A glass article for millimeter-wave technologies

Abstract

A glass, in mole percent (mol%) is disclosed comprising > 37% and < 46% SiO2, > 13% and < 30% La2O3, > 12% and < 25% TiO2, > 0% and < 13% Nb2O5, > 0% and < 13% Ta2O5, > 0% and < 13% V2O3, > 0% and < 11% ZrO2, > 0% and < 11% K2O, > 0% and < 11% MgO, > 0% and < 11% Cs2O, and > 0% and < 11% SrO. The glass is well-suited for applications such as dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and other millimeter-wave devices.

Description

A GLASS ARTICLE FOR MILLIMETER- WAVE TECHNOLOGIES BACKGROUND CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 710,859 filed October 23, 2024, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.FIELD

[0002] The present disclosure relates to glasses having a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent, and more particularly, to such glasses suitable for millimeter-wave technologies.TECHNICAL BACKGROUND

[0003] The past two decades have witnessed a burgeoning demand for millimeter-wave (mm-wave) technologies as a solution to overcome the restrictions associated with the data transmission rate over the telecommunication spectrum bandwidth. This surge in bandwidth requirement is largely attributed to the swift evolution of 5G telecommunications and the plethora of derivative technologies that it powers. To meet these evolving needs, the development of a new generation of mm-wave devices is imminent.

[0004] Among the various devices, the dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) stands out. The DRA is recognized for exhibiting no inherent conductor loss, consequently leading to the antenna's high radiation efficiency. This characteristic, along with the use of materials that allow for precise manufacturing to meet specified dimensions, enables the antenna to resonate at the appropriate frequency for its designated application.

[0005] In light of this, there is a need for materials characterized by a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent as suitable candidates for DRAs and other mm-wave devices. These materials could serve as the basis for the next generation of DRAs and other mm-wave devices, thereby addressing the current limitations in the field.SUMMARY

[0006] According to first aspect, a glass is disclosed, comprising, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides: greater than or equal to about 37% and less than or equal to about 46%SiCh, greater than or equal to about 13% and less than or equal to about 30% La20s, greater than or equal to about 12% and less than or equal to about 25% TiCh, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Nb2Os, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Ta2Os, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Y2O3, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% ZrCh, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% K2O, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% MgO, greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% CS2O, and greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% SrO,; and wherein 0.7<(La203+Y203):(Ti02+Nb205+Ta205)<l.l, and wherein 0.4<(La2O3+Y2O3) : (TiO2+Nb2Os+T a2Os+MoO3+W C>3)<0.6.

[0007] In a second aspect, the glass may comprise a dielectric constant greater than about 15 at 8.2 GHz.

[0008] In a third aspect, the glass may comprise a loss tangent less 0.0054.

[0009] In a fourth aspect, the glass may comprise a refractive index greater than about 1.90 at a wavelength of 590 nm.

[0010] In a fifth aspect, the glass may be free of B2O3.

[0011] In a sixth aspect, the glass may comprise, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides: greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Nb2Os, greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Ta2Os, and greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Y2O3.

[0012] In a seventh aspect, the glass may comprise a total content of Nb2Os, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 greater than or equal to about 5% and less than or equal to about 20%.

[0013] In an eighth aspect, the glass may comprise a total content of Nb2Os, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 is greater than or equal to about 10% and less than or equal to about 12%.

[0014] In a ninth aspect, the glass may be free of MoOs and WO3.

[0015] In a tenth aspect the glass may be configured for optical use such that the glass has transmission of at least 70% per mm of light between 390-770 nm.

[0016] In a eleventh aspect, a glass may comprise greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 11% MoOs.

[0017] In a twelfth aspect, glass may comprise greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 11% WO3.

[0018] In a thirteenth aspect, the glass may comprise a total content of Nb2Os, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 greater than or equal to about 8% and less than or equal to about 22%.

[0019] In a fourteenth aspect, the glass may comprise a total content of Nb20s, Ta20s, and Y2O3 greater than or equal to about 12% and less than or equal to about 18%.

[0020] In a fifteenth aspect, a glass is disclosed comprising, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides: greater than or equal to about 17% and less than or equal to about 22% La2C>3, greater than or equal to about 16% and less than or equal to about 20% TiCh, greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 9% Nb2Os, greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 9% Ta2Os, and greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 11% Y2O3.

[0021] In a sixteenth aspect, the glass may comprise the following components by mole percentage: greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 7% MoOs, and greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 9% WoOs.

[0022] In a seventeenth aspect, the glass may comprise the following components by mole percentage: greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 5% MoOs, and greater than or equal to about 2% and less than or equal to about 7% WoOs.

[0023] In an eighteenth aspect, the glass may comprise a total content of MoOs and WO3 greater than about 3%.

[0024] In a nineteenth aspect, an optical element made of the glass of any of the preceding aspects is disclosed.

[0025] Additional features and advantages will be set forth in the detailed description which follows, and in part will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from that description or recognized by practicing the embodiments described herein, including the detailed description which follows, the claims, as well as the appended drawings.

[0026] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description describe various embodiments and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and character of the claimed subject matter. The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the various embodiments and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate the various embodiments described herein, and together with the description serve to explain the principles and operations of the claimed subject matter.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] FIG. 1 is a chart illustrating refractive index data of exemplary glasses for the visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

[0028] FIG. 2 is a chart illustrating the dielectric constant (FIG. 2A, left) and loss tangent(FIG.2B, right) of exemplary glasses, as measured at signal frequencies of 107-109Hz, according to the present disclosure and comparative materials;

[0029] FIG. 3 is a plot illustrating the effect of thermal bleaching at Tg for a duration of 72 hours on a 0.6 mm thick part of an exemplary glass; and

[0030] FIG. 4 depicts the alterations in color that occur as a result of the bleaching process on the same sample of exemplary glass as described in FIG.3.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0031] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Whenever possible, the same reference numerals will be used throughout the drawings to refer to the same or like parts.

[0032] Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. When such a range is expressed, another embodiment includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another embodiment. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint.

[0033] Unless otherwise specified, all compositions are expressed in terms of as-batched (i.e., constituent content) mole percent (mol %). As will be understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, various melt constituents (e.g., fluorine, alkali metals, boron, etc.) may be subject to different levels of volatilization (e.g., as a function of vapor pressure, melt time and / or melt temperature) during melting of the constituents. As such, the term “about,” in relation to such constituents, is intended to encompass values within about 1 mol % when measuring final articles as compared to the as-batched compositions provided herein. With the forgoing in mind, substantial compositional equivalence between final articles and as-batched compositions is expected.

[0034] The term “thickness weighted average dielectric constant (Dk)” refers to the dielectric constant of a glass structure, design, or article of the disclosure. In particular, the thickness weighted average dielectric constant (Dk) of a structure is calculated by multiplying the thickness of a layer or each layer of a multi-layer laminated structure with its estimated or measured dielectric constant, summing the products for each of the layer(s), and then dividing the sum by the total thickness of the glass structure. As used herein, the term “dielectricconstant” is used interchangeably with the thickness weighted average dielectric constant Dk, unless otherwise specified.

[0035] The terms “loss tangent,” “dielectric loss tangent,” and “dielectric loss” are used interchangeably in this disclosure to refer to the inherent dissipation of electromagnetic energy (e.g., heat) afforded by a particular glass, layer, or laminated structure associated with aspects of this disclosure. The lower the dielectric loss (e.g., portion of energy lost as heat), the more effective the dielectric material is.

[0036] As understood by those having ordinary skill in the art, various melt constituents (e.g., fluorine, alkali metals, boron, etc.) may be subject to different levels of volatilization (e.g., as a function of vapor pressure, melt time and / or melt temperature) during melting of the constituents, which may result in differences in the constituent content between the as-batched composition (i.e., the glass precursor composition from which the glass is derived) and the final glass article. As such, the term “about,” in relation to such constituents, is intended to encompass values within about 1 mol % when measuring final articles as compared to the as-batched compositions provided herein. It is within the scope of the present disclosure to form glasses using the as-batched compositions described herein using different processes and / or process parameters and that such differences in processing of the as-batched compositions may result in different levels of volatilization during melting of the constituents.

[0037] Glasses disclosed herein may exhibit a dielectric constant of 15 or greater at 8.2 GHz and a remarkably low loss tangent (less than about 0.0054). Owing to these specialized characteristics, glasses disclosed herein may be particularly well-suited for applications such as dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) and other millimeter-wave devices.

[0038] Disclosed glasses include SiO? as a glass-forming body, with La2Os and TiO? serving as crucial components to facilitate glass formation. La2Os effectively enhances the glass's resistance to devitrification and improves chemical stability. However, a content exceeding 30% negatively impacts the glass's resistance to devitrification and melting properties, resulting in substantial devitrification of the glass. Ta2Os enhances the refractive index and devitrification resistance of the glass, as well as the viscosity of the molten glass. The introduction of a suitable amount ofeffectively improves the glass's anti-devitrification attributes during precision molding processes, but if the amount ofcontent exceeds 13%, it can increase the glass dispersion, hindering achievement of the glass's desired optical properties. ZrCh, a high-refraction low-dispersion oxide, boosts the refractive index of the glass and adjusts its dispersion when added. A suitable amount of ZrCh also enhances the glass's resistance to devitrification and glass-forming stability, but a content exceeding 11% makesthe glass difficult to melt. Y2O3 is advantageous due to its cost-effectiveness, which helps curb a rise in the cost of the glass material while maintaining a high refractive index and improving the glass's meltability and resistance to devitrification. MoOs and WO3 are excellent for increasing the dielectric properties and are cost-effective, however, they induce coloration in the material. B2O3 is excluded from glasses of the present disclosure. This is attributed to a lack of contribution by B2O3 toward the enhancement of dielectric properties or the facilitation of glass formation. To increase the total quantity of dielectric species, a mixture of La2O3, Nb20s, Ta20s, and Y2O3 can be used to reach improved dielectric properties without inducing devitrification.

[0039] Glass compositions according to the present disclosure will be described in detail below, and the content and the total content of each glass component is expressed by mole percentage unless otherwise specified.

[0040] Glasses of the present disclosure comprise SiCh in an amount from greater than or equal to 37% to less than or equal to 46% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of SiCh can be in the range from about 37 % to about 44 %, about 37 % to about 42 %, about 37 % to about 40 %, about 40 % to about 46 %, about 42 % to about 46 %, about 44 % to about 46 %, or any amount of SiCh between these values.

[0041] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise La2O3 in an amount from greater than or equal to about 13% to less than or equal to about 30% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of La2O3 can be in a range from about 13% to about 27%, about 13% to about 24%, about 13% to about 21%, about 13% to about 18%, about 13% to about 15%, about 16% to about 30%, about 19% to about 30%, about 21% to about 30%, about 24% to about 30%, about 27% to about 30%, or any amount of La2O3 between these values.

[0042] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise TiCh in an amount of from greater than or equal to about 12% and less than or equal to about 25% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of TiCh can be in the range of about 12% to about 23%, about 12% to about 21%, about 12% to about 19%, about 12% to about 17%, about 12% to about 15%, about 12% to about 13%, about 14% to about 25%, about 16% to about 25%, about 18% to about 25%, about 20% to about 25%, about 22% to about 25%, about 24% to about 25%, or any amount of TiCh between these values.

[0043] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise Nb2Os in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 13% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount ofcan be in a range from about 0% to about 11%, 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 13%, about4% to about 13%, about 6% to about 13%, about 8% to about 13%, about 10% to about 13%, about 11% to about 13%, or any amount of bfeOs between these values.

[0044] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise Ta2Os in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 13% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of Ta20s can be in a range of 0% to about 11%, 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, 2% to about 13%, about 4% to about 13%, about 6% to about 13%, about 8% to about 13%, about 10% to about 13%, about 11% to about 13%, or any amount of Ta2Os between these values.

[0045] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise Y2O3 in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 13% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of Y2O3 can be in a range of 0% to about 11%, 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 13%, about 4% to about 13%, about 6% to about 13%, about 8% to about 13%, about 10% to about 13%, about 11% to about 13%, or any amount of Y2O3 between these values.

[0046] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise ZrCh in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 11% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of ZrCh can be in a range of 0% to 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, 2% to about 11%, 4% to about 11%, 6% to about 11%, 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 11%, or any amount of ZrCh between these values.

[0047] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise K2O in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 11% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of K2O can be in a range of 0% to 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 11%, about 4% to about 11%, about 6% to about 11%, about 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 11%, or any amount of K2O between these values.

[0048] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise MgO in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 11% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of MgO can be in a range of 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 11%, about 4% to about 11%, about 6% to about 11%, about 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 11%, or any amount of MgO between these values.

[0049] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise CS2O in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 11% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of CS2O can be in a range of 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 11%, about 4% to about 11%, about 6%to 11%, about 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 11%, or any amount of CS2O between these values.

[0050] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise SrO in an amount from greater than or equal to 0% to less than or equal to about 11% by mole of oxide (mol %). In some aspects, the amount of SrO can be in a range of 0% to about 9%, 0% to about 7%, 0% to about 5%, 0% to about 3%, 0% to about 1%, about 2% to about 11%, about 4% to about 11%, about 6% to about 11%, about 8% to about 11%, about 10% to about 11%, or any amount of SrO between these values.

[0051] Glasses of the present disclosure may be free of certain oxides, such as B2O3 as further disclosed herein. However, contaminants in the air, in raw materials, from refractories, etc. may still carry small amounts of such oxides, for example. Accordingly, the term “free of’ certain oxides, as used herein and in such context, is intended to mean what is reasonable or reasonably free, such as less than about 0.02 mol% of B2O3 or other constituent, or even such as less than 0.01 mol% for example, but possibly still detectably present using laboratory equipment for example.

[0052] Glasses exhibiting a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent can be achieved when the ratio of the combined content of La2Os and Y2O3 to the combined content of TiCh, btuOs, and Ta2Os falls within a range from about 0.7 to about 1.1. Notably, the effect is particularly pronounced when this ratio is between 0.9 and 1.1. Furthermore, in glasses containing MoOs or WO3, a high dielectric constant and low loss tangent are attainable when the ratio of (La2Os + Y2O3) to (TiCh + btuOs + Ta2Os + MoOs + WO3) is within the range of about 0.4 to about 0.6.

[0053] Glasses of the present disclosure may comprise a cumulative total of btuOs, Ta2Os, and Y2O3, greater than or equal to about 5% and less than or equal to about 22%. In some aspects, the total amount of btuOs, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 may be in a range of about 8% to about 22%, about 10% to about 22%, about 12% to about 22%, about 14% to about 22%, about 16% to about 22%, about 18% to about 22%, about 20% to about 22%, about 8% to about 20%, about 8% to about 18%, about 8% to about 16%, about 8% to about 14%, about 8% to about 12%, about 8% to about 10%, about 8% to about 18%, or any amount between these values. Where the glass is free of MoOs and WO3, the combined total of btuOs, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 should not surpass about 20% to prevent any adverse effects on the overall properties of the glass. Furthermore, it is more desirable to incorporate at least two out of the three specified components (btuOs, Ta2Os, Y2O3). In some embodiments, glasses of the present disclosure may comprise all three components (btuOs, Ta2Os,Y2O3). Incorporating all three componentsin the disclosed proportions yields the most optimal results, given their synergistic effects when combined.

[0054] In some aspects, glasses of the present disclosure may be characterized by a dielectric constant Dk greater than 15, as measured with signals at 8.2 GHz. In some embodiments, the glasses comprise a dielectric constant Dk greater than 16, as measured with signals at 10 GHz. In some embodiments, the glasses comprise a dielectric constant Dk greater than 17, as measured with signals at 10 GHz.

[0055] In some aspects, glasses of the present disclosure may be characterized by a dielectric loss (loss tangent) less than about 0.0054. In some embodiments, the glasses may comprise a loss tangent greater than about 0.005 and less than 0.0053. In some embodiments, the glasses comprise a loss tangent greater than about 0.005 and less than about 0.0052.

[0056] In some aspects, glasses of the present disclosure may be characterized by a refractive index greater than 1.90 at a wavelength of 590 nm, for example a refractive index greater than about 1.91 and less than about 1.95, greater than about 1.92 and less than about 1.95, greater than about 1.93 and less than about 1.95, or greater than about 1.94 and less than about 1.95.

[0057] In some aspects, glasses of the present disclosure can exhibit an array of transparent hues, such as light amber, grey, and red. These glasses may possess the ability to be thermally treated, a process commonly referred to as "bleaching," which results in the removal of colour and the establishment of a sharper ultraviolet (UV) cutoff. Additionally, these compositions can achieve high transmission in the ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV-Vis-NIR) range. Accordingly, glasses of the present disclosure may comprise La2Os in an amount greater than or equal to about 17% and less than or equal to about 22%. TiCh may be included in an amount greater than or equal to about 16% and less than or equal to about 20%. ISTuOs may be included in a range from greater than or equal to about 3% to less than or equal to about 9%. Ta2Os may be included within a range from greater than or equal to about 3% to less than or equal to about 9%. Y2O3 may be present in an amount from greater than or equal to about 3% to less than or equal to about 11%.

[0058] If MoOs or WO3 are added to the composition, the glass will take on a darker colour and result in a slightly higher dielectric constant while still maintaining low loss. In some embodiments, glasses of the present disclosure may include an amount of MoOs greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 7% MoOs. In some embodiments, glasses of the present disclosure may comprise WO3 in an amount greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 9%. In some embodiments, the total amount of MoOs and WO3 may be greater than about 3%. In some embodiments, the amount of MoOs may be in a range from about 3%to about 5%. In some embodiments, the amount of WCh may be in a range from about 2% to about 7%.Examples

[0059] Melting and molding optical glass can be carried out by a technique known to those skilled in the art. The glass raw materials may be weighed in the proportions of the glass oxides and mixed evenly, then put into a smelting device (such as a platinum crucible), cooled to below 1250° C after appropriate mixing, clarification, and homogenization at 1150'1400° C, and poured or leaked into a molding die, followed by post-processing where appropriate, e.g., annealing, or complete compression molding directly with precision profiling technology. Glasses according to the present disclosure may be prepared by blending powder batches of the constituents by turbula for 60 minutes and melting in a covered platinum crucible at 1650° C. for 16 hours. The melted glass may then be poured out as blocks and annealed at 500-600° C). Compositions disclosed herein can be machined into rectangular configurations, for instance, dimensions of 25 mm x 2.5 mm x 2.5 mm. For more intricate shapes, casting from the melt can be employed to form the desired samples.

[0060] Exemplary glass compositions for glasses of the present disclosure are shown below in Table 1. Table 1 identifies combinations of materials and their respective amounts, according to the present disclosure. The exemplary glass compositions in Table 1 may include additional components according to any aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. In the following tables, when the glass is free of MoOs and WO3, KI represents (La2O3+Y2O3):(TiO2+Nb2O5+Ta2Os), when the glass comprises MoOs or WO3, K2 represents (La2O3+Y2O3):(TiO2+Nb2O5+Ta2Os+MoO3+WO3).Table 1No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 SiO246.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 La2C>3 19.75 22.00 24.50 17.00 20.00 22.00 24.25 TiO218.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Nb2O50.00 2.50 4.50 0.00 2.50 4.50 6.50 Ta20s 9.00 6.50 4.50 9.00 6.50 4.50 2.50 Y2O3 7.25 5.00 2.50 10.00 7.00 5.00 2.75 ZrO20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Cs2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MoOs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WO30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B2O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00KI 1 1 1 1 1 1 1No. 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 SiO246.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 La2O3 22.00 22.00 27.00 22.00 22.00 17.00 17.00 TiO215.00 15.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 18.00 Nb2O58.00 8.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 9.00 4.50 Ta2Os 0.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 9.00 0.00 4.50 Y2O30.00 0.00 0.00 5.00 5.00 10.00 10.00 ZrO24.50 3.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MgO 4.50 6.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Cs2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 MoOs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 WO30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 B2O30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00KI 0.96 0.96 1 1 1 1 1No. 15 16SiO246.00 46.00La2C>3 22.00 22.00TiO220.00 16.00Nb2O57.00 0.00Ta2Os 0.00 11.00Y2O35.00 5.00ZrO20.00 0.00K2O 0.00 0.00MgO 0.00 0.00Cs2O 0.00 0.00SrO 0.00 0.00MoOs 0.00 0.00WO30.00 0.00B2O30.00 0.00KI 1.00 1.00No. 22 23 24 25SiO246.00 46.00 46.00 46.00La2O317.00 17.00 17.00 17.00TiO218.00 18.00 13.90 14.00Nb2O52.30 0.00 4.10 6.30Ta2Os 10.00 10.00 10.00 10.00Y2O30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00ZrO20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Cs2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MOO36.70 9.00 9.00 6.70WO30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00B2O30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00K2 0.46 0.46 0.46 0.46No. 26 27 28 29SiO242.06 45.36 44.58 43.39La2C>3 26.57 26.25 25.01 24.35TiO222.37 19.39 21.41 23.26Nb2O59.00 9.00 9.00 9.00Ta2Os 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Y2O30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00ZrO20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Cs2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MoOs 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00WO30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00B2O30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00KI 0.85 0.92 0.82 0.76

[0061] In addition, characteristics of each glass were measured by the following methods, and the measurement results are shown in Tables 2.

[0062] (1) Refractive Index (RI) and Abbe Number (VD)

[0063] The refractive index and Abbe number were measured per the method specified in GB / T7962.1-2010.

[0064] (2) Transition Temperature of Glass (Tg)

[0065] Transition temperature was measured per the method specified in GB / T7962.16-2010.

[0066] (3) Crystallization Temperature (Tx)

[0067] Crystallization temperature represents the onset of crystallization as measured by differential scanning calorimetry

[0068] (4) The Density of Optical Glass (p)

[0069] Density was measured per the method specified in GB / T7962.20-2010.

[0070] (5) Coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE)

[0071] CTE was determined from fiber elongation techniques and is expressed in terms of “ / |07 / °C.” The annealing point (“Anneal. Pt”), and strain point (“Strain. Pt”) are expressed in °C.

[0072] (6) Dielectric Constant

[0073] Dielectric constant can be measured at frequencies of 1 GHz or greater according to a split post dielectric resonator (SPDR) or an open-cavity resonator configuration according to techniques as understood by those with ordinary skill in the field of the disclosure. The particular method chosen can be selected based on the sample thickness and its lateral dimensions.

[0074] (7) Loss Tangent

[0075] Loss tangent can be measured at frequencies of 1 GHz or greater according to a split post dielectric resonator (SPDR) or an open-cavity resonator configuration according to techniques as understood by those with ordinary skill in the field of the disclosure. The method chosen can be selected based on the sample thickness and its lateral dimensions.Table 2No. 2 4 5 6SiO246.00 46.00 46.00 46.00 La2O322.00 17.00 20.00 22.00TiO218.00 18.00 18.00 18.00Nb2O52.50 0.00 2.50 4.50Ta2Os 6.50 9.00 6.50 4.50Y2O35.00 10.00 7.00 5.00ZrO20.00 0.00 0.00 0.00K2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MgO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Cs2O 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00SrO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00MOO30.00 0.00 0.00 0.00B2O3 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 KI 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00Tg (°C) 846.7 854.8 841.8 837.6Tx (°C) 998.8 1028.5 971.1 968.1Anneal Pt. (°C) 836.3 844.9 835.9 828.6Strain Pt. (°C) 802.8 811 801.5 795.2Density (g / cmA3) 5.175 5.207 5.129 5.062CTE (x 107°C) 75.3 72.8 75.0 75.9RI (590 nm) 1.9410 1.9260 1.9340 1.9405Abbe number (VD) 31.3 31.9 31.6 30.8 Dielectric constant (8.217.48 16.95 17.06 17.49GHz)Loss Tangent (8.2 GHz) 0.00516 0.00532 0.00512 0.00512

[0076] Exemplary Glasses Sample 2, 4, 5, 6 illustrate that glasses according to the present disclosure are characterized by a high dielectric constant at 8.2 GHz (>15) and a low loss tangent (<0.0054). Comparing Sample #4 with Sample #6, in which half of the Ta20s (4.5 mol%) is replaced with Nb20s and half of the Y2O3 (5 mol%) is replaced with La20s, an increase of 0.5 in the dielectric constant and an increase of 0.14 in the refractive index is apparent. Further, a comparison of Sample #2 with Sample #6 reveals minimal differences in the dielectric and optical properties resulting from the Nl^Os to Ta20s swap. This observation suggests a higher concentration of La2Os and a mix of bt^Os, Ta20s, and Y2O3 is more favourable for achieving the desired properties and helps glass formation by inhibiting crystallization.

[0077] These glasses may be used as dielectric resonator antennas (DRAs) for frequencies exceeding 5 GHz. Further potential applications include, but are not restricted to, usage as RF waveguides or RF lowpass filters (also known as microwave filters). In addition, these glasses exhibit high refractive indices and high Abbe numbers, making them potentially beneficial for specific optical applications where these attributes are sought-after.

[0078] FIG. 1 presents a chart illustrating the refractive index data for exemplary glasses across visible and near-infrared wavelengths. The samples #1 to sample #6 possess refractive indices exceeding 1.9 at a wavelength of 590 nm. Some samples exhibit refractive indices greater than1.92 at the same wavelength, while others display refractive indices that surpass 1.90 at 590 nm.

[0079] FIG. 2 displays a chart of the dielectric constant (FIG.2A, left) and the loss tangent (FIG.2B, right) of select exemplary glasses. The measurements were conducted at signal frequencies ranging between 107-109 Hz and 8.2 GHz. Samples #20 and #22 through #25 are characterized by a high dielectric constant (>16.1) at low frequencies, as displayed in FIG. 2. In these particular samples, MoOs is incorporated to enhance the dielectric properties. As shown in FIG.2, samples #17 and #18 exhibit a notably high dielectric constant (> 16.5) at low frequencies. In these particular samples, WO3 is utilized to boost the dielectric properties. The plot in FIG. 2 demonstrates a notable enhancement in the dielectric constant when Nb2Os is incorporated at the expense of TiCh in compositions containing MoOs, as observed in the comparison between #19 and #21. Similarly, the same trend is evident when TiCh is substituted with MoOs, as indicated in the comparison between #21 and #24.

[0080] FIG. 3 illustrates the effect of thermal bleaching at the glass transition temperature (Tg) on a 0.6 mm thick section of Sample #6 over a 72-hour duration. FIG. 3 reveals a notable enhancement in transmission within the near-UV spectrum, accompanied by a more distinct UV cutoff. Specifically, a substantial increase of approximately 1.2-fold in transmission is evident at 410 nm, underscoring the efficacy of the thermal bleaching.

[0081] FIG. 4 further depicts the colorimetric transformation induced by the bleaching process on Sample 6, as previously analyzed in FIG.3. The presented data adopts the LAB CIE 1931 color space, ensuring accurate representation under D65 illumination conditions. By comparing measurements at two distinct illumination angles — 2° (left column) and 10° (right column) — a remarkable increase in transparency is discernible, as indicated by significant changes in the L* parameter. Furthermore, the shifts in the b* color coordinates demonstrate a clear transition from a yellowish hue towards a bluish tint, underscoring the bleaching effect. Meanwhile, the a* values exhibit minor variations that are contingent upon the illumination angle, exhibiting a subtle pinkish cast at 2° and a greenish nuance at 10°, further elucidating the intricacies of the color shift phenomenon. Notably, some of the compositions in the disclosure encompass a diverse range of transparent hues, ranging from light to dark amber which can be thermally treated ("bleached") to achieve colour removal and a sharper UV cutoff, demonstrating their versatility and potential for tailored optical properties.

[0082] It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the embodiments described herein without departing from the spirit and scope of the claimed subject matter. Thus, it is intended that the specification cover the modificationsand variations of the various embodiments described herein provided such modifications and variations fall within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. A glass, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides, comprising:greater than or equal to about 37% and less than or equal to about 46% SiCh; greater than or equal to 13% and less than or equal to about 30% La20s; greater than or equal to 12% and less than or equal to about 25% TiCh;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Nb20s;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Ta20s;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Y2O3;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% ZrCh;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% K2O;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% MgO;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% CS2O;greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 11% SrO; and wherein the glass is free of MoOs and WO3, the ratio of (La2Os + Y2O3) to (TiCh + btuOs + Ta2Os) is greater than about 0.7 and less than about 1.1, andwhen MoOs or WO3 is present, the ratio of (La2Os + Y2O3) to (TiCh + btuOs + Ta2Os + MoOs + WO3) is greater than about 0.4 and less than about 0.6.

2. The glass of claim 1, wherein a dielectric constant of the glass is greater than about 15 at 8.2 GHz.

3. The glass of claim 1, wherein a loss tangent of the glass is less than about 0.0054.

4. The glass of claim 1, wherein a refractive index of the glass is greater than about 1.90 at a wavelength of 590 nm.

5. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass is free of B2O3.

6. The glass of claim 1, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides, comprising:greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Nb2Os;greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Ta2Os; andgreater than 0% and less than or equal to about 13% Y2O3.

7. The glass of claim 1, wherein the total content of Nb20s, Ta20s, and Y2O3 is greater than or equal to about 5% and less than or equal to about 20%.

8. The glass of claim 1, wherein the total content of Nb2Os, Ta20s, and Y2O3 is greater than or equal to about 10% and less than or equal to about 12%.

9. The glass of claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the glass is free of MoOs and WO3.

10. The glass of claim 9, wherein the glass is configured for optical use such that the glass has transmission of at least 70% per mm of light between wavelengths of 390nm to 770 nm.

11. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 11% MoOs.

12. The glass of claim 1, wherein the glass comprises greater than 0% and less than or equal to about 11% WO3.

13. The glass of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein the total content of Nl^Os, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 is greater than or equal to about 8% and less than or equal to about 22%.

14. The glass of claim 1, wherein the total content of Nb2Os, Ta2Os, and Y2O3 is greater than or equal to about 12% and less than or equal to about 17%.

15. The glass of claim 1, in mole percent (mol%) of representative oxides, comprising:greater than or equal to about 17% and less than or equal to about 22% La2Os; greater than or equal to about 16% and less than or equal to about 20% TiCh; greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 9%greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 9% Ta2Os; and greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 11% Y2O3.

16. The glass of claim 15, wherein the glass comprises the following components by mole percent:greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 7% MoOs; and greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to about 9% WoOs.

17. The glass of claim 15, wherein the glass further comprises the following components by mole percentage:greater than or equal to about 3% and less than or equal to about 5% MoOs; and greater than or equal to about 2% and less than or equal to about 7% WoOs.

18. The glass of claim 16 or claim 17, wherein the total content of MoOs and WO3 is greater than about 3%.

19. An optical element, made of the glass according to any one of claims 1-18.

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