Low profile non-linear coupled inductor
The non-linear coupled inductor design addresses inefficiencies in voltage regulators by enabling sharp state transitions and optimizing layout, enhancing efficiency and performance.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- INTEL CORP
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Existing voltage regulators with coupled and decoupled inductors suffer from inefficient transitions between states due to manufacturing tolerances, leading to reduced efficiency and poor layout space utilization.
A non-linear coupled inductor design with a magnetic bridge that switches between saturated and unsaturated states, allowing for a sharp transition between coupled and decoupled modes, and optimized layout to reduce space requirements.
Enhances efficiency by enabling sharp transitions and reduces layout space, improving performance and power delivery in voltage regulators.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024128398_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
LOW PROFILE NON-LINEAR COUPLED INDUCTORTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to electronic systems, and more particularly, to voltage regulators with non-linear coupled integrated inductors.BACKGROUND
[0002] Voltage regulation continues to be an area of interest in circuit design, especially for purposes of preventing unnecessary consumption of power. While all systems can benefit from improvements in voltage regulation, battery-powered devices are particularly amenable to voltage regulation improvements. Promoting efficient management of battery power usage will translate into improved performance, giving users enhanced capability.
[0003] In one approach to voltage regulation improvement, inductors that can be operated in a coupled or decoupled state have been proposed. Depending on the current applied to the inductor, either two inductors can be operated independently of each other, or the two inductors can be operated in a coupled configuration. This allows for higher light load efficiency while still providing a fast transient to foster high density power delivery. Ideally, a two-step transition of inductance is used. For example, a high inductance in a decoupled state is used for light loads, or a lower inductance in a coupled state is used for heavy loads. The transition between the two states should be a sharp transition. However, due to existing manufacturing limitations, such a transition is not possible. In practice, the transition between the two states is a shallow slope. As such, the transient is not as sharp as possible and efficiency is reduced.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0004] Figure 1A is a cross-sectional illustration of an inductor with an “EI” configuration with a small magnetic bump between the magnetic portions.
[0005] Figure 1B is a cross-sectional illustration of the inductor in a decoupled state.
[0006] Figure 1C is an equivalent circuit of the inductor in a decoupled state.
[0007] Figure 1D is a cross-sectional illustration of the inductor in a coupled state.
[0008] Figure 1E is an equivalent circuit of the inductor in a coupled state.
[0009] Figure 2A is a cross-sectional illustration of an inductor with an “EI” configuration that includes a gap between the magnetic bump and one of the magnetic portions.
[0010] Figure 2B is a graph of the ideal behavior of a two-step inductor and the exhibited behavior of a two-step inductor similar to the one shown in Figure 2A.
[0011] Figure 3A is a plan view illustration of a layout for existing coupled inductors.
[0012] Figure 3B is a plan view illustration of a layout for coupled inductors with a smaller footprint, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0013] Figure 4 is a perspective view illustration of a coupled inductor, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0014] Figures 5A –5C are plan view illustrations of different layers of a coupled inductor, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0015] Figure 5D is a front view of the coupled inductor, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0016] Figure 5E is a back view of the coupled inductor, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0017] Figures 6A –6C are plan view illustrations of different layers of a coupled inductor, in accordance with an additional embodiment.
[0018] Figures 7A –7C are plan view illustrations of different layers of a coupled inductor, in accordance with an additional embodiment.
[0019] Figures 8A –8C are plan view illustrations of different layers of a coupled inductor, in accordance with an additional embodiment.
[0020] Figure 9A is a perspective view illustration of a coupled inductor with inputs and outputs on opposite surfaces of the inductor, in accordance with an embodiment.
[0021] Figure 9B is a schematic of a coupled inductor showing dummy pad locations, in accordance an embodiment.
[0022] Figure 9C is a schematic of a coupled inductor showing dummy pad locations, in accordance an additional embodiment.
[0023] Figure 10 is a cross-sectional illustration of an electronic system that comprises one or more coupled inductors in accordance with an embodiment.
[0024] Figure 11 is a schematic of a computing device built in accordance with an embodiment.
[0025] EMBODIMENTS OF THE PRESENT DISCLOSURE
[0026] Described herein are electronic systems, and more particularly, voltage regulators with non-linear coupled integrated inductors, in accordance with various embodiments. In the following description, various aspects of the illustrative implementations will be described using terms commonly employed by those skilled in the art to convey the substance of their work to others skilled in the art. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced with only some of the described aspects. For purposes of explanation, specific numbers, materials and configurations are set forth in order to provide a thorough understanding of the illustrative implementations. However, it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that the present invention may be practiced without the specific details. In other instances, well-known features are omitted or simplified in order not to obscure the illustrative implementations.
[0027] Various operations will be described as multiple discrete operations, in turn, in a manner that is most helpful in understanding the present invention, however, the order of description should not be construed to imply that these operations are necessarily order dependent. In particular, these operations need not be performed in the order of presentation.
[0028] As noted above, voltage regulator devices have been moving towards the use of inductors that can switch between a coupled state and a decoupled state. Ideally, the switch between states is a sharp step in order to provide the most advantageous efficiency. However, existing solutions fall short, and the transition is typically a shallow slope instead of a step. As such, the efficiency and transient performance provided by such solutions is not as good as it theoretically could be.
[0029] Existing solutions include the use of a so-called EI configuration. In such an instance, a first core is an E shape, and the second core is an I shape. As used herein, a “core” may refer to a body of material used in an inductor. In some instances a “core” may specifically refer to a body of material that comprises a magnetic composition. The outer arms of the E core are purposely spaced away from the I core, and the central arm of the E core is connected to the I core by a magnetic bridge. In a decoupled state, the magnetic bridge is unsaturated (magnetically) . In a coupled state, the magnetic bridge is saturated. Primarily, the sloping transition is provided since a gap will exist between the magnetic bridge and one of the cores due to manufacturing tolerances.
[0030] To provide context an example of an inductor 100 with an EI configuration is shown in Figure 1A. The inductor 100 may include a first core 110, a second core 120, and a bridge 130 between the first core 110 and the second core 120. The first core 110 may have an E-shape. That is, the first core 110 may have a main body 111 and a set of three protrusions 112, 113, and 114 that extend away from the main body 111 towards the second core 120. The second core 120 may include a body 121. The first core 110 and the second core 120 may comprise magnetic material, such as a ferrite or the like.
[0031] In some instances, the bridge 130 is provided between the middle protrusion 113 and the second core 120. The bridge 130 may also be a magnetic material. As shown, the width of the bridge 130 may be smaller than a width of the middle protrusion 113. Accordingly, the bridge 130 may be transitioned between a saturated state and an unsaturated state. As used herein, “saturated” refers to magnetic saturation unless explicitly stated otherwise. The first protrusion 112 may be spaced away from the second core 120 by a first gap G1, and the third protrusion 114 may be spaced away from the second core 120 by a second gap G2.
[0032] The inductor 100 may also comprise electrically conductive windings 115 and 116. Electrically conductive winding 115 may wrap around the first protrusion 112, and electrically conductive winding 116 may wrap around the third protrusion 114. In a magnetic circuit, magnetic flux will follow the path of least magnetic reluctance. The saturation level of the bridge 130 serves to control the path of travel of the magnetic flux. More specifically, in the inductor 100, changes in the saturation level of the bridge 130 changes the magnetic reluctance paths generated from the winding 115 and 116. This causes the inductor to switch between coupled and decoupled states.
[0033] Referring now to Figure 1B, an example of the inductor 100 operating in a decoupled state is shown. As shown, windings 115 around the first protrusion 112 operate as a first inductor, and the windings 116 around the third protrusion 114 operate as a second inductor. Because the first and second inductors operate separately, the inductor 100 is considered to be in a decoupled state.
[0034] This decoupled state occurs automatically based on a size of the load current flowing through the inductor in relation to a magnetic permeability of the bridge 130. In the illustrated example, when the load current is less than a predetermined threshold value, the bridge 130 is in a magnetically unsaturated state. As a result, the magnetic flux 131 from the first inductor flows along a low magnetic reluctance path that passes through the middle protrusion 113 and the bridge 130. Similarly, magnetic flux 132 from the second inductor passes through the middle protrusion 113 and the bridge 130.
[0035] Also, the magnetic flux 131 and 132 may flow in opposite directions. This may be accomplished by sending current through the windings in different directions. For example, current may be sent into the winding 115 from the side and exit from the top, and current may be sent into the winding 116 from the side and exit from the top.
[0036] Referring now to Figure 1C, an equivalent diagram of the inductor corresponding to the decoupled state shown in Figure 1B is shown. In this diagram, because of the low inductance paths through the bridge 130, the first and second inductors L1 and L2 operate separately based on currents i1 and i2 respectively flowing through their windings. In some instances the sum of currents i1 and i2 may be considered to correspond to the load current I1.
[0037] Also, in Figure 1C, switches SW1 and SW2 may be included for selectively switching the inductors L1 and L2 to a circuit including the load to be driven. The switches SW1 and SW2 may be alternately closed to couple the same or different inductances of the inductors to a load, illustratively shown by capacitor 135, or only either of the switches SW1 and SW2 may be closed, or both switches SW1 and SW2 may be simultaneously closed, depending on the requirements of the load.
[0038] Referring now to Figure 1D, an illustration of magnetic flux generated when the inductor 100 is operating in a coupled state is shown. In this state, the windings around protrusion 112 and the windings around protrusion 114 produce magnetic flux 137 and 138 which is added together to form the flux (and thus the inductance) of a coupled inductor. If the flux 137 and 138 from the windings flows in the same direction, the net flux (and thus inductance) in the coupled state will be greater than the individual inductances of the windings. Conversely, if the flux 137 and 138 from the windings flows in different directions (as shown in Figure 1D) , some of the flux 137 from one winding will cancel the flux 138 from the other winding. This may produce a net flux (and inductance) in the coupled state that is less than one or both of the windings taken individually.
[0039] This coupled state occurs automatically based on a size of the load current in relation to the magnetic permeability of the bridge 130. In this example, when the load current is greater than the predetermined threshold value, the bridge 130 is magnetically saturated. As a result, the bridge 130 functions essentially as a non-magnetic material (e.g., one that is not magnetically permeable such as air) and one part of the magnetic flux 137 and 138 will flow through the second protrusion 113, but a substantial amount of the flux will not flow through the bridge 130; the other part of the magnetic flux 137 and 138 will flow through the side leg protrusion 112, 114.
[0040] In operation, the current may be switched into both or only one of the windings. If the current is only switched into one of the windings, the direction of flow of the magnetic flux of the inductor in the coupled state is determined by the inductor winding that receives the input current. For example, if the winding around protrusion 112 receives the input load current, then the magnetic flux of the inductor 100 in the coupled state traverses a clockwise path. If the winding around protrusion 114 receives the input load current, then the magnetic flux of inductor 100 in the coupled state traverses a counterclockwise path. If current is switched into both windings, the direction of flow of the magnetic flux of the inductor 100 in the coupled state may be determined by a sum or part of sum of the flux for the individual windings.
[0041] Referring now to Figure 1E, an equivalent diagram of the inductor in the coupled state corresponding to Figure 1D is shown. In this diagram, because the bridge 130 is saturated, the reluctance path through the bridge is too high to pass any substantial amount of magnetic flux. Consequently, as shown by arrow 140, the inductors L1 and L2 operate in an inversely coupled state having a magnetic flux direction and coupled inductance value based on which switch SW1 or SW2 is open / closed. In Figure 1E, the letter M indicates the formation of a mutual inductance between the core windings. Also, the dots adjacent the windings denote the voltage polarity with respect to the windings. For example, when current enters the dot corresponding to the windings of L1, energy is induced in the windings of L2 and current is output along the circuit path coupled to the dot of this second winding.
[0042] As described above, the EI inductor configuration enables dual state performance. However, manufacturing tolerances may result in non-ideal performance of the inductor. An example of manufacturing issues is shown in Figure 2A. As shown, the inductor 200 includes a first core 210 and a second core 220. Similar to above, the first core 210 includes a main body 211 with three protrusions 212, 213, and 214. Windings may be provided around protrusions 212 and 214. Additionally, gaps G1 and G2 may be provided between protrusion 212 and body 221 and protrusion 214 and body 221. However, a third gap G3 is present between the bridge 230 and the body 221. This gap increases the reluctance and negatively impacts performance.
[0043] The third gap G3 may be caused by any number manufacturing tolerance issues. For example, dimensions of the bridge 230 may be non-uniform. That is, a thickness decrease in the bridge 230 may result in the formation of the third gap G3. Also surface roughness at the bridge 230 or the body 221 may result in the formation of gaps as well. In some instances, the third gap G3 may be up to approximately 30μm or less. As used herein, “approximately” refers to a range of values within ten percent of the stated value. For example, approximately 30μm may refer to a range between 27μm and 33μm.
[0044] Referring now to Figure 2B, a graph of inductance versus DC bias for an ideal two-step inductor (line 205) and an actual EI inductor (line 204) is shown. As shown, the ideal inductor has a discernible step 206 where there is a sharp transition between the decoupled light load (higher inductance) and coupled heavy load (lower inductance) . The sharp step enhances the transient and efficiency of the inductor and provides improved performance to the voltage regulator that uses such an inductor. In contrast, the EI inductor includes a shallow slope 207 at the junction between the decoupled light load and the coupled heavy load. As such, performance is less than the ideal case.
[0045] In addition to poor inductance versus bias performance at the junction between coupled and decoupled operation, existing coupled inductors have poor layout space utilization. That is, the arrangement of multiple inductors to form a multi-phase power delivery system is not optimal. For example, an existing multi-phase power delivery system 340 is shown in Figure 3A.
[0046] As shown in Figure 3A, a plurality of inductors 300 are coupled to an electrically conductive plane 341, such as a voltage power plane, by interconnects 345 (e.g., copper traces, vias, and / or the like) . Each of the inductors 300 may be coupled inductors similar to those described in greater detail above. For example, each of the inductors 300 may include a pair of input pads 343A and 343B and a pair of output pads 343C and 343D. As shown, the input pads 343A and 343B are coupled to transistor devices 342 (e.g., field effect transistors (FETs) , such as a smart power stage (SPS) FET) by interconnects 344. Since the transistor devices 342 are arranged on opposite sides of the inductor 300 (e.g., FET 1 is on the bottom left and FET 2 is on the top right) , additional space is needed between the inductors 300. This increases the width D1 of the layout of the power delivery system 340.
[0047] In contrast, embodiments disclosed herein may include a power delivery system 340 that includes inductors 300 with input pads 343A and 343B that are arranged on the same side of the inductor 300. Such an embodiment is shown in Figure 3B. As shown, the transistor devices 342 may be arranged in a line with the inductors 300 between the line of transistor devices 342 and the voltage power plane 341. That is, the plurality of inductors 300 may be positioned between the plurality of transistor devices 342 and the electrically conductive plane 341. Accordingly, the inductors 300 can be moved closer together since a transistor device 342 does not need to be between each pair of inductors 300. As such, the width D2 of the layout of the power delivery system 340 can be reduced. In some embodiments, the inputs 343A and 343B may be proximate to a first edge of the inductors 300 and the outputs 343C and 343D may be proximate to a second edge of the inductors 300 opposite from the first edge.
[0048] Referring now to Figure 4, a perspective view illustration of an inductor 400 that includes a pair of inputs on the same edge of the inductor 400 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the inductor 400 may comprise a stack of three layers. A first layer 451 and a third layer 453 may comprise a material with a first magnetic permeability, and a second layer 452 between the first layer 451 and the third layer 453 may comprise a magnetic material with a second magnetic permeability that is higher than the first magnetic permeability. For example, the first layer 451 and the third layer 453 may comprise a material formed from a metal powder or the like, and the second layer 452 may comprise a magnetic material with a permeability that allows for the second layer 452 to switch between being magnetically saturated (to provide a coupled inductor operation) and magnetically unsaturated (to provided a decoupled inductor operation) . For example, the magnetic material of the second layer may have a relatively high magnetic permeability in order to allow for the switch between a magnetically unsaturated condition and a magnetically saturated condition. For example, the magnetic material may comprise a ferrite or the like. With this structure, the inductor can maintain the above mentioned two-step inductor characteristic. This allows for a higher inductance while in a decoupled mode when under light loads, and a lower inductance while in a coupled mode when under heavy loads. Typically, the light load point may be programmed at a thermal design current (TDC) or just at conventional light load current (e.g., less than 10A / per phase) upon the optimization priority for voltage regulation.
[0049] In an embodiment, a first horizontal winding 454A may be embedded in the third layer 453, and a second horizontal winding 454B may be embedded in the second layer 452. In an embodiment, the first horizontal winding 454A may be oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to a surface of the third layer 453 that faces the second layer 452, and the second horizontal winding 454B may be oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to a surface of the first layer 451 that faces the second layer 452.
[0050] In an embodiment, the first horizontal winding 454A may have a shape that is an inverse of a shape of the second horizontal winding 454B. As such, the two windings 454A and 454B may enable inverse coupling for the inductor 400 while under heavy loads. While the first and second horizontal windings 454A and 454B include a pair of turns, embodiments may also include a single turn, or a plurality of turns. In an embodiment, a first input pad 455A may be provided below the first layer 451 and be coupled to the first horizontal winding 454A by a first vertical trace 457A. A first output pad 455C may be provided below the first layer 451 and coupled to the first horizontal winding 454A by a third vertical trace 457C. Similarly, a second input pad 455B may be provided below the first layer 451 and coupled to the second horizontal winding 454B by a second vertical trace 457B. A second output pad 455D may be provided below the first layer 451 and coupled to the second horizontal winding 454B by a fourth vertical trace 457D.
[0051] In an embodiment, the second layer 452 may comprise one or more holes 456. The holes 456 may be positioned within each turn of the horizontal windings 454A and 454B. While the holes 456 in Figure 4 are circular, the holes 456 may include any shape. For example, the holes 456 may include slots in some embodiments. In yet another embodiment, the holes 456 may be omitted and not required based on inductor saturation design characteristic. In an embodiment, a gap (not shown) may be provided between the second layer 452 and the first layer 451 and the third layer 453. In some instances, the gap may be filled by an adhesive or the like. In some embodiments, the gap between the layers 451, 452, and 453 may be approximately 100μm or less, approximately 50μm or less, approximately 25μm, or approximately 10μm or less. Keeping these gaps to a minimum value is allows for high inductance values of coupled inductor at light loads for better efficiency.
[0052] Referring now to Figures 5A –5C, a series of plan view illustrations of each layer of an inductor that is similar to the inductor 400 described with respect to Figure 4 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. Figure 5A is a plan view illustration of a third layer 553, Figure 5B is a plan view illustration of a second layer 552, and Figure 5C is a plan view illustration of a first layer 551.
[0053] Referring now to Figure 5A, a plan view illustration of a surface of the third layer 553 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 5A is the surface of the third layer 553 that will face the second layer 552. As shown, a horizontal winding 554A is embedded into the surface of the third layer 553. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the third layer 553, and the horizontal winding 554A is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 557A and 557C may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 554A.
[0054] Referring now to Figure 5B, a plan view illustration of the second layer 552 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the second layer 552 may comprise a magnetic material, such as ferrite or the like. As shown, holes 556 may be formed through a thickness of the second layer 552. In the illustrated embodiment, the holes 556 are slots that extend to edges of the second layer 552. Though, in other embodiments, the holes 556 may be circles or any other suitable shape. The holes 556 may also be omitted and / or not required in some embodiments.
[0055] Referring now to Figure 5C, a plan view illustration of a surface of the first layer 551 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 5C is the surface of the first layer 551 that will face the second layer 552. As shown, a horizontal winding 554B is embedded into the surface of the first layer 551. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the first layer 551, and the horizontal winding 554B is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 557B and 557D may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 554B.
[0056] Referring now to Figures 5D and 5E, a front view (Figure 5D) and a back view (Figure 5E) of an inductor 500 formed from a first layer 551, a second layer 552, and a third layer 553 are shown, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, a first adhesive layer 559 may separate the first layer 551 from the second layer 552, and a second adhesive layer 559 may separate the second layer 552 from the third layer 553.
[0057] As shown in Figure 5D, the vertical trace 557B may extend up to a top of the first layer 551, and the vertical trace 557C may extend up to the bottom of the third layer 553. Figure 5E shows, the vertical trace 557A that extends up to the bottom of the third layer 553, and the vertical trace 557D that extends up to the top of the first layer 551. As such, a horizontal winding (not shown) in the first layer 551 may couple the vertical trace 557B to the vertical trace 557D, and a horizontal winding (not shown) in the third layer 553 may couple the vertical trace 557A to the vertical trace 557C.
[0058] Referring now to Figures 6A –6C, a series of plan view illustrations of each layer of an inductor that is similar to the inductor 400 described with respect to Figure 4 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. Figure 6A is a plan view illustration of a third layer 653, Figure 6B is a plan view illustration of a second layer 652, and Figure 6C is a plan view illustration of a first layer 651.
[0059] Referring now to Figure 6A, a plan view illustration of a surface of the third layer 653 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 6A is the surface of the third layer 653 that will face the second layer 652. As shown, a horizontal winding 654A is embedded into the surface of the third layer 653. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the third layer 653, and the horizontal winding 654A is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 657A and 657C may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 654A. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 654A comprise a pair of turns. As such, the vertical traces 657A and 657C are positioned on opposite edges of the third layer 653.
[0060] Referring now to Figure 6B, a plan view illustration of the second layer 652 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the second layer 652 may comprise a magnetic material, such as ferrite or the like. As shown, a pair of holes 656 are formed through a thickness of the second layer 652. In the illustrated embodiment, the holes 656 are circular. Though, in other embodiments, the holes 656 may be any other suitable shape. The holes 656 may also be omitted and / or not required in some embodiments. In an embodiment, the holes 656 are positioned so that they are aligned with the turns in the horizontal winding 654A and a horizontal winding 654B (shown in Figure 6C) . That is, the horizontal windings 654A and 654B may each surround a portion of a perimeter of the holes 656.
[0061] Referring now to Figure 6C, a plan view illustration of a surface of the first layer 651 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 6C is the surface of the first layer 651 that will face the second layer 652. As shown, a horizontal winding 654B is embedded into the surface of the first layer 651. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the first layer 651, and the horizontal winding 654B is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 657B and 657D may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 654B. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 654B comprise a pair of turns. As such, the vertical traces 657B and 657D are positioned on opposite edges of the first layer 651.
[0062] Referring now to Figures 7A –7C, a series of plan view illustrations of each layer of an inductor that is similar to the inductor 400 described with respect to Figure 4 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. Figure 7A is a plan view illustration of a third layer 753, Figure 7B is a plan view illustration of a second layer 752, and Figure 7C is a plan view illustration of a first layer 751.
[0063] Referring now to Figure 7A, a plan view illustration of a surface of the third layer 753 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 7A is the surface of the third layer 753 that will face the second layer 752. As shown, a horizontal winding 754A is embedded into the surface of the third layer 753. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the third layer 753, and the horizontal winding 754A is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 757A and 757C may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 754A. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 754A comprise a single turn. As such, the vertical traces 757A and 757C are positioned on the same edge of the third layer 753.
[0064] Referring now to Figure 7B, a plan view illustration of the second layer 752 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the second layer 752 may comprise a magnetic material, such as ferrite or the like. As shown, a hole 756 is formed through a thickness of the second layer 752. In the illustrated embodiment, the hole 756 is circular. Though, in other embodiments, the hole 756 may be any other suitable shape. The hole 756 may also be omitted and / or not required in some embodiments. In an embodiment, the hole 756 is positioned so that the hole 756 is aligned with the turn in the horizontal winding 754A and a horizontal winding 754B (shown in Figure 7C) . That is, the horizontal windings 754A and 754B may each surround a portion of a perimeter of the hole 756.
[0065] Referring now to Figure 7C, a plan view illustration of a surface of the first layer 751 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 7C is the surface of the first layer 751 that will face the second layer 752. As shown, a horizontal winding 754B is embedded into the surface of the first layer 751. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the first layer 751, and the horizontal winding 754B is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 757B and 757D may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 754B. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 754B comprise a single turn. As such, the vertical traces 757B and 757D are positioned on the same edge of the first layer 751.
[0066] Referring now to Figures 8A –8C, a series of plan view illustrations of each layer of an inductor that is similar to the inductor 400 described with respect to Figure 4 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. Figure 8A is a plan view illustration of a third layer 853, Figure 8B is a plan view illustration of a second layer 852, and Figure 8C is a plan view illustration of a first layer 851.
[0067] Referring now to Figure 8A, a plan view illustration of a surface of the third layer 853 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 8A is the surface of the third layer 853 that will face the second layer 852. As shown, a horizontal winding 854A is embedded into the surface of the third layer 853. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the third layer 853, and the horizontal winding 854A is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 857A and 857C may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 854A. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 854A comprise a plurality of turns (three turns are shown in Figure 8A) . Since an odd number of turns are used, the vertical traces 857A and 857C are positioned on the same edge of the third layer 853. Though, if an even number of turns were used the vertical traces 857A and 857C would be positioned on opposite edges of the third layer 853.
[0068] Referring now to Figure 8B, a plan view illustration of the second layer 852 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the second layer 852 may comprise a magnetic material, such as ferrite or the like. As shown, a plurality of holes 856 (three holes 856 are shown in Figure 8B) are formed through a thickness of the second layer 852. In the illustrated embodiment, the holes 856 are circular. Though, in other embodiments, the holes 856 may be any other suitable shape. The holes 856 may also be omitted and not required in some embodiments. In an embodiment, the holes 856 are positioned so that they are aligned with the turns in the horizontal winding 854A and a horizontal winding 854B (shown in Figure 8C) . That is, the horizontal windings 854A and 854B may each surround a portion of a perimeter of the holes 856.
[0069] Referring now to Figure 8C, a plan view illustration of a surface of the first layer 851 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. The surface shown in Figure 8C is the surface of the first layer 851 that will face the second layer 852. As shown, a horizontal winding 854B is embedded into the surface of the first layer 851. For example, a trench may be formed into the surface of the first layer 851, and the horizontal winding 854B is positioned within the trench. Vertical traces 857B and 857D may be provided at the ends of the horizontal winding 854B. In the illustrated embodiment, the horizontal winding 854A comprise a plurality of turns (three turns are shown in Figure 8C) . Since an odd number of turns are used, the vertical traces 857B and 857D are positioned on the same edge of the first layer 851. Though, if an even number of turns were used the vertical traces 857B and 857D would be positioned on opposite edges of the first layer 851.
[0070] In Figure 4 and the examples shown in Figures 5A –8C, the inputs and outputs are provided on the same surface of the inductor. However, in some embodiments, integration of the inductor into a package, board, and / or the like may benefit from having the inputs and the outputs on opposite surfaces of the inductor. For example, the inputs may be on the bottom of the inductor, and the outputs may be on the top of the inductor. An example of such an embodiment is shown in Figure 9A.
[0071] Referring now to Figure 9A, a perspective view illustration of an inductor 900 that includes a pair of inputs on the same edge of the inductor 900 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the inductor 900 may comprise a stack of three layers. A first layer 951 and a third layer 953 may comprise a material with a first magnetic permeability, and a second layer 952 between the first layer 951 and the third layer 953 may comprise a magnetic material with a second magnetic permeability that is higher than the first magnetic permeability. For example, the first layer 951 and the third layer 953 may comprise a material formed from a metal powder or the like, and the second layer 952 may comprise ferrite or the like.
[0072] In an embodiment, a first horizontal winding 954A may be embedded in the third layer 953, and a second horizontal winding 954B may be embedded in the first layer 951. In an embodiment, the first horizontal winding 954A may be oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to a surface of the third layer 953 that faces the second layer 952, and the second horizontal winding 954B may be oriented in a plane that is substantially parallel to a surface of the first layer 951 that faces the second layer 952.
[0073] In an embodiment, the first horizontal winding 954A may have a shape that is an inverse of a shape of the second horizontal winding 954B. As such, the two windings 954A and 954B may enable inverse coupling for the inductor 900 while under heavy loads. While the first and second horizontal windings 954A and 954B include a pair of turns, embodiments may also include a single turn, or a plurality of turns (e.g., similar to any of the embodiments shown in Figures 5A –8C) . In an embodiment, a first input pad 955A may be provided below the first layer 951 and be coupled to the first horizontal winding 954A by a first vertical trace 957A. A first output pad 955C may be provided above the third layer 953 and be coupled to the first horizontal winding 954A by a third vertical trace 957C. Similarly, a second input pad 955B may be provided below the first layer 951 and be coupled to the second horizontal winding 954B by a second vertical trace 957B. A second output pad 955D may be provided above the third layer 953 and be coupled to the second horizontal winding 954B by a fourth vertical trace 957D.
[0074] In an embodiment, the second layer 952 may comprise one or more holes (not shown in Figure 9A) that are positioned within each turn of the horizontal windings 954A and 954B similar to other embodiments described herein. The holes may be circular or any other suitable shape. For example, the holes may include slots in some embodiments. In an embodiment, a gap (not shown) may be provided between the second layer 952 and the first layer 951 and the third layer 953. In some instances, the gap may be filled by an adhesive or the like. In some embodiments, the gap between the layers 951, 952, and 953 may be approximately 100μm or less, approximately 50μm or less, approximately 25μm, or approximately 10μm or less.
[0075] As can be appreciated, the structure of such an inductor 900 may be unstable since the input pads 955A and 955B are provided along a single side of the inductor 900. In order to provide a more stable structure, dummy pads may be provided on the inductor 900. Dummy pads may refer to pads that are not electrically coupled to the circuitry of the inductor 900. That is, the dummy pads may provide structural support without participating in the electrical functionality of the inductor 900. Examples of the placement of such dummy pads are shown in Figures 9B and 9C.
[0076] Referring now to Figure 9B, a schematic diagram of the outer surfaces of an inductor 900 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, the dummy input pads 961A and 961B may be provided below the inductor 900 opposite from the input pads 955A and 955B. Similarly, dummy output pads 962A and 962B may be provided above the inductor 900 opposite from the output pads 955C and 955D.
[0077] Referring now to Figure 9C, a schematic diagram of the outer surfaces of an inductor 900 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. As shown, the dummy input pad 961A may be adjacent to the input pad 955A and the dummy input pad 961B may be adjacent to the input pad 955B. Similarly, dummy output pad 962A may be adjacent to output pad 955C and dummy output pad 962B may adjacent to output pad 955D.
[0078] Referring now to Figure 10, a cross-sectional illustration of an electronic system 1090 is shown, in accordance with an embodiment. In an embodiment, the electronic system 1090 may comprise a board 1091, such as a printed circuit board (PCB) , a motherboard, or the like. In an embodiment, the board 1091 may be electrically coupled to a package substrate 1095 by interconnects 1092. The interconnects 1092 may comprise solder balls, sockets, pins, or any other suitable SLI architecture. In an embodiment, an inductor 1000 may be mounted to the board 1091 and / or embedded within the board 1091. In an embodiment, the inductor 1000 may be similar to any of the inductors described in greater detail herein.
[0079] In an embodiment, the package substrate 1095 may comprise an organic core, a glass core, or the package substrate 1095 may be coreless. The package substrate 1095 may comprise buildup film layers for embedding electrically conductive traces, components, and / or the like. For example, an inductor 1000 may be embedded within the package substrate 1095. In an embodiment, the inductor 1000 may be similar to any of the inductors described in greater detail herein. In an embodiment, an inductor 1000 may be mounted to the package substrate 1095.
[0080] In an embodiment, one or more dies 1096 may be electrically coupled to the package substrate 1095 through interconnects 1097. In an embodiment, the interconnects 1097 may comprise solder balls, copper bumps, hybrid bonding interfaces, or any other suitable FLI architecture. In an embodiment, the one or more dies 1096 may comprise any type of die, such as processor (e.g., a central processing unit (CPU) , a graphics processing unit (GPU) , an XPU, etc. ) , a memory die, a communications die, and / or the like. In some embodiments, a bridge (not shown) that is embedded in the package substrate 1095 or provided over the package substrate 1095 may electrically couple two dies 1096 together. That is, an electrically conductive path may be provided from a first die 1096 to a second die 1096, and the electrically conductive path may pass through and / or over the bridge.
[0081] Figure 11 illustrates a computing device 1100 in accordance with one implementation of the disclosure. The computing device 1100 houses a board 1102. The board 1102 may include a number of components, including but not limited to a processor 1104 and at least one communication chip 1106. The processor 1104 is physically and electrically coupled to the board 1102. In some implementations the at least one communication chip 1106 is also physically and electrically coupled to the board 1102. In further implementations, the communication chip 1106 is part of the processor 1104.
[0082] These other components include, but are not limited to, volatile memory (e.g., DRAM) , non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM) , flash memory, a graphics processor, a digital signal processor, a crypto processor, a chipset, an antenna, a display, a touchscreen display, a touchscreen controller, a battery, an audio codec, a video codec, a power amplifier, a global positioning system (GPS) device, a compass, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a speaker, a camera, and a mass storage device (such as hard disk drive, compact disk (CD) , digital versatile disk (DVD) , and so forth) .
[0083] The communication chip 1106 enables wireless communications for the transfer of data to and from the computing device 1100. The term “wireless” and its derivatives may be used to describe circuits, devices, systems, methods, techniques, communications channels, etc., that may communicate data through the use of modulated electromagnetic radiation through a non-solid medium. The term does not imply that the associated devices do not contain any wires, although in some embodiments they might not. The communication chip 1106 may implement any of a number of wireless standards or protocols, including but not limited to Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 family) , WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 family) , IEEE 802.20, long term evolution (LTE) , Ev-DO, HSPA+, HSDPA+, HSUPA+, EDGE, GSM, GPRS, CDMA, TDMA, DECT, Bluetooth, derivatives thereof, as well as any other wireless protocols that are designated as 3G, 4G, 5G, and beyond. The computing device 1100 may include a plurality of communication chips 1106. For instance, a first communication chip 1106 may be dedicated to shorter range wireless communications such as Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and a second communication chip 1106 may be dedicated to longer range wireless communications such as GPS, EDGE, GPRS, CDMA, WiMAX, LTE, Ev-DO, and others.
[0084] The processor 1104 of the computing device 1100 includes an integrated circuit die packaged within the processor 1104. In some implementations of the disclosure, the integrated circuit die of the processor may be part of an optoelectronic system with multi-layer integrated ring resonators and waveguide interconnect stacks, in accordance with embodiments described herein. The term “processor” may refer to any device or portion of a device that processes electronic data from registers and / or memory to transform that electronic data into other electronic data that may be stored in registers and / or memory.
[0085] The communication chip 1106 also includes an integrated circuit die packaged within the communication chip 1106. In accordance with another implementation of the disclosure, the integrated circuit die of the communication chip may be part of an optoelectronic system with multi-layer integrated ring resonators and waveguide interconnect stacks, in accordance with embodiments described herein.
[0086] In an embodiment, the computing device 1100 may be part of any apparatus. For example, the computing device may be part of a personal computer, a server, a mobile device, a tablet, an automobile, or the like. That is, the computing device 1100 is not limited to being used for any particular type of system, and the computing device 1100 may be included in any apparatus that may benefit from computing functionality.
[0087] The above description of illustrated implementations of the disclosure, including what is described in the Abstract, is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the disclosure to the precise forms disclosed. While specific implementations of, and examples for, the disclosure are described herein for illustrative purposes, various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the disclosure, as those skilled in the relevant art will recognize.
[0088] These modifications may be made to the disclosure in light of the above detailed description. The terms used in the following claims should not be construed to limit the disclosure to the specific implementations disclosed in the specification and the claims. Rather, the scope of the disclosure is to be determined entirely by the following claims, which are to be construed in accordance with established doctrines of claim interpretation.
[0089] Example 1: an apparatus, comprising: a first layer; a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material; a third layer over the second layer; a first winding with a first shape in the first layer, wherein the first winding is electrically conductive; and a second winding with a second shape in the third layer, wherein the second winding is electrically conductive, and wherein second shape is an inverse of the first shape.
[0090] Example 2: the apparatus of Example 1, wherein the first shape has a plurality of turns.
[0091] Example 3: the apparatus of Example 1 or Example 2, wherein the first shape has a single turn.
[0092] Example 4: the apparatus of Examples 1-3, wherein the first winding is in a first trench into a surface of the first layer that faces the second layer, and wherein the second winding is in a second trench into a surface of the third layer that faces the second layer.
[0093] Example 5: the apparatus of Examples 1-4, wherein the second layer comprises a hole through a thickness of the second layer.
[0094] Example 6: the apparatus of Examples 1-5, further comprising: a first adhesive between the first layer and the second layer; and a second adhesive between the second layer and the third layer.
[0095] Example 7: the apparatus of Examples 1-6, wherein the first layer and the second layer comprise a metallic material, and the second layer comprises a ferrous material.
[0096] Example 8: the apparatus of Examples 1-7, further comprising: a first input on the first layer; a first output on the first layer, wherein the first input and the first output are electrically coupled to the first winding; a second input on the first layer; and a second output on the first layer, wherein the second input and the second output are electrically coupled to the second winding.
[0097] Example 9: the apparatus of Example 8, wherein the first input and the second input are proximate to a first edge of the first layer and the first output and the second output are proximate to a second edge of the first layer opposite from the first layer.
[0098] Example 10: the apparatus of Examples 1-9, further comprising: a first input on the first layer; a first output on the third layer, wherein the first input and the first output are electrically coupled to the first winding; a second input on the first layer; and a second output on the third layer, wherein the second input and the second output are electrically coupled to the second winding.
[0099] Example 11: an apparatus, comprising: an electrically conductive plane; a plurality of inductors coupled to the electrically conductive plane, wherein an individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises: a first winding in a first layer; a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material; and a second winding in a third layer over the second layer; and a plurality of transistor devices electrically coupled to the plurality of inductors, wherein the plurality of inductors are between the plurality of transistor devices and the electrically conductive plane.
[0100] Example 12: the apparatus of Example 11, wherein the individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises a first input that is electrically coupled to a first transistor device of the plurality of transistor devices and a second input that is electrically coupled to a second transistor device of the plurality of transistor devices.
[0101] Example 13: the apparatus of Example 12, wherein the first input is electrically coupled to the first winding, and wherein the second input is electrically coupled to the second winding.
[0102] Example 14: the apparatus of Example 13, wherein the individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises a first output that is electrically coupled to the first winding and a second output that is electrically coupled to the second winding.
[0103] Example 15: the apparatus of Example 14, wherein the first input and the second input are proximate to a first edge of the individual one of the plurality of inductors, and wherein the first output and the second output are proximate to a second edge of the individual one of the plurality of inductors, wherein the first edge is opposite from the second edge.
[0104] Example 16: the apparatus of Examples 11-15, wherein the plurality of transistor devices comprise smart power stage field effect transistors (SPS FETs) .
[0105] Example 17: an apparatus, comprising: a first conductive winding in a first layer; a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material; and a second conductive winding in a third layer that is over the second layer, wherein the first conductive winding is oriented in a first plane that is parallel to a surface of the first layer that faces the second layer, and wherein the second conductive winding is oriented in a second plane that is parallel to a surface of the third layer that faces the second layer.
[0106] Example 18: the apparatus of Example 17, wherein the first conductive winding has a shape that is an inverse of a shape of the second conductive winding.
[0107] Example 19: the apparatus of Example 17 or Example 18, wherein the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding have shapes with a plurality of turns.
[0108] Example 20: the apparatus of Examples 17-19, wherein the first layer is coupled to the second layer by a first adhesive, and wherein the second layer is coupled to the third layer by a second adhesive.
Claims
1.An apparatus, comprising:a first layer;a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material;a third layer over the second layer;a first winding with a first shape in the first layer, wherein the first winding is electrically conductive; anda second winding with a second shape in the third layer, wherein the second winding is electrically conductive, and wherein second shape is an inverse of the first shape.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first shape has a plurality of turns.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first shape has a single turn.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first winding is in a first trench into a surface of the first layer that faces the second layer, and wherein the second winding is in a second trench into a surface of the third layer that faces the second layer.5.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second layer comprises a hole through a thickness of the second layer.6.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:a first adhesive between the first layer and the second layer; anda second adhesive between the second layer and the third layer.7.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first layer and the second layer comprise a metallic material, and the second layer comprises a ferrous material.8.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:a first input on the first layer;a first output on the first layer, wherein the first input and the first output are electrically coupled to the first winding;a second input on the first layer; anda second output on the first layer, wherein the second input and the second output are electrically coupled to the second winding.9.The apparatus of claim 8, wherein the first input and the second input are proximate to a first edge of the first layer and the first output and the second output are proximate to a second edge of the first layer opposite from the first layer.10.The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising:a first input on the first layer;a first output on the third layer, wherein the first input and the first output are electrically coupled to the first winding;a second input on the first layer; anda second output on the third layer, wherein the second input and the second output are electrically coupled to the second winding.11.An apparatus, comprising:an electrically conductive plane;a plurality of inductors coupled to the electrically conductive plane, wherein an individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises:a first winding in a first layer;a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material; anda second winding in a third layer over the second layer; anda plurality of transistor devices electrically coupled to the plurality of inductors, wherein the plurality of inductors are between the plurality of transistor devices and the electrically conductive plane.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises a first input that is electrically coupled to a first transistor device of the plurality of transistor devices and a second input that is electrically coupled to a second transistor device of the plurality of transistor devices.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the first input is electrically coupled to the first winding, and wherein the second input is electrically coupled to the second winding.14.The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the individual one of the plurality of inductors comprises a first output that is electrically coupled to the first winding and a second output that is electrically coupled to the second winding.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the first input and the second input are proximate to a first edge of the individual one of the plurality of inductors, and wherein the first output and the second output are proximate to a second edge of the individual one of the plurality of inductors, wherein the first edge is opposite from the second edge.16.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the plurality of transistor devices comprise smart power stage field effect transistors (SPS FETs) .17.An apparatus, comprising:a first conductive winding in a first layer;a second layer over the first layer, wherein the second layer comprises a magnetic material; anda second conductive winding in a third layer that is over the second layer, wherein the first conductive winding is oriented in a first plane that is parallel to a surface of the first layer that faces the second layer, and wherein the second conductive winding is oriented in a second plane that is parallel to a surface of the third layer that faces the second layer.18.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first conductive winding has a shape that is an inverse of a shape of the second conductive winding.19.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first conductive winding and the second conductive winding have shapes with a plurality of turns.20.The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the first layer is coupled to the second layer by a first adhesive, and wherein the second layer is coupled to the third layer by a second adhesive.
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