batterie s . In such a battery tne anode compri s e s Al metal . The cathode compri s e s one se l ected from Carbonaceous cathode s ( graphi te , graphene ) , V2Os , MnO2, T iO2, MoS2, Prus s ian Blue analogues , Chevre l phas e s , and sul fur . The sol id e lectro lyte compri s e s one se l ected from Chloroaluminate-based so l id e l ectrol yte s , Pol ymer-Al s alt s , and oxide-bas ed conductors .

[0104] There are provided Zn2 +So l id-State batterie s . In such a battery the anode compri s e s Zn metal . The cathode compri s e s one se l ected from a / 5-MnO2, ZnMn204, V2Os - nH20, Prus s ian Blue analogues , sul f ides (MoS2, VS2) , organi c cathode s , and Chevre l phas e s . The so l id el ectro lyte materi al compri s e s one se l ected from Zn2 +-conduct ing NAS I CON- type oxide s , Hydroge l s / pol ymer el ectrol yte s ( PEO + Zn s alt s ) , and Sul f ide-based e l ectrol yte s .

[0105] In order to f aci l itate the us e o f the pre s ent invent ion the fol lowing table with suitabl e combinat ions for di f f erent types of solid state batteries is provided together with factors which have to be considered for each of the battery types .

[0106] Battery Anode Cathode Solid Electrolyte Notes / Type Materials Materials Materials Considerations Li+Li metal, NMC, NCA, Garnet-type (LLZO) , Li metal works Solid- graphite, LCO, LFP, NAS I CON- type best with State Si, Li3V2( PO4)3, (LATP / LAGP) , garnet or Li4TisOi2LiMn204, Perovs kite- type sulfide (LTO) Sulfur (LLTO) , Sulfide-based electrolytes ;

[0107] (LGPS, argyrodites ) , sulfides offer Anti -perovs kite high conductivity but are moisture sensitive; coatings needed to stabilize interfaces Na* Na metal, NaM02NAS I CON- type Open frameworks Solid- hard (layered Na1+ xZr2Si x P3_xO42, needed for Na*; State carbon, oxides ) , Sulfide-based (Na3PS4, PBAs compatible Sn / Na Na3V2( PO4)3, Na3SbS4) , Polymer with most solid alloys Prussian electrolytes ( PEO + Na electrolytes ;

[0108] Blue salts ) polymer analogues , electrolytes sulfur, help interface organic with soft cathodes anodes

[0109] K+K metal, KM02layered NAS I CON- type Large K+radius Solid- graphite, oxides , Ki .33Zr2(SiO4) x ( P04)3_x , requires open State hard KFeP04, Sulfide electrolytes, frameworks ;

[0110] carbon KVP04F, Polymer electrolytes PBAs show best K3V2( PO4)3, ( PEO + K salts ) structural Prussian tolerance;

[0111] Blue polymers analogues , improve sulfides, interface sulfur contact Mg2 +Mg metal MO6S8Mg-conducting oxides Mg2 +mobility Solid- (Chevrel ) , ( spinels, NASICON- is very slow; State TiS2, VS2, type) , Mg2 +-conducting Chevrel phases MgMn204, polymers (polyethylene remain most MgFeP04, oxide + Mg salts ) , practical ;

[0112] Prussian Chevrel -compatible solid

[0113] Blue solid electrolytes electrolyte analogues , must allow sulfur divalent ion conduction and stable interface Ca2 +Ca metal CaxMnO2, Ca2 +- conducting Ca2 +insertion Solid- CaV2O5, NASICON-type oxides, challenging; State CaFeP04, Hydride-based open frameworks CaM2(PO4)3, electrolytes, Polymer and PBAs

[0114]

[0115] Prussian preferred; Blue electrolytes ( PEO + Ca interface analogues , salts ) stability TiS2, MO6S8, critical due to sulfur large Ca2 +size Al3 +Al metal Carbonaceous Chloroaluminate-based Al3 +diffusion Solid- cathodes solid electrolytes, extremely State (graphite, Polymer-Al salts, Some sluggish;

[0116] graphene ) , oxide-based conductors carbon and V2O5, MnO2, ( experimental ) layered TiO2, MOS2, sulfides are Prussian most promising; Blue solid analogues , electrolyte Chevrel must allow phases , multivalent ion sulfur conduction Zn2 +Zn metal o< / 5-MnO2, Zn2 +- conducting Zn2* mobility Solid- ZnMn2O4, NASICON-type oxides, limited; PBAs State V2O5 'nH2O, Hydrogels / polymer and hydrated Prussian electrolytes ( PEO + Zn vanadium oxides Blue salts ) , Sulfide-based show best analogues , electrolytes performance; sulfides electrolyte (MOS2, VS2) , must be stable organic against Zn cathodes , metal and Chevrel cathode

[0117]

[0118] phases

[0119] Binders are suitably used in the dif ferent batteries .

[0120] There are provided fluoropolymer-based binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is selected from fluoropolymer-based binders, comprising polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVDF) , polytetrafluoroethylene ( PTFE) , or fluoroethylene propylene ( FEP) . Advantages : Provides chemical stability and thermal resistance, crucial for battery longevity and performance .

[0121] There are provided s tyrene-butadiene rubber ( SBR) -based binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is

[0122] s tyrene-butadiene rubber ( SBR) -based, including

[0123] SBR / carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) or acrylic SBR-based binders . Advantages : Of fers flexibility and low-cost processing, suitable for environmentally friendly battery fabrication . There is provided polyacrylic Acid ( PAA) as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is polyacrylic acid ( PAA) . Advantages : Features high ionic conductivity and flexibility, ideal for printable battery applications .

[0124] There is provided carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) . Advantages : Provides high flexibility and adhesion, supporting aqueous processing for various battery types .

[0125] In one embodiment there is provided polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is polyvinyl alcohol ( PVA) . Advantages : Of fers good flexibility and aqueous processability, particularly suitable for instance for zinc-ion and printable batteriesln one embodiment there is provided polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) . Advantages : Known for strong mechanical properties , enhancing the structural integrity of flexible batteries .

[0126] There is provided polyethylene oxide ( PEO) as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is polyethylene oxide (PEO) . Advantages : Combines flexibility and ion conductivity, used in solid-state and printable lithium-ion batteries .

[0127] There are provided polyimide (PI ) -based binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a Polyimide ( PI ) -based binder . Advantages : Provides thermal stability and mechanical strength, suitable for high-performance applications . There are provided polyurethane ( PU) binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a Polyurethane ( PU) . Advantages : Offers excellent mechanical flexibility, ideal for flexible and stretchable battery designs .

[0128] There are provided conductive polymer binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a conductive polymer, comprising polyaniline (PANI ) , polypyrrole ( PPy) , or PEDOT . Advantages : Enhance electronic conductivity, improving overall battery performance .

[0129] Natural polymer binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a natural polymer binder, including alginate (the counterions in alginate is selected depending on the ions in the battery such as for instance sodium alginate ) , chitosan, guar gum, or starch-based binders . Advantages : Provide sustainable and environmentally friendly alternatives , supporting green battery technologies .

[0130] There are further provided hybrid Polymer binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a hybrid polymer binder, combining polymers like PVDF or PEG with ceramic nanoparticles or conductive additives . In one embodiment, the hybrid polymer binder combines at least one polymer selected from PVDF and PEG with nanoparticles . Thus , a hybrid polymer binder comprises i ) a polymer and ii ) nanoparticles . Advantages : Combine the strengths of dif ferent polymers, enhancing mechanical and conductive properties .

[0131] There are provided Thermoplastic Elastomers as binder . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a Thermoplastic Elastomer, specifically styrene-ethylene-butylene-styrene (SEBS ) . Advantages : Of fer excellent flexibility, suitable for stretchable and printable battery designs .

[0132] There are provided ion-conductive polymer binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is an ion-conductive polymer binder, comprising lithium-salt doped polymers such as PEO-LiTFSI . Advantages : Facilitate ionic transport, enhancing the performance of solid-state and printable batteries .

[0133] There are provided green binders . In one embodiment, the polymeric binder is a green binder, including lignin-based and gelatin-based binders . Advantages : Focus on sustainability, utilizing renewable materials for eco-friendly battery fabrication .

[0134] In one embodiment, the fabrication of the multilayer battery structure employs a modified silkscreen process to apply functional nano-coatings on a variety of smooth materials , including but not limited to glass , metal , and paper .

[0135] In one embodiment, the production process includes drying the screen-printed layers in a furnace and applying a laminator foil to enhance weather resistance and durability .

[0136] In one embodiment, at least one of the layers comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, and graphite oxide . In one embodiment, the production process emphasizes environmental sustainability by eliminating the use of lithium . In one embodiment, the multilayer battery structure is protected with a laminate foil on at least one side .

[0137] In one embodiment, flash drying is performed after screenprinting each mixture in step c) .

[0138] In one embodiment, heat treatment is performed after screen-printing each mixture in step c) , optionally at 120 - 210 °C .

[0139] In one embodiment, grinding is performed of the materials before step c ) .

[0140] In one embodiment, step c) is performed using screenprinting by applying high-frequency squeegees . High-frequency squeegees can better handle various substrates, including uneven or flexible materials , providing consistent results across dif ferent surfaces . This makes it easier to print on flexible materials .

[0141] In one embodiment, step c) is performed using screenprinting involving use of micro-pore-vacuum plates . These plates can accommodate a variety of substrates, including flexible, uneven, or delicate materials , allowing for greater flexibility in printing applications .

[0142] The described method leverages advanced materials and printing techniques to create high-performance, flexible, and environmentally friendly battery structures suitable for a wide range of applications . By integrating the advantages of various materials and innovative processes, the invention addresses the limitations observed in prior art, providing a novel approach to battery fabrication . All above materials and substances as well as method steps can freely be combined with each other according to the present invention .

Claims

Claims1 . A method for fabricating a multilayer all-solid-state battery structure, comprising the sequential steps of : a) providing :( i ) a cathode material in particulate form, an anode material in particulate form, and a solid electrolyte material in particulate form;( ii ) metal ions suitable for use in batteries ; and ( iii ) a polymeric binder or a combination of a polymer precursor and a photoinitiator;b) preparing three distinct mixtures for the cathode, the anode, and the solid electrolyte, respectively, wherein each mixture is formed by combining its respective particulate material with the metal ions and the polymeric binder or the combination of polymeric precursor and photoinitiator;c) screen-printing each of the three distinct mixtures onto a conductive substrate to form three dif ferent layers acting as a cathode, a solid electrolyte, and an anode, respectively, to obtain a sandwich structure ; d) optionally subj ecting the printed layers to UV-curing to induce a reaction of the polymer precursor to form a polymer; ande) subj ecting the sandwich structure to a heat treatment at a temperature below the melting point of the cathode material, the anode material , and the solid electrolyte material, thereby sintering the particulate materials within the three dif ferent layers .2 . The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the three distinct mixtures further comprises a volatile sintering aid .

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2 , wherein the particulate materials are particles with a size in therange of 10 - 500 nm as measured by scanning electron microscopy according to ISO 19749 : 2021 .4 . The method according to any one of the preceding claims , wherein at least one of the three layers comprises an amorphous melting component selected from the group consisting of amorphous silica, glass-ceramics, and lithium borate glasses .

5. The method according to any one of the preceding claims , wherein the heat treatment is performed at a temperature in the interval of 120 - 210 °C .

6. The method according to any one of the preceding claims , wherein a fourth mixture is prepared, comprising at least one conductive material , and wherein the fourth mixture is screen-printed to obtain the sandwich structure .7 . The method according to any one of the preceding claims , wherein the sandwich structure is laminated onto a substrate .8 . The method according to claim 7 , wherein the substrate onto which the sandwich structure is laminated comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of glass, metal , textile, and paper .

9. The method according to any one of claims 1- 8 , wherein the metal ions are Li+ions , wherein the anode material in particular form comprises one selected from Li metal , graphite, Si , and Li4Ti50i2 (LTO) , wherein the cathode material in particulate form comprises one selected from NMC, NCA, LCO, LFP, Li3V2(PO4)3, LiMn204, and Sulfur and wherein the solid electrolyte material in particulateform compri s e s one s el ected f rom Garnet- type ( LLZO ) , NAS I CON- type ( LATP / LAGP ) , Perovs kite- type ( LLTO ) , Sul f ide-based ( LGPS , argyrodi te s ) , and Ant i-perovs ki te sol id e lectro lyte material .10 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are Na+ions , where in the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es one s e lected from Na metal , hard carbon, and Sn / Na al loys , wherein the cathode material in parti cul ate form compri s e s one sel ected f rom NaM02( layered oxides ) , Na3V2( P04)3, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , sul fur , and organic cathode s , and where in the sol id e lectro lyte material in parti cul ate form compri s e s one s el ected f rom NAS ICON- type ,Nai + xZr2S ixP3_x0i2, Sul f ide-based (Na3PS4, Na3SbS4) , and Pol ymer e l ectro l yte s ( PEO + Na s alt s ) .11 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are K+ions , wherein the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es one s e lected from K metal , graphi te , and hard carbon, where in the cathode materi al in part i cul ate f rom compri s es one s e lected from KM02layered oxides , KFeP04, KVP04F, K3V2( PO4)3, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , sul f ide s , and sul fur , and where in the sol id s tate e lectro l yte compri s e s one s el ected f rom NAS I CON- type K4.33Z r2( S i04)x( P04)3_x, Sul f ide e l ectro l yte s , and Po l ymer e lectro l yte s ( PEG + K s alt s ) .12 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are Mg2 +ions , where in the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es Mg metal , where in the cathode material in part i cul ar form compri s e s one sel ected f rom Mo6S8( Chevre l ) , T iS2, VS2, MgMn204, MgFeP04, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , and sul fur , and wherein thesol id e lectro lyte in part i cul ar form compri s e s one sel ected f rom Mg-conduct ing oxide s ( spine l s , NAS I CON- type ) , Mg2 +- conduct ing po l ymers ( po l yethyl ene oxide + Mg sal t s ) , and Chevrel - compat ibl e so l id e l ectro l yte s .13 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are Mg2 +ions , where in the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es Mg metal , where in the cathode material in part i cul ar form compri s e s one sel ected f rom CaxMnO2, CaV2O5, CaFeP04, CaM2( P04)3, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , T iS2, Mo6S8, and sul fur , and wherein the sol id e l ectro l yte materi al in parti culate form compri s e s one s el ected f rom Ca2 +- conduct ing NAS ICON- type oxide s , Hydride-based e l ectrol yte s , and Po l ymer electro lytes ( PEG + Ca sal ts ) .14 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are Al3 +ions , where in the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es Al metal , where in the cathode material in part i cul ar form compri s e s one sel ected f rom Carbonaceous cathodes ( graphite , graphene ) , V2Os , Mn02, T i02, MoS2, Prus s i an Blue analogue s , Chevre l phas es , and sul fur , and where in the so l id el ectro lyte compri s es one s e l ected from Chloroaluminate-bas ed so l id electro lytes , Po l ymer-Al s al t s , and oxide-bas ed conductors .15 . The method according to any one o f cl aims 1 - 8 , wherein the metal ions are Zn2 +ions , wherein the anode materi al in part i cul ate form compri s es Zn metal , where in the cathode material in part i cul ar form compri s e s one sel ected a / 5 -MnO2, ZnMn204, V2Os - nH20, Prus s ian Blue analogues , sul f ides (MoS2, VS2) , organi c cathode s , andChevrel phases, and wherein the solid electrolyte material comprises one selected from Zn2 +-conducting NASICON-type oxides , Hydrogels / polymer electrolytes (PEG + Zn salts ) , and Sulfide-based electrolytes .

16. The method according to any one of claims 1-15, wherein the polymeric binder comprises a fluoropolymer- based binder selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride ( PVDF) , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , and fluoroethylene propylene ( FEP) .17 . The method according to any one of claims 1-16, wherein the polymeric binder comprises s t yrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) .18 . The method according to any one of claims 1-17 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyacrylic acid (PAA) .

19. The method according to any one of claims 1-18 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) .

20. The method according to any one of claims 1-19, wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) .21 . The method according to any one of claims 1-20 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyacrylonitrile (PAN) .22 . The method according to any one of claims 1-21 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyethylene oxide (PEG) .

23. The method according to any one of claims 1-22 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyimide (PI ) .24 . The method according to any one of claims 1-23, wherein the polymeric binder comprises polyurethane (PU) .

25. The method according to any one of claims 1-24 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises a conductive polymer .

26. The method according to any one of claims 1-25, wherein the polymeric binder comprises a natural polymer binder selected from the group consisting of alginate, chitosan, guar gum, and starch .27 . The method according to any one of claims 1-26, wherein the polymeric binder comprises a hybrid polymer binder, comprising nanoparticles and at least one polymer selected from the group consisting of PVDF and PEG .28 . The method according to any one of claims 1-27 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises styrene-ethylene- butylene-styrene (SEBS ) .

29. The method according to any one of claims 1-28 , wherein the polymeric binder comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of lignin and gelatin .

30. The method according to any one of claims 1-29, wherein step d) is carried out using a combination of irradiation with UV and IR .31 . The method according to any one of claims 1-30 , wherein at least one of the layers comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, and graphite oxide .32 . The method according to any one of claims 1-31 , wherein the multilayer battery structure is protected with a laminate foil on at least one side .

33. The method according to any one of claims 1-32 , wherein flash drying is performed after screen-printing each mixture in step c) .34 . The method according to any one of claims 1-33 , wherein grinding is performed of the materials before step c ) .

35. The method according to any one of claims 1-34 , wherein step c) is performed using screen-printing by applying high-frequency squeegees .

36. The method according to any one of claims 1-35, wherein step c) is performed using screen-printing involving use of micro-pore- vacuum plates .37 . The method according to any one of claims 1-36, wherein the multilayer all-solid-state battery structure fabricated by the method comprises :a) an electrode covering at least 90% of the surface area of a battery cell ;b) a core in thermal contact with at least one terminal ; andc) an assembly without additional cooling in addition tothe core in thermal contact with the at least one terminal .38 . The method according to claim 37 , wherein the battery cell has an area between 10 cm x 10 cm and 1 m x 1 m.

39. The method according to any one of claims 37-38 , wherein the battery cell produces a voltage in the range 2 .5 - 28 V.

40. An al 1- sol id- st ate battery structure comprising :a) a cathode layer;b ) an anode layer ;c) a solid electrolyte layer disposed between said cathode layer and said anode layer; wherein said cathode layer, said anode layer, and said solid electrolyte layer are each formed from sintered particulate materials .41 . The all-solid-state battery structure according to claim 40 , wherein the particulate materials forming said cathode layer, said anode layer, and said solid electrolyte layer are nanoparticles having a characteristic size in the range of 10 to 500 nanometers .42 . The all-solid-state battery structure according to any one of claims 40 to 41 , wherein at least one of said cathode layer, said anode layer, or said solid electrolyte layer comprises an amorphous melting component selected from the group consisting of amorphous silica, glass-ceramics , and lithium borate glasses .

43. The all-solid-state battery structure according to any one of claims 40 to 42 , wherein the battery structure is laminated onto a substrate .44 . The all-solid-state battery structure according to claim 43 , wherein said substrate comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of glass , metal, textile, and paper .

45. The all-solid-state battery structure according to any one of claims 40 to 44 , wherein the multilayer all- solid-state battery structure is protected with a laminate foil on at least one side .

46. The all-solid-state battery structure according to any one of claims 40-45, further comprising :an electrode covering at least 90% of the surface area of the battery cell ; anda core in thermal contact with at least one terminal , said core forming an assembly without additional cooling beyond said core .

Images