Gas sampling device

Abstract

A gas sampling device is provided for sampling patient gases. The gas sampling device comprises at least one gas sampling port and at least one jet outlet. The at least one jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

Description

Gas Sampling Device

[0001] This application claims priority from US Application No. 63 / 712,205 filed on 25 October 2024, the contents of which are to be taken as incorporated herein by this reference.Technical Field

[0002] The present disclosure relates to gas sampling devices. The present disclosure also relates to systems, kits and methods that comprise the gas sampling devices.Background of Invention

[0003] Gas sampling devices can be used in various clinical applications to sample patient exhaled gases, such as during disease biomarker analysis or capnography. Capnography is often part of the care for patients undergoing anaesthetic procedures, and is part of routine monitoring in the pre-hospital, hospital and acute care settings. Capnography is the monitoring of the concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO2) in respiratory gases. Capnography can be used during a wide range of sedation procedures to verify respiratory effort by the patient. That is, if rises in CO2 are seen (during the exhalation of a patient) periodically (aligning with the breath cycle) this indicates gas exchange / exhalation of CO2 and thus, respiratory effort. A clinician can use capnography to assess the patient's respiration for several reasons, e.g., to detect adverse events, detect apnea, monitor frequency / regularity of breathing, etc. Given the importance of carbon dioxide sampling in capnography, imprecise sampling of carbon dioxide can lead to a multitude of challenges in medical practice.

[0004] The above discussion of the background to the disclosure is intended to facilitate an understanding of the disclosure. However, it is to be appreciated that the discussion is not an acknowledgement or admission that any aspect of the discussion was part of the common general knowledge of a skilled addressee as at the priority date of this application.Summary of Invention

[0005] According to an aspect, there is provided a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one jet outlet; wherein the at least one jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0006] In one or more embodiments, the gas to be sampled is the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0007] In one or more embodiments, wherein the at least one jet flow moves the gas toward the at least one gas sampling port by changing a direction of flow of at least a portion of the gas to be sampled.

[0008] In one or more embodiments the at least one jet outlet is configured to govern the direction of the at least one jet flow of gas.

[0009] In one or more embodiments, the sampling device comprises at least one jet flow path ending in at least one jet outlet, and wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow of gas at an angle.

[0010] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow away from the at least one sampling port.

[0011] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow away from the patient’s face.

[0012] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow in a direction along a transverse plane.

[0013] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow in a direction away from a coronal or sagittal plane.

[0014] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet parallel to a coronal plane of the patient.

[0015] In one or more embodiments, the transverse plane (e.g. a superior transverse plane) is located between the nose and the mouth in the patient’s philtrum area.

[0016] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet at a first angle (0), wherein the first angle (0) is between 0°- 90° from the transverse plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient.

[0017] In one or more embodiments, one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet at a second angle (P), wherein the second angle (P) is between 0°- 90° from the coronal plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient.

[0018] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is angled.

[0019] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is angled away from the at least one sampling port.

[0020] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is angled away from the patient’s face.

[0021] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is positioned proximal to the at least one gas sampling port.

[0022] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is positioned perpendicularly to the at least one gas sampling port and / or above the at least one gas sampling port and / or below the at least one gas sampling port and / or around the at least one gas sampling port.

[0023] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed proximal to the patient’s mouth.

[0024] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed on the patient’s philtrum.

[0025] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed above or below the patient’s mouth.

[0026] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet comprises a first jet outlet and a second jet outlet, and the first jet outlet is provided on a first side of the gas sampling device and the second jet outlet is provided on the second side of the gas sampling device.

[0027] In one or more embodiments, the first jet outlet and the second jet outlet are positioned at 180° from each other.

[0028] In one or more embodiments, the first jet outlet and the second jet outlet are positioned at either side of the gas sampling port.

[0029] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device further comprises: at least one jet inlet; wherein, in use, the at least one jet inlet is configured to convey a flow of gas from a flow source to the at least one jet outlet.

[0030] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one jet inlet is configured to supply a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet.

[0031] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet inlet is couplable with at least one flow source.

[0032] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is couplable with at least one flow source.

[0033] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet is operable in fluid communication, via the at least one jet inlet, with the at least one flow source.

[0034] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device defines at least one internal flow path between the at least one jet inlet and the at least one jet outlet that gives rise to a jet flow of gas from the at least one jet outlet when in use.

[0035] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises two jet inlets and two jet outlets, wherein one jet inlet is configured to supply a flow of gas to one jet outlet.

[0036] In one or more embodiments, the sampling device comprises only one jet inlet configured to supply the at least one jet outlet.

[0037] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet inlet is couplable with a flow source conduit adjacent to where the at least one gas sampling port is couplable with a gas sampling conduit.

[0038] In one or more embodiments, the device further comprising a support element.

[0039] In one or more embodiments, the support element is configured to assist moving of the gas to be sampled to the at least one gas sampling port.

[0040] In one or more embodiments, the support element is angled and / or curved and / or contoured and / or adjustable and / or flexible.

[0041] In one or more embodiments, in use, the angle of at least a portion of the support element is between -60° to 60° with respect to the patient’s coronal plane.

[0042] In one or more embodiments, the angle of the support element is adjustable based on the patient and / or desired location of the at least one gas sampling port with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

[0043] In one or more embodiments, the support element is configured to provide a barrier between the at least one jet flow and nasal gas flow.

[0044] In one or more embodiments, in use, at least part of the support element is in direct contact with the patient.

[0045] In one or more embodiments, the support element is configured to mitigate the at least one jet flow from contacting the patient’s skin.

[0046] In one or more embodiments, the jet outlet has a rectangular and / or elliptical and / or circular and / or triangular and / or tear and / or crescent and / or L shape.

[0047] In one or more embodiments, each jet outlet of the at least one jet outlet comprises an edge profile.

[0048] In one or more embodiments,, in use, the edge profile is positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth and / or the at least one gas sampling port.

[0049] In one or more embodiments, in use, the edge profile is positioned at an end of the at least one jet outlet that is in closest proximity to the patient’s mouth and / or the at least one gas sampling port.

[0050] In one or more embodiments, the edge profile comprises a substantially straight and / or curved and / or scalloped and / or serpentine and / or sawtooth and / or angled and / or contoured profile section.

[0051] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet comprises multiple openings within one plane.

[0052] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet comprises multiple circular openings in one plane.

[0053] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet comprises multiple slots in one plane.

[0054] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet comprises a nozzle.

[0055] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio of 10:1.

[0056] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio of 20:1.

[0057] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio between 8:1 to 25:1.

[0058] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that, in use, the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient.

[0059] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet outlet has a height of about 5 mm to about 20 mm, or about 10 mm to about 15 mm, or about 8 mm to about 14 mm.

[0060] In one or more embodiments, the one or more jet outlets may each have a cross-sectional area of about 10 mm2to 20 mm2, or about 12 mm2to 18 mm2, or more specifically about 12 mm2or about 15 mm2.

[0061] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, the at least one jet outlet fits above or below the patient’s lip.

[0062] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, the at least one jet outlet is proximal to the mouth of the patient and not in contact with the mouth of the patient.

[0063] In one or more embodiments, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, a face mask can be placed over the gas sampling device.

[0064] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port comprises or is in fluid communication with a gas sensor.

[0065] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is couplable to a gas analyser, such as a capnograph.

[0066] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is in fluid communication with the gas analyser via at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0067] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit is configured to connect the gas sampling device and the gas analyser.

[0068] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit is releasably couplable with the sampling device and / or the gas analyser.

[0069] In one or more embodiments, each one of the at least one gas sampling ports comprises a gas sampling port opening, wherein the gas sampling port opening enables the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

[0070] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient.

[0071] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient so that the gas sampling port opening is angled towards the patient’s mouth.

[0072] In one or more embodiments, wherein, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled at less than 90 degrees relative to the coronal plane of the patient.

[0073] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled between 0 and 45 degrees relative to coronal plane of the patient.

[0074] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling port opening is circular or funnelled or any other shape suitable to guide gas to be sampled into the gas sampling port.

[0075] In one or more embodiments, wherein the gas sampling port opening comprises more than one opening for the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

[0076] In one or more embodiments, wherein the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 5 mm.

[0077] In one or more embodiments, the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 2 mm.

[0078] In one or more embodiments, wherein the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 2 and 5 mm.

[0079] In one or more embodiments, wherein the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 0.5 to 2 mm.

[0080] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth.

[0081] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth and not over the upper lip of the patient.

[0082] In one or more embodiments, the device further comprising attaching means configured to attach the gas sampling device to a patient interface.

[0083] In one or more embodiments, the attaching means comprises a clip having a “C” shaped cross section configured to cooperate with and attach to part of a patient interface.

[0084] In one or more embodiments, the attaching means comprises a rail configured to cooperate with a notch in the sampling device and the rail provides an axis of movement of the gas sampling device towards and away from the patient’s mouth.

[0085] In one or more embodiments, the position of the gas sampling device on the rail may be adjusted between two end positions.

[0086] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is held in a desired position on the rail by friction fit.

[0087] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to a nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

[0088] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to or comprises a headgear for attaching the gas sampling device to the patient.

[0089] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is integral with a patient interface, wherein the patient interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

[0090] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to a bite block.

[0091] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises a bite block attachment for attaching the gas sampling device to a bite block.

[0092] In one or more embodiments, the bite block attachment is configured to attach the gas sampling device above the bite block, or below the bite block, or any other suitable location in the vicinity of the bite block.

[0093] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is integral with a bite block.

[0094] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device further comprising a structural member.

[0095] In one or more embodiments, wherein the at least one gas sampling port is positioned on the structural member.

[0096] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port and / or the at least one jet outlet are positioned on the structural member.

[0097] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is made of a substantially rigid material and / or substantially flexible material.

[0098] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device or part thereof is made of TPE and / or silicone and / or other suitable material.

[0099] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device or part thereof is flexible and / or compressible.

[0100] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is flexible and / or compressible so that, in use, the gas sampling device is adjustable to not interfere with access to an oral region of the patient.

[0101] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to sample at least one of: carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, anaesthetic agent concentration, and a breath analysis marker when in use.

[0102] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured for use during a medical procedure involving anaesthesia.

[0103] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured for use during provision of high flow respiratory support.

[0104] In one or more embodiments, configuration of the gas sampling device is adjustable when in use to achieve a desired gas sampling port location with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

[0105] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: at least one suction port; wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0106] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one suction port conveys the at least one suction flow such that the at least one suction flow draws the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0107] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is couplable with at least one negative pressure source.

[0108] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is in fluid communication with the at least one negative pressure source.

[0109] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises or is couplable with a suction connecting conduit configured to provide fluid communication between the at least one suction port and at least one negative pressure source.

[0110] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned towards the patient’s mouth when in use.

[0111] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is positioned above and / or below and / or around and / or within the at least one suction port.

[0112] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned proximal to the at least one gas sampling port.

[0113] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned perpendicularly to the at least one gas sampling port and / or below the at least one gas sampling port and / or around at least a portion of the at least one gas sampling port and / or above the at least one gas sampling port.

[0114] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to receive the gas to be sampled from the at least one suction flow.

[0115] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is a sidestream device.

[0116] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises:a distance A between a front aspect of the device and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein A ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 1 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 2.5 mm; and / ora distance B between the jet inlet and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein B ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 15 mm, such as about 5 mm to about 10 mm, or is about 10 mm; and / ora distance C between the patient and a portion of the sampling device containingthe at least one jet outlet, wherein C ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 3 mm; and / ora height H being a long span of the front aspect of the device (measurable in a direction away from the patient’s face when in use), wherein H ranges from about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm, or about 20 mm to about 30 mm; and / or a width W being a short span of the front aspect the device comprising the at least one gas sampling port, wherein W ranges from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0117] In one or more embodiments, the sum of distance A and distance B ranges from about 1 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 1 mm to 15, or about 5 mm to about 20 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 10 mm to about 15 mm.

[0118] In one or more embodiments, the sampling port is located in the device such that when in use, the gas sampling port is positioned at a distance from the patient’s face in a range of about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm or about 20 mm to about 30 mm, or it is positioned about 20 mm or less from the patient’s mouth, such as about 15 mm or less from the patient’s mouth but not less than about 5 mm.

[0119] According to an aspect, there is provided a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one of a jet outlet and a suction port; wherein the jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port; and wherein the suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0120] According to an aspect, there is provided a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one auxiliary port, the at least one auxiliary port being configured, when in use, to convey a flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0121] In one or more embodiments, the at least one auxiliary port comprises a jet outlet, wherein the jet outlet is configured, when in use, to convey the flow of gas by providing at least one jet flow of gas that moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one sampling port.

[0122] In one or more embodiments, the at least one auxiliary port comprises a suction port, wherein the suction port is configured, when in use, to convey the flow of gas byconveying at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0123] In one aspect, there is provided a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one suction port; wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0124] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one suction port conveys the at least one suction flow such that the at least one suction flow draws the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0125] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is couplable with at least one negative pressure source.

[0126] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises or is couplable with a suction connecting conduit configured to provide fluid communication between the at least one suction port and at least one negative pressure source.

[0127] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is in fluid communication with the at least one negative pressure source when in use.

[0128] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned towards the patient’s mouth when in use.

[0129] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is positioned above and / or below and / or around and / or within the at least one suction port.

[0130] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned proximal to the at least one gas sampling port.

[0131] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction port is positioned perpendicularly to the at least one gas sampling port and / or below the at least one gas sampling port and / or around at least a portion of the at least one gas sampling port and / or above the at least one gas sampling port.

[0132] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to receive the gas to be sampled from the at least one suction flow.

[0133] In one or more embodiments, the gas to be sampled is the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0134] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed proximal to the patient’s mouth.

[0135] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed on the patient’s philtrum.

[0136] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to be placed above or below the patient’s mouth.

[0137] In one or more embodiments, the device comprising a support element.

[0138] In one or more embodiments, the support element is configured to assist moving of the gas to be sampled to the at least one gas sampling port.

[0139] In one or more embodiments, the support element is angled and / or curved and / or contoured and / or adjustable and / or flexible.

[0140] In one or more embodiments, in use, the angle of at least a portion of the support element is between -60° to 60° with respect to the patient’s coronal plane.

[0141] In one or more embodiments, the angle of the support element is adjustable based on the patient and / or desired location of the at least one gas sampling port with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

[0142] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device further comprising at least one jet outlet providing a jet flow of gas when in use, and the support element is configured to provide a barrier between the at least one jet flow and nasal gas flow.

[0143] In one or more embodiments, in use, at least part of the support element is in direct contact with the patient.

[0144] In one or more embodiments, the support element is configured to mitigate the at least one suction flow from contacting the patient’s skin.

[0145] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port comprises or is in fluid communication with a gas sensor.

[0146] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is couplable to a gas analyser, such as a capnograph.

[0147] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is in fluid communication with the gas analyser via at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0148] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit is configured to connect the gas sampling device and the gas analyser.

[0149] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit is releasably couplable with the sampling device and / or the gas analyser.

[0150] In one or more embodiments, each one of the at least one gas sampling ports comprises a gas sampling port opening, wherein the gas sampling port opening enables the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

[0151] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient.

[0152] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient so that the gas sampling port opening is angled towards the patient’s mouth.

[0153] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled at less than 90 degrees relative to the coronal plane of the patient.

[0154] In one or more embodiments, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled between 0 and 45 degrees relative to coronal plane of the patient.

[0155] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling port opening is circular or funnelled or any other shape suitable to guide gas to be sampled into the gas sampling port.

[0156] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling port opening comprises more than one opening for the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

[0157] In one or more embodiments, the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 5 mm.

[0158] In one or more embodiments, the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 2 mm.

[0159] In one or more embodiments, the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 2 and 5 mm.

[0160] In one or more embodiments, the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 0.5 to 2 mm.

[0161] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth.

[0162] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth and not over the upper lip of the patient.

[0163] In one or more embodiments, the device further comprising attaching means configured to attach the gas sampling device to a patient interface.

[0164] In one or more embodiments, the the attaching means comprises a clip having a “C” shaped cross section configured to cooperate with and attach to part of a patient interface.

[0165] In one or more embodiments, the attaching means comprises a rail configured to cooperate with a notch in the sampling device and the rail provides an axis of movement of the gas sampling device towards and away from the patient’s mouth.

[0166] In one or more embodiments, a position of the gas sampling device on the rail may be adjusted between two end positions.

[0167] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is held in a desired position on the rail by friction fit.

[0168] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to a nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

[0169] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to or comprises a headgear for attaching the gas sampling device to the patient.

[0170] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is integral with a patient interface, wherein the patient interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

[0171] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is attachable to a bite block.

[0172] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device comprises a bite block attachment for attaching the gas sampling device to a bite block.

[0173] In one or more embodiments, the bite block attachment is configured to attach the gas sampling device above the bite block, or below the bite block, or any other suitable location in the vicinity of the bite block.

[0174] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is integral with the bite block.

[0175] In one or more embodiments, the device further comprising a structural member.

[0176] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port is positioned on the structural member.

[0177] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device further comprises at least one jet outlet providing a jet flow of gas when in use, and the at least one gas sampling port and / or the at least one jet outlet are positioned on the structural member.

[0178] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is made of a substantially rigid material and / or substantially flexible material.

[0179] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device or part thereof is made of TPE and / or silicone and / or other suitable material.

[0180] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device or part thereof is flexible and / or compressible.

[0181] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is flexible and compressible so that, in use, the gas sampling device is adjustable to not interfere with access to an oral region of the patient.

[0182] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured to sample at least one of: carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, anaesthetic agent concentration, and a breath analysis marker when in use.

[0183] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured for use during a medical procedure involving anaesthesia.

[0184] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is configured for use during provision of high flow respiratory support.

[0185] In one or more embodiments, configuration of the gas sampling device is adjustable when in use to achieve a desired gas sampling port location with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

[0186] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is a sidestream device.

[0187] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device further comprises at least one jet outlet providing a jet flow of gas when in use, wherein the gas sampling device comprises:a distance A between a front aspect of the device and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein A ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 1 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 2.5 mm; and / ora distance B between a jet inlet and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein B ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 15 mm, such as about 5 mm to about 10 mm, or is about 10 mm; and / ora distance C between the patient and a portion of the sampling device containing the at least one jet outlet, wherein C ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 3 mm ; and / or

[0188] a height H being a long span of the front aspect of the device (measurable in a direction away from the patient’s face when in use), wherein H ranges from about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm, or about 20 mm to about 30 mm; and / or

[0189] a width W being a short span of the front aspect the device comprising the at least one gas sampling port, wherein W ranges from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 10 mm.

[0190] In one or more embodiments, the sum of distance A and distance B ranges from about 1 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 1 mm to 15, or about 5 mm to about 20 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 10 mm to about 15 mm.

[0191] In one or more embodiments, the sampling port is located in the device such that when in use, the gas sampling port is positioned at a distance from the patient’s face in a range of about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm or about 20 mm to about 30 mm, or it is positioned about 20 mm or less from the patient’s mouth, such as about 15 mm or less from the patient’s mouth but not less than about 5 mm.

[0192] According to an aspect, there is provided a system for sampling a gas from a patient, the system comprising: any one of the gas sampling device comprising at least one jet outlet ; and at least one jet flow source configured to provide a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet to generate the at least one jet flow of gas.

[0193] In one or more embodiments, the sampled gas comprises the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0194] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is in fluid communication with the at least one jet outlet.

[0195] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is in fluid communication with the at least one jet outlet via at least one jet inlet.

[0196] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is couplable with the at least one jet inlet.

[0197] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is couplable with the at least one jet flow outlet via the at least one jet inlet.

[0198] In one or more embodiments, operation of the at least one jet flow source is adjustable to optimize gas sampling based on desired velocity of the at least one jet flow and / or medical application and / or the patient.

[0199] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is adjustable manually or automatically.

[0200] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to provide a constant or time-varying flow of gas.

[0201] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one jet flow conduit, wherein the at least one jet flow conduit is configured to provide fluid communication between the at least one jet flow source and the at least one jet inlet and / or the at least one jet outlet.

[0202] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a gas analyser configured to receive sampled gas from the at least one gas sampling port.

[0203] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to measure and display an indicator (e.g. partial pressure or concentration) of a gas of interest in the sampled gas.

[0204] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to produce analysis relating the sampled gas.

[0205] In one or more embodiments, the analysis relating the sampled gas comprise the patient’s ventilatory status.

[0206] In one or more embodiments, the analysis relating the sampled gas comprises measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the patient’s exhaled breath.

[0207] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to transmit the data relating the sampled gas to an electronic device for displaying and / or storing and / or further processing.

[0208] In one or more embodiments, data relating to the sampled gas is displayed by at least one medical device.

[0209] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in operative communication with at least one medical device, such as a high flow device and / or anaesthesia device and / or ventilator.

[0210] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0211] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in fluid communication with the at least one gas sampling port.

[0212] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in fluid communication with the at least one gas sampling port via the at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0213] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser comprises a capnograph.

[0214] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit and / or the at least one jet flow conduit each define more than one flow path.

[0215] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit and / or the at least one jet flow conduit each define more than one flow path so that each flow path is configured to convey different flow of gases within the same conduit.

[0216] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling conduit and the at least one jet flow conduit are part of a common conduit.

[0217] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one therapeutic flow source.

[0218] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to a patient interface.

[0219] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to the patient interface via a humidifier.

[0220] In one or more embodiments, the least one therapeutic flow source and the least one jet flow source are incorporated into a common flow source.

[0221] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a controller.

[0222] In one or more embodiments, the controller comprises a microcontroller or some other architecture configured to direct the operation of controllable components of the system.

[0223] In one or more embodiments, the controller is in operative communication with the at least one jet flow source and / or the at least one therapeutic flow source and / or at least one negative pressure source and / or the gas analyser and / or a humidifier and / or an input / output module.

[0224] In one or more embodiments, each controllable component of the system comprises a separate controller and the separate controllers are in operative communication.

[0225] In one or more embodiments, the controllable components of the system include the at least one jet source, at least one therapeutic flow source, the at least one negative pressure source, the gas analyser, the humidifier, and the input / output module.

[0226] In one or more embodiments, the controller is in operative communication with a device external to the system.

[0227] In one or more embodiments, the controller is separate unit from each of the controllable components of the system.

[0228] In one or more embodiments, the controller is a part of at least one of the controllable components of the system.

[0229] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising an input / output module.

[0230] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module is in operative communication with the controller.

[0231] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module is configured to allow a user to interface with the controller to facilitate the control of controllable components of the system and / or view data regarding the operation of the system.

[0232] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module comprises at least one of: one or more buttons, knobs, dials, switches, keyboard, keypad, foot pedal, levers, touch screens, speakers, displays and / or other input or output components which enable the user to view data and / or input commands to control controllable components of the system.

[0233] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprises a humidifier.

[0234] In one or more embodiments, the humidifier is configured to heat and / or humidify the at least one therapeutic flow of gas.

[0235] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one first conduit, wherein the at least one first conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the at least one therapeutic flow source and the humidifier.

[0236] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a second conduit, wherein the at least one second conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the humidifier and a patient interface.

[0237] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a patient interface.

[0238] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises nasal interface.

[0239] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface is sealing or non-sealing nasal interface.

[0240] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises a collapsible portion.

[0241] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises at least one of: a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oro-nasal mask, a full-face mask, a nasal pillows mask and a nasal cannula.

[0242] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling device is attached to the patient interface.

[0243] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling device is integral to the patient interface.

[0244] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a housing.

[0245] In one or more embodiments, the housing at least partially houses the at least one jet flow source and the at least one therapeutic flow source.

[0246] In one or more embodiments, the housing at least partially houses at least one of: the at least one jet flow source, the at least one therapeutic flow source, the gas analyser, the humidifier.

[0247] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to provide a flow of gas.

[0248] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to provide a flow of air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen and / or non-flammable gas.

[0249] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to generate at least one jet flow with velocity between 2 to 40 m / s.

[0250] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to generate at least one jet flow with velocity between 5 to 20 m / s.

[0251] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to generate at least one jet flow with a flowrate between 5 to 50 L / min.

[0252] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to generate at least one jet flow with a flowrate between 5 to 30 L / min.

[0253] In one or more embodiments, the at least one jet flow source is configured to generate at least one jet flow with a flowrate between 10 to 20 L / min.

[0254] In one or more embodiments, a velocity of the at least one jet flow is adjustable by adjusting flow rate.

[0255] In one or more embodiments, a flowrate of the at least one jet flow is adjustable.

[0256] In one or more embodiments, a velocity of the at least one jet flow is adjustable manually and / or automatically.

[0257] In one or more embodiments, a flowrate of the at least one jet flow is adjustable manually and / or automatically.

[0258] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide a therapeutic jet flow of gas and / or a nontherapeutic flow of gas.

[0259] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen and / or non-flammable gas.

[0260] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is a high flow source configured to generate at least one therapeutic flow at a high flow rate.

[0261] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 5 to 150 L / min.

[0262] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 20 to 90 L / min.

[0263] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 40 to 70 L / min.

[0264] In one or more embodiments, the system is configured for use during a medical procedure.

[0265] In one or more embodiments, the system is configured for use during an anaesthetic procedure.

[0266] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one negative pressure source configured to generate at least one suction flow of gas and convey the at least one suction flow of gas from at least one suction port.

[0267] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one negative pressure source generates the at least one suction flow at the at least one suction port such that the at least one suction flow draws gas from the patient toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0268] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is a pump and / or any other similar mechanical suction device or an ejector nozzle.

[0269] According to an aspect, there is provided a system for sampling a gas from a patient, the system comprising: any gas sampling device comprising at least one suction port; at least one negative pressure source configured to generate the at least one suction flow of gas.

[0270] In one or more embodiments, the sampled gas comprises the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0271] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is in fluid communication with the gas sampling device.

[0272] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is in fluid communication with the at least one suction port via a suction connecting conduit.

[0273] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to convey the at least one suction flow of gas from the at least one suction port.

[0274] In one or more embodiments, in use, the at least one negative pressure source generates at least one suction flow at the at least one suction port such that the at least one suction flow draws gas from the patient toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0275] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is a pump and / or any other similar mechanical suction device or an ejector nozzle.

[0276] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to provide a flowrate of the at least one suction flow between 0.5 - 30 L / min.

[0277] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to provide a flowrate of the at least one suction flow between 0.5 - 20 L / min.

[0278] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to provide a flowrate of the at least one suction flow between 0.5 - 5 L / min.

[0279] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to provide adjustable flowrate.

[0280] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is adjustable manually or automatically.

[0281] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is adjustable based on desired flowrate of the at least one suction flow and / or medical application and / or the patient.

[0282] In one or more embodiments, the at least one negative pressure source is configured to provide a constant or time-varying flow of gas.

[0283] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction flow comprises a flow of air and / or oxygen and / or non-flammable gas and / or nitrogen.

[0284] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a gas analyser configured to receive sampled gas from the at least one gas sampling port.

[0285] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to measure and display concentration of a gas of interest in the sampled gas.

[0286] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to produce analysis relating the sampled gas.

[0287] In one or more embodiments, the analysis relating the sampled gas comprise the patient’s ventilatory status.

[0288] In one or more embodiments, the analysis relating the sampled gas comprises measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide in the patient’s exhaled breath.

[0289] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is configured to transmit the data relating the sampled gas to an electronic device for displaying and / or storing and / or further processing.

[0290] In one or more embodiments, data relating to the sampled gas is displayed by one or more of the at least one medical device.

[0291] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in operative communication with at least one medical device, such as a high flow device and / or anaesthesia device and / or ventilator.

[0292] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0293] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in fluid communication with the at least one gas sampling port.

[0294] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser is in fluid communication with the at least one gas sampling port via the at least one gas sampling conduit.

[0295] In one or more embodiments, the gas analyser comprises a capnograph.

[0296] In one or more embodiments, the capnograph is configured to provide a secondary suction flow which draws the gas to be sampled to the capnograph.

[0297] In one or more embodiments, a suction rate of the capnograph is 50-500ml / min.

[0298] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one therapeutic flow source.

[0299] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to a patient interface.

[0300] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to the patient interface via a humidifier.

[0301] In one or more embodiments, the least one therapeutic flow source and the at least one negative pressure source are incorporated into a common device.

[0302] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a controller.

[0303] In one or more embodiments, the controller comprises a microcontroller or some other architecture configured to direct the operation of controllable components of the system.

[0304] In one or more embodiments, the controller is in operative communication with the at least one therapeutic flow source and / or at least one negative pressure source and / or the gas analyser and / or a humidifier and / or an input / output module.

[0305] In one or more embodiments, each controllable component of the system comprises a separate controller and the separate controllers are in operative communication.

[0306] In one or more embodiments, the controllable components of the system are the at least one jet source, at least one therapeutic flow source, the at least one negative pressure source, the gas analyser, the humidifier, and the input / output module.

[0307] In one or more embodiments, the controller is in operative communication with a device external to the system.

[0308] In one or more embodiments, the controller is separate unit from each of the controllable components of the system.

[0309] In one or more embodiments, the controller is a part of at least one of the controllable components of the system.

[0310] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising an input / output module.

[0311] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module is in operative communication with the controller.

[0312] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module is configured to allow a user to interface with the controller to facilitate the control of controllable components of the system and / or view data regarding the operation of the system.

[0313] In one or more embodiments, the input / output module comprises at least one of: one or more buttons, knobs, dials, switches, keyboard, keypad, foot pedal, levers, touch screens, speakers, displays and / or other input or output components which enable the user to view data and / or input commands to control controllable components of the system.

[0314] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a humidifier.

[0315] In one or more embodiments, the humidifier is configured to heat and / or humidify the at least one therapeutic flow of gas.

[0316] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising at least one first conduit, wherein the at least one first conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the at least one therapeutic flow source and the humidifier.

[0317] In one or more embodiments, system further comprising a second conduit, wherein the at least one second conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the humidifier and a patient interface.

[0318] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a patient interface.

[0319] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises nasal interface.

[0320] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface is sealing or non-sealing nasal interface.

[0321] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises a collapsible portion.

[0322] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises at least one of: a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oro-nasal mask, a full-face mask, a nasal pillows mask, a nasal cannula, an endotracheal tube, tracheostomy tube, or some other gas conveying system.

[0323] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling device is attached to the patient interface.

[0324] In one or more embodiments, the at least one gas sampling device is integral to the patient interface.

[0325] In one or more embodiments, the system further comprising a housing.

[0326] In one or more embodiments, the housing at least partially houses the at least one negative pressure source and the at least one therapeutic flow source.

[0327] In one or more embodiments, the housing at least partially houses at least one of: the at least one negative pressure source, the at least one therapeutic flow source, the gas analyser, the humidifier.

[0328] In one or more embodiments, a flowrate of the at least one suction flow is adjustable.

[0329] In one or more embodiments, a flowrate of the at least one suction flow is adjustable manually and / or automatically.

[0330] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide a therapeutic jet flow of gas and / or a nontherapeutic flow of gas.

[0331] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is configured to provide air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen and / or non-flammable gas.

[0332] In one or more embodiments, the at least one therapeutic flow source is a high flow source configured to generate at least one therapeutic flow at a high flow rate.

[0333] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 5 to 150 L / min.

[0334] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 20 to 90 L / min.

[0335] In one or more embodiments, the high flow rate is 40 to 70 L / min.

[0336] In one or more embodiments, the system is configured for use during a medical procedure.

[0337] In one or more embodiments, the system is configured for use during an anaesthetic procedure.

[0338] According to an aspect, there is provided a kit comprising a gas sampling device of any one of the above aspects; and a patient interface.

[0339] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface is a nasal interface.

[0340] In one or more embodiments, wherein the patient interface is sealing or nonsealing.

[0341] In one or more embodiments, the gas sampling device is coupled with or integrated with the patient interface.

[0342] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface is a non-sealing nasal interface.

[0343] In one or more embodiments, the non-sealing nasal interface is a nasal cannula.

[0344] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises a collapsible portion.

[0345] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface comprises at least one of: a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oro-nasal mask, a full-face mask, a nasal pillows mask and a nasal cannula or some other gas conveying system.

[0346] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising a filter.

[0347] In one or more embodiments, the patient interface further comprises the filter.

[0348] In one or more embodiments, the filter is integral with or attachable to the patient interface.

[0349] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising at least one gas sampling conduit, wherein the at least one gas sampling conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the gas sampling device and a gas analyser.

[0350] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising at least one jet flow conduit, wherein the at least one jet flow conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between at least one jet flow source and the gas sampling device.

[0351] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising at least one suction flow conduit, wherein the at least one suction flow conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the at least one suction flow source and the gas sampling device.

[0352] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising a humidifier.

[0353] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising at least one first conduit, wherein the at least one first conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the humidifier and the patient interface.

[0354] In one or more embodiments, the kit further comprising at least one second conduit, wherein the at least one second conduit is configured to provide a fluid communication between the humidifier and the therapeutic flow source.

[0355] In one or more embodiments, the kit is configured for use during a medical procedure.

[0356] In one or more embodiments, the kit is configured for use during an anaesthetic procedure.

[0357] In one or more embodiments, the kit is configured for use during respiratory support.

[0358] In one or more embodiments, the kit is configured for use during high flow respiratory support.

[0359] According to an aspect, there is provided a method for controlling a flow, the method comprising: providing at least one jet flow of gas through at least one jet outlet of any gas sampling device with a jet flow outlet; determining an indicator of a gas of interest in the sampled gas; and controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator.

[0360] In one or more embodiments, the method controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator comprises controlling the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device.

[0361] In one or more embodiments, the sampled gas comprises the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0362] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: performing the method iteratively.

[0363] In one or more embodiments, determining an indicator of the gas of interest comprises analysing a flow of the sampled gas received at the gas sampling port.

[0364] In one or more embodiments, the indicator of the gas of interest is a carbon dioxide fraction in the sampled gas.

[0365] In one or more embodiments, controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator comprises: comparing the indicator for the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device; and wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is above or at the first threshold, maintaining the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device.

[0366] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate provided to the gas sampling device comprises increasing the flowrate by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0367] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate provided to the gas sampling device comprises: increasing the flowrate by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0368] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate provided to the gas sampling device comprises: increasing the flowrate provided to the gas sampling device by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0369] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is fixed or adjustable.

[0370] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is adjustable by a user.

[0371] In one or more embodiments,, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of about 1-5% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0372] In one or more embodiments, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of about 2% or about 3% or about 4% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0373] In one or more embodiments, controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator comprises: comparing the indicator for the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is above the first threshold, comparing the indicator for the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a second threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is above the second threshold, reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is below or at the second threshold, maintaining the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device.

[0374] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: increasing the flowrate by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0375] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: increasing the flowrate by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0376] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: increasing the flowrate by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0377] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: reducing the flowrate by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0378] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: reducing the flowrate by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0379] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device comprises: reducing the flowrate by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0380] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold and the second threshold are fixed or adjustable.

[0381] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold and the second threshold are adjustable by a user.

[0382] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is lower than the second threshold.

[0383] In one or more embodiments, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of about 0.5% to about 2% of carbon dioxide in the gas and the second threshold is concentration of about 2% to about 4% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0384] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: providing at least one therapeutic flow of gas via a patient interface.

[0385] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: continuously monitoring the sampled gas.

[0386] In one or more embodiments, continuously monitoring the sampled gas comprises monitoring every exhaled breath of the patient.

[0387] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is variable.

[0388] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 5-50L / min.

[0389] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 5-30L / min.

[0390] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 10-20L / min.

[0391] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is 10L / min.

[0392] According to an aspect, there is provided a system comprising: the system described above carrying out the method of any one of embodiments above.

[0393] According to an aspect, there is provided a method for controlling a flow, the method comprising: generating at least one suction flow of gas and conveying the at least one suction flow of gas to any gas sampling device with at least one suction port; determining an indicator of a gas of interest in the sampled gas; controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator.

[0394] In one or more embodiments, the at least one suction flow is generated at a flowrate; and controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator comprises controlling the flowrate of the at least one suction flow.

[0395] In one or more embodiments, the sampled gas comprises the patient’s exhaled gas.

[0396] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: performing the method iteratively.

[0397] In one or more embodiments, determining the indicator of the gas of interest comprises analysing a flow of the sampled gas.

[0398] In one or more embodiments, the indicator of the gas of interest is a carbon dioxide fraction in the sampled gas.

[0399] In one or more embodiments, controlling the at least one suction flow comprises: comparing the indicator for the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas; and wherein, in an instance that the gas of interest is above or at the first threshold, maintaining the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas.

[0400] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0401] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0402] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0403] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is fixed or adjustable.

[0404] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is adjustable by a user.

[0405] In one or more embodiments, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of 1-5% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0406] In one or more embodiments, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of about 2% or about 3% or about 4% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0407] In one or more embodiments, controlling the at least one suction flow comprises: comparing the indicator of the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator of the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas; wherein, in an instance that the indicator of the gas of interest is above the first threshold, comparing the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a second threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator of the gas of interest is above the second threshold, reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas; wherein, in an instance that the indicator of the gas of interest is below or at the second threshold, maintaining the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas.

[0408] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0409] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0410] In one or more embodiments, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0411] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a set value with each iteration of the method.

[0412] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by about 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0413] In one or more embodiments, reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas comprises: reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas by a different value each with iteration of the method.

[0414] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold and the second threshold are fixed or adjustable.

[0415] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold and the second threshold are adjustable by a user.

[0416] In one or more embodiments, the first threshold is lower than the second threshold.

[0417] In one or more embodiments, in an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is concentration of about 0.5% to about 2% of carbon dioxide in the gas and the second threshold is concentration of about 2% or about 3% or about 4% of carbon dioxide in the gas.

[0418] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: providing at least one therapeutic flow of gas via a patient interface.

[0419] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: continuously monitoring the sampled gas.

[0420] In one or more embodiments, continuously monitoring the sampled gas comprises monitoring every exhaled breath of the patient.

[0421] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is variable.

[0422] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 5-50L / min.

[0423] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 5-30L / min.

[0424] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is between 10-20L / min.

[0425] In one or more embodiments, the flowrate is 10L / min.

[0426] In one or more embodiments, the method further comprising: determining the gas of interest in the sampled gas.

[0427] In an aspect, there is provided a system comprising: the system described above carrying out the method described above.

[0428] It is to be understood each of the various aspects described herein may incorporate one or more features, modifications and alternatives described in the context of one or more other aspects and may include one or more features, modifications and alternatives of any of the embodiments described below, as appropriate. For efficiency, such features, modifications and alternatives have not been repetitiously disclosed for each and every aspect although one of skill in the art will appreciate that such combinations of features, modifications and alternatives disclosed for some aspects and embodiments apply similarly for other aspects and are within the scope of and form part of the subject matter of this disclosure.Brief Description of Drawings

[0429] Various embodiments will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying drawings in which like features are represented by like numerals. The drawings are not necessarily to scale, emphasis instead generally being placed upon illustrating the principles. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown are examples only and are not to be taken as limiting the scope as defined in the claims appended hereto. Various embodiments and modifications thereof will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the detailed description herein by reference to the figures. In the following description, various embodiments are described with reference to the following drawings, in which:

[0430] Figure 1 shows a schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas without jet flow from a gas sampling device;

[0431] Figure 2 shows a schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow provided from a gas sampling device positioned above the patient’s mouth;

[0432] Figure 3 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the jet flow from the gas sampling device positioned above the patient’s mouth;

[0433] Figure 4 shows another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas without jet flow from the gas sampling device;

[0434] Figure 5 shows another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow from a gas sampling device positioned under the patient’s mouth;

[0435] Figure 6 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the jet flow from the gas sampling device positioned under the patient’s mouth;

[0436] Figure 7 shows another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas without jet flow from the gas sampling device and with a bite block;

[0437] Figure 8 shows another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow from the gas sampling device with the bite block;

[0438] Figure 9 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the jet flow from the gas sampling device with the bite block;

[0439] Figure 10 is a plan view of a gas sampling device showing one example of a direction of at least one jet flow;

[0440] Figure 11 is a front view of the gas sampling device showing another example of a direction of at least one jet flow;

[0441] Figure 12 shows a side view of the gas sampling device showing another example of a direction of at least one jet flow;

[0442] Figure 13 shows examples of geometries of at least one jet outlet;

[0443] Figure 14 shows a schematic example of jet flows exiting the jet outlet with a rectangular shape;

[0444] Figure 15 shows a schematic example of jet flows exiting the jet outlet with a circular shape;

[0445] Figure 16 shows examples of edge profiles of at least one jet outlet;

[0446] Figure 17 shows examples of different jet flow configurations in an upward direction and entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas;

[0447] Figure 18 shows examples of different jet flows in a downward direction and entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas;

[0448] Figure 19 shows examples of different jet flows with some jet flows in an upward direction and some jet flows in a downward direction and entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas;

[0449] Figure 20 shows a schematic top view of an embodiment of the gas sampling device in use;

[0450] Figure 21 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 20 in use;

[0451] Figure 22 shows a schematic front view of the gas sampling device of Figure 20 in use;

[0452] Figure 23 shows a schematic top view of a second embodiment of a gas sampling device in use;

[0453] Figure 24 shows a schematic side view of the second gas sampling device in use;

[0454] Figure 25 shows a schematic front view of the second gas sampling device in use;

[0455] Figure 26 is a schematic side view showing adjustment of the position of the attaching means of a gas sampling device in use;

[0456] Figure 27 provides side views of gas sampling devices, wherein each gas sampling device has a structural member at a different angle;

[0457] Figure 28 shows another side view of gas sampling devices, wherein each gas sampling device has a different size;

[0458] Figure 29 shows a range of widths of a structural member for a gas sampling device with a fixed location of the gas sampling port;

[0459] Figure 30 shows a range of sizes of the gas sampling port with a fixed width of the structural member;

[0460] Figure 31 shows a range of exemplary sizes for the gas sampling port with fixed dimensions of the structural member;

[0461] Figure 32 shows a range of exemplary locations for the gas sampling port with a fixed width and size of the structural member;

[0462] Figure 33 shows a range of positions of the gas sampling device relative to the patient’s face;

[0463] Figure 34 shows a range of sizes of a gas sampling device;

[0464] Figure 35 schematically shows a top view of a third example of a gas sampling device in use;

[0465] Figure 36 schematically shows a detail of different angles of the support element of the third gas sampling device;

[0466] Figure 37 shows a top view of the third gas sampling device schematically showing fluid dynamics in use;

[0467] Figure 38 is a top view of a modified version of the third embodiment of the gas sampling device schematically showing fluid dynamics in use;

[0468] Figure 39 is another top view of the third gas sampling device according to another arrangement, schematically showing fluid dynamics when a flow of gas is supplied to a conduit associated with the patient interface;

[0469] Figure 40 shows a schematic front view of an example of a gas sampling device comprising at least one suction port and at least one jet outlet, in use;

[0470] Figure 41 shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with a suction flow and / or a jet flow from the gas sampling device positioned above the patient’s mouth with a bite block, in use;

[0471] Figure 42 shows a schematic front view of an example of a gas sampling device with a suction port;

[0472] Figure 43 shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the suction flow from the gas sampling device positioned above the patient’s mouth;

[0473] Figure 44 shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the suction flow from the gas sampling device positioned above the patient’s mouth with a bite block, in use;

[0474] Figure 45 shows an example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0475] Figure 46 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0476] Figure 47 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0477] Figure 48 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0478] Figure 49 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0479] Figure 50 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0480] Figure 51 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0481] Figure 52 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0482] Figure 53 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0483] Figure 54 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0484] Figure 55 shows yet another example of a system comprising the gas sampling device;

[0485] Figure 56 shows a kit comprising the gas sampling device;

[0486] Figure 57 shows a graph of jet flowrate against a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas during use of a gas sampling device which provides a jet flow;

[0487] Figure 58 shows an exemplary capnograph trace of a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas overlayed with a jet flow rate over time, during use of a gas sampling device which provides a jet flow;

[0488] Figure 59 shows an exemplary capnograph trace of a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas overlayed with a suction flow rate over time, during use of a gas sampling device which conveys a suction flow;

[0489] Figure 60 shows a method for controlling a jet flow;

[0490] Figure 61 shows an example of step S906 controlling the at least one jet flow based on an indicator of a gas of interest in the sampled gas;

[0491] Figure 62 shows an example of step changes in jet flow flowrate that may be expected carrying out the method of Figure 60;

[0492] Figure 63 shows a method for controlling a suction flow;

[0493] Figure 64 shows an example of step changes in suction flow flowrate that may be expected carrying out the method of Figure 63;

[0494] Figure 65 is an example of a gas sampling device showing a portion of a headgear for attaching the gas sampling device to the patient;

[0495] Figure 66 is an example of an adjustable gas sampling device;

[0496] Figure 67 is an exploded view of the gas sampling device of Figure 66;

[0497] Figure 68 is a schematic view showing features of a gas sampling device that can be constructed to optimise sampling of a target gas from a patient’s exhaled or expired flow;

[0498] Figure 69 shows a schematic front view of an embodiment of a gas sampling device comprising two jet inlets and two jet outlets in use;

[0499] Figure 70 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 69 in use;

[0500] Figure 71 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 69 in use and showing internal flow paths.

[0501] Figure 72 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 69 in cross section through the jet flow paths when in use;

[0502] Figure 73 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 69 in cross section through the sampled gas flow path when in use;

[0503] Figure 74 shows a schematic front view of an embodiment of a gas sampling device comprising one jet inlet and two jet outlets in use;

[0504] Figure 75 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 74 in use;

[0505] Figure 76 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 74 in use and showing internal flow paths;

[0506] Figure 77 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 74 in cross section through the bifurcating jet flow path when in use;

[0507] Figure 78 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 74 in cross section through the sampled gas flow path when in use;

[0508] Figure 79 shows a schematic front view of an embodiment of a gas sampling device comprising one jet inlet and four jet outlets in use;

[0509] Figure 80 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 79 in use;

[0510] Figure 81 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device of Figure 79 in use and showing internal flow paths;

[0511] Figure 82 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 79 in cross section through the bifurcating jet flow path when in use; and

[0512] Figure 83 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device of Figure 79 in cross section through the sampled gas flow path when in use.Detailed Description

[0513] Embodiments are discussed herein by reference to the drawings which are not to scale and are intended merely to assist with explanation of the invention. Embodiments described below in the context of the apparatus, components, devices, and systems are analogously valid for the respective methods, and vice versa. Furthermore, it will be understood that the embodiments described below may be combined, for example, a part of one embodiment may be combined with a part of another embodiment. Throughout the figures and specification, the same reference numerals may be used to designate the same or similar components and redundant descriptions thereof may be omitted.

[0514] It should be understood that the terms “on”, “over”, “top”, “bottom”, “down”, “side”, “back”, “left”, “right”, “front”, “lateral”, “side”, “up”, “down” etc., when used in the following description are used for convenience and to aid understanding of relative positions or directions, and not intended to limit the orientation of any device, or structure or any part of any device or structure. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “above” “upper” and “superior” are to be applied relative to the patient’s face. Similarly, unless the context requires otherwise, the terms “below”, “lower” and “inferior” are to be applied relative to the patient’s face and correspond to the term “inferior” or “inferiorly” i.e. towards the tailbone or the lower part of the patient. Unless the context requires otherwise, “front view” refers to the view of thedevice corresponding to when it is applied to a patient who is lying supine and viewed from an inferior location. Similarly, “top view” refers to the view from a frontal location. In addition, the singular terms “a”, “an”, and “the” include plural references unless context clearly indicates otherwise. Similarly, the word “or” is intended to include “and” unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

[0515] In this specification, a direction “away from” a reference plane or landmark means a direction that is not in the plane of the reference plane or landmark.

[0516] In this specification, unless the context requires otherwise, references to “comprise”, “comprising” and other variations of this term are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively I exhaustively. Thus, “comprise” is to be understood as meaning “includes”, rather than “consists [solely] of’.

[0517] In this specification, “high flow”, “high flows”, “high-flow” or other equivalent terminology means, without limitation, any gas flow with a flow rate that is higher than usual / normal, such as higher than the normal inspiration flow rate of a healthy patient. Alternatively, or additionally, it can be higher than some other threshold flow rate that is relevant to the context - for example, where providing a gas flow to a patient (or a subject) at a flow rate to meet or exceed inspiratory demand, that flow rate might be deemed “high flow” as it is higher than a nominal flow rate that might have otherwise been provided. “High flow” is therefore context dependent, and what constitutes “high flow” depends on many factors such as the health state of the patient, type of procedure / therapy / support being provided, the nature of the patient (big, small, adult, child) and the like. Those skilled in the art know from context what constitutes “high flow”. It is a magnitude of flow rate that is over and above a flow rate that might otherwise be provided.

[0518] But, without limitation, some indicative values of high flow can be as follows. For instance, the therapeutic flow described below may be high flow.

[0519] In some configurations, the delivery of gases to a patient at a flow rate of greater than or equal to about 5 or 10 litres per minute (5 or 10 LPM or L / min).

[0520] In some configurations, delivery of gases to a patient at a flow rate of about 5 or 10 LPM to about 150 LPM, or about 15 LPM to about 95 LPM, or about 20 LPM to about 90 LPM, or about 25 LPM to about 85 LPM, or about 30 LPM to about 80 LPM, or about 35 LPM to about 75 LPM, or about 40 LPM to about 70 LPM, or about 45 LPM to about 65 LPM, or about 50 LPM to about 60 LPM. For example, according to those various embodiments and configurations described herein, a flow rate of gases supplied or provided to an interface via asystem or from a flow source or flow modulator, may comprise, but is not limited to, flows of at least about 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, 150 LPM, or more, and useful ranges may be selected to be any of these values (for example, about 20 LPM to about 90 LPM, about 40 LPM to about 70 LPM, about 40 LPM to about 80 LPM, about 50 LPM to about 80 LPM, about 60 LPM to about 80 LPM, about 70 LPM to about 100 LPM, about 70 LPM to about 80 LPM).

[0521] In “high flow” the gas delivered will be chosen depending on for example the intended use of a therapy and / or respiratory support. Gases delivered may comprise a percentage of oxygen. In some configurations, the percentage of oxygen in the gases delivered may be about 15% to about 100%, about 20% to about 100%, or about 30% to about 100%, or about 40% to about 100%, or about 50% to about 100%, or about 60% to about 100%, or about 70% to about 100%, or about 80% to about 100%, or about 90% to about 100%, or about 100%, or 100%.

[0522] Flow rates for “high flow” for premature / infants / paediatrics (with body mass in the range of about 1 kg to about 30 kg, or less than 1kg) can be different. The flow rate can be set to 0.4-8 L / min / kg with a minimum of about 0.5 L / min and a maximum of about 70 L / min. For patients under 2 kg maximum flow may be set to up to about 8 L / min.

[0523] High flow has been found effective in meeting or exceeding the patient's normal real inspiratory flow, to increase oxygenation of the patient and / or reduce the work of breathing. Additionally, high flow therapy and / or respiratory support may generate a flushing effect in the nasopharynx such that the anatomical dead space of the upper airways is flushed by the high incoming gas flows. This creates a reservoir of fresh gas available for each and every breath, while minimising re-breathing of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, etc.

[0524] When a patient is receiving respiratory support, such as high flow respiratory support, expired patient flows can be diluted. This may be due to mixing of high flow respiratory support gases with expired gases. This can occur when the patient's mouth is open or closed. For example, when the mouth is open, dilution of patient expired gases can occur as high flow passing the nasopharynx may mix with expired gases from the trachea in the oropharyngeal or oral region. This can lead to imprecise measurements of exhaled CO2.

[0525] For example, the percentages of CO2 measured conventionally, such as during provision of respiratory support (e.g. high flow respiratory support) may be lower than the exhaled CO2 of the patient. When there is entrainment of ambient air into the gas sample due to the placement of the sampling port not being within range of the patient’s breath stream, thiscan lead to, or exacerbate, the dilution problem. Thus, even if the patient is breathing, this dilution and the other factors could lead to no signal ora reduced signal getting picked up (some devices have threshold limits), or a reduced magnitude signal that may result in unnecessary alarms or warnings by the capnograph device.

[0526] Other factors that can influence accuracy of carbon dioxide sampling can include breathing regime (that is, whether the patient is primarily mouth or nose breathing), procedure type (if the patient is undergoing a procedure as for example, some procedures such as Gl (gastrointestinal) procedures require full access to the oral cavity), patient position (e.g. whether the patient is in a left lateral position, or a prone position etc.), use of a bite block (e.g. during some procedures such as Gl endoscopy procedures) and patient anatomy (e.g. overbite, cleft palate). Due to certain patient-specific factors such as these, the location of a gas sensor can be different between different patients in order to capture sufficient expired gases for sampling. Adjustment of the sensor location may be required. Adjustment can lead to entrainment as mentioned above. These issues can be exacerbated by e.g. previously mentioned dilution due to mixing with gases from high flow respiratory support. These issues can also be exacerbated if anesthetic drugs are provided to a patient, as these drugs could impact and depress respiratory drive and effort.

[0527] In some examples, it may be beneficial to provide a gas sampling device that provides improved sampling of the patient’s exhaled gas. Improved sampling, as discussed herein, may arise due to one or more factors. In one example, improved gas sampling may arise when the gas sampling device captures sufficient exhaled gases without adjustment of the location of the gas sampling port by the clinician. Alternatively or additionally the gas sampling device may optimize the extraction of patient bulk expired flow and / or limit entrainment of room air. Alternatively or additionally the gas sampling device may avoid obstructing or interfering with the clinician’s established workflow or clinical access to the patient. Alternatively or additionally, the gas sampling device may capture sufficient exhaled gas to provide a stable signal that is suitable for reliable interpretation.

[0528] According to various embodiments, the present disclosure provides gas sampling devices that comprise a jet outlet and / or a suction port configured, when in use, to move a gas to be sampled towards a gas sampling port of the gas sampling device. The jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port. The suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0529] In order to ascertain if a gas sampling device is configured according to embodiments of the present disclosure, an airway model and imager may be used. The airway model may be fabricated using any suitable technique that achieves an approximation of the nose and mouth of a patient and the nasal and oral airways. In one example, the airway model may be 3D printed. In another example, the airway model may be a series of pipes. To test the device, it can be applied to the airway model which is supplied with a gas flow and species equivalent to that of a ventilating patient.

[0530] In one test protocol, the airway model may be positioned between a heated panel and a thermal imager, such as an infrared camera, which enables visualisation of the movement of a heated gas flow. In another test protocol, a CO2 camera may be used to visualise movement of CO2. It will be appreciated that other gas movement visualisation or measurement techniques may be adopted according to other test protocols. Testing of a sampler configured according to the embodiments disclosed herein, assuming any jets provided in the device are functioning correctly, will reveal movement of gases exiting the airway towards at least one gas sampling port of the device. If the jets are not functioning according to embodiments of the present disclosure, gases exiting the airway will return towards their natural flow. If the jets are re-activated consistent with embodiments of the present disclosure, the direction of gases exiting the airway will again be altered, and moved towards at least one gas sampling port of the device.

[0531] According to various embodiments, the present disclosure provides gas sampling devices for sampling patient gases, comprising at least one gas sampling port; and at least one auxiliary port which is configured, when in use, to convey a flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port. The at least one auxiliary port may comprise a jet outlet, wherein the jet outlet is configured, when in use, to convey the flow of gas by providing at least one jet flow of gas that moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one sampling port. Alternatively or additionally, at least one auxiliary port may comprise a suction port, wherein the suction port is configured, when in use, to convey the flow of gas by conveying at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port. Alternatively or additionally, the at least one auxiliary port may comprise an ejector. The structure of the ejector introduces a venturi effect that can create a low pressure zone around the nozzle tip which can move the gas to be sampled towards the gas sampling port.

[0532] According to various embodiments, the present disclosure provides gas sampling devices that comprise a jet outlet which is configured, when in use, to provide a jet flow of gasthat moves a gas to be sampled toward the gas sampling port of the device. The present disclosure also provides gas sampling devices that comprise a suction port which is configured, when in use, to provide or convey a suction flow of gas such that the suction flow moves (e.g. by drawing in) the gas to be sampled toward the gas sampling port. The present disclosure also provides gas sampling devices that comprise both the jet outlet and the suction port. Thus, the gas sampling devices of the present techniques use fluid dynamic effects to move the patient’s exhaled gas flow towards a gas sampling port of the gas sampling device. Provided herein are also systems, kits and methods that comprise the gas sampling devices.Gas sampling devices with at least one jet outlet

[0533] In one embodiment disclosed herein there is provided a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one jet flow path comprising at least one jet outlet; wherein the at least one jet flow path is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves (.e.g. advects and / or convects) a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0534] As the jet flow of gas travels into free air, the mass flux of the jet flow increases as the surrounding air is entrained into the jet flow. This entrainment will cause a bulk movement of free air towards the jet flow, which may be termed “jet-induced flow”. The generated jet-induced flows are significant enough, that at least a portion of the gas exiting the patient’s mouth during expiration becomes part of the jet-induced flow and is moved (e.g. advected and / or convected) towards the gas sampling port in the gas sampling device. The gas to be sampled by the gas sampling device may therefore be a portion of the jet-induced flow. This can be or include at least a portion of the gas which exits the patient’s mouth during expiration (including the patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow). Therefore, beneficially, improved sampling of the patient’s exhaled gas can be achieved. This concept of the gas sampling device is schematically illustrated in Figures 1 to 9.

[0535] Figure 1 is a schematic side view showing an example of a patient’s exhaled gas (or expired flow) without jet flow from a gas sampling device 100 positioned above the patient’s mouth. Figure 2 is a schematic side view showing the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 positioned above the patient’s mouth. Figure 2 shows the jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 has moved (e.g. advected) at least a portion of the patients exhaled gas toward the gas sampling device 100. Reference to a patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow includes reference to at least a portion of the patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow.

[0536] Figure 3 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas 123 with the jet flow 122 from the gas sampling device 100 positioned above the patient’s mouth. Figure 3 shows schematically how at least one jet flow 122 moves the patient’s expired flow 123. The at least one jet flow 122 moves the jet-induced flow (which can include at least a portion of the patient’s expired flow 123) toward the gas sampling device 100. More specifically, toward the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100.

[0537] Figure 4 is another schematic side view showing an example of a patient’s exhaled gas (or expired flow) without jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 positioned under or below the patient’s mouth. Figure 5 is another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 positioned under the patient’s mouth. Figure 5 shows the jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 has moved (e.g. advected) the patients exhaled gas toward the gas sampling device 100.

[0538] Figure 6 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with the jet flow 122 from the gas sampling device 100 positioned under the patient’s mouth. Figure 6 shows schematically how at least one jet flow 122 moves the patient’s expired flow 123. The at least one jet flow 122 moves the jet-induced flow (which can include at least a portion of the patients expired flow 123) toward the gas sampling device 100. More specifically, toward the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100.

[0539] The gas sampling device 100 may be placed in a suitable position on, or relative to the patient, such as above or below or beside (lateral to) the mouth of a patient. For example, the gas sampling device 100 may be placed above the mouth of the patient between the nose and the patient’s upper lip. In another example, the gas sampling device may be placed below the mouth of the patient e.g. between the patient’s bottom lip and chin.

[0540] The gas sampling device 100 may be removably or permanently attached to a further component which is typically located on a patient such as a patient interface 12 for delivering respiratory support (e.g. nasal interface 12), or an oral accessory such as a bite block 10 or guedel airway. When the gas sampling device 100 is placed above the patient’s mouth, it may be integrally formed with, or attached to, the nasal interface 12, and / or to the oral accessory. Figures 1 to 6 all show the presence of a nasal interface 12 however in some embodiments this nasal interface may not be present. As mentioned below, the nasal interface 12 may be configured to deliver high flow respiratory support. The nasal interface 12 may be non-sealing. When the gas sampling device 100 is placed below the patient’s mouth, it may be integrally formed with, or attached to, the oral accessory.

[0541] The gas sampling device 100 may also be independent and thus not attached to a nasal interface 12 or bite block 10 or any another component. When the gas sampling device is placed on the patient independently, this placement may be achieved by a strap arrangement, adhesive etc. An example is provided in Figure 65.

[0542] Figure 7 is another schematic side view showing an example of a patient’s exhaled gas (or expired flow) without jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 and with an oral accessory e.g. bite block 10. The gas sampling device 100 is shown above the patient’s mouth and may be integrally formed with, or attached to, the bite block 10 and / or the nasal interface 12. In other embodiments, the gas sampling device 100 may be placed below the patient’s mouth and / or integrally formed with, or attached to, the bite block 10. Figure 8 is another schematic side view of the patient’s exhaled gas with a jet flow from the gas sampling device with the bite block 10. Figure 8 shows the jet flow from the gas sampling device 100 has moved (e.g. advected) the patients exhaled gas toward the gas sampling device 100.

[0543] Figure 9 schematically shows the movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas with at least one jet flow 122 from the gas sampling device with the bite block 10. Figure 9 shows schematically how at least one jet flow 122 moves the patient’s expired flow 123. The at least one jet flow 122 moves the jet-induced flow (which can include at least a portion of the patients expired flow 123) toward the gas sampling device 100. More specifically, toward the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100.

[0544] In other words, in the examples shown in Figures 1 to 9, the at least one jet flow 122 moves the gas to be sampled (e.g. being or including exhaled gas 123) toward the at least one gas sampling port by changing the direction of flow of at least a portion of the gas to be sampled. Thus, by moving the gas to be sampled toward the sampling port, improved sampling may be achieved, e.g. with less ambient air entrainment. The gas to be sampled may be the patient’s exhaled gas 123.

[0545] With respect to the direction of the jet flow, gas sampling device may comprise at least one jet flow path ending in at least one jet outlet. The at least one jet flow path and / or the at least one jet outlet may be configured to govern the direction of at least one jet flow of gas. The jet flow path may comprise the internal flow path of the gas sampling device upstream of the at least one jet outlet. The jet flow path may comprise the internal flow path of the gas sampling device between the at least one jet inlet and the at least one jet outlet or part thereof. The direction of the at least one jet flow may be influenced by the configuration of the at least one jet flow path. The configuration of the jet flow path may include but is not limited to the angle, geometry, length, surface finish of at least a portion of the jet flow path. The location ofthe jet inlet relative to the jet outlet may also influence the direction of at least one jet flow of gas. The jet flow path or the jet flow outlet may be configured to direct the jet flow of gas at an angle. In some examples, at least one jet flow path or jet flow outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow away from at least one sampling port. In some examples, at least one jet flow path or jet flow outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow away from the patient’s mouth. In some examples, at least one jet flow path or jet flow outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow away from the patient e.g. away from the patient’s face / skin. If jet flows were directed towards the patient’s face, it may cause discomfort or further dilution of the patient’s expired gas. This is especially true if at least one jet flow comprises a high velocity flow of gas. However with careful design of the gas sampling device and / or jet flow characteristics, discomfort may be managed and / or mitigated. In some embodiments, by directing at least one jet flow away from the patient’s mouth and face, the comfort of the patient may be increased. Further beneficially, by configuring at least one jet flow path or jet flow outlet to govern the direction of the at least one jet flow of gas, improved sampling of the patient’s exhaled gases can be achieved because the jet flow provided may move the exhaled gas toward the at least one gas sampling port. This may also improve sampling as governing the direction in this way can result in a reproducible jet flow.

[0546] The gas sampling device 100 may be attachable to a bite block 10. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may comprise a bite block attachment for attaching the gas sampling device 100 to the bite block 10. The bite block attachment may comprise one or more of a clip, latch, hook, magnet or the like. In some examples, the bite block attachment may be configured to attach the gas sampling device 100 above the bite block 10, or below the bite block 10, or any other suitable location in the vicinity of the bite block 10. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be integral with the bite block 10.

[0547] Figure 10 is a plan view of the gas sampling device 100 in use, showing an example of a direction of at least one jet flow 122 directed at an angle 0 from the transverse plane to the sagittal plane, i.e. inferiorly (+0) or superiorly (-0). Figure 11 is a front view of the sampling device 100 in use, showing an example of a direction of at least one jet flow 122 directed at an angle p from the coronal plane to the sagittal plane, i.e. posteriorly (+P) or anteriorly (-P). Figure 12 is a side view of the sampling device in use, showing an example of a direction of at least one jet flow 122 with a longitudinal dimension (height) of the jet outlet rotated at an angle a from the transverse plane to the coronal plane, i.e. angled inferiorly (+a) in the right view. In Figures 10 and 11, the arrows represent the potential directions of the jet flows 122. One of skill in the art will appreciate that some components of the jet flow may not be in the “jet flowdirection”. Thus, it will be appreciated that “jet flow direction” refers to a predominant direction of the gases exiting the jet outlet in which the jet flow is primarily directed.

[0548] As illustrated in Figure 10, the jet flows may nominally be located in a transverse plane or with a component of the jet flow in the transverse plane. In one example the transverse plane (e.g. a superior transverse plane) may be located between the nose and the mouth in the philtrum area of a patient. The angle of the jet flows leaving the jet outlet can be an angle + / - 0 from the transverse plane towards the sagittal plane. In some embodiments, the value of 0 may not be more than 60° so that jet flows are not directed towards the patient’s mouth. In some embodiments, the value of 0 may be about 0° so that jet flows are directed substantially perpendicularly to the patient’s sagittal plane or substantially perpendicular to a bulk direction of the patient’s exhaled flow. In Figure 10 the left view represents jet flows exiting the jet outlet at an angle 0 of about 0° and the right view represents jet flows leaving the jet outlet at angles of about + / -45° directed inferiorly / superiorly respectively.

[0549] In other words, at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow such that at least one jet flow leaves at least one jet outlet at a first angle (0). The first angle (0) may be between 0° and about + / -900from the transverse plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient such that the jet flow can be directed upwards or preferably downwards (i.e. towards the chin) along the plane of the patient’s face. In one example, the first angle (0) may be between 0°and about + / -600. In another example, the first angle (0) may be between 0° and about + / -400. In another example, the first angle (0) may be between 0° and about + / -200. In another example, the first angle (0) may be between 0° and about + / -100.

[0550] As illustrated in Figure 11 , a gas sampling device 100 with at least 2 jet outlets may be configured so that jet flows exit the jet outlets with the mid-plane of at least a part of the jet flows parallel (and anterior) to the coronal plane when in use. As illustrated in the right view of Figure 11, the mid-plane of the jet flow can also be at an angle + / - p from the coronal plane towards the sagittal plane so that there is a bulk direction anteriorly or posteriorly of the jet direction. In some examples, the angle may not be greater than about 60°. In some embodiments, the angle p may be about 0° so the jet flow may be substantially parallel to the coronal plane (as illustrated in the left view of Figure 11), or at an angle -p from the coronal plane which is directed anteriorly i.e. away from the plane of the patient’s face, so that the jet flow is not being directed towards the patient’s face, improving comfort. In some examples, the second angle (P) may be between about +15° to +35° towards the sagittal plane, thereby directing the jet flow slightly towards the patient’s face.

[0551] In other words, at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet at a second angle (P). The second angle (P) may be between 0° to about + / -900from the coronal plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient such that the jet flow can be directed away or preferably towards the patient’s face which may locate the jet flow in closer proximity to the gas to be sampled. In one example, the second angle (P) may be between 0° to about + / -600. In another example, the second angle (P) may be between 0° to about + / -400. In another example, the second angle (P) may be between 0° to about + / -200. In another example, the second angle (P) may be between 0° to about + / -100.

[0552] As illustrated in the left view of Figure 12, jet flows may be ejected from at least one outlet, with the mid-plane of at least a part of at least one jet flow being parallel (superior) to the transverse plane. As illustrated in the right view of Figure 12, the direction of the jet flow may be varied by rotating the orientation of the jet outlet. When the jet outlet is e.g. rectangular or has another shape with a higher aspect ratio, rotating the orientation of the jet outlet may be desired in certain situations. The left view of Figure 12 shows the jet outlets without rotation. In this orientation, the jet flow of gas will correspond with the representation shown in the left view of Figure 10. In contrast, the right view of Figure 12 shows the mid-plane of the jet flow can also be at an angle + / - a from the transverse plane towards the coronal plane. If this angle is about 90°, then the jet flow would be directed along the coronal plane. In some examples, the angle a may nominally be less than about 60° to rotate the flow of gas inferiorly, i.e. towards the patient’s chin when the gas sampling device is placed above the mouth when in use.

[0553] In other words, at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet may be configured (e.g. by orientation of the gas sampling device) to direct at least one jet flow such that at least one jet flow leaves at least one jet outlet at a third angle (a). The third angle (a) may be between 0°- about + / -900from the transverse plane towards the coronal plane of the patient such that the jet flow can be directed upwards or preferably downwards (i.e. towards the chin) of the patient’s face. In one example, the third angle (a) is between 0°- about + / -600. In another example, the third angle (a) is between 0°- about + / -400. In another example, the third angle (a) is between 0°- about + / -200. In another example, the third angle (a) is between 0°- about + / -100.

[0554] Also, in some examples, at least one jet outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow in a direction along a transverse plane. In another example, the at least one jet outlet may be configured to direct at least one jet flow in a direction away from a coronal orsagittal plane. The transverse plane (e.g. a superior transverse plane) may be located between the nose and the mouth in the patient’s philtrum area.

[0555] Therefore, it will be appreciated that at least one jet outlet may be configured such that the first angle (0) and / or the second angle (P) and / or the third angle (a) direct at least one jet flow away from the patient’s mouth and / or away from the at least one gas sampling port. Further, it will be appreciated that at least one jet outlet may be configured such that the first angle (0) and / or the second angle (P) and / or the third angle (a) direct at least one jet flow away from the patient’s face / skin. Thus, beneficially, the comfort of the patient may be increased when the gas sampling device is in use, compared to if the flow was directed at, or towards, the patient’s face / skin. Further, by configuring the first angle (0) and / or the second angle (P) and / or the third angle (a) appropriately enhanced sampling of the patient’s exhaled gases may be achieved because the ejected jet flows may move the gas to be sampled (including the exhaled gas) toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0556] In some examples, at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet may be angled. Thus, by angling at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet the appropriate values for the first angle (0) and / or the second angle (P) and / or the third angle (a) may be set. In some examples, at least one jet flow path and / or at least one jet flow outlet may be angled away from the at least one sampling port and / or away from the patient’s mouth.

[0557] As described in greater detail below, by configuring specific jet flow path and / or jet outlet characteristics (e.g. jet flow path / outlet shape / geometry and / or jet outlet edge profile and / or aspect ratio and / or jet outlet angle etc.), the direction of the at least one jet flow may be influenced and improved sampling may be achieved. Thus, by configuring specific jet flow path and / or jet outlet characteristics (e.g. jet flow path / outlet shape / geometry and / or jet outlet edge profile and / or aspect ratio and / or jet outlet angle etc.) the appropriate values for the first angle (0) and / or the second angle (P) and / or the third angle (a) may be set and enhanced gas sampling may be achieved.

[0558] By use of a sampling device according to certain embodiments of the present disclosure, at least one jet flow entrains ambient gases and moves at least a part of the patient’s expiratory gases in the ambient gases towards the sampling port in the gas sampling device. As the jet flow spreads from the jet outlet, the mass of the jet flow increases due to the entrainment of ambient gases. It has been found that characteristics of the jet flow path and / or jet outlet (e.g. jet flow path / outlet shape / geometry and / or jet outlet edge profile and / or aspect ratio and / or the angle of the jet outlet as described below) can lead to improved mass entrainment of gases.

[0559] Figure 13 shows examples of geometries of at least one jet outlet.

[0560] A jet flow provided by a jet outlet with a rectangular or elliptical shape and with a high aspect ratio may achieve a higher entrainment rate when compared to a circular opening with the same jet outlet area. Thus, in some examples comprising a substantially rectangular or elliptical shape and / or a high aspect ratio, the entrainment rate may be increased relative to other shapes, which in turn may lead to more of the patient exhaled gases being directed towards the sampling port which in turn can result in an improved gas sampling device.

[0561] In some examples, the at least one jet outlet has a rectangular and / or elliptical and / or circular and / or triangular and / or obround and / or tear and / or crescent and / or L shape, or a combination of these where more than one jet outlet is provided. In examples where more than one jet outlet is provided, it may be desirable that the jet outlets are symmetrical about the sagittal plane when in use although that need not always be the case. In some examples, it may be desirable for the jet flow of gas exiting the jet outlets to be parallel to the transverse plane when in use, although that need not always be the case and the jet flow of gas may diverge. For example, the jet flow may diverge from a transverse plane of the patient when in use.

[0562] It was found that one or more of the shape of the jet outlet, the aspect ratio of the jet outlet, and the supplied flowrate (and therefore velocity) of at least one jet flow can influence entrainment rate. The configuration of the jet flow path can also influence entrainment rate. One or more of these factors can also influence the noise of the jet when in use; an important factor to consider for patient comfort. Thus, one or more of these factors can play a role in selection of a shape of at least one jet flow path and / or jet outlet. It will be appreciated that a factor in the orientation of at least one jet flow of gas is the location of the gas sampling port relative to the jet outlet.

[0563] Figure 14 is a schematic illustration showing plan, front and left side views respectively of a gas sampling device 100 and a jet flow 122 represented by a shaded band and arrows, exiting a jet outlet 120 with a rectangular shape. More specifically, Figure 14 shows an example of a jet flow 122 exiting a rectangular jet outlet 120 on either side of the gas sampling device 100. The width of the jet outlet 120 is ‘a’. The height of the jet outlet 120 is ‘b’. The aspect ratio of the jet outlet 120 is therefore b:a. The area of the jet outlet opening is a*b. In some embodiments, the gas sampling device 100 may be applied with the end indicated P closest to the patient’s face, so that the sampling port 110 is distal from the patient.

[0564] Figure 15 is a schematic illustration showing plan, end and left side views respectively of a gas sampling device 100 and a jet flow 122 represented by a shaded band and arrows, exiting a jet outlet 120 with a circular shape. More specifically, Figure 15 shows an example of a jet flow 122 exiting a circular jet outlet 120 on either side of the gas sampling device 100. The diameter of the jet outlet is ‘d’. Therefore the area of the jet outlet opening is A = ir(d / 2)2. In some embodiments, the gas sampling device 100 may be applied with the end indicated P closest to the patient’s face, so that the sampling port 110 is distal from the patient.

[0565] It may be desirable to limit the dimensions (height and / or width) of the jet outlet so that, in use, the gas sampling device is inobtrusive (e.g. can fit above or below the mouth of a patient; and / or can fit on the philtrum; and / or a mask can be placed over the top of the gas sampling device for bag-mask ventilation). Thus, one dimension of the aspect ratio may be constrained and the second dimension may also need to be a particular size to produce a higher aspect ratio for generating a higher velocity and better entrainment. The aspect ratio is the ratio of the two dimensions of the exit opening of the jet outlet. For example, if the jet outlet is 10mm in one dimension (a major axis, or the height), the second dimension (a minor axis, or the width) would need to be 1 mm to have an aspect ratio of 10: 1. For a ratio of 20: 1 the second dimension would need to be 0.5mm. For jet outlet geometries having irregular or non-rectangular shape, the aspect ratio may be determined using the maximum height (max_height) and maximum width (max_width) dimensions, wherein the aspect ratio would be determined by e.g. max_height : max_width. It will be appreciated that the maximum height (max_height) and the maximum width (max_width) refers to the end-to-end distance between the outermost edges of the outlet, or the outermost edges of the plurality of outlets in embodiments where multiple outlets are provided (as shown in Figure 13).

[0566] In other words, dimensions of the at least one jet outlet may be determined such that, in use, the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient. In some examples, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, at least one jet outlet fits above or below the patient’s mouth In some examples, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, at least one jet outlet is proximal to the mouth of the patient and not in contact with the mouth of the patient. In some examples, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, a face mask can be placed over the gas sampling device, or a laryngoscope can be used without interference. It is to be understood that these examples need not be mutually exclusive.

[0567] The dimensions of at least one jet outlet may have an aspect ratio between about 8:1 to about 25:1. In one example, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet may have an aspect ratio of about 10:1. In another example, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet may have an aspect ratio of about 20:1. In another example, the dimensions of at least one jet outlet may have an aspect ratio of about 12:1. In some examples, the height / maximum height of the jet outlet may be about 5 to 20 mm, or about 10 to 15 mm, or about 8 to 14 mm. The height may be constrained by factors such as a need to avoid interfering with the clinician’s field of view, the amount of material required, and ease of manufacture of the gas sampling device. In some examples, one or more jet outlets may each have a cross sectional area of about 10 mm2to 20 mm2, or about 12 mm2to 18 mm2, or more specifically about 12 mm2or about 15 mm2. In some examples of a gas sampling device comprising two jet outlets, each jet outlet may have a cross sectional area of 12 mm2although it will be appreciated that this is one example only.

[0568] It will be appreciated that the at least one jet outlet may comprise multiple outlets within a plane, e.g. multiple smaller circular openings that are in one plane, or multiple slots to produce the jet flow (as shown in Figure 13). The sampling device may be configured such that multiple jet outlets can receive a flow of gas from a single source, wherein the flow path from the single source could bifurcate or split within the gas sampling device to supply these multiple jet flow outlets. Alternatively or additionally, the sampling device may be configured with a separate flow path to one or more jet outlets. A separate flow path to one or more jet outlets may receive a flow of gas from a single (common) source, or from separate sources. Multiple outlets providing the at least one jet outlet may be advantageous e.g. if one outlet becomes compromised or blocked, other outlets can continue to provide a jet flow of gas. In some embodiments, multiple outlets may reduce noise during use relative to a single jet outlet.

[0569] In other words, at least one jet outlet may comprise multiple openings within one plane. In some examples, at least one jet outlet may comprise multiple circular openings in one plane. In some examples, at least one jet outlet may comprise multiple slots in one plane. In some examples at least one jet outlet may comprise multiple openings of different shapes. In some examples, at least one jet outlet may comprise a nozzle.

[0570] In addition to the shape of the jet outlet, the specific profile of the edge of the jet outlet (proximal to the patient’s mouth) may increase the boundary layer length which in turn may increase entrainment of ambient gases. This may in turn improve sampling of exhaled gases of a patient.

[0571] Figure 16 is a schematic illustration of a selection of possible edge profiles for at least one jet outlet. These edge profile characteristics are shown from the front face of the jet outlet, closest to the sampling port.

[0572] I n other words, each jet outlet of the at least one jet outlet comprises an edge profile. In use, the edge profile may be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth when in use, and / or close to at least one gas sampling port and / or facing the patient’s mouth. In some examples, when in use, the edge profile may be positioned at the end of at least one jet outlet that is in closest proximity to the patient’s mouth and / or at least one gas sampling port.

[0573] The edge profile may comprise a substantially straight and / or curved and / or scalloped and / or serpentine and / or sawtooth and / or angled and / or contoured profile section. In some examples, the entire edge profile may comprise one or more of a substantially straight and / or curved and / or scalloped and / or serpentine and / or sawtooth and / or angled and / or contoured profile, as shown in Figure 16. It is to be understood however that the edge of the at least one jet outlet may comprise a combination of sections having different edge profiles.

[0574] In some embodiments, the characteristics of the jet flow path and / or the jet outlet (e.g. jet flow path or jet outlet shape / geometry and / or edge profile and / or aspect ratio) may be configured to direct the jet flow in different angles e.g. upwards or downwards relative to the plane of the patient’s face. Thus, beneficially, by adjusting the characteristics of the jet flow path and / or the jet outlet, the direction of the jet flows can be configured. In some embodiments, the exit velocity of the jet flows impacts the degree to which the patient’s expired flow can be entrained towards the gas sampling port. The exit velocity of the at least one jet flow may be influenced by both the flow rate of gas provided to the at least one jet inlet and the characteristics of the jet flow path and / or the jet outlet (e.g. the shape and / or area and / or angle of the jet outlet or the jet flow path). For the same exit jet flow velocity, the jet flow path and / or jet outlet design and shape can impact the amount of entrainment and thus, the amount of expired gas sampled at the sampling location. Thus, beneficially, by adjusting the characteristics of the jet flow path and / or the jet outlet, the velocity for a given flow rate of the jet flow can be adjusted which can in turn impact gas entrainment. In use, adjusting the flowrate of gas supplied to the jet inlet can adjust the velocity of the jet flow.

[0575] Figures 17 to 19 show examples of different jet flow configurations and entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas. In these examples, the direction of the jet flow can comprise jet flow components that are largely perpendicular to the front of the patient’s face, i.e. towards or away from the patient’s face. In Figures 17 to 19 the jet flow of gas is represented by shaded area 122 and the patient’s expired gas 123 is represented by arrows. Figures 17 to 19 showthe gas sampling device 100 can be attached to the patient interface 12. The gas sampling device 100 shown in Figures 17 to 19 has opposing jet outlets (and jet flows) on either side of the gas sampling device. The gas sampling port 110 may be distally located from the patient facing side of the gas sampling device (i.e. located distally from the patient’s face). In Figure 17 the jet flow of gas 122 is directed at an angle away from the patient’s face. This angle corresponds to an angle - p as described with reference to Figure 11. The arrows 123 depict movement of patient expired flow and the shaded area 122 represents jet flows directed with some angle in the anterior direction (corresponding to angle - in Figure 11). As can be seen in Figure 17, entrainment of patient gas due to the jet flow moves exhaled gas to be sampled towards the sampling port 110. In Figure 18, the jet flow of gas is directed at an angle in a direction towards the patient’s face. This angle corresponds to an angle + p as described with reference to Figure 11.

[0576] Figure 19 shows examples of different jet flows with some jet flows in a direction away from and some jet flows in direction towards the patient’s face, and entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas. More specifically, in Figure 19, the arrows depict entrainment of patient expired flow 123 and the shaded area represents jet flows 122 directed with some angle in a direction towards and some angle in a direction away from the patient’s face.

[0577] Figure 20 shows a schematic top view of the gas sampling device 100 in use. Figure 21 shows a schematic side view of the gas sampling device 100 of Figure 20 in use. Figure 22 shows a schematic front view of the gas sampling device 100 of Figures 20 and 21 in use.

[0578] The gas sampling device 100 comprises at least one gas sampling port 110 and at least one jet outlet 120, wherein at least one jet outlet 120 is configured when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas 122 that moves a gas to be sampled (not shown) toward the at least one gas sampling port 110. In this non-limiting example, the gas sampling device 100 comprises one gas sampling port 110 with one circular gas sampling port opening 111, two jet outlets 120 and one jet inlet 150. The jet inlet 150 is configured to receive a flow of gas (e.g. from a conduit which can couple with jet inlet 150 and which is not shown), and is in fluid communication with the jet outlets 120 via a jet flow path (not visible) within the gas sampling device).

[0579] Each gas sampling port 110 comprises a gas sampling port opening 111, wherein the gas sampling port opening 111 enables the gas to flow into the gas sampling port 110. In some examples, in use, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be angled relative to the face of the patient. Thus, beneficially, an appropriate angle for the gas sampling port opening 111, which results in the improved entrainment of patient exhaled gases, may be chosen based on,for instance, medical procedure or patient’s size (e.g. infant vs adult), facial contours, mouth geometry, lip thickness and the like. In some examples, in use, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be angled relative to the face of the patient so that the gas sampling port opening 111 may be angled towards the patient’s mouth. Non-limiting examples showing the gas sampling port opening 111 angled towards the patient’s mouth are provided in Figure 27. In some examples, in use, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be angled at less than 90 degrees relative to the coronal plane of the patient. In some examples, in use, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be angled between 0 and 45 degrees relative to the face of the patient. In some examples, the gas sampling port opening 111 may comprise more than one opening for the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

[0580] In some examples, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be circular and / or funnelled or any other shape suitable to guide gas to be sampled into the gas sampling port. In some examples, the diameter of the gas sampling port opening 111 may be less than about 20 mm, or less than about 5 mm. In some examples, the diameter of the gas sampling port opening 111 may be less than about 2 mm. In some examples, the diameter of at least one gas sampling port opening 111 may be between about 2 and about 5 mm, or between about 2 and about 20 mm. In some examples, the diameter of at least one gas sampling port opening 111 may be between about 0.5 and about 2 mm. For example, where the gas sampling port opening 111 is non-circular, these ranges may refer to the maximum width or height dimension of the gas sampling port opening.

[0581] At least one gas sampling port 110 may be couplable to a gas analyser, such as a side-stream gas analyser such as a capnograph. Thus at least one gas sampling port 110 may comprise a coupling such as a luer or R1 or similar coupling which permits releasable coupling with a gas sampling conduit that provides a fluid path to a gas analyser. In other examples, at least one gas sampling port 110 may be permanently coupled to or integrated with a gas sampling conduit providing a fluid path to a gas analyser. In either example, the gas sampling conduit may be releasably couplable with the gas analyser. In other words, at least one gas sampling port 110 may comprise or may be in fluid communication with a gas sensor and / or gas analyser. Thus, beneficially, the exhaled gases of the patient may be sampled, and then analysed e.g. to measure CO2 concentration in exhaled gas. Where more than one gas sampling port 110 is provided, each port may be in fluid communication with a single coupling or conduit that permits fluid communication of exhaled gas to the gas analyser. Alternatively individual ports may be in fluid communication with a separate coupling or conduit that permits separate fluid communication of exhaled gas to the gas analyser.

[0582] In some examples, the gas sampling device may comprise the gas analyser. The gas analyser may be integrated with, e.g. built into, the gas sampling device which is applied to the patient. The gas sampling port may be coupled with or form part of the gas analyser. The gas analyser may be permanently or removably integrated with the gas sampling device. Integration of the gas analyser into the gas sampling device may avoid tubes or couplings between the gas sampling port and a non-integrated gas analyser. Integration of the gas analyser into the gas sampling device may improve performance by reducing sampling delays that may otherwise arise from conveying sampled gas through a tube to an external gas analyser. Thus, sampling latency may be improved by integration of the gas analyser into the gas sampling device.

[0583] In some examples, in use, at least one gas sampling port 110 may be configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth. In some embodiments, the at least one gas sampling port may be positioned above / over a patient’s lip or mouth. The at least one gas sampling port may not be contacting the patient’s lip or mouth. In some examples, in use, at least one gas sampling port 110 may be configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth and not over the upper lip of the patient. In some examples, at least one gas sampling device 100 may be configured to be placed above the patient’s mouth (e.g. towards the nose). In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be configured to be placed on the patient’s philtrum. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be configured to be placed below the patient’s mouth such as between the patient’s lower lip and chin. In other examples, the gas sampling device may be located on either side of the mouth and oriented with the gas sampling port 110 facing towards the patient’s mouth. This may be particularly useful if the patient is positioned on their side (e.g. left lateral position) for example, during a procedure.

[0584] The at least one jet outlet 120 and / or the jet flow path inside the gas sampling device is configured to govern the direction of the at least one jet flow of gas. I n some examples, at least one jet outlet 120 may be oriented substantially perpendicularly to at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one jet outlet 120 may be positioned above at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one jet outlet 120 may be positioned below at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one jet outlet 120 may be positioned around at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one jet outlet 120 may be positioned perpendicularly to at least one gas sampling port 110 and / or above at least one gas sampling port 110 and / or below at least one gas sampling port 110 and / or around the at least one gas sampling port 110.

[0585] The gas sampling device 100 may further comprise at least one jet inlet 150 in fluid communication via a jet flow path with at least one jet outlet 120. In use, at least one jet inlet 150 is configured to receive a flow of gas which is conveyed to at least one jet outlet 120 via the jet flow path to provide at least one jet flow. In some examples, one jet inlet 150 may be in fluid communication with multiple jet outlets, such as both jet outlets 120 in the embodiments shown in the Figures.

[0586] At least one jet inlet 150 may be couplable with at least one jet flow source so as to convey a flow of gas to at least one jet outlet 120 from at least one jet flow source. Thus at least one jet outlet 120 is couplable, via the at least one jet inlet 150 with which it is in fluid communication via the jet flow path, to the jet flow source. The jet inlet receives a flow of gases from the jet flow source at a flow rate, and the jet flow exits the jet outlet at a velocity that moves the gas to be sampled. It will be appreciated that the characteristics of the jet outlet and jet flow path (e.g. dimensions of the jet outlet and jet flow path, edge profile of the jet outlet etc.) are configured to develop the flow of gas provided by the jet flow source into a jet flow when it exits the jet outlet. Therefore, the jet flow source need not itself generate a flow of gas that is a jet. It is so named for convenience and to differentiate from other flow sources mentioned herein.

[0587] The gas sampling device 100 may further comprise a support element 130. The support element 130 may be configured to assist in directing at least one jet flow of gas 122. Thus, beneficially, the entrainment of exhaled gases is improved which in turn improves sampling of the exhaled gas of the patient. To achieve this, the support element 130 may be angled to assist in delivery of the at least one jet flow of gas 122 at a desired angle.

[0588] The support element 130 may also provide a barrier from other undesirable ambient flows (e.g. nasal cannula flow) to avoid impacting at least one jet flow 122. Thus, beneficially, the exhaled gases may be moved to the sampling port 110 more precisely by the jet flows 122. In examples where the support element 130 is configured to provide a barrier from other undesirable ambient flows, it may be beneficial for at least one jet flow of gas 122 to be arranged in the sampling device such that it is below i.e. located inferiorly relative to the support element 130 (e.g. between the support element and the patient’s upper lip for a sampling device placed between the mouth and nose) when in an “in use” orientation. In some examples, where the support element 130 is configured to assist in directing the at least one jet flow of gas 122, the support element 130 may be configured to be positioned above or below (i.e. superior or inferior of) the at least one jet flow of gas 122 when in an “in use” orientation.

[0589] In the embodiment of Figures 20 to 22, the sampling port 110 is located distally from the base of the gas sampling device 100 e.g. a patient contacting side of the gas samplingdevice 100. As shown in Figure 22, the gas sampling port opening 111 is provided in the mouthfacing surface of the structural member 135. A conduit may be coupled or integrally formed with the gas sampling port 110, on the upper side of the structural member 135, for transfer of sampled gases to a gas analyser. The structural member 135 may define part of the jet path for the jet flow of gas 122. As visible in the top view of Figure 20 and the side view of Figure 21, the jet flow of gas 122 exits a jet outlet 120 provided on either side of the gas sampling device 100. The jet outlets 120 may be defined, at least in part, by the structural member 135 and the support element 130, and a substantially perpendicular wall or between the structural member and the support element which separates the flow. The wall may be formed in the sampling device 100 to split a single flow of gas received at the jet inlet 150. In some examples, the jet outlets 120 may be defined by an opening between the structural member and the support element 130. The jet inlet 150 receiving a flow of gases from at least one jet flow source may be provided in in an upper surface of the supporting element 130. The jet inlet 150 may be located proximally e.g. closer to the patient than the gas sampling port 110 and / or gas sampling port opening 111.

[0590] The support element 130 may be angled and / or curved and / or contoured and / or adjustable and / or flexible. Thus, beneficially, the support element 130 may more easily assist in directing at least one jet flow of gas 122 and / or providing a barrier from other undesirable ambient flows (e.g. nasal cannula flow or environmental flows such as air conditioning) to avoid impacting at least one jet flow 122. In some examples, the angle of at least a portion of the support element 130 may be between about -90 degrees and about +90 degrees with respect to i.e. the patient’s sagittal plane. The support element 130 may be located nominally in the transverse plane. In some examples, in use, the angle of at least a portion of the support element 130 may be between about -60 degrees and about +60 degrees with respect to i.e. in the patient’s sagittal plane. In some examples, in use, the angle of at least a portion of the support element 130 may be between about 0 degrees and about + 60 degrees away from the nose of the patient towards the mouth of the patient.

[0591] In some examples, the support element 130 may be adjustable. It may be desirable to adjust the support element 130, such as its orientation and / or angle, based on the patient and / or desired location of at least one gas sampling port 110 with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure. In some examples, support element 130 may be configured to provide a barrier between at least one jet flow 122 and nasal gas flow. Nasal gas flow can include gas flow from patient expiration and may also include gas flow from respiratory support that may be provided to the patient. For example, if high flow respiratory support is provided to the patient by a patient interface 12 e.g. a non-sealing nasal interface, the nasal gas flow may comprise atleast a portion of the patient’s expired flow and / or high flow respiratory support gases. Providing a barrier to these gases mitigates the impact on the jet flow e.g. on the direction (and thus the effect) of the jet flow. In some examples, in use, at least part of the support element 130 may be in direct contact with the patient. In some examples, the support element 130 may be configured to mitigate at least one jet flow 122 from contacting the patient’s skin.

[0592] According to embodiments disclosed herein, gas sampling device 100 may further comprise attaching means 140. The attaching means 140 may be configured to attach the gas sampling device 100 to a nasal interface 12 (e.g. nasal cannula). The attaching means 140 may comprise one or more of a clip, latch, hook, magnet or the like. In some examples, the attaching means 140 comprises a clip configured to extend around or partially around part of the body of a patient interface e.g. nasal interface, such as the part of the body located between the patient’s mouth and nose e.g. in front of the patient’s philtrum. This part of the patient interface may be a manifold part. In the manifold part, gas flow is directed to the nasal prongs. The clip may comprise a “C” shaped cross section configured to cooperate with and attach to part of the body of the patient interface e.g. the manifold. Attachment may be by e.g. friction fit. In some examples, the attachment means 140 may clip onto the manifold at a location between the nasal prongs. It will be appreciated that the gas sampling device 100 does not necessarily have to be attached to a nasal interface 12 although to do so may be beneficial in some scenarios.

[0593] The gas sampling device 100 may be attachable, such as removably attachable or permanently attachable to a sealing or a non-sealing nasal interface. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be attachable to a nasal interface 12, wherein the nasal interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface. The nasal interface 12 may be suitable for delivering high flow respiratory support. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be integral with a nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be attachable to or comprise a headgear for attaching the gas sampling device 100 to the patient as shown in Figure 65. The headgear may comprise a strap arrangement 162 and / or adhesive and / or other fastener for releasably attaching the headgear to the patient. The headgear may comprise an adjustable element 164 or fastener, such as a clip, buckle, latch, complimentary hook and loop attachment structures, magnets or the like.

[0594] The gas sampling device 100 may further comprise a structural member 135. The structural member may be formed integrally with the component of the gas sampling devicecomprising the support member 130, as shown. Alternatively these may comprise separate parts that are assembled together. At least one gas sampling port 110 may be positioned on or in the structural member 135. In some examples, at least one gas sampling port 110 and / or at least one jet outlet 120 may be positioned on or in the structural member 135. The structural member 135 may be provided in different sizes to accommodate for different sizes of at least one sampling port 110. In some examples the shape and / or size of the structural member may be selected to also influence the direction and / or position of at least one jet outlet 120.

[0595] Figure 23 shows a schematic top view of a second embodiment of gas sampling device 200 in use. In this view the gas sampling port 110 which is couplable with a gas analyser is visible. Figure 24 shows a schematic side view of the second gas sampling device 200 in use. In this view one of the jet outlets 120 is visible. Figure 25 shows a schematic front view of the second gas sampling device 200 in use. In this view the gas sampling port opening 111 is visible.

[0596] The gas sampling device 200 is similar to the previously presented gas sampling device 100. In this non-limiting example, the gas sampling device 200 comprises one gas sampling port 110 with one substantially circular gas sampling port opening 111, two opposing jet outlets 120 and two jet inlets 150, wherein one jet inlet 150 is in fluid communication with one jet outlet 120.

[0597] The gas sampling device 200 also comprise a supporting element 130 and a structural member 135 (Figure 25). The supporting element 130 and structural element 135 are similar to the supporting element 130 and structural element 135 depicted in Figures 20 to 22. As visible in the top view of Figure 23 and the side view of Figure 24, the jet outlets 120 may be defined, at least in part, between the structural member 135 and the support element 130. In this example, the angle of the jet outlets 120 is at 0° so that exiting jet flows are directed along a transverse plane. This is in contrast to the gas sampling device in Figures 20 to 22 in which the jet outlets 120 are rotated from the transverse plane to the coronal plane. Another difference is that in the sampling device 200 the structural element 135 is positioned at a different angle in the sampling device 200. Furthermore, the structural element 135 is narrower, and jet inlets 150 extend laterally of the sampling device 200. It can also be seen that the structural element 135 is contoured to achieve a curved profile best seen when viewed from the side, rather than angled with a straight edge as is the case in the first example of the sampling device 100 in Figures 20-22. A curved profile may provide an improved sampling location for the gas sampling port opening 111 without placing the bulk of the gas sampling device 200 closer to the patient’s mouth.

[0598] Figure 26 is a schematic side view showing adjustment of one example of the attaching means 140 of a gas sampling device 200 in use. More specifically, Figure 26 shows that the angle of the gas sampling device 200 may be adjusted by the manner (e.g. position and / or orientation) with which the gas sampling device 200 is coupled with a patient interface 12. For instance, at least a part of the attaching means 140 may be tightly fit or moulded to the patient interface 12 (e.g. nasal cannula) to fix the angle of the gas sampling device relative to the patient interface 12. In another example, at least a part of the attaching means 140 may be couplable to the patient interface 12 to fit in a manner that permits a user to e.g. rotate the gas sampling device 200 to adjust the angle of the at least one jet outlet of the sampling device and / or at least one sampling port as desired. Thus, beneficially, the most optimal angle of the gas sampling device 200 for gas sampling may be obtained. Adjusting the gas sampling device 200 can adjust the position of the gas sampling port 110 and the direction of the jet outlet(s) and jet flow(s).

[0599] Another example of an adjustable sampling device 100 is provided in Figures 66 and 67. The sampling device 100 may have the features of any of the sampling devices disclosed herein. In one example, the sampling device 100 comprises an attaching means 140 having a rail 142 configured to cooperate with a channel 102 in the body of the sampling device. The rail 142 provides an axis of movement of the sampling device 100 towards and away from the patient’s mouth. The position of the adjustable sampling device 100 on the rail 142 may be adjustable between two end positions defined by the length of the rail. One position may be at an end of the rail 142 that is closest to the patient’s mouth, and the other position at an end of the rail that is furthest from the patient’s face when in use. In another example, there may be a plurality of, such as three or more, fixed positions along the rail determined by e.g. protrusions on the rail 142 and / or the channel 102. In other examples, the position of the sampling device may be anywhere along the length of the rail 142. A friction fit may be utilised to restrain the sampling device in the desired position. A sliding force can be applied by a user to overcome the friction fit and adjust the position of the sampling device before, during, or after use. In other examples, a clip or locking engagement may be used to achieve a desired position of the sampling device along the rail 142. A stop 144 may be provided on an end of the rail 142 to prevent the sampling device 100 from becoming separated from the attaching means 140.

[0600] Figure 27 shows side views of various examples of gas sampling devices according to embodiments of the present disclosure, such as gas sampling device 200, wherein each gas sampling device 200 has a different angle and / or curvature of the structural member 135. This can be selected to achieve various orientations, locations and sizes of the gas sampling port 110. Figure 28 shows another set of side views of various examples of sampling devices, suchas gas sampling device 200, wherein each gas sampling device 200 has a different size. Variation in size may be achieved by e.g. varying the thickness of the support element 130, as shown, to increase the depth of the gas sampling device. The size (e.g. depth) and / or shape and / or angle of the gas sampling device or parts thereof (e.g. the support element 130 and / or the structural member 135) can be selected to achieve different positioning of the one or more jet outlets 120 and / or of the gas sampling port 110 (e.g. closer to or further from the patient’s mouth). In some examples, the size (e.g. depth) and / or shape and / or angle of the gas sampling device or parts thereof can be selected to achieve location of the sampling port opening 111 close to the patient’s mouth without locating the entirety of the gas sampling device close to the patient’s mouth. The overall size of the gas sampling device can also be used to determine location of one or more jet inlets 150.

[0601] In some examples, for improved sampling of the patient’s exhaled gas, it may be beneficial when in use to position the sampling port 110 closer to the mouth of the patient, and not over the upper lip. For example, a structural member 135 angled towards the mouth can allow the gas sampling port 110 to be closer to the mouth whilst the gas sampling device 200 can be placed above, or below, the mouth. Figures 27 and 28 show, in detail, that the dimensions of the gas sampling device 200, and thus the gas sampling port 110, may be selected according to a desired sampling location. For instance, different patient populations (such as adult vs infant) or different use cases (such as different medical procedures) may benefit from having a different length or angle of at least one gas sampling port 110. Thus, sampling devices according to embodiments of the present disclosure may be manufactured in a range of different sizes, shapes and configurations so that a clinician can select a suitable device for their requirements. As disclosed elsewhere herein, some of these devices may be adjustable when in use.

[0602] Figure 29 shows a range of widths of the structural member 135 for a gas sampling device with a fixed location of the gas sampling port 110. Figure 29 demonstrates that the structural member 135 may be designed based on, for example, a size of a patient (e.g. adult vs infant) and / or a medical procedure and / or any other similar criteria.

[0603] Figure 30 shows a range of sizes of the gas sampling port 110 with a fixed width of the structural member 135. Figure 30 demonstrates that the sampling port 110 does not need to be circular and can have any shape appropriate for the size of structural member 135 and / or the clinical application.

[0604] Figure 31 shows a range of exemplary sizes for the gas sampling port 110 with fixed dimensions of structural member 135. Figure 31 shows that the gas sampling port 110shape could extend into the horizontal as well as vertical direction. Figure 32 indicates that there may be more than one sampling port 110. Figure 32 shows an example of a range of different locations for the gas sampling port 110 with a fixed width and size of the structural member 135. Here, the sampling ports 110 can be said to be arranged “vertically”. In other examples, the gas sampling ports 110 may be arranged “laterally”. In other examples, the gas sampling ports may be arranged in a grid. In some examples, there may be at least one gas sampling port 110 located either side of and equidistant from a medial location on the structural member 135 so that at least one gas sampling port is provided proximal to each jet outlet 120. Thus, beneficially, the sampling port 110 may be located in the most optimal place relative to where the entrainment zone for the patient’s breath is conveyed. This determination may be based on, for example, a size of a patient (e.g. adult vs infant) and / or a medical procedure and / or any other similar criteria.

[0605] It may be desirable to select the overall width of the structural member 135, without compromising the size of the sampling port. Generally a larger sampling port may be desirable, although enlarging the sampling port to an extent that there is undesired entrainment of room air may be undesirable. In some examples it may be desirable to limit the distance of the sampling port from the patient’s mouth to limit entrainment of room air. In some applications, the gas sampling device may be applied to a patient simultaneously with a bite block and / or endoscope. In such use, positioning the gas sampling port too close to the patient’s face (e.g. philtrum or mouth) may compromise sampling. It may be necessary to balance these competing objectives.

[0606] In some examples, the sampling port may be separated from the patient’s face / philtrum by a sampling distance. The sampling distance may be a separation distance from a coronal plane aligned with the patient’s face / philtrum The sampling distance may be about 0 to 40 mm, such as about 5 to 40 mm, such as about 10 to 30 mm or about 20 to 30 mm. In some examples, it may be desirable to locate the sampling port such that when in use, it is positioned about 20 mm or less from the patient’s mouth, such as about 15 mm or less from the patient’s mouth but not less than about 5 mm. This sampling distance may or may not include the separation distance C discussed below. These values may refer to values suitable for a sampling device intended for use on adult patients.

[0607] Figures 33 and 34 show a range of orientations of the gas sampling device 200 relative to the patient’s face. More specifically, Figures 33 and 34 indicate some options for the orientation, size and location of the gas sampling device 200 on the patient’s face. A similar range of orientation, size and locations can be used, irrespective of whether the gas samplingdevice 200 is located on the philtrum, or elsewhere on the patient’s face in use. The angle <|) depicted in Figure 33 represents the angle between the transverse plane or the patient’s flow as it exits the mouth, and the structural member 135 that has the sampling port 110 located on it. If the angle <|) is too large, then entrainment of the patient’s flow via the jet flows may be more difficult, and the jet flows and velocity needed to achieve improved gas sampling may be higher. In one example, the angle <j> may be less than about 90°. In another example, the angle <j> may be 0°< <j) < 45 °. In some examples, the angle of the gas sampling device and more specifically, the angle of the gas sampling port 110 and / or the at least one jet outlet 120 relative to the patient may be adjusted, for instance, via the attaching means 140 or by providing a flexible and / or adjustable structural member 135 and or support element 130. Figure 34 illustrates a range of different depths of the gas sampling device. The height of the gas sampling device and more specifically, the location of the gas sampling port 110 and / or the at least one jet outlet 120 may be adjusted, for instance, via the attaching means 140 or by providing a flexible and / or adjustable structural member 135 and or support element 130. In other examples, these features may be fixed during the design process and manufactured in a range of different configurations intended for different clinical use cases, as described previously.

[0608] Features of a gas sampling device according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may be constructed to optimise sampling of target gas from a patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow. A schematic illustration of a sampling device showing various features is provided in Figure 68. The distance A between a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet 120 and the front aspect of the device containing the sampling inlet can impact sampling. For example, maximising A to increase separation of jet outlets from the sampling port opening 111 can lead to a more stable and in some cases, a stronger CO2 signal. However, this distance must be balanced with other features of the device, such as a need to locate the jet outlet sufficiently far away from the jet inlet such that the jet flow of gas can form suitably. The distance B between the jet inlet 150 and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet 120 can impact the jet flows generated at the jet outlet 120, and can therefore impact sampling. It may be desirable to increase separation distance B to achieve formation of a suitable jet flow. However, as noted above, distance B must be balanced with distance A. Additionally, in some examples the overall size of the device may be constrained by the requirement to fit comfortably between the nose and mouth of the patient and so there are constraints on distance A and distance B. The separation distance between the patient and the portion of the sampling device containing the jet outlets can also impact gas sampling. In Figure 68, X represents a reference point for determining the separation distance C from the patient’s face. The reference point X may refer to the patient’s philtrum, or the patient contacting side of an attaching means when used toattach a sampling device to a patient interface, or the patient facing side of a cannula to which the sampling device may be integrated. The reference point Y corresponds to the base or proximal aspect of the sampling device body when in use. The separation distance C can also impact sampling, since a large distance C may position the sampling port opening 111 such that there is undesirable entrainment of room air. Providing a separation distance C can also allow for another component, such as a bite block, to fit between the gas sampling device and the patient comfortably and without impacting the function of the gas sampling device or bite block.

[0609] In some examples, distance A may range from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In some examples, distance B may range from about 0.5 mm to about 15 mm, such as about 5 mm to about 10 mm. In some examples, distance C may range from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 5 mm. In one example, dimension A may be about 2.5 mm and / or dimension B may be about 10 mm and / or dimension C may be about 3 mm.

[0610] It may be desirable to select the overall thickness of the gas sampling device (i.e. dimensions A+B) to avoid compromising the ability to form flow paths within the device. The thickness of the device can impact the positioning of the device between the patient’s nose and mouth. If the device is too thick, it may interfere with the clinician’s field of view or access, lead to discomfort or poor fit, and / or interfere with use of other devices such as bite blocks and / or endoscopes. If the device is too thin, formation of jet flows from the at least one jet outlet may be compromised. In some examples, the overall thickness of the gas sampling device (corresponding to the sum of dimensions A and B) may be about 1 to 20 mm, or about 1 to 15, or about 5 to 20 mm, or about 5 to 15 mm, or about 10 to 15 mm.

[0611] As the gas sampling device may be applied to a patient simultaneously with a face mask, it may be desirable to limit the form factor of the gas sampling device to avoid interfering with good fitment and / or use of the face mask. Thus, the overall height H of the gas sampling device may be limited to so that the device can be accommodated beneath a face mask when in use. In some examples the overall height H may be about 5 to 40 mm, such as about 10 to 30 mm or about 20 to 30 mm. The overall height H may or may not include the separation distance C discussed above.

[0612] It may be desirable to select the width of the gas sampling device when viewed from the front according to various factors. This is depicted as width W in Figure 69. The width may be important to the overall form factor and size of device and may be determined so that it does not interfere with the clinician’s field of view or access and / or interfere with use of otherdevices such as bite blocks and / or endoscopes. The width W should be sufficient to accommodate gas flow paths inside the device for the generation of jet flows at the jet outlets that entrain exhaled gas to the gas sampling port. In some examples, the width W may be about 2 to 20 mm, such as about 2 to 15 mm, or about 5 to 15 mm, or about 5 to 10 mm.

[0613] It will be appreciated that the discussion of various factors influencing the overall form factor and specific dimensions as outlined above are not limited to any specific gas sampling device exemplified herein. These considerations and proposed dimensions may be applicable to any one or more gas sampling devices according to the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein. It is to be understood that each of the feature variations presented in Figures 26 to 34 and 68 are not to be considered in isolation, and that these variations may be considered in any combination and in the context of any of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0614] Figure 35 schematically shows a top view of a third embodiment of a gas sampling device 300. Figure 36 schematically shows a detail of different angles of support element 130 of the third gas sampling device 300. Figure 37 is a top view of the third gas sampling device 300 of Figure 35, with schematic representation of fluid flow when in use. In this example, a jet flow conduit 151 provides fluid communication between a jet flow source and jet inlet 150. The jet flow conduit 151 and jet inlet 150 may be releasably couplable, directly or indirectly via a manifold within the sampling device, or the jet inlet and the jet flow conduit may be integrally formed. The jet flow conduit 151 may be provided internally of a conduit providing a flow of gases to the patient interface 12. Figure 39 is another top view of the third gas sampling device 300B with schematic representation of fluid flow in use, wherein the jet flow conduit 151 receives a flow of gas from the patient interface 12 or associated conduit 142, such that both the therapeutic gas provided to the patient via the patient interface 12, and the jet flow of gas which moves the patient’s exhaled gas toward the gas sampling port, originate from a common supply source and conduit. While the jet flow inlet 150 is shown within the conduit 142 associated with the patient interface 12, it is to be understood that the jet flow inlet 150 may be located more distally from the gas sampling device 300 and more proximal to the jet flow source.

[0615] Figure 38 is a top view of a modified version of the gas sampling device 300A which is a modified version of the third gas sampling device 300 with schematic representation of fluid flow in use. In the gas sampling device 300A, the jet flow conduit 151 is not provided within the NHF conduit 142. Instead, the jet flow conduit 151 may be completely separate from the patientinterface 12 or associated conduit 142, or it may be attached to a length of the patient interface 12 or associated conduit so as to form part of a multi-lumen conduit.

[0616] The gas sampling device 300A is shown with a gas sampling conduit 112. At least one gas sampling conduit 112 may be configured to convey sampled gas from the gas sampling device 300A to a gas analyser. In other words, at least one gas sampling port 110 may comprise or be couplable with at least one gas sampling conduit 112. The at least one gas sampling port 110 may be in fluid communication with the gas analyser via at least one gas sampling conduit 112. At least one gas sampling port 110 may be couplable with the gas analyser via at least one gas sampling conduit 112. At least one gas sampling conduit 112 may be releasably couplable with the sampling device 300A and / or the gas analyser. The gas sampling conduit 112 provides fluid communication between the gas sampling port 110 and a gas analyser.

[0617] As introduced in the foregoing, the gas sampling device 300A may further comprise or operate with at least one jet flow conduit 151. The at least one jet flow conduit 151 is configured to provide fluid communication between at least one jet flow source and at least one jet flow inlet 150 and / or at least one jet flow outlet 120. The jet flow source is configured to generate at least one flow of gas such that at least one jet flow of gas is provided at the at least one jet outlet 120 of the gas sampling device 300A. The flowrate of gas provided by the at least one jet flow source may, together with the size and / or shape of the jet flow path and / or the at least one jet outlet 120, determine the velocity of gas provided in the jet flow exiting the jet outlet 120.

[0618] Figure 36 highlights the adjustability of the support element 130 provided as part of gas sampling devices 300 and 300A. The angle of the support element 130 may be changed during manufacturing (e.g. during moulding). The angle of the support element 130 may be adjusted for instance, based on at least one of: patient population, sizing (small, medium, large or adult vs infant) or different use cases (e.g. different medical procedures) to provide better patient comfort (e.g. reducing contact with patient’s nose). The angle may also be adjusted to provide enhanced entrainment of the patient’s exhaled gas, thereby enhancing sampling of the patient’s exhaled gas and less ambient air. The support element 130 (and the angle of the support element) may also be selected to block or mitigate flows from the nasal cannula 12 from interfering with the jet flow and / or sampled gas.

[0619] As noted above, the direction of the at least one jet flow may be influenced by the configuration of the at least one jet flow path, such as e.g. the angle, geometry, length and / or surface finish of at least a portion of the jet flow path. Figures 69 to 73 are schematic illustrations of an example in which the gas sampling device 200 comprises two jet inlets 150 and two jetoutlets 120 connected by separate jet flow paths 152 within the gas sampling device. Figures 69 and 70 are schematic front and side views respectively of a gas sampling device 200 in use. Figure 71 is a side view showing internal flow paths comprising the jet flow paths 152 and sampled gas flow path 113 when in use. Figures 72 and 73 are schematic top views in cross section through the jet flow paths 152, and the sampled gas flow path 113, respectively, in the device 200. The geometry of each jet flow path 152 may be designed to accommodate the jet flow paths and the sampled gas flow path 113 in a small form factor. Figure 72 shows two jet inlets 150 and two jet outlets 120 connected by separate jet flow paths 152. The separate jet flow paths 152 provide space for the sampled gas flow path 113 to be located medially in the device 200. For simplicity, only the sampled gas flow path 113 is depicted in Figure 73. As shown in Figure 71, the geometry of the jet flow path 152 changes in the body of the sampling device 200, from having a substantially circular cross section at the jet inlets 150 to having a substantially rectangular cross section at the jet outlets 120.

[0620] Figures 74 to 78 are schematic illustrations of another example in which the gas sampling device 100 comprises one jet inlet 150 and two jet outlets 120 connected by a bifurcating jet flow path 152 within the gas sampling device. Figures 74 and 75 are schematic front and side views respectively of a gas sampling device 100 in use. Figure 76 is a side view showing internal flow paths comprising the jet flow path 152 and the sampled gas flow path 113. Figures 77 and 78 are schematic top views in cross section through the jet flow path 152, and the sampled flow path 113, respectively, in the device 100. Here, the geometry of the jet flow path 152 from the single jet inlet 150 bifurcates within the gas sampling device 100 to supply both jet outlets 120 as shown in Figure 77. For simplicity, Figure 78 shows only the sampled gas flow path 113. Similar to the embodiment discussed with reference to Figures 69 to 73, the geometry of the jet flow path 152 changes in the body of the sampling device 100, from having a substantially circular cross section at the jet inlet 150, to two outlets each comprising a substantially rectangular cross section at the jet outlets 120.

[0621] The examples in Figures 69 to 73 and 74 to 78 show the jet input 150 and gas sampling port 110 adjacent to one another. This adjacency may be beneficial for usability and improve ease of connection of any conduits to the jet input 150 and / or the gas sampling port 110. It will be appreciated that this is one example only, and that the jet inlet 150 and gas sampling port 110 may be configured differently in other examples to improve sampling or usability. Furthermore, the geometries of the internal flow paths 152 and 113 represented in these figures is indicative of flow paths that may apply to other sampling devices and is not limited to the specific examples discussed.

[0622] In some examples, it may be desirable to have multiple jet outlets supplied from a jet inlet. An example is shown in Figures 79 to 83 which are schematic illustrations of a gas sampling device 100A comprising one jet inlet 150 and four jet outlets 120 connected by a jet flow path 152 within the gas sampling device. Figures 79 and 80 are schematic front and side views respectively of a gas sampling device 100A in use. To minimize the form factor of the device, such as the dimension x, it may be desirable to supply all of the jet outlets from a single jet inlet. Figure 81 is a side view showing internal flow paths comprising the jet flow path 152 and the sampled gas flow path 113. As discussed below, the jet flow path 152 can comprise chambers 152D and 152P. Figures 82 and 83 are schematic top views in cross section through the jet flow path 152, and the sampled flow path 113, respectively, in the device 100A.

[0623] According to the various aspects and embodiments disclosed herein, the width of the gas sampling device corresponding to a dimension in the z-direction (as depicted in Figure 81) can be selected to achieve various objectives such as the overall width and / or form factor of the device. These objectives can be carefully balanced with factors such as the desired number, structure and arrangement of flow paths within the device, and how these are structured to achieve required jet flows.

[0624] In the particular example of Figure 81 an objective includes minimizing the width of the device in the z-direction. Thus, it may be desirable to position the multiple jet outlets as close to each other as possible in the z-direction with the gas sampling port opening 111 between them so that the mechanism of jet-induced entrainment of gas occurs where the patient’s exhaled gas is likely to be and becomes directed towards the gas sampling port opening 111. To limit the size of the device in the z-direction, the jet flows can be formed by a narrow jet forming chamber in the device. Due to the narrow form factor of the device 100A, it may not be possible to provide a sampling flow path between the jet flow paths without interrupting or compromising flow to the jet outlets. In order to accommodate sampled gas flow path 113, the jet inlet 150 may supply two jet forming chambers that are formed within the device 100A. One chamber 152D may develop the jet flows 122D from a distal pair of jet outlets 120D and one chamber 152P may develop the jet flows 122P from a proximal pair of jet outlets 120P.

[0625] It is desirable that the gas received into the sampling port 120 is a portion of the jet induced flow rather than ambient air. Therefore, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be provided at a location that is between at least two of the multiple jet outlets. In a preferred example, the gas sampling port opening 111 may be provided medially of the four jet outlets 120P, 120D. As can be seen in the figures, the geometry of the jet flow path 152 from the singlejet inlet 150 divides within the gas sampling device 100A to supply four jet outlets 120P.120D via two jet forming chambers 152P,D. The jet outlets may be arranged in pairs with one pair of jet outlets 152P being proximal to the patient and one pair of jet outlets 152D being more distal from the patient when in use. Figure 82 schematically shows in cross section the jet inlet 150 supplying proximal jet forming chamber 152P within the device 100A which develops the jet flow 122P from proximal jet outlet pair 120P. It will be appreciated that the geometry of the jet flow path forming the distal jet outlets 120D is similar. Figure 83 shows the sampled gas flow path 113. Note the gas sampling port opening 111 is shown as set back from the edge of the device 100A since it is oriented orthogonally (e.g. inferior) relative to the jet outlets 120.

[0626] Similar to figures 69 to 73 and Figures 74 to 78, the geometry of the jet flow path 152 changes in the body of the sampling device 100A from having a substantially circular cross section at the jet inlet 150, to four outlets each comprising a rectangular cross section at the jet outlets 120p, 120D. The geometry of the jet flow path 152 internal to the device 100A is carefully designed to form a pair of narrow chambers 152P, 152D, each receiving a flow from a single jet inlet 150, such that when in use, each chamber 152P, 152D forms a jet flow of gas from a respective pair of jet outlets 120P, 120D.Gas sampling devices with at least one jet outlet and at least one suction inlet

[0627] Any one of the gas sampling devices described above may further comprise at least one suction port; wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves (e.g. by drawing) the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0628] Figure 40 shows a schematic front view of an example of a gas sampling device 400 comprising one suction port 420 and two jet outlets 120. The arrows 123 represent the flow of patient’s expired gases when in use including movement of patient expired flow toward sampling port 110. The suction port 420 conveys at least one suction flow that moves the patient’s exhaled gas 123 towards the gas sampling port 110 and at least one jet outlet 120 (not visible) may provide jet flows 122 (shaded area) that also move the patient’s exhaled gas towards the gas sampling port 110.

[0629] Figure 41 shows a schematic side view of an example of a gas sampling device 400 comprising one suction port (not visible) and two jet outlets 120. A bite block 10 and nasal interface 12 are shown but may be omitted in other embodiments. More specifically, in Figure 41 , the long arrow shows the movement of gases of patient expired flow 123. The suction port conveys at least one suction flow represented by arrow 422, that can move the patient’sexhaled gas towards the gas sampling port 110. Additionally the jet outlets 120 provide jet flows 122 that can also move the patient’s exhaled gas towards the gas sampling port 110. Therefore, beneficially, suction flows and jet flows may be combined to enhance the sampling of the patient’s exhaled gases.

[0630] Therefore, described herein is also a gas sampling device 400 for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port 110; at least one jet outlet 120; and at least one suction port 420; wherein the at least one jet outlet 120 is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas 122 that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port 110; and wherein the at least one suction port 420 is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas 422 such that the at least one suction flow moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port 110.

[0631] In the embodiments with at least one suction port, a negative pressure source may be in fluid communication with at least one suction port in the gas sampling device. Negative pressure causes fluid from the surrounding medium to be drawn into the suction port and this induces bulk movement of the fluid around the suction port. The suction generates suction-induced flow within the environment. At least a portion of the bulk expired flow from the patient’s mouth can become part of the suction-induced flow and is thus drawn towards the gas sampling port due to the negative pressure. The gas to be sampled by the gas sampling device may therefore be or include the suction-induced flow. This can include at least a portion of the gas which exits the patient’s mouth during expiration (including the patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow). Thus, the gas that is sampled, may be predominantly the patient’s expired flow, with reduced entrainment of ambient air. Thus, at least one suction port conveys at least one suction flow of gas such that the suction flow moves (by drawing in) a gas to be sampled toward at least one gas sampling port.

[0632] For gas sampling device embodiments which include both a suction port to convey a suction flow, and a jet outlet to provide a jet flow, the gas to be sampled may therefore be or include a jet and suction induced flow. The jet and suction induced flow is flow that is moved towards the gas sampling device by jet flows and / or suction flows and thus can be considered to include jet-induced flows and suction-induced flows. The jet and suction induced flow thus can be or include at least a portion of the gas which exits the patient’s mouth during expiration (including the patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow).

[0633] It is to be appreciated that the relative contributions of the suction flows and the jet flows to the overall conveyance of the patient’s expired flow could be independent and fixed, or adjusted. These values may be adjusted, for example, during use based on the effectivenessof the sampling and / or based on feedback from a gas analyser, such as a capnograph, that is connectable to the gas sampling device. In order to adjust the relative contributions, the flow rate provided to the jet outlet can be adjusted (and thus, the jet exit velocity adjusted) and / or the degree of suction flow conveyed from the suction port can be adjusted. The relative contribution of the suction flows and / or the jet flow may be between 0 - 100 %.

[0634] At least one suction port 420 may be positioned towards the patient’s mouth when in use. In some examples, at least one gas sampling port 110 may be proximate or at a distance to at least one suction port 420. A gas sampling port being located more proximal to the suction port may improve capture of patient exhaled gases and sampling. That is at least one gas sampling port 110 may be positioned above and / or below and / or adjacent to and / or around or within at least one suction port 420 In some examples, at least one gas sampling port 110 is configured to tap off the gas to be sampled from at least one suction flow 422.

[0635] In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be oriented perpendicularly to at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be positioned above at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be positioned below at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be positioned adjacent to at least a portion of at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be positioned around at least a portion of at least one gas sampling port 110. In some examples, at least one gas sampling port 110 may be positioned in and taps gas to be sampled from at least one suction flow 422. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be oriented perpendicularly to the direction of at least one jet flow of gas 122.

[0636] The gas sampling device 400 is couplable with at least one negative pressure source, such as a pump or fan. At least one negative pressure source generates at least one suction flow of gas 422 and the suction flow is conveyed from the gas sampling device 400. The at least one suction flow of gas 422 is conveyed from the at least one suction port 420 of the gas sampling device. In some examples, at least one suction port 420 may be in fluid communication with at least one negative pressure source during use. The gas sampling device 400 may comprise or may be couplable with a suction connecting conduit configured to provide fluid communication between at least one suction port and at least one negative pressure source. In some examples, where the gas sampling port is connectable to a gas analyser that utilises a negative pressure to draw a gas sample to the gas analyser (e.g. a capnograph), the at least one negative pressure source is different. That is, the at least one negative pressure source is a different pressure source from the gas analyser,

[0637] In an alternative example, the gas sampling device may comprise an ejector. This may be in place of or in addition to a suction port. The gas sampling device may comprise an ejector and a jet outlet. The ejector may receive a positive flow of gas from a flow source. If the gas sampling device comprises an ejector and a jet outlet there may be a flow source for the ejector and a jet flow source.

[0638] The low pressure source which conveys the flow towards the sampling port can be achieved by means of the ejector. The flow through an ejector nozzle of the ejector induces a venturi effect in the exit plane of the ejector nozzle, thus increasing the velocity of the gas surrounding the ejector nozzle inside a body of the ejector, to create a low pressure zone at the ejector nozzle which can draw the patient’s exhaled gas towards the gas sampling port.

[0639] In some examples, the flowrate of at least one suction flow 422 can be an important factor influencing movement of exhaled patient gas toward the suction port. If the flowrate of at least one suction flow 422 is too low, the patient’s exhaled gas flow will not be captured. If the flowrate of at least one suction flow 422 is too high, additional ambient air will be drawn into the gas sampling port and dilute the signal. In some examples, the flowrate of at least one suction flow may be between about 0.5 LPM and about 30 LPM. For example, the flowrate of at least one suction flow may be between about 0.5 LPM and about 20 LPM. In some examples, the flowrate of at least one suction flow may be between about 0.5 LPM and about 5 LPM. Therefore, at least one suction port may be configured to convey a suction flow having flowrates between about 0.5LPM and about 30 LPM.

[0640] The embodiments herein disclose a gas sampling port 110 and a suction port 420 as separate ports. This may be desirable when using e.g. sidestream capnography devices since these devices provide only a low degree of suction such as e.g. 0.05 to 0.2 LPM and are not suitable to receive the full flow rate of gas conveyed by the suction port suction flow. Hence sampling with higher suction flow rates e.g. via the suction port may not be viable with a standard capnography device or gas analyser.Gas sampling devices with at least one suction port

[0641] Also disclosed herein is a gas sampling device 500 for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port 110; at least one suction port 420; wherein the at least one suction port 420 is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas 422 such that the at least one suction flow 422 moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port 110. That is, a gas sampling device comprising a suction port (such as that described above) in the absence of one or more jet outlets.

[0642] Figure 42 shows a schematic front view of an example of a gas sampling device 500 with a suction port 420. More specifically, in Figure 42, the arrows 123 depict the movement of patient expired flow. The suction port 420 conveys at least one suction flow that moves (e.g. draws) the patient’s exhaled gas towards the gas sampling port 110. The gas sampling device 500 is shown positioned above the patient’s mouth but similar to the earlier embodiments involving jet flows, the gas sampling device may be suitably positioned anywhere including above or below the patient’s mouth. Similarly, the gas sampling device 500 may be independently used or positioned on the patient, or may be removably or permanently attached to a patient interface (e.g. nasal interface 12) or oral accessory (e.g. bite block 10).

[0643] Figure 43 shows a schematic side view of an example of a gas sampling device 500 with a suction port 420. Figure 43 shows the movement of gases of the patients exhaled gas 123 with suction flow 422 from the gas sampling device positioned above the patients mouth. More specifically, in Figure 43, the long arrow 123 depicts the movement of at least a portion of patient expired flow. The suction port 420 conveys at least one suction flow 422, that moves the suction-induced flow (which can include at least a portion of the patient’s exhaled gas) towards the gas sampling port 110.

[0644] Figure 44 shows a schematic side view of an example of a gas sampling device 500 with a suction port 420 and with a bite block 10. The gas sampling device 500 may be removably or permanently attached to the bite block 10. Like Figure 43, Figure 44 shows similar movement of gases of the patient’s exhaled gas 123 with suction flow 422.

[0645] It is to be appreciated that the gas sampling device 500 may be substantially similar to the previously presented gas sampling device 400. The main difference is that the gas sampling device 500 comprises only at least one suction port 420 instead of the combination of the jet outlet and the suction port. Therefore, the description relating to the common features of the gas sampling devices has not been duplicated. Furthermore, it is to be understood that gas sampling devices 400 and 500 may further incorporate one or more of the features or feature variations described in the context of other examples of the sampling device described herein, such as in relation to e.g. Figures 26 to 34. Such features may include and are not limited to a support element 130 and structural member 135.

[0646] It will be appreciated that the gas sampling devices described herein are nonlimiting examples. For instance, the gas sampling device may comprise more than one gas sampling port, more than one jet outlet, more than one jet inlet, more than one suction port, and more than one suction port inlet. In some examples, in addition to one jet inlet supplyingmultiple jet outlets, there may be multiple jet inlets supplying multiple jet outlets, e.g. each jet outlet has a corresponding supply flow inlet or multiple inlets support multiple outlets.

[0647] As shown in at least Figures 20 to 25, in some examples, at least one jet outlet comprises a first jet outlet and a second jet outlet, and the first jet outlet is provided on a first side of the gas sampling device and the second jet outlet is provided on the second side of the gas sampling device. The first jet outlet and the second jet outlet may be positioned at 180° from each other. The first jet outlet and the second jet outlet may be positioned on either side of the gas sampling port.

[0648] The gas sampling devices described herein may be manufactured to be flexible or rigid, or a combination of material characteristics may be utilised to achieve specific functionality. For patient comfort, patient contacting / facing components may be made of soft or flexible material. The material could be TPE, silicone, or other suitable material. In examples where the gas sampling device is or comprises a flexible feature, it or the feature can be temporarily directed or flexed so that if a clinician needs to insert an instrument or manipulate the oral cavity, the gas sampling device can be manipulated or compressed so that it does not cause issues with access to the oral region.

[0649] In other words, the gas sampling devices according to various embodiments of the present disclosure may be, at least partially, made of a substantially rigid material and / or substantially flexible material. The gas sampling device or part thereof may be made of TPE and / or silicone and / or other suitable material. The gas sampling device or part thereof may be flexible and / or compressible. The gas sampling device may be flexible and / or compressible so that, in use, the gas sampling device is adjustable to not interfere with access to an oral region of the patient. For features that may be adjustable, such as the structural member 135, this may incorporate a manipulatable core such as a wire or the like that permits the configuration of the feature to be adjusted prior to or during use of the gas sampling device.

[0650] It is to be appreciated that the gas sampling devices described herein are not limited to carbon dioxide sampling and may have utility in the sampling of any constituent of patient exhaled gas e.g. carbon dioxide, oxygen, Nitrogen, anaesthetic agent concentration, also any other breath analysis marker desired (e.g. disease biomarker). Although it will be appreciated that the gas sampling devices disclosed herein have particular suitability for use during high flow respiratory support and / or anaesthetic procedures, the gas sampling devices disclosed herein are also not limited to use in anaesthetic procedures, or use with high flow respiratory support. The gas sampling devices may be used anywhere exhaled gas sampling is required, to improve gas sampling.

[0651] In other words, the gas sampling device may be configured to sample at least one of: carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, anaesthetic agent concentration, and a breath analysis marker when in use. In some examples, the gas sampling device may be configured for use during a medical procedure involving anaesthesia (an anaesthetic procedure e.g. a procedure involving general anaesthesia or procedural sedation). The gas sampling device may be configured for use during the provision of high flow respiratory support. In some examples, the configuration of the gas sampling device may be adjustable when in use to achieve a desired gas sampling port location, and / or position and / or orientation of one or more jet flows (when provided) with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

[0652] In the embodiments that comprise a gas sampling device with at least one jet outlet that provides at least one jet flow of gas, the jet flow of gas may be a non-flammable gas (e.g. Nitrogen). This may be useful if purging is desired (removal of oxygen from the area). Alternatively, jet flow of gas may be air, oxygen, or mixture or any gas that is being provided in the respiratory support. In some examples, velocity of the at least one jet flow leaving at least one jet outlet may be between about 2 and about 40 m / s. In some examples, velocity of the at least one jet flow may be between about 5 and about 20 m / s. In some examples, a flowrate provided to the gas sampling device (or to the jet flow path inlet(s) or the jet flow path(s) or the jet outlet(s)) may be between about 5 and about 50 LPM. In some examples, a flowrate provided to the gas sampling device (or to the jet flow path inlet(s) or the jet flow path(s) or the jet outlet(s)) may be between about 5 and about 30 LPM. In some examples, a flowrate provided to the gas sampling device (or to the jet flow path inlet(s) or the jet flow path(s) or the jet outlet(s))may be between about 10 and about 20 LPM. In some examples, the velocity of at least one jet flow may be adjustable. In some examples, a flowrate provided to the gas sampling device may be adjustable. The velocity can be adjustable by adjusting a flowrate provided to the gas sampling device. At least one jet outlet may be configured to provide at least one jet flow with a flowrate between 0.5 to 50 L / min.

[0653] In other words, at least one jet flow may comprise any suitable gas. At least one jet outlet is configured to provide any suitable gas. In some examples, at least one jet flow may comprise a non-therapeutic jet flow of gas. In some examples, at least one jet flow may comprise a therapeutic gas but the jet flow of therapeutic gas need not be directed to the patient’s airway (i.e. not provided for therapeutic purposes). In some examples, at least one jet flow may comprise air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen. In some examples, at least one jet flow may comprise a non-flammable gas.

[0654] The gas sampling devices described herein are focused on capturing gas in the exhaled breath from the patient’s mouth. Accordingly, the gas sampling devices described herein may be sidestream devices. However, it is to be appreciated that if the patient is nose breathing so that exhaled gas is leaving via the nose not the mouth, a separate gas sampling device as disclosed herein could be used to sample nasally exhaled gases.Systems comprising the gas sampling devices described herein

[0655] Figures 45 to 55 show various, non-limiting examples of systems comprising the gas sampling device described previously.

[0656] It will be appreciated that if the gas sampling device comprises at least one jet outlet which provides at least one jet flow, the corresponding system will comprise at least one jet flow source.

[0657] Accordingly, described herein is a system for sampling a gas from a patient, the system comprising: a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one jet outlet; wherein the at least one jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port; at least one flow source configured to provide a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet to generate the at least one jet flow of gas.

[0658] It will be appreciated that the jet outlet and / or the jet flow path of the gas sampling device upstream of the jet outlet are configured to provide a jet flow at the jet outlet. Thus, the at least one flow source providing a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet (also referred to as a jet flow source for convenience in this disclosure) need not itself provide a jet flow and there may not be a jet flow at or through components of the jet flow path upstream of the jet outlet.

[0659] It will be appreciated that if the gas sampling device comprises at least one suction port which conveys at least one suction flow, the corresponding system will comprise at least one negative pressure source.

[0660] Accordingly, described herein is a system for sampling a gas from a patient, the system comprising: a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one suction port; wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port; and at least one negative pressure source configured to generate the at least one suction flow of gas.

[0661] It will be appreciated that if the gas sampling device comprises at least one suction port which conveys at least one suction flow and at least one jet outlet which provides at least one jet flow, the corresponding system must comprise at least one negative pressure source and at least one jet flow source. The negative pressure source and the jet flow source may be integrated into one common flow source. Embodiments of the present disclosure have been discussed with reference to controlling a flow rate of a jet flow of gas or a suction flow rate. It will be appreciated that the jet flow source (and / or the suction flow source) may alternatively or additionally be a pressure controlled source, wherein pressure values are selected to control the jet flow of gas and / or the level of suction flow to be achieved.

[0662] Accordingly, described herein is a system for sampling a gas from a patient, the system comprising: a gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising: at least one gas sampling port; at least one jet outlet; wherein the at least one jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port; at least one suction port; wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port; at least one flow source configured to provide a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet to generate the at least one jet flow of gas; and at least one negative pressure source configured to generate the at least one suction flow of gas.

[0663] Figure 45 shows an example of a system 600 comprising the gas sampling device 100.

[0664] The system 600 comprises the gas sampling device 100 and a jet flow source 620.

[0665] The gas sampling device 100 has been described above. It will be appreciated that other suitable gas sampling devices, such as a second exemplary gas sampling device 200 or a third exemplary gas sampling device 300, or other suitable gas sampling devices described herein, may be used in the system 600.

[0666] The jet flow source 620 is configured to provide a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet of the gas sampling device 100. The at least one jet flow outlet is configured to generate the at least one jet flow of gas. The characteristics of the jet outlet and jet flow path (e.g. dimensions of the jet outlet and jet flow path, edge profile of the jet outlet etc.) are configured to turn the flow of gas provided by the jet flow source 620, into a jet flow when it exits the jet outlet. Therefore, jet flow source 620 may be a flow source which does not necessarily generate a jetting flow at the origin. The system 600 may comprise at least one jet flow source 620.

[0667] The jet flow source 620 is in fluid communication with at least one jet outlet of the gas sampling device 100. The at least one jet flow source 620 may be in fluid communication with the at least one jet outlet via at least one jet inlet of the gas sampling device 100. Therefore, the at least one jet flow source 620 is couplable to the at least one jet flow inlet. The at least one jet flow source 620 may be couplable to provide fluid communication with the at least one jet flow outlet of the gas sampling device.

[0668] The jet flow source 620 may be adjustable to optimize gas sampling based on a desired flowrate of at least one jet flow and / or desired speed / velocity of the at least one jet flow and / or medical application / procedure and / or the patient. At least one jet flow source 620 may be adjustable manually or automatically. At least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a constant or time-varying flow of gas.

[0669] In some examples, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to generate at least one jet flow at the jet outlet with a velocity between about 2 to 100 m / s, or about 2 to 40 m / s. In another example, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to generate at least one jet flow at the jet outlet with a velocity between about 5 to 20 m / s.

[0670] In one example, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas with a flowrate between 5 to 50 L / min. In one example, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas with a flowrate between about 5 to 30 L / min. In one example, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas with a flowrate between about 10 to 20 L / min. In some examples, the jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas with a high flow rate. It will be appreciated that the velocity and the flow rate of at least one flow of gas provided by the at least one jet flow source 620 may be adjustable. This adjustment may be made manually (e.g. by a clinician) or automatically (e.g. by a controller).

[0671] At least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas which is a flow of therapeutic gas and / or a flow of non-therapeutic (e.g. inert) gas. In some examples, at least one jet flow source 620 may be configured to provide a flow of gas which comprises air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen and / or non-flammable gas.

[0672] The system 600 may further comprise at least one jet flow conduit 151. The jet flow conduit 151 is configured to provide fluid communication between at least one jet flow source 620 and the gas sampling device 100. In other words, the jet flow conduit 151 is configured to provide fluid communication between at least one jet flow source 620 and at least one jet flow inlet and / or at least one jet flow outlet of the gas sampling device 100.

[0673] The system 600 may further comprise a gas analyser 610. The gas analyser 610 is configured to receive sampled gas from the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100. The sampled gas (gas to be sampled) may be or comprise at least a portion of the patient’s exhaled breath. The gas analyser 610 may be a capnograph.

[0674] In some examples, the gas analyser 610 may be configured to measure and display the concentration of a gas of interest (e.g. carbon dioxide) in the sampled gas. The gas analyser may be configured to produce analysis relating to the sampled gas. In some examples, the analysis relating to the sampled gas may comprise the patient’s ventilatory status. In some examples, the analysis relating to the sampled gas may comprise measuring the concentration of carbon dioxide or oxygen in the patient’s exhaled breath.

[0675] The gas analyser 610 may be configured to transmit the data relating to the sampled gas to an electronic device for displaying and / or storing and / or further processing. The device for displaying and / or storing and / or further processing may be integrated into the gas analyser 610 or it may be a separate device, or incorporated into a different device having additional functionality such as another medical device. The gas analyser 610 may be in operative communication with at least one medical device, such as a high-flow device and / or anaesthesia device and / or ventilator. The data relating to the sampled gas may be displayed by one or more medical devices which may be in operative communication with the gas analyser and / or other medical devices. In the example of Figure 45, the gas analyser 610 (e.g. capnograph) and the jet flow source 620 are integrated into a single device contained in housing 660. In other examples, the gas analyser 610 and jet flow source 620 may be modular and able to be integrated by e.g. operatively coupling a functional module comprising the gas analyser 610 with a device providing or also operatively coupled with a functional module comprising the jet flow source 620. Operative coupling may involve physical interconnection of parts to simultaneously couple one or more of a power supply, fluid flow paths and signal communications to integrate the functionality of the individual modules. In some examples, as described above, the gas analyser may be permanently or removably integrated into the gas sampling device.

[0676] The gas analyser 610 may be configured to generate an auxiliary suction flow which draws the gas to be sampled to the gas analyser 610. The suction rate of the gas analyser 610 may be 50-500ml / min It will be appreciated that in an instance that the gas analyser 610 is a capnograph, the capnograph may be configured to generate an auxiliary suction flow which draws the gas to be sampled to the capnograph. The suction rate of the capnograph may be 50-500ml / min.

[0677] The system 600 may further comprise at least one gas sampling conduit 112. At least one gas sampling conduit 112 is configured to provide fluid communication between the gas sampling device 100 and the gas analyser 610.

[0678] In other words, the gas analyser 610 is in fluid communication with at least one gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100. The gas analyser 610 is in fluid communication with at least one gas sampling port of the gas sampling device 100 via at least one gas sampling conduit 112.

[0679] The skilled person will also appreciate that at least one gas sampling conduit 112 and / or at least one jet flow conduit 151 may each define more than one flow path. That is, at least one gas sampling conduit 112 and / or the at least one jet flow conduit 151 may each define more than one flow path so that each flow path is configured to convey different flows of gases within the same conduit. In other words, the conduits may be split. In some examples, at least one gas sampling conduit 112 and at least one jet flow conduit 151 may be a part of a common conduit such as e.g. a multi-lumen conduit.

[0680] The system 600 may further comprise a patient interface 12. The patient interface 12 may comprise a nasal interface. The function of the patient interface 12 may be to deliver a therapeutic flow of gas (which may be or comprise oxygen) into the patient’s nostrils. The patient interface 12 may be configured to deliver high flow respiratory support. The patient interface 12 may be a sealing or non-sealing nasal interface. The patient interface 12 may comprise a collapsible portion. The patient interface 12 may comprise at least one of: a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oro-nasal mask, a full-face mask, a nasal pillows mask and a nasal cannula. In some examples, the patient interface 12 may comprise the gas sampling device 100. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be attached, e.g. removably attached, to the patient interface 12. In some examples, the gas sampling device 100 may be integral to the patient interface 12.

[0681] The system 600 may further comprise at least one therapeutic flow source 630. At least one therapeutic flow source 630 is configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to the patient interface 12. In other words, at least one therapeutic flow source 630 is configured to deliver gases to the patient’s airways. In some examples, at least one therapeutic flow source 630 may be configured to provide at least one therapeutic flow of gas to the patient interface via a humidifier 640.

[0682] At least one therapeutic flow source 630 may be adjustable. At least one therapeutic flow source 630 may be adjustable manually or automatically. The therapeutic flowsource 630 may be adjustable based on a desired flowrate of the at least one therapeutic flow and / or medical application and / or the patient. In some examples, the therapeutic flow source 630 may be configured to provide a constant or time-varying flow of gas. The therapeutic flow source 630 may be configured to provide a constant or time-varying oxygen fraction. At least one therapeutic flow source 630 may also be configured to provide a therapeutic flow of gas and a nontherapeutic flow of gas. In such embodiments, the therapeutic flow source 630 can also be considered the jet flow source 620. At least one therapeutic flow source 630 may also be configured to provide air and / or oxygen and / or nitrogen and / or non-flammable gas. In some examples, the therapeutic flow source 630 and the jet flow source 620 may be incorporated into a common flow source e.g. a common blower may be used for both the therapeutic flow source 630 and the jet flow source 620.

[0683] The at least one therapeutic flow source 630 may be a high-flow source configured to generate at least one therapeutic flow at a high flow rate suitable for providing high flow respiratory support. In some examples, the high flow may be between 5 to 150 L / min. In some examples, the high flow may be 20 to 90 L / min. In other examples, the high flow may be between 40 -70 L / min. Other examples of high flow rates have been described previously.

[0684] The system 600 may further comprise a humidifier 640. The humidifier 640 may be a separate device configured to cooperate with other components of the system 600. In some examples the humidifier 640 may be provided in a housing 660 together with one or more other components of the system. The humidifier 640 is configured to heat and / or humidify the therapeutic flow of gas. This is particularly beneficial when high flows are used because the gas delivered (e.g. oxygen) to the nasal interface 12 can be humidified to prevent drying out the nasal passages of the patient. Thus, the comfort of the patient is increased. In some examples, the system 600 may comprise at least one humidifier configured to heat and / or humidify the flow of gas from the at least one jet flow source 620. In some examples, the system 600 may comprise at least one heater configured to heat the flow of gas from the at least one jet flow source 620.

[0685] In some examples, the humidifier 640 may be in electronic communication with a controller. In some examples, the humidifier 640 may comprise a separate controller.

[0686] The humidifier 640 is in fluid communication with at least one therapeutic flow source 630. The humidifier 640 is also in fluid communication with the patient interface 12. The humidifier 640 may be in fluid communication with at least one therapeutic flow source 630 via a first conduit 641. The humidifier 641 may be in fluid communication with the patient interface 12 via a second conduit 642.

[0687] The system may further comprise a controller (not shown). The controller may comprise a microcontroller or some other architecture configured to direct the operation of controllable components of the system 600.

[0688] The controller may be in operative communication with at least one jet flow source 620 and / or at least one therapeutic flow source 630 and / or at least one negative pressure source 650 and / or the gas analyser 610 and / or the humidifier 640 and / or an input / output module. In some examples, when the gas sampling device 100 and / or the patient interface 12 comprises an electrical component, the controller may be in operative communication with the gas sampling device 100 and / or the patient interface 12.

[0689] In some examples, each controllable component of the system 600 may comprise a separate controller and the separate controllers may be in operative communication. In some examples, the controller may be a separate unit from each of the controllable components of the system. In some examples, the controller may be a part of at least one of the controllable components of the system. The controllable components of the system may include: jet flow source / s 620, the gas analyser 610, therapeutic flow source / s 630, the humidifier 640, and the input / output module. The controllable components may also comprise the gas sampling device 100 and / or the patient interface 12, especially in examples when the gas sampling device 100 and / or the patient interface 12 comprise an electrical component. The controllable components also comprise a negative pressure source / s 650 if the negative pressure source / s 650 is present in the system.

[0690] The controller may also be in operative communication with a device external to the system 600 or to an electronic medical record. The external device may be a medical device. The external device may be a computer.

[0691] The system 600 may further comprise an input / output module (not shown). The input / output module is in operative communication with the controller. The input / output module may be configured to allow a user to interface with the controller to facilitate the control of controllable components of the system 600 and / or view data regarding the operation of the system 600.

[0692] In some examples, the input / output module may comprise at least one of: one or more buttons, knobs, dials, switches, keyboard, keypad, foot pedal, levers, touch screens, speakers, displays and / or other input or output components which enable the user to view data and / or input commands to control controllable components of the system 600.

[0693] One or more components of the system 600 may further comprise a housing 660. The function of the housing 660 is to provide an outer casing or enclosure that contains and protects some of the components of the system 600. In some examples, the housing 660 contains one or more components of the system 600 such as one or more jet flow source / s 620, the gas analyser 610, therapeutic flow source / s 630, and the input / output module. In some examples the housing may comprise the humidifier 640. In some examples, the housing 660 may permit components of the system to cooperate in a modular fashion as described previously.

[0694] In the system 600, the gas analyser 610 (which is a capnograph in this example), the jet flow source 620 and the therapeutic flow source 630 are contained in the same housing 660 and may be considered part of the same device.

[0695] In some examples, the housing 660 at least partially houses at least one jet flow source 620 and at least one therapeutic flow source 630.

[0696] In some examples, the housing 660 at least partially houses at least one of: at least one jet flow source 620, at least one therapeutic flow source 630, at least one negative pressure source 650, the gas analyser 610, and the humidifier 640.

[0697] The skilled person will also appreciate, that in the system 600, the gas sampling device 100 may be exchanged for the gas sampling device 500 (i.e. the gas sampling device with a suction port instead of the jet outlet) and the jet flow source 620 may be exchanged for a negative pressure source 650. Further, the jet flow conduit 151 may be exchanged for a suction connecting conduit 424. Thus, the system 600 in Figure 45 may exemplify a system comprising a jet flow source 620 in fluid communication with a jet flow conduit 151 and a gas sampling device 100 providing at least one jet flow of gas, or with the abovementioned substitutions, it may exemplify a system comprising a negative pressure source 650 in fluid communication with a suction connecting conduit 424 and a gas sampling device 500 providing a suction flow.

[0698] In other examples, the system 600 may further include a gas sampling device 400 and a negative pressure source 650 and a suction connecting conduit 424 as described below with reference to Figure 52. Therefore, the system 600 may further comprise at least one negative pressure source 650. The at least one negative pressure source 650 is configured to generate at least one suction flow of gas and convey at least one suction flow of gas from at least one suction port of the gas sampling device. In use, the at least one negative pressuresource 650 conveys at least one suction flow from the at least one suction port such that the at least one suction flow draws the gas from the patient toward the at least one gas sampling port.

[0699] At least one negative pressure source 650 is in fluid communication with the gas sampling device. At least one negative pressure source 650 is in fluid communication with the suction port. The negative pressure source 650 may be in fluid communication with at least one suction port via a suction connecting conduit 424. At least one negative pressure source 650 is configured to convey at least one suction flow of gas from the suction port / s of the gas sampling device.

[0700] In some examples, at least one negative pressure source 650 may be configured to generate a suction flow at a flowrate between about 0.5 - 30 L / min. In some examples, at least one negative pressure source 650 may be configured to generate a flowrate of at least one suction flow between about 0.5 - 20 L / min. In some examples, at least one negative pressure source 650 may be configured to generate a flowrate of at least one suction flow between about 0.5 - 5 L / min.

[0701] In some examples, the negative pressure source / s 650 may be configured to provide an adjustable flowrate. At least one negative pressure source 650 may be adjustable manually or automatically. At least one negative pressure source 650 may be adjustable based on a desired flowrate of at least one suction flow and / or medical application (e.g. procedure) and / or the patient. At least one negative pressure source 650 may be configured to provide a constant or time-varying flow of gas.

[0702] In some examples, the therapeutic flow source / s 630 and the negative pressure source / s 650 may be incorporated into a common flow source.

[0703] In some examples, at least one negative pressure source 650 is a pump or fan and / or any other similar mechanical suction device.

[0704] In an alternative example, the gas sampling device may comprise an ejector which comprises an ejector nozzle. The ejector can receive a flow of gas from a dedicated flow source.

[0705] The system 600 may further comprise at least one suction connecting conduit 424. At least one suction connecting conduit 424 is configured to provide fluid communication between the negative pressure source / s 650 and the gas sampling device.

[0706] Figure 46 shows an example of a system 700 comprising the gas sampling device 100. The system 700 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 600. The main difference is that the system 700 comprises a separate gas analyser 610. In other words,the gas analyser 610 and the jet flow source 620 and the therapeutic flow source 630 are not in the same housing 660.

[0707] While the systems described with reference to Figures 45, 46, 48 and 53 to 55 have been explained with reference to gas sampling device 100, it will be appreciated that other suitable gas sampling devices, such as a second example gas sampling device 200 or a third example gas sampling device 300 or 300A, or other suitable gas sampling devices described herein, may be used in the system 600.

[0708] Figure 47 shows yet another example of a system 710 comprising the gas sampling device 400. The system 710 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 600. The main difference is that the system 710 shows an implementation with the gas sampling device 400 (i.e. the gas sampling device comprising both a jet outlet and a suction port). Therefore, the system 710 comprises a jet flow source 620 and a negative pressure source 650. The jet flow source 620, the negative pressure source 650 and the therapeutic flow source 630 are located in the same housing 660. In some examples, jet flow source 620, the negative pressure source 650 and the therapeutic flow source 630 may be incorporated into the same device.

[0709] Figure 48 shows yet another example of a system 720 comprising the gas sampling device 100. The system 720 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 600. The main difference is that the system 720 comprises an independent gas analyser 610 and independent jet flow source 620 and independent therapeutic flow source 630. The jet flow source 620 and the gas analyser 610 may be located in the same housing. The jet flow source 620 and the gas analyser 610 may be part of the same device. The jet flow source 620 and the gas analyser 610 may be modular components configured for operative coupling as described previously. It will be appreciated that similar to Figure 45, in the system 720 the gas sampling device 100 may be exchanged for the gas sampling device 500 (i.e. the gas sampling device with a suction port instead of the jet outlet) and the jet flow source 620 may be exchanged for a negative pressure source 650. Further, the jet flow conduit 151 may be exchanged for a suction connecting conduit 424. Thus, the system 600 in Figure 48 may exemplify a system comprising a jet flow source 620 in fluid communication with a jet flow conduit 151 and a gas sampling device 100 providing at least one jet flow of gas, or with the abovementioned substitutions, it may exemplify a system comprising a negative pressure source 650 in fluid communication with a suction connecting conduit 424 and a gas sampling device 500 providing a suction flow.

[0710] Figure 49 shows yet another example of a system 730 comprising the gas sampling device 400. The system 730 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 710. The system 730 comprises an independent gas analyser 610 and independent therapeutic flow source 630. The jet flow source 620 and the negative pressure source 650 may be located in the same housing 660. The negative pressure source 650 and the jet flow source 620 may be located in the same housing 660 or may be independent. Any two or more of the jet flow source 620, the negative pressure source 650, and the gas analyser 610 may be located in the same housing. Any two or more of the jet flow source 620, the negative pressure source 650, and the gas analyser 610 may be part of the same device.

[0711] Figure 50 shows yet another example of a system 740 comprising the gas sampling device 400. The system 740 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 730. The main difference is that the system 740 comprises two jet flow sources 620. This indicates that the gas sampling device 400 may comprise at least two jet outlets which can receive a flow of gas from separate flow sources. The system 740 may comprise two or more jet flow sources. It should also be understood that any of the other systems shown may also comprise two or more jet flow sources 620.

[0712] Figure 51 shows yet another example of a system 750 comprising the gas sampling device 400. The system 750 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 740. The system 750 highlights that any suitable combination of jet flow sources 620, negative pressure source 650, therapeutic flow sources 630 and gas analyser 610 are possible. In other words, jet flow sources 620, negative pressure sources 650, therapeutic flow sources 630 and gas analyser 610 may be in the same device or in a plurality of devices. Furthermore, it is to be appreciated that in some examples, each of the jet flow source 620 and the negative pressure source 650 may be operable in a positive flow direction (jet flow source) or negative flow direction (negative pressure source). In some examples, when operating in a positive flow direction a flow of therapeutic gas may also be provided from the respective flow source. When the therapeutic gas is directed to the patient interface 12 it can provide a therapeutic flow of gas however when provided to the gas sampling device 400 the flow of gas leaving the gas sampling device 400 is not directed to the patient’s airway and is not a therapeutic flow of gas.

[0713] As an example, Figure 51 shows that the therapeutic flow source 630 and the jet flow source 620 or the negative pressure source 650 can be located in the same housing and be part of the same device. Further, Figure 51 shows that a further jet flow source 620 or negative pressure source 650 may be separate and independent. The gas analyser 610 may also be separate and independent. The further jet flow source 620 or negative pressure source650 and the gas analyser 610 may be located within the same housing and be part of the same device. One or more of the jet flow source 620, the therapeutic flow source 630 and the negative pressure source 650 may be in operative communication with each other and / or with a controller. Figure 51 shows the therapeutic flow source 630 and the jet flow source 620 in the same housing and the negative pressure source 650 separate. However, in other examples, the negative pressure source 650 and therapeutic flow source 630 can be located in the same housing with the jet flow source 620 separate. In another example, there may be a jet flow source 620 in the same housing as the therapeutic flow source 630 and another jet flow source 620 separate, for embodiments comprising more than one jet flow source 620. In another example, there may be a negative pressure source 650 in the same housing as the therapeutic flow source 630 and another negative pressure source 650 separate, for embodiments comprising more than one negative pressure source 650.

[0714] Figure 52 shows yet another example of a system 760 comprising the gas sampling device 400. The system 760 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 740. The system 760 comprises a jet flow source 620, a negative pressure source 650, a therapeutic flow source 630 and a gas analyser 610 all incorporated in the same housing 660. In other words, at least one jet flow source 620, at least one negative pressure source 650, at least one therapeutic flow source 630 and a gas analyser 610 may be incorporated into the same device e.g. all located within the housing 660. In some examples, the housing 660 may permit components of the system to cooperate in a modular fashion as described previously.

[0715] Figure 53 shows yet another example of a system 770 comprising the gas sampling device 100. The system 770 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 600. The main difference is that the system 770 comprises one flow source with a combined function of a therapeutic flow source and the jet flow source. In other words, the system 770 comprises one flow source 630 that delivers flow to the patient interface 12 for delivery of respiratory support to the patient, and also delivers at least one flow to the gas sampling device 100. Like system 600, Figure 53 also shows the jet flow conduit 151 receiving a flow of gas from the flow source 630 without first being humidified. This may be beneficial to reduce the amount of gas being humidified by humidifier 640 thus reducing the frequency with which humidifier water must be replenished. In contrast, Figure 54 illustrates that the jet flow conduit 151 may tap a flow of gas from the jet flow source 620 at a location that is downstream of the humidifier 640. In some examples, the jet flow conduit 151 may tap a flow of gas from a therapeutic flow source 630 at any location downstream of the therapeutic flow source, or directly from the therapeutic flow source. The location may be upstream or downstream from a humidifier 640 when one is provided in the system. The location may be closer to the flowsource 630, or it may be closer to the patient interface 12. In some examples, the jet flow conduit 151 may tap a flow of gas from the patient interface 12 or from a conduit 642 supplying the patient interface as shown in Figure 54. Systems 770 and 780 each comprise a separate gas analyser 610.

[0716] Figure 55 shows yet another example of a system 790 comprising the gas sampling device 100. The system 790 may be substantially similar to the previously described system 780 particularly with respect to the location where the jet flow conduit 151 may tap a flow of gas from the therapeutic flow source 630. The main difference is that the system 790 comprises the gas analyser 610, and a single flow source provides the combined function of the therapeutic flow source 630 and the jet flow source located in the same housing 660 and / or device.

[0717] It will be appreciated that locating several components of the above-described systems in the same housing 660 and / or device may be beneficial because less hardware is used. Thus, the system may be more compact. In some examples, the housing 660 may permit components of the system to cooperate in a modular fashion as described previously.

[0718] It will be appreciated that the system described herein may be configured for use during a medical procedure. For instance, the systems may be configured for use during an anaesthetic procedure.

[0719] Figure 56 shows a kit 800 comprising the gas sampling device 100. It will be appreciated that the kit may comprise any one of the gas sampling devices described above. Therefore, described herein is a kit 800 comprising: any gas sampling device described above and a patient interface 12.

[0720] The patient interface 12 may be a nasal interface. The patient interface 12 may be non-sealing. The patient interface 12 may be sealing. The patient interface 12 may be coupled with or integrated with the gas sampling device. The patient interface 12 may be a non-sealing nasal interface such as a nasal cannula. The patient interface may comprise a collapsible portion. The patient interface may comprise at least one of: a nasal mask, an oral mask, an oro-nasal mask, a full-face mask, a nasal pillows mask and a nasal cannula.

[0721] The kit 800 may further comprise a filter 190 although that need not be the case. The filter may be integral with or attachable to the patient interface or a conduit providing a flow of gas to the patient interface 12 and / or the gas sampling device 100. The filter 190 may filter the gas (e.g. at least one therapeutic flow) coming to the patient interface 12. In some examples the filter 190 is provided in the flow of gas downstream from the humidifier 640. In such examples the second conduit 642 may comprise two parts: conduit 642a which is upstream ofthe filter 190, and conduit 642b which is between the filter 190 and the nasal interface. The conduit 642 may be permanently or releasably couplable with the patient interface 12 and / or the gas sampling device 100.

[0722] The kit 800 may comprise at least one gas sampling conduit 112. The gas sampling conduit 112 is configured to provide fluid communication between the gas sampling device and a gas analyser. The gas sampling conduit 112 may be integral with or attachable to the gas sampling device. Alternatively, the gas sampling conduit 112 may be provided separately from the kit 800.

[0723] The kit 800 may comprise at least one jet flow conduit 151. The jet flow conduit 151 is configured to provide fluid communication between a jet flow source and the gas sampling device 100. The jet flow conduit 151 may be integral with or attachable to the gas sampling device. In the kit 800 as shown, the flow of gas to the jet outlet is tapped from the second conduit 642b proximal to the patient interface 12 and is not therefore visible in Figure 56. It will be appreciated that the jet flow conduit may tap gas from a therapeutic flow source at a range of locations between the flow source and the patient interface 12 as described above, and that a suitable jet flow conduit 151 and appropriate connectors may be provided as part of the kit.

[0724] Alternatively, or additionally, kit 800 may comprise at least one suction flow conduit 424. The suction flow conduit 424 is configured to provide fluid communication between a suction flow source and the gas sampling device 100. The suction flow conduit 424 may be integral with or attachable to the gas sampling device.

[0725] The kit 800 may comprise a humidifier 640 although that need not be the case. The kit 800 may comprise a first conduit 641. The kit 800 may comprise a second conduit 642. The first conduit 641 is configured to provide fluid communication between the humidifier and a therapeutic flow source. The second conduit is configured to provide fluid communication between the humidifier and the patient interface. As noted above, the second conduit 642 may be provided as a single conduit or, where a filter 190 is provided, it may be provided in two conduit sections 642a and 642b between which the filter is located when assembled.

[0726] While the kit 800 described with reference to Figure 56 have been explained with reference to gas sampling device 100, it will be appreciated that other suitable gas sampling devices, such as a second exemplary gas sampling device 200 or a third exemplary gas sampling device 300 or a fourth exemplary gas sampling device 400 or a fifth exemplary gas sampling device 500, or other gas sampling devices described herein, may be provided in the kit with one or more conduits and or couplings as may be suitable for assembly of thecomponents necessary to provide one of more of the methods, systems and / or therapies described herein.

[0727] The kit 800 may be configured for use during a medical procedure. In some examples, the kit 800 may be configured for use during an anaesthetic procedure. In some examples, the kit 800 may be configured for use during respiratory support. In some examples, the kit 800 may be configured for use during high flow respiratory support .Methods for controlling flows

[0728] Figure 57 shows, during use of any one of the gas sampling devices described herein which provides a jet flow, a graph of flowrate provided to the jet outlet of the gas sampling device (or flow rate leaving the jet outlet) or of jet flow exit velocity against a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas. As discussed earlier, flow rate provided influences jet exit velocity. An increase in flow rate provided to the jet inlet and (in turn the jet outlet) will generally result in an increase in exit velocity. Thus, as the trends shown between flow rate and jet exit velocity will be similar, Figures 57 and 58 can be considered to show flow rate provided to, or leaving, the jet outlet of the gas sampling device or the jet exit velocity from the jet outlet of the gas sampling device.

[0729] Figure 58 shows, during use of any one of the gas sampling devices described herein which provides a jet flow, an example of a capnograph trace of a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas overtime, overlayed with a trend of flow rate provided to the jet inlet or outlet (or exit velocity from the jet outlet) over time. Figure 59 shows, during use of any one of the gas sampling devices described herein which conveys a suction flow, an exemplary capnograph trace of a measured fraction of carbon dioxide in a patient’s exhaled gas over time, overlayed with a suction flow rate over time.

[0730] Figures 57 and 58 depict that as the flow rate provided to the gas sampling device, or the jet exit velocity increases, more patient flow is moved towards the gas sampling device (and the gas sampling port) and the fraction of carbon dioxide measured can increase (e.g. peak or End-Tidal Carbon Dioxide is represented in Figure 57). However, the carbon dioxide level (maximum carbon dioxide over expiration) may reach a plateau P for example, as the patient’s expired flow shrouds the gas sampling device when a large proportion of the patient’s expired flow is moved towards the gas sampling device. In this case, further increases in jet flow velocity and flowrate provided to the gas sampling device may no longer substantially increase the carbon dioxide fraction. The same carbon dioxide plateau P can occur when a suction flow is applied as shown in Figure 59.

[0731] The flowrate provided to the gas sampling device (or leaving the jet outlet) (which influences a jet flow exit velocity) at which this plateau P begins may be the flow rate that achieves optimum movement of patient expired flows. This optimum flowrate may be patient dependent, as each patient is different (e.g. breathing direction, size of the patient etc.). Thus, increasing flowrate of gas to the sampling device (or leaving the jet outlet) may not improve measurement of carbon dioxide after the plateau P is reached. Use of the gas sampling devices, systems, kits and methods disclosed herein can beneficially determine the optimum flowrate that causes optimum movement of patient expired flows. This enables unnecessarily higher flow rates to be avoided. Benefits of avoiding unnecessarily higher flow rates can include minimising noise and / or gases used during operation. Optimising movement of patient expired flows toward the gas sampling port can improve the quality of capnography signals and gas analysis. This can enable the peaks of carbon dioxide during respiration to be more readily ascertainable by a clinician viewing a trace and provide a more reliable estimate of respiration rate as may be determined by the clinician or by a controller using the capnography signal to calculate a value for respiration rate. These indicators are some of the key indicators relied on during medical procedures to ensure the patient is not over sedated and / or apnoeic and / or with an obstructed airway.

[0732] The present disclosure provides flowrates for the jet flow source and negative pressure source for gas sampling devices that are expected to work across a large proportion of the general population. In other words, the above-mentioned flowrates provided to gas sampling devices to generate jet flows, and / or suction flows of the gas sampling devices provide a measured carbon dioxide fraction that is more accurate than when gas is sampled without use of the gas sampling devices. In some examples, the measured carbon dioxide fraction using the gas sampling devices can be towards or at the plateau region. The flow rate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may be preset at a constant flow rate. The flow rate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may be adjusted in use to, or between flow rates within the above ranges. The flow rate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may be adjusted based on the methods outlined below. This applies similarly for the suction flow rate (or suction pressure, i.e. vacuum) which may be preset at a constant flow rate, or adjusted in use, or adjusted according to the methods described below.

[0733] However, it may be desirable to control the jet flow and / or the suction flow based on the specific patient to look to achieve close to the optimum flow rate and thus, the corresponding possible maximum CO2 reading. In some cases it may be desirable to control the jet flow and / or the suction flow to achieve the maximum CO2 reading that is possible for a particular patient, since optimising the flow rate at or near the plateau may not be possible forall patients. However an improvement may still be achieved without reaching the plateau. Factors that may influence patient exhaled flow can include one or more of breathing direction, patient anatomy (facial and / or airway anatomy), patient position, procedure type, underlying health conditions (e.g. hypocapnic). These factors can also influence the amount of gas that is moved towards and captured by the sampling device during use. It will be appreciated that different flow rates may achieve different sampling results between patients.

[0734] Thus, patient specific factors lead to a desire to control flow rate individually to achieve improved sampling for each patient. And to ideally achieve a plateau / optimal flow rate for each patient. Therefore, provided herein are methods of controlling flows. The methods may use the gas sampling devices, systems and kits described above. Therefore, repeated description of these elements and their functions is omitted.

[0735] Figure 60 shows a method 900 for controlling a flow. The method may be carried out by any one of the example systems above that comprise a gas sampling device with at least one jet outlet and at least one jet flow source.

[0736] The method 900 comprises at a step S902 providing at least one jet flow of gas through at least one jet outlet of a gas sampling device. The jet flow moves the patient’s exhaled flow towards the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device.

[0737] At least one jet flow of gas may be generated by the gas sampling device when it is provided with a flow of gas from a flow source. The direction of the at least one jet flow of gas may be determined by the configuration of the jet flow path and / or jet flow outlet as described previously.

[0738] The gas sampling device may be any one of the gas sampling devices described previously that comprise at least one jet outlet.

[0739] The method 900 comprises at step S904 determining an indicator of a gas of interest in the sampled gas.

[0740] The sampled gas may comprise the patient’s exhaled breath. The gas of interest may be carbon dioxide. Step S904 may comprise a flow of the sampled gas received at the gas sampling port being analysed by a gas sensor and / or capnograph and / or gas analyser and the gas analyser generating the indicator of the gas of interest. The indicator may denote the presence or partial pressure or concentration of one or more gases in the sampled gas. For example, the indicator may denote the partial pressure or concentration of CO2 (as the gas of interest) in the sampled gas. An indicator may be provided for more than one gas of interest.The indicator may be provided on an output device such as a display screen on the gas analyser or on another instrument or display device which is communicatively coupled with the gas analyser. The gas of interest may be selected by a clinician and / or a controller that is operatively coupled with the gas sensor and / or capnograph and / or gas analyser.

[0741] The method 900 further comprises S906 controlling at least one jet flow based on the indicator.

[0742] It will be appreciated that a flow rate of gas is provided to the gas sampling device to generate at least one jet flow. Controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator may comprise controlling the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device. A controller can control the jet flow source based on the indicator. The controller can receive or may determine the indicator of the gas of interest or a signal representing the indicator of the gas of interest.

[0743] The method 900 may further comprise providing at least one therapeutic flow of gas to a patient interface 12. At least one therapeutic flow may be provided by a therapeutic flow source. The therapeutic flow is delivered to the patient for instance, via the patient interface. The therapeutic flow provided may be high flow respiratory support.

[0744] In an instance that the method 900 comprises providing at least one therapeutic flow, jet flow source may be switched off or reduced if an occlusion is detected in the path of the therapeutic flow. Therefore, beneficially, the protection of the system carrying out the method 900 is enhanced. Specifically, the method 900 may further comprise monitoring for occlusion in the fluid path of at least one therapeutic flow. A sensor (e.g. pressure sensor) may be used to monitor for an occlusion (e.g. an increase in pressure above a threshold indicating an occlusion). The method 900 may further comprise, in an instance that an occlusion is not detected in the fluid path of the at least one therapeutic flow, generating or continuing with the generation of the at least one jet flow by providing or maintaining a flow of gas to the jet outlet of the gas sampling device.

[0745] The method 900 may further comprise continuously monitoring the sampled gas. Continuously monitoring the sampled gas may comprise monitoring every exhaled breath of the patient. This monitoring may be performed, for example, by the controller. Throughout the specification, monitoring continuously or obtaining sensor measurements continuously means substantially continuously. The frequency of monitoring or of sensor measurement samples may be high enough to substantially and accurately capture a breathing waveform or a portion thereof e.g. the expiration phase. For example, a sampling frequency of 5 Hz or higher may be used. More specifically, a sampling frequency of 10 Hz, or 20 Hz, or 50 Hz may be used.

[0746] The method 900 may further comprise performing the method iteratively. The method 900 may be iterative. Therefore, beneficially, it may be possible to titrate the flow of gas supplied to the jet inlet (e.g. flowrate) based on an indicator of measured carbon dioxide to increase the amount of carbon dioxide sampled. It can be possible to titrate to find the above described patient-specific optimum jet flow rate, which due to the configuration of the jet flow path and or jet output, provides a desired velocity of gases in the jet flow. A clinician could change the flowrate provided to the jet inlet by direct control of the jet flow source, or via a clinician input to a controller that is in operative communication with the jet flow source. Alternatively the flow rate may be controlled automatically (e.g. via the controller).

[0747] In some examples, method 900 may comprise receiving, e.g. at the controller or by a clinician viewing an output device, a signal representing the indicator of the gas of interest. The indicator of the gas of interest may be a carbon dioxide fraction in the sampled gas. The indicator of the gas of interest may be received from a capnograph or gas analyser. This indicator may also be received from another device. This may apply in cases when the gas of interest is not carbon dioxide or if a capnograph has sent a signal representing the indicator of interest to another device. The methods herein are illustrated with carbon dioxide being the gas of interest, however, it will be appreciated that these are non-limiting examples and the methods described herein may be generalized to other gases.

[0748] In some examples, step S906 controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator may comprise using a threshold value to titrate the flow of gas supplied to the jet inlet. In other words, step S906 may comprise comparing the indicator for the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the jet inlet. In an instance that the indicator for the gas of interest is above or at the first threshold, step 906 may comprise maintaining or decreasing the flowrate of gas provided to the jet inlet. Therefore, in this example, one threshold value may be used to titrate the flowrate provided to the jet inlet in order to control the at least one jet flow from the at least one jet outlet.

[0749] Increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the jet inlet may comprise: increasing the flowrate of the jet flow source by a set value with each iteration of the method. In some examples, if increasing the jet flow results in a decrease in the determined indicator (which may occur due to entrainment of ambient air) then the jet flow can be decreased.

[0750] Increasing the flowrate of the jet flow source may comprise: increasing the flowrate by 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min each iteration of the method.

[0751] Increasing the flowrate of the jet flow source may comprise: increasing the flowrate by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0752] The first threshold used to titrate the flow of gas provided to the jet inlet may be fixed or adjustable. The first threshold may be adjustable by a user. In an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold may be a concentration of about 1-5% of carbon dioxide in the gas. In an instance where the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold may be a concentration of about 2% of carbon dioxide in the gas. A concentration of about 2 % of carbon dioxide measured in the presence of high flow respiratory support may be considered a reliable measurement since a nominal exhaled fraction of carbon dioxide undiluted by high flow respiratory support may be around 5%. In another example, a concentration of about 4% may be utilised for the first threshold. In an alternative example, step S906 may use two threshold values to titrate the flow. This is shown in a particular, non-limiting example, in Figure 61.

[0753] Figure 61 shows an example of step S906 controlling the at least one jet flow based on the indicator.

[0754] This particular, non-limiting example comprises comparing carbon dioxide in the sampled gas to a first threshold. The gas of interest is carbon dioxide. The first threshold is about 2% concentration of carbon dioxide in the sampled gas. In an instance, where the concentration of carbon dioxide is less than about 2%, flowrate provided to the jet inlet is increased. The flow rate may be increased by a set value e.g. by a set value of 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min. In an instance, where the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than about 2%, the concentration is compared to a second threshold which is about 4%. In an instance that the concentration of carbon dioxide is less or at about 4% (i.e. the second threshold) in the sampled gas, the flowrate provided to the jet inlet is maintained. In an instance where the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than about 2% (i.e. the first threshold) and less than about 4% (i.e. the second threshold) in the sampled gas, the flow rate provided to the jet inlet may be increased. In an instance that the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than about 4% (i.e. the second threshold) in the sampled gas, the flowrate provided to the jet inlet is reduced. The flow rate may be reduced by a set value e.g. by a set value of 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min. In another example, the first threshold may alternatively correspond to about 0.5% concentration of carbon dioxide and the second threshold may alternatively correspond to about 2% concentration of carbon dioxide.

[0755] In more general words, step S906 may comprise: comparing in a step S906-1, an indicator of the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold. In an instance that thegas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device in a step S906-2. In an instance that the gas of interest is above the first threshold, comparing in a step S906-3 the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a second threshold. In an instance that the gas of interest is above the second threshold, reducing or maintaining the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device in a step S906-4. In an instance that the gas of interest is below or at the second threshold, maintaining the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device, and continue to monitor the exhaled gas in a step S906-5.

[0756] Increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may comprise: increasing the flowrate by a set value with each iteration of the method. Increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the jet inlet may comprise: increasing the flowrate by 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0757] Increasing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may comprise: increasing the flowrate by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0758] Reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may comprise: reducing the flowrate by a set value each iteration of the method. Reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the jet inlet may comprise: reducing the flowrate of at least one jet flow of gas by 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min with each iteration of the method.

[0759] Reducing the flowrate of gas provided to the gas sampling device may comprise: reducing the flowrate by a different value with each iteration of the method.

[0760] The first threshold and the second threshold may be fixed or adjustable. In some examples, the first threshold and the second threshold may be adjustable by a user. The first threshold is lower than the second threshold.

[0761] In an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold may be the concentration of 2% of carbon dioxide in the sampled gas and the second threshold may be concentration of 4% of carbon dioxide in the sampled gas. The thresholds may have different values. As noted above, a concentration of about 4% of carbon dioxide measured in the sampled gas in the presence of high flow respiratory support may be considered a reliable measurement since a nominal exhaled fraction of carbon dioxide undiluted by high flow respiratory support may be around 5%. A concentration of about 2% may provide a clear peak identifiable by a clinician when displayed on a display device, and may represent a feasible diluted signal from a patient, when there is minimal ambient entrainment. In another example, the first threshold may alternatively correspond to about 0.5% concentration of carbon dioxideand the second threshold may alternatively correspond to about 2% concentration of carbon dioxide.

[0762] Step S906 of the method may be performed iteratively. The flowrate provided to the gas sampling device (e.g. the jet inlet) may be between 5 to 50 L / min. The flowrate provided to the jet inlet may be between 5 to 30 L / min. The flowrate provided to the jet inlet may be between 10 to 20 L / min. The nominal or initial flowrate provided to the jet inlet may be 10 L / min. The flowrate provided to the jet inlet may be controlled and increased until a maximum flow rate threshold is reached. The maximum flow rate threshold may be e.g. 30 L / min or 40 L / min. This maximum flow rate threshold may be applied even if the CO2 threshold is not reached. Reasons for applying a maximum flow rate threshold could relate to patient safety and / or noise. In scenarios where a patient is receiving high flow respiratory support, the optimum flow rate which may be at the plateau P discussed above may be reached when the flowrate is below the maximum flow rate threshold.

[0763] Figure 62 is a graph showing step changes in flowrate supplied to the jet inlet (and hence velocity at the jet outlet) that may be expected carrying out the method of Figure 60 / 61. The figure shows the flowrate supplied to the jet inlet (and hence the exit velocity of the jet flow) increasing stepwise while the measured concentration of CO2 remains below the CO2 % Threshold. The graph also shows an example where the concentration of CO2 in the sampled gas is increasing with each iteration, since the increased exit velocity of the jet flow guides more patient exhaled gas towards the sampling port. Figure 62 shows the measured concentration of CO2 reaches the CO2 % Threshold during the final step of the progressively increased jet inlet flowrate (and jet outlet exit velocity). Therefore, beneficially, patient-specific, optimal flowrate for sampling a gas of interest in the sampled gas may be achieved.

[0764] Figure 63 shows a method 950 for controlling a suction flow. The method for controlling the suction flow is substantially similar to the method of controlling the jet flow described above. However, instead of jet flow, suction flow is controlled. Accordingly, the gas sampling device must comprise at least one suction port and at least one negative pressure source must be present. Therefore, the method 950 may be carried out by any one of the exemplary systems above that comprise a gas sampling device with at least one suction port and a negative pressure source. In an instance that the gas sampling device comprises at least one jet outlet and at least one suction port the methods 900, 950 may be performed simultaneously or only one of the methods may be performed.

[0765] The method 950 comprises S952 generating at least one suction flow of gas and conveying the at least one suction flow of gas to a gas sampling device. The suction flow drawsgases into the suction port and moves the gas to be sampled towards the gas sampling port of the gas sampling device. The gas to be sampled may include least a portion of the gas which exits the patient’s mouth during expiration (including the patient’s exhaled gas or expired flow).

[0766] At least one suction flow may be generated by a negative pressure source.

[0767] The gas sampling device may be any one of the gas sampling devices that comprise at least one suction port.

[0768] The method 950 comprises S954 determining an indicator of a gas of interest in the sampled gas.

[0769] The sampled gas may comprise the patient’s exhaled breath. The gas of interest may be carbon dioxide. Step S954 may comprise a flow of the sampled gas received at the gas sampling port being analysed by a gas sensor and / or capnograph and / or gas analyser and the gas analyser generating the indicator of the gas of interest. The indicator may denote the presence or concentration of one or more gases in the sampled gas. For example, the indicator may denote the concentration of CO2 (as the gas of interest) in the sampled gas. An indicator may be provided for more than one gas of interest. The indicator may be provided on an output device such as a display screen on the gas analyser or on another instrument or display device which is communicatively coupled with the gas analyser. The gas of interest may be selected by a clinician and / or a controller that is operatively coupled with the gas sensor and / or capnograph and / or gas analyser.

[0770] The method 950 further comprises S956 controlling at least one suction flow based on the indicator.

[0771] It will be appreciated that at least one suction flow is conveyed at a flowrate to generate a suction flow. Controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator may comprise controlling the flowrate of the suction flow / s generated by the negative pressure source. A controller can control the negative pressure source based on the indicator. The controller can receive or may determine the indicator of the gas of interest or a signal representing the indicator of the gas of interest.

[0772] The method 950 may further comprise providing at least one therapeutic flow of gas to the patient interface 12. The at least one therapeutic flow may be provided by a therapeutic flow source. The therapeutic flow may be delivered to the patient for instance, via the patient interface. The therapeutic flow may be high flow respiratory support.

[0773] In an instance that the method 950 comprises providing at least one therapeutic flow, the negative pressure source / s generating the suction flow / s may be switched off if an occlusion is detected in the path of the therapeutic flow. Therefore, beneficially, the protection of the system carrying out the method 950 is enhanced. Specifically, the method 950 may further comprise monitoring for an occlusion in the fluid path of the at least one therapeutic flow. Similar to above, a sensor (e.g. pressure sensor) may be used for this monitoring. The method 950 may further comprise, in an instance that an occlusion is not detected in the fluid path of the at least one therapeutic flow, continuing with the generation of the at least one suction flow by the negative pressure source / s.

[0774] The method 950 may further comprise continuously monitoring the sampled gas. Continuously monitoring the sampled gas may comprise monitoring every exhaled breath of the patient. This monitoring may be performed, for example, by the controller.

[0775] The method 950 may further comprise performing the method iteratively. The method 950 may be iterative. Therefore, beneficially, it may be possible to titrate the suction flow conveyed via the suction port (e.g. suction flowrate) based on an indicator of measured carbon dioxide to increase the amount of carbon dioxide sampled. It can be possible to titrate to find the above described patient-specific optimum suction flow rate (or optimum suction pressure i.e. vacuum). A clinician could change the flowrate of suction flow by direct control of the negative pressure source, or via a clinician input to a controller that is in operative communication with the negative pressure source. Alternatively, the suction flow rate may be controlled automatically (e.g. via the controller).

[0776] In one example, S954 determining an indicator of the gas of interest in the sampled gas may comprise receiving a signal representing the indicator of the gas of interest. The indicator of the gas of interest may be a carbon dioxide fraction in the sampled gas. The indicator of the gas of interest may be received from a capnograph. This indicator may also be received from another device. This may apply in cases when the gas of interest is not carbon dioxide or if a capnograph has sent a signal representing the indicator of interest to another device. The methods herein are illustrated with the carbon dioxide being the gas of interest, however, the skilled person will appreciate that these are non-limiting examples and the methods described herein may be generalized to other gases of interest. For example, when the gas of interest is oxygen and the methods are used in association with breath detection, measured oxygen may decrease with increasing jet / suction flow rate until a plateau (e.g. a trough) is reached (as opposed to carbon dioxide which increases).

[0777] In some examples, S956 controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator may comprise using a threshold value to titrate the flowrate of the suction flow provided by the at least one negative pressure source. In other words, S956 controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator may comprise comparing the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold; wherein, in an instance that the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas. In an instance that the gas of interest is above or at the first threshold, maintaining or decreasing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas. In some examples, if increasing the suction flowrate results in a decrease in the determined indicator (which may occur due to entrainment of ambient air) then the suction flowrate can be decreased. It will be appreciated that “increasing” the suction flow rate refers to increasing the magnitude of the flow. The actual flow direction of the suction may be considered to be “negative” flow, relative to the direction of the jet flows.

[0778] Increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: increasing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by a set value each iteration of the method.

[0779] Increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: increasing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min each iteration of the method.

[0780] Increasing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: increasing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by a different value each iteration of the method.

[0781] The first threshold may be fixed or adjustable. The first threshold may be adjustable by a user. In an instance that the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold may be the concentration of 1-5% of carbon dioxide in the gas. In an instance where the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold may be a concentration of 2% of carbon dioxide in the gas. As discussed previously, a concentration of about 2% of carbon dioxide measured in the presence of high flow respiratory support may be considered a reliable measurement since a nominal exhaled fraction of carbon dioxide undiluted by high flow respiratory support may be around 5%. In another example, a concentration of about 4% may be utilised for the first threshold.

[0782] In an alternative example, S956 controlling the at least one suction flow based on the indicator may use two threshold values to titrate the flow.

[0783] In other words, step S956 may comprise: comparing the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a first threshold. In an instance that the gas of interest is below the first threshold, increasing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas. In an instance that the gas of interest is above the first threshold, comparing the gas of interest in the sampled gas to a second threshold. In an instance that the gas of interest is above the second threshold, reducing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas. In an instance that the gas of interest is below or at the second threshold, maintaining the flowrate of the suction flow / s of gas. In another embodiment where the concentration of carbon dioxide is more than about 2% (i.e. the first threshold) and less than about 4% (i.e. the second threshold) in the sampled gas, the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas is increased

[0784] Reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: reducing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by a set value each iteration of the method.

[0785] Reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: reducing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by 1 or 2 or 5 or 10 L / min each iteration of the method.

[0786] Reducing the flowrate of the at least one suction flow of gas may comprise: reducing the flowrate of at least one suction flow of gas by a different value each iteration of the method.

[0787] The first threshold and the second threshold may be fixed or adjustable. In some examples, the first threshold and the second threshold may be adjustable by a user. The first threshold is lower than the second threshold.

[0788] In an instance where the gas of interest is carbon dioxide, the first threshold is the concentration of 2% of carbon dioxide in the gas and the second threshold is the concentration of 4% of carbon dioxide in the gas. Generally speaking, the gas of interest may be determined, for example, by a controller and / or the user. In another example, the first threshold may alternatively correspond to about 0.5% concentration of carbon dioxide and the second threshold may alternatively correspond to about 2% concentration of carbon dioxide.

[0789] This step of the method may also be iterative. The suction flowrate may be between 5 to 50 L / min. The suction flowrate may be between 5 to 30 L / min. The suction flowrate may be between 10 to 20 L / min. The nominal or initial suction flowrate may be 10 L / min.

[0790] Figure 64 is a graph showing changes in suction flowrate conveyed to the suction port that may be expected carrying out the method described above e.g. the method of Figure 63. The figure shows the suction flowrate conveyed to the suction port increasing stepwisewhile the measured concentration of CO2 remains below the CO2 % Threshold. The graph also shows the concentration of CO2 in the sampled gas increasing with each iteration, since the increased flow rate of the suction flow moves more patient exhaled gas towards the sampling port. Figure 64 shows the measured concentration of CO2 reaching the CO2 % Threshold during the final step of the progressively increased suction flowrate. Therefore, beneficially, patient-specific optimal suction flowrate for sampling a gas of interest in the sampled gas may be achieved.

[0791] While the invention has been particularly shown and described with reference to specific embodiments, it should be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modification, variation in form and detail may be made therein without departing from the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. The scope of the invention is thus indicated by the appended claims and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are therefore intended to be embraced.

[0792] Future patent applications may be filed in the United States or other countries on the basis of or claiming priority from the present application. It is to be understood that the following claims are provided by way of example only, and are not intended to limit the scope of what may be claimed in any such future application. Features may be added to or omitted from the claims at a later date so as to further define or re-define the invention or inventions.

Claims

The claims defining the invention are as follows:

1. A gas sampling device for sampling patient gases, comprising:at least one gas sampling port;at least one jet outlet;wherein the at least one jet outlet is configured, when in use, to provide at least one jet flow of gas that moves a gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

2. The gas sampling device of claim 1, wherein the gas to be sampled is the patient’s exhaled gas.

3. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet flow moves the gas toward the at least one gas sampling port by changing a direction of flow of at least a portion of the gas to be sampled.

4. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet outlet is configured to govern the direction of the at least one jet flow of gas.

5. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the sampling device comprises at least one jet flow path ending in at least one jet outlet, and wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow of gas at an angle.

6. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow away from the at least one sampling port.

7. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow away from the patient’s face.

8. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow in a direction along a transverse plane.

9. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow in a direction away from a coronal or sagittal plane.

10. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet parallel to a coronal plane of the patient.

11. The gas sampling device of claim 8, wherein the transverse plane is located between the nose and the mouth in the patient’s philtrum area.

12. The gas sampling device of claim 5, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet at a first angle (0), wherein the first angle (0) is between 0°- 90° from the transverse plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient.

13. The gas sampling device of claim 5, wherein one or both of the at least one jet flow path and the at least one jet outlet is configured to direct the at least one jet flow such that the at least one jet flow leaves the at least one jet outlet at a second angle (P), wherein the second angle (P) is between 0°- 90° from the coronal plane towards the sagittal plane of the patient.

14. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet outlet is angled.

15. The gas sampling device of claim 14, wherein the at least one jet outlet is angled away from the at least one sampling port.

16. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 14 to 15, wherein the at least one jet outlet is angled away from the patient’s face.

17. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet outlet is positioned proximal to the at least one gas sampling port.

18. The gas sampling device of claim 17, wherein the at least one jet outlet is positioned perpendicularly to the at least one gas sampling port and / or above the at least one gas sampling port and / or below the at least one gas sampling port and / or around the at least one gas sampling port.

19. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is configured to be placed proximal to the patient’s mouth.

20. The gas sampling device of claim 19, wherein the gas sampling device is configured to be placed on the patient’s philtrum.

21. The gas sampling device of claim 19, wherein the gas sampling device is configured to be placed above or below the patient’s mouth.

22. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet outlet comprises a first jet outlet and a second jet outlet, and the first jet outlet is provided on a first side of the gas sampling device and the second jet outlet is provided on the second side of the gas sampling device.

23. The gas sampling device of claim 22, wherein the first jet outlet and the second jet outlet are positioned at 180° from each other.

24. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 22 and 23, wherein the first jet outlet and the second jet outlet are positioned at either side of the gas sampling port.

25. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device further comprises:at least one jet inlet;wherein, in use, the at least one jet inlet is configured to convey a flow of gas from a flow source to the at least one jet outlet.

26. The gas sampling device of claim 25, wherein, in use, the at least one jet inlet is configured to supply a flow of gas to the at least one jet outlet.

27. The gas sampling device of claim 26, wherein the at least one jet inlet is couplable with at least one flow source.

28. The gas sampling device according to any one of claims 25 to 27, wherein the gas sampling device defines at least one internal flow path between the at least one jet inlet and the at least one jet outlet that gives rise to a jet flow of gas from the at least one jet outlet when in use.

29. The gas sampling device according to any one of claims 25 to 28, wherein the gas sampling device comprises two jet inlets and two jet outlets, wherein one jet inlet is configured to supply a flow of gas to one jet outlet.

30. The gas sampling device according to any one of claims 25 to 29, wherein the sampling device comprises only one jet inlet configured to supply the at least one jet outlet.

31. The gas sampling device according to any one of claims 25 to 30, wherein the at least one jet inlet is couplable with a flow source conduit adjacent to where the at least one gas sampling port is couplable with a gas sampling conduit.

32. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a support element.

33. The gas sampling device of claim 32, wherein the support element is configured to assist moving of the gas to be sampled to the at least one gas sampling port.

34. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein the support element is angled and / or curved and / or contoured and / or adjustable and / or flexible.

35. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 32 to 34, wherein, in use, the angle of at least a portion of the support element is between -60o to 60o with respect to the patient’s coronal plane.

36. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 34 to 35, wherein the angle of the support element is adjustable based on the patient and / or desired location of the at least one gas sampling port with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

37. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 32 to 36, wherein the support element is configured to provide a barrier between the at least one jet flow and nasal gas flow.

38. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein, in use, at least part of the support element is in direct contact with the patient.

39. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 32 to 37, wherein, the support element is configured to mitigate the at least one jet flow from contacting the patient’s skin.

40. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the jet outlet has a rectangular and / or elliptical and / or circular and / or triangular and / or tear and / or crescent and / or L shape.

41. The gas sampling device of claim 40, wherein the at least one jet outlet comprises multiple openings within one plane.

42. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one jet outlet comprises a nozzle.

43. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio of 10:1.

44. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio of 20:1.

45. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet have aspect ratio between 8:1 to 25:1.

46. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that, in use, the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient.

47. The gas sampling device of claim 46, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, the at least one jet outlet fits above or below the patient’s lip.

48. The gas sampling device of claims 46 to 47, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, the at least one jet outlet is proximal to the mouth of the patient and not in contact with the mouth of the patient.

49. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 46 to 48, wherein dimensions of the at least one jet outlet are such that the gas sampling device is inobtrusive to the patient so that, in use, a face mask can be placed over the gas sampling device.

50. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one gas sampling port comprises or is in fluid communication with a gas sensor.

51. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one gas sampling port is couplable to a gas analyser, such as a capnograph.

52. The gas sampling device of claim 51, wherein the at least one gas sampling port is in fluid communication with the gas analyser via at least one gas sampling conduit.

53. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each one of the at least one gas sampling ports comprises a gas sampling port opening, wherein the gas sampling port opening enables the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

54. The gas sampling device of claim 53, wherein, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient.

55. The gas sampling device of claim 54, wherein, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled relative to the face of the patient so that the gas sampling port opening is angled towards the patient’s mouth.

56. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 54 to 55, wherein, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled at less than 90 degrees relative to the coronal plane of the patient.

57. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 54 to 56, wherein, in use, the gas sampling port opening is angled between 0 and 45 degrees relative to coronal plane of the patient.

58. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 57, wherein the gas sampling port opening is circular or funnelled or any other shape suitable to guide gas to be sampled into the gas sampling port.

59. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 58, wherein the gas sampling port opening comprises more than one opening for the gas to flow into the gas sampling port.

60. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 59, wherein the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 5 mm.

61. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 59, wherein the diameter of the gas sampling port opening is less than 2 mm.

62. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 59, wherein the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 2 and 5 mm.

63. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 53 to 59, wherein the diameter of the at least one gas sampling port is between 0.5 to 2 mm.

64. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth.

65. The gas sampling device of claim 64, wherein, in use, the at least one gas sampling port is configured to be positioned in the vicinity of the patient’s mouth and not over the upper lip of the patient.

66. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising attaching means configured to attach the gas sampling device to a patient interface.

67. The gas sampling device according to claim 6866 wherein the attaching means comprises a clip having a “C” shaped cross section configured to cooperate with and attach to part of a patient interface.

68. The gas sampling device according to claim 66 or claim 67, wherein the attaching means comprises a rail configured to cooperate with a notch in the sampling device and therail provides an axis of movement of the gas sampling device towards and away from the patient’s mouth.

69. The gas sampling device according to claim 68, wherein a position of the gas sampling device on the rail may be adjusted between two end positions and optionally, wherein the gas sampling device is held in a desired position on the rail by friction fit.

70. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is attachable to a nasal interface, wherein the nasal interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

71. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is attachable to or comprises a headgear for attaching the gas sampling device to the patient.

72. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 1 to 70, wherein the gas sampling device is integral with a patient interface, wherein the patient interface is for example a nasal cannula or a nasal mask or any other similar nasal interface.

73. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device comprises a bite block attachment for attaching the gas sampling device to a bite block.

74. The gas sampling device according to any one of claims 1 to 72, wherein the gas sampling device is integral with a bite block.

75. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device further comprises a structural member.

76. The gas sampling device of claim 75, wherein the at least one gas sampling port is positioned on the structural member.

77. The gas sampling device of any one of claims 75 to 76, wherein the at least one gas sampling port and / or the at least one jet outlet are positioned on the structural member.

78. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is made of a substantially rigid material and / or substantially flexible material.

79. The gas sampling device of claim 78, wherein the gas sampling device or part thereof is made of TPE and / or silicone and / or other suitable material.

80. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is configured to sample at least one of: carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen, anaesthetic agent concentration, and a breath analysis marker when in use.

81. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is configured for use during a medical procedure involving anaesthesia.

82. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device is configured for use during provision of high flow respiratory support.

83. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, wherein configuration of the gas sampling device is adjustable when in use to achieve a desired gas sampling port location with respect to the patient and / or a medical procedure.

84. The gas sampling device of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising: at least one suction port;wherein the at least one suction port is configured, when in use, to convey at least one suction flow of gas such that the at least one suction flow moves the gas to be sampled toward the at least one gas sampling port.

85. The gas sampling device according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the gas sampling device comprises:a distance A between a front aspect of the device and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein A ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 1 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 2.5 mm; and / ora distance B between a jet inlet and a leading edge of the at least one jet outlet, wherein B ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 15 mm, such as about 5 mm to about 10 mm, or is about 10 mm; and / ora distance C between the patient and a portion of the sampling device containing the at least one jet outlet, wherein C ranges from about 0.5 mm to about 10 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 5 mm, or is about 3 mm; and / ora height H being a long span of the front aspect of the device (measurable in a direction away from the patient’s face when in use), wherein H ranges from about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm, or about 20 mm to about 30 mm; and / ora width W being a short span of the front aspect the device comprising the at least one gas sampling port, wherein W ranges from about 2 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 2 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 5 mm to about 10 mm.

86. The gas sampling device according to claim 85, wherein the sum of distance A and distance B ranges from about 1 mm to about 20 mm, such as about 1 mm to 15, or about 5 mm to about 20 mm, or about 5 mm to about 15 mm, or about 10 mm to about 15 mm.

87. The gas sampling device according to any one of the preceding claims wherein the sampling port is located in the device such that when in use, the gas sampling port is positioned at a distance from the patient’s face in a range of about 5 mm to about 40 mm, such as about 10 mm to about 30 mm or about 20 mm to about 30 mm, or it is positioned about 20 mm or less from the patient’s mouth, such as about 15 mm or less from the patient’s mouth but not less than about 5 mm.

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