Circrna production method
The method enhances circRNA production by using affinity tags to remove impurities through chromatography, achieving high purity and efficiency in circularization and purification processes.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- KUDO BIOTECHNOLOGY INC
- Filing Date
- 2025-10-30
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-07
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for producing circular RNA (circRNA) face challenges in achieving high yield and purity due to suboptimal in vitro transcription (IVT) efficiency, circularization, and purification processes, which result in impurities such as un-circularized precursors and multimers, and existing purification methods are harsh and inefficient.
A method involving incubating linear RNA in a system that allows circularization, followed by the addition of linear RNA-specific affinity tags to impurities, which are then removed via affinity chromatography, and optionally polishing the enriched circRNA to improve purity and efficiency.
The method achieves circRNA with purity levels of at least 70% and circularization efficiency of up to 95%, significantly improving the quality and yield of circRNA production.
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Figure CN2025131325_07052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CIRCRNA PRODUCTION METHODBACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0001] Circular RNAs (circRNA) are covalently closed-loop RNA molecules. Natural circular RNAs were first found in pathogens and then in eukaryotes. They are derived from precursor mRNAs and play important roles in gene expression.
[0002] Nowadays, circRNA can be artificially produced in vitro through a self-splicing strategy (Group I or Group II catalytic intron) or through an enzymatic ligation strategy in order to use it as a platform for protein expressions in vivo. While enzymatic ligation is sensitive to sequence length and does not perform well enough for the long sequence, the self-splicing strategy is much more powerful for longer sequences (up to 12,000 nucleotides) . circRNA has several advantages over linear mRNA including higher stability, longer duration of protein expression, and is expected to have fewer side effects caused by innate immune responses. Therefore, circRNA is currently attracting increasing attention.
[0003] The self-splicing strategy is the most frequently used for circRNA production, with guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and magnesium (Mg2+) being essential for group I intron self-splicing. However, it is challenging to obtain large quantities of circRNA with high yield and quality for several reasons. Firstly, in vitro transcription (IVT) yield and circularization efficiency are suboptimal, resulting in limited yield of circRNA. Secondly, after IVT and circularization, there are various impurities in the product, such as un-circularized precursors, fragments derived from the self-splicing reaction, and multimers. Moreover, current methods for purifying circRNA to achieve high purity and acceptable quality are harsh and inefficient. Therefore, there is a need for improved circRNA synthesis and purification methods to manufacture circRNA with higher yield and purity.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0004] The inventions disclosed herein relate to an optimized method for producing circular (circ) RNAs. The disclosed method results in a striking improvement in the performance of IVT and circularization and even it can be simplified as a one-pot process when it is group I intron-based circularization. In the examples herein, affinity tags are added to 5’-end, 3’-end, or both ends of linear impurities using enzymatic methods and the tagged linear impurities are subsequently removed using affinity chromatography. Optionally, the enriched circRNAs are further polished. These steps greatly improve the purity of the product.
[0005] Accordingly, in some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for producing circular (circ) RNA, wherein the method comprises incubating a linear RNA (such as one transcribed from a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) in an in vitro transcription system) in a system that enables circularization of the linear RNA into circRNA. The process results in a mixture containing the desired circRNA and residual linear RNA (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) . This method further involves removing the residual linear RNA from the mixture using a linear RNA-specific affinity tag (e.g., by affinity chromatography) linked to the residual linear RNA.
[0006] In certain embodiments, the method comprises:
[0007] a) providing a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) ;
[0008] b) incubating the nucleic acid vector in an in vitro transcription system thereby transcribing the nucleic acid vector to a linear RNA;
[0009] c) incubating the linear RNA of step b) in a system that allows circularization of the linear RNA to a circRNA, thereby producing a mixture comprising the circRNA and residual linear RNAs (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) ;
[0010] d) contacting the mixture of step c) with a linear RNA-specific affinity tag, thereby linking the residual linear RNA to the affinity tag;
[0011] e) removing the affinity tag-linked residual linear RNA from the mixture of step d) (e.g., by affinity chromatography) ; and
[0012] f) collecting the circRNA from the mixture obtained in step e) .
[0013] In some embodiments, step f) further comprises removing residual multimers from the mixture obtained in step e) . In some embodiments, the residual multimer is removed by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) or reversed phase (RP) chromatography.
[0014] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises one or more nucleoside triphosphates, wherein each of the one or more nucleoside triphosphates is at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to 15 mM.
[0015] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , uridine triphosphate (UTP) , guanosine triphosphate (GTP) , cytidine triphosphate (CTP) in step b) is determined or adjusted based on the sequence of the linear RNA.
[0016] In some embodiments, the system used for circularization of the linear RNA in step c) comprises an enzymatic ligation (e.g., T4 ligase) system, a group I intron self-splicing system, or a group II intron self-splicing system.
[0017] In some embodiments, the system used for circularization of the linear RNA in step c) is a group I intron self-splicing system, wherein step b) and step c) are performed simultaneously. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcriptional system in step b) comprises GTP at a concentration that is higher (e.g., about 0.1 mM to about 5 mM higher) than that used when circularization of the linear RNA is in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.
[0018] In some embodiments, the concentration of GTP is about 0.1 mM to 5 mM higher than that used when circularization of the linear RNA is in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.
[0019] In some embodiments, the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) comprises a polyadenine (poly A) tag, a polyuridine (poly U) tag, a polyguanine (poly G) tag, a polycytidine (poly C) tag, or a combination thereof.
[0020] In some embodiments, the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) is linked to the residual linear RNA through an enzymatic reaction (e.g., a T4 ligase-based reaction or a Poly (A) Polymerase-based reaction) .
[0021] In some embodiments, the collected circRNA in step f) has a purity level of at least about 70 % (e.g., at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) . In some embodiments, the collected circRNA in step f) has a purity level of at least about 95%.
[0022] In some embodiments, the method has a circularization efficiency at least about 50%(e.g., at least about 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 77%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, or 95%) .BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0023] FIG. 1 shows a representative (non-limiting) flow chart of an embodiment of the methods described herein.
[0024] FIG. 2 shows a schematic diagram of an embodiment of the method using group I-based circularization.
[0025] FIG. 3 shows a representative flow chart for the experiments in Example 1.
[0026] FIG. 4 shows comparison of circRNA constructs produced under different conditions. The sequences of the tested circRNA constructs are SEQ NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0027] FIG. 5 shows an exemplary image of circRNA fragment analysis by QSEPTM 100 (condition 1) .
[0028] FIG. 6 shows that PolyA polymerase treatment increases the size of linear precursors. SEQ ID: 1+A; SEQ ID NO: 1 sample was treated with polyA polymerase for 1 hour after IVT, SEQ ID NO: 1; IVT product of SEQ ID NO: 1, Ctrl+A; control sample treated with polyA polymerase for 1 hour after IVT, Ctrl: IVT product of control sample after IVT. The DNA template of control sample was obtained from New England Biolab (catalog #E2040S) .
[0029] FIG. 7 shows that linear impurities were removed effectively by oligo (dT) chromatography. F; flow through fraction, E; elute fraction, W; wash fraction, input; pre-purification sample.
[0030] FIG. 8 shows fragment analysis of circRNA purified by affinity chromatography using 5200 Fragment Analyzer System (Agilent technologies) .DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0031] Definitions
[0032] The term “about” herein is used when determinants or values do not need to be identical, i.e., 100%the same. Accordingly, “about” means, that a determinant or values may diverge by 1%to 20%, by 1%to 10%, or by 1%to 5%; in particular, by 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%. The skilled person knows that e.g., certain parameters or determinants can slightly vary based on the method in which the parameter has been determined. For example, if a certain determinant or value is defined herein to have, e.g., a length of “about 100 adenosine nucleotides” , the length may diverge by 1%to 20%. Accordingly, the skilled person knows that in that specific example, the length may diverge by 1 to 20 nucleotides. Accordingly, a length of “about 100 adenosine nucleotides” may encompass sequences ranging from exactly 80 to exactly 120 adenosine nucleotides.
[0033] The terms “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” as used herein, will be recognized and understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art. These terms preferably refer to DNA (molecules) or RNA (molecules) and are used synonymously with the term “polynucleotide” . Preferably, a nucleic acid or a nucleic acid molecule is a polymer comprising or consisting of nucleotide monomers that are covalently linked to each other by phosphodiester-bonds in a sugar / phosphate-backbone. The term “nucleic acid” or “nucleic acid molecule” also encompasses modified nucleic acid (molecules) , such as base-modified, sugar-modified, or backbone-modified DNA or RNA (molecules) as defined herein
[0034] The terms “nucleic acid sequence, ” “DNA sequence, ” or “RNA sequence” will be recognized and understood by the person of ordinary skill in the art, and e.g., refer to a particular and individual order of the succession of its nucleotides.
[0035] The terms "RNA in vitro transcription” or “in vitro transcription” relate to a process in which RNA is synthesized in a cell-free system. RNA may be obtained by DNA-dependent in vitro transcription of an appropriate DNA template, which is typically a linear DNA template (e.g., linearized plasmid DNA or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product) . The promoter for controlling RNA in vitro transcription can be any promoter for any DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (e.g., T7, SP6, or T3) . Reagents used in RNA in vitro transcription typically include a DNA template, ribonucleotide triphosphates, a cap analog, a DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a ribonuclease (RNase) inhibitor, magnesium ions, and a buffer (e.g., TRIS or HEPES) , which can also optionally contain antioxidants and / or polyamines such as spermidine at optimal concentrations.
[0036] As used herein, the terms “circRNA” , “circular polyribonucleotide” , and “circular RNA” are used interchangeably and refer to a polyribonucleotide that forms a circular structure through covalent bonds.
[0037] The term “purified circular RNA” , as used herein, refers to circular RNA which has undergone one or more purification steps, resulting in higher purity compared to the starting material. These purification steps may include techniques, such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) , tangential flow filtration (TFF) , oligo d (T) resin-based purification, precipitation, filtration, anion exchange (AEX) chromatography, cellulose purification, or size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) . Typical impurities that are essentially not present in purified circular RNA include peptides or proteins (e.g., enzymes derived from RNA synthesis, such as RNA polymerases, RNases inhibitors, pyrophosphatase, restriction endonuclease, DNase) , spermidine, bovine serum albumin (BSA) , RNA fragments (e.g., double stranded RNA fragments, short single stranded RNA fragments, abortive RNA transcripts) , free nucleotides (e.g., modified nucleotides, conventional NTPs, cap analogue) , template DNA fragments, buffer components (e.g., HEPES, TRIS, MgCl2, CaCl2) , linear precursor RNA or fragments thereof, intronic RNA fragments Other potential impurities may originate from fermentation procedures, bacterial impurities (e.g., bacterial DNA, bacterial RNA) or purification procedures (e.g., organic solvents) . Accordingly, it is desirable for the “degree of RNA purity” to be as close as possible to 100%, e.g., at least about 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%.
[0038] “Isolated” or “purified” generally refers to the isolation of a substance (for example, in some embodiments, a compound, a polynucleotide, a protein, a polypeptide, a polynucleotide composition, or a polypeptide composition) such that the substance constitutes a significant percent (e.g., greater than 1%, greater than 2%, greater than 5%, greater than 10%, greater than 20%, greater than 50%, or more, usually up to about 90%-100%) of the sample in which it resides. In certain embodiments, a substantially purified component constitutes at least 50%, 80%-85%, or 90%-95%of the sample. Techniques for purifying polynucleotides and polypeptides of interest are well-known in the art and include, for example, ion-exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, and sedimentation based on density. Generally, a substance is purified when it exists in a sample in an amount, relative to other components of the sample, that is more than as it is found naturally.
[0039] As used herein, the term “circularization efficiency” refers to a measurement of a resultant circular polyribonucleotide relative to its linear starting material. For example, circularization efficiency can be measured by the percentage of linear starting material that is converted into circularized form after a circularization process. Circularization efficiency can be calculated as 1-linear precursor %.
[0040] The terms “control, ” “reference level, ” and “reference” are used herein interchangeably. The reference level may be a predetermined value or range, which is employed as a reference against which to assess the measured result.
[0041] For in vitro transcription (IVT) and circularization, IVT aims to produce linear RNA precursors, and circularization aims to produce circRNA from the IVT product. Both processes have significant impact on the final yield of circRNA. It is still challenging to identify the best combination of these two processes.
[0042] Currently, size exclusion chromatography (SEC) , reversed phase (RP) chromatography, and other column-or resin-based purification methods are widely employed for circRNA purification. In certain embodiments, the purification yield is balanced with the objective of obtaining higher quality circRNA.
[0043] In some embodiments, affinity tags can be added to the DNA template at certain sites such that the in vitro transcribed RNA inherits the affinity tags. After circularization, oligonucleotide-based affinity tags can be added to the self-spliced intron and un-circularized precursor. The tagged impurities can be removed by affinity chromatography while the target circRNA can be purified. However, this approach may affect the secondary structure of DNA template and linear RNA precursor, potentially leading to lower IVT yield and circularization efficiency (International Publication No. WO 2023 / 222114A1) . Furthermore, this method is not suitable for all circularization strategies, for example, T4 ligase-based circularization strategy is not compatible with it. Another method is selecting a specific sequence within the circRNA as purification tag to enrich the target circRNA through affinity chromatography (International Publication NO. WO 2023 / 073228A1) . However, this design is sequence dependent. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a more universal method for circRNA purification.
[0044] This invention aims to provide methods and processes for the synthesis and purification of circRNA. In some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for producing a circular (circ) RNA, said method comprising:
[0045] a) providing a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) ;
[0046] b) incubating the nucleic acid vector in an in vitro transcription system thereby transcribing the nucleic acid vector to a linear RNA;
[0047] c) incubating the linear RNA of step b) in a system that allows circularization of the linear RNA to a circRNA, thereby producing a mixture comprising the circRNA and residual linear RNAs (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) ;
[0048] d) contacting the mixture of step c) with a linear RNA-specific affinity tag, thereby linking the residual linear RNA to the affinity tag;
[0049] e) removing the affinity tag-linked residual linear RNA from the mixture of step d) (e.g., by affinity chromatography) ; and
[0050] f) collecting the circRNA from the mixture obtained in step e) .
[0051] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises one or more nucleoside triphosphates, wherein each of the one or more nucleoside triphosphates (NTP) is at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to 15 mM (for example, from about 2 mM to 4 mM, from about 2.5 mM to 4.5 mM, from about 3 mM to 5 mM, from about 3.5 mM to 5.5 mM, from about 4 mM to 6 mM, from about 5 mM to 7 mM, from about 6 mM to 8 mM, from about 7 mM to 9 mM, from about 8 mM to 10 mM, from about 9 mM to 11 mM, from about 10 mM to 12 mM, from about 11 mM to 13 mM, from about 12 mM to 14 mM, from about 13 mM to 15 mM, from about 2 mM to 10 mM, from about 4 mM to 12 mM, from about 6 mM to 15 mM, or from about 10 mM to 15 mM) .
[0052] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises total nucleoside triphosphate (NTP) at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to 50 mM, for example, from about 2 mM to 50 mM, from about 5 mM to 50 mM, from about 10 mM to 50 mM, or from about 20 mM to 50 mM, or about 20 mM, about 22 mM, about 24 mM, about 28 mM, about 30 mM, about 32 mM, about 34 mM, about 35 mM, about 36 mM, about 38 mM, about 40 mM, about 42 mM, about 44 mM, about 45 mM, about 46 mM, about 48 mM, or about 50 mM.
[0053] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises one or more components selected from the group consisting of DNA template, Na+, Mg2+, NTPs, Cl-, spermidine, OAc-, K+, Mn2+, and dithiothreitol (DTT) .
[0054] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises Mg2+ at a concentration from about 4 mM to 500 mM (for example, from about 4 mM to 100 mM, from about 10 mM to 200 mM, from about 50 mM to 300 mM, from about 50 mM to 400 mM, or from about 100 mM to 500 mM) .
[0055] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises Mn2+ at a concentration from about 4 mM to 500 mM (for example, from about 4 mM to 100 mM, from about 10 mM to 200 mM, from about 50 mM to 300 mM, from about 50 mM to 400 mM, or from about 100 mM to 500 mM) .
[0056] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises Na+ at a concentration from about 0 mM to 500 mM (for example, from about 0 mM to 50 mM, from about 4 mM to 100 mM, from about 10 mM to 200 mM, from about 50 mM to 300 mM, from about 50 mM to 400 mM, or from about 100 mM to 500 mM) .
[0057] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises K+ at a concentration from about 0 mM to 500 mM (for example, from about 0 mM to 50 mM, from about 4 mM to 100 mM, from about 10 mM to 200 mM, from about 50 mM to 300 mM, from about 50 mM to 400 mM, or from about 100 mM to 500 mM) .
[0058] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises spermidine at a concentration from about 0 mM to 100 mM (for example, from about 0 mM to 50 mM, from about 0 mM to 30 mM, from about 0 mM to 15 mM, from about 5 mM to 80 mM, from about 5 mM to 50 mM, from about 5 mM to 20 mM, from about 10 mM to 90 mM, from about 10 mM to 80 mM, from about 10 mM to 60 mM, from about 10 mM to 50 mM, from about 10 mM to 40 mM, from about 10 mM to 30 mM, from about 20 mM to 80 mM, from about 20 mM to 60 mM, or from about 30 mM to 60 mM) .
[0059] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) is performed at a temperature from about 30 ℃ to 55 ℃ (for example, from about 30 ℃ to 35 ℃, from about 35 ℃ to 40 ℃, from about 40 ℃ to 45 ℃, from about 45 ℃ to 50 ℃, from about 50 ℃ to 55 ℃, from about 30 ℃ to 40 ℃, from about 35 ℃ to 45 ℃, from about 40 ℃ to 50 ℃, or from about 45 ℃ to 55 ℃, or about 30 ℃, about 32 ℃, about 34 ℃, about 36 ℃, about 37 ℃, about 38 ℃, about 40 ℃, about 42 ℃, about 44 ℃, about 46 ℃, about 48 ℃, about 50 ℃, about 52 ℃, about 54 ℃, or about 55 ℃) . In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) is performed at a temperature of about 30 ℃. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) is performed at a temperature of about 37 ℃.
[0060] In some embodiments, step b) is performed for from about 30 min to 10 hours (for example, for from about 1 hour to 8 hours, from about 1 hour to 7 hours, from about 1 hour to 6 hours, from about 1 hour to 5 hours, from about 1.5 hours to 5 hours, from about 2 hours to 5 hours, from about 3 hours to 5 hours, or from about 3 hours to 6 hours, or about 1 hour, about 1.5 hours, about 2 hours, about 2.5 hours, about 3 hours, about 3.5 hours, about 4 hours, about 4.5 hours, about 5 hours, about 5.5 hours, about 6 hours, about 6.5 hours, about 7 hours, about 7.5 hours, about 8 hours, about 8.5 hours, about 9 hours, about 9.5 hours, or about 10 hours) . In some embodiments, step b) is performed for about 5 hours.
[0061] In some embodiments, the molar ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , uridine triphosphate (UTP) , guanosine triphosphate (GTP) , cytidine triphosphate (CTP) in step b) is determined according to the sequence of the linear RNA.
[0062] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises a higher level (for example, at least about 5%, about 6%, about 7%, about 8%, about 9%, about 10%, about 11%, about 12%, about 13%, about 14%, about 15%, about 16%, about 17%, about 18%, about 19%, about 20%, about 22%, about 24%, about 26%, about 28%, about 30%, about 35%, about 40%, about 45%, about 50%, about 55%, about 60%, about 65%, about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 95%, about 100%, about 150%, about 200%, about 2 times, about 3 times, about 4 times, about 5 times, about 6 times, about 7 times, about 8 times, about 9 times, about 10 times, about 20 times, about 30 times, about 40 times, or about 50 times higher) of GTP in comparison to a reference level. In some embodiments, the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises extra GTP at a concentration less than about 5 mM.
[0063] In some embodiments, the system that allows circularization of the linear RNA in step c) comprises an enzymatic ligation system (such as a T4 ligase system) , a group I intron self-splicing system, or a group II intron self-splicing system. In some embodiments, the system in step c) is a T4 ligase system. In some embodiments, the system in step c) is a group I intron self-splicing system. In some embodiments, the system in step c) is group II intron self-splicing system. Group I introns are small RNAs (e.g., about 250-3000 nt in length) capable of catalyzing their own splicing from the precursor RNA. These introns are categorized as primary examples of catalytic RNAs and are formally recognized as group I ribozymes, due to their ability to execute RNA cleavage and ligation as part of their splicing process. Group II introns range in size from several hundred to around 2500 nucleotides. Although they are much less widely distributed than group I introns, they are found in fungal and plant mitochondria, in chloroplasts of plants, in algae, and in eubacteria. In both cases, a series of trans-esterification reactions are used to excise the intron and ligate the exons. The net number of bonds remains the same throughout. The reaction is initiated by a guanosine cofactor in group I introns and by an internal adenosine in group II.
[0064] In a system of group I intron-based self-splicing, circularization reaction can be performed simultaneously with in vitro transcription (co-transcriptional circularization) or after in vitro transcription. In some embodiments, additional GTP can be added to the in vitro transcription system to improve circularization efficiency. In some embodiments, the additional GTP to improve circularization is at a concentration of between about 0 mM to 5 mM, for example, about 0.1 mM, about 0.2 mM, about 0.5 mM, about 0.75 mM, about 1 mM, about 1.2 mM, about 1.5 mM, about 1.75 mM, about 2 mM, about 2.5 mM, about 3 mM, about 3.5 mM, about 4 mM, about 4.5 mM, or about 5 mM, or from about 0.1 mM to about 4 mM, from about 0.1 mM to about 3.5 mM, from about 0.5 mM to about 3.5 mM, or from about 0.5 mM to about 3 mM.
[0065] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the system that allows circularization of the linear RNA in step c) is a group I intron self-splicing system, wherein step b) and step c) are performed simultaneously.
[0066] Accordingly, in some aspects, disclosed herein is a method for producing a circular (circ) RNA, said method comprising:
[0067] a) providing a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) ;
[0068] b) incubating the nucleic acid vector in an in vitro transcription system thereby transcribing the nucleic acid vector to a linear RNA;
[0069] c) incubating the linear RNA of step b) in a system that allows circularization of the linear RNA to a circRNA, thereby producing a mixture comprising the circRNA and residual linear RNAs (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) , wherein the system is a group I intron self-splicing system;
[0070] d) contacting the mixture of step c) with a linear RNA-specific affinity tag, thereby linking the residual linear RNA to the affinity tag;
[0071] e) removing the affinity tag-linked residual linear RNA from the mixture of step d) (e.g., by affinity chromatography) ; and
[0072] f) collecting the circRNA from the mixture obtained in step e) , and
[0073] wherein step b) and step c) are performed simultaneously.
[0074] In some embodiments, the in vitro transcriptional system in step b) comprises GTP at a concentration higher (e.g., from about 0.1 mM to about 5 mM higher, from about 0.1 mM to about 4.5 mM higher, from about 0.1 mM to about 4 mM higher, from about 0.1 mM to about 3.5 mM higher, from about 0.1 mM to about 3 mM higher, from about 0.1 mM to about 2.5 mM higher, from about 0.5 mM to about 2.5 mM higher, from about 1 mM to about 2.5 mM higher, from about 1 mM to about 3 mM higher, from about 1.5 mM to about 3 mM higher, or about 0.5 mM higher, about 1 mM higher, about 1.5 mM higher, about 2 mM higher, about 2.5 mM higher, about 3 mM higher, about 3.5 mM higher, about 4 mM higher, about 4.5 mM higher, or about 5 mM higher, or at least 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 100%, 150%, 200%, 2 times, 3 times, 4 times, 5 times, 6 times, 7 times, 8 times, 9 times, 10 times, 20 times, 30 times, 40 times, or 50 times higher) than when circularization of the linear RNA is performed in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.
[0075] In some embodiments, step c) is performed at a temperature from about 37 ℃ to 60 ℃ (for example, from about 30 ℃ to about 35 ℃, from about 35 ℃ to about 40 ℃, from about 40 ℃ to about 45 ℃, from about 45 ℃ to about 50 ℃, from about 50 ℃ to about 55 ℃, from about 30 ℃ to about 40 ℃, from about 35 ℃ to about 45 ℃, from about 40 ℃to about 50 ℃, from about 45 ℃ to about 55 ℃, or about 30 ℃, about 32 ℃, about 34 ℃, about 36 ℃, about 38 ℃, about 40 ℃, about 42 ℃, about 44 ℃, about 46 ℃, about 48 ℃, about 50 ℃, about 52 ℃, about 54 ℃, about 55 ℃, about 56 ℃, about 57 ℃, about 58 ℃, about 59 ℃, or about 60℃) .
[0076] In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein comprises step d) of adding affinity tags to the linear impurities at their free 5’-end and / or 3’-end. After tagging, the tagged linear impurities can be removed by affinity chromatography. In some embodiments, the affinity tag includes but is not limited to a polyadenine (poly A) tag, a polyuridine (poly U) tag, a polyguanine (poly G) tag, a polycytidine (poly C) tag, a combination thereof, or any other designed oligonucleotide tags. In some embodiments, the affinity tag is a poly A tag.
[0077] In some embodiments, the affinity tag is an RNA or DNA. In some embodiments, the affinity tag is between about 10 nucleotides (nt) and 200 nt in length (for example, from about 10 nt to 150 nt, from about 10 nt to about 100 nt, from about 20 nt to about 200 nt, or from about 50 nt to about 200 nt in length) .
[0078] In some embodiments, the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) is linked to the residual linear RNA through an enzymatic reaction (e.g., a T4 ligase-based reaction or a polymerase-based reaction) to avoid the tags affect the constructure of plasmid template and linear RNA precursor to make sure the IVT and circularization efficiency. In some embodiments, the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) is linked to the residual linear RNA through a chemical synthetic reaction.
[0079] In some embodiments, step d) further comprises a step of buffer exchange after adding the affinity tag, wherein the buffer exchange can be performed once or more times.
[0080] In some embodiments, the method disclosed herein comprises step e) of removing the tagged linear impurities and step f) of collecting the untagged circularized RNA to achieve circRNA purification. In some embodiments, step e) is performed once or more times. Affinity chromatography can be column, resins, or membrane based. In some embodiments, the collected circRNA in step f) has a purity of at least about 70% (e.g., at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) .
[0081] In some embodiments, step f) further comprises removing residual multimers from the mixture obtained in step e) . In some embodiments, the residual multimers are removed by tangential flow filtration (TFF) , size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) , or reversed phase (RP) chromatography.
[0082] In some embodiments, step f) further comprises removing residual multimers from the mixture obtained in step e) . Accordingly, in some aspects, disclosed herein is a method of producing a circular (circ) RNA, said method comprising:
[0083] a) providing a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) ;
[0084] b) incubating the nucleic acid vector in an in vitro transcription system thereby transcribing the nucleic acid vector to a linear RNA;
[0085] c) incubating the linear RNA of step b) in a system that allows circularization of the linear RNA to a circRNA, thereby producing a mixture comprising the circRNA and residual linear RNAs (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) ;
[0086] d) contacting the mixture of step c) with a linear RNA-specific affinity tag, thereby linking the residual linear RNA to the affinity tag;
[0087] e) removing the affinity tag-linked residual linear RNA from the mixture of step d) (e.g., by affinity chromatography) ; and
[0088] f) collecting the circRNA from the mixture obtained in step e) and removing residual multimers from the mixture obtained in step e) .
[0089] In some embodiments, the residual multimers are removed by tangential flow filtration (TFF) , size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) , or reversed phase (RP) chromatography.
[0090] EXAMPLES
[0091] Example 1 Method
[0092] Disclosed herein includes optimization of IVT and circularization that results in improved performance of IVT and circularization. For group I intron-based circularization, it can be further simplified as one-pot method. In addition, affinity tags are added to 5’-end, 3’-end, or both ends of the linear impurities by enzymatic methods to remove the linear impurities by affinity chromatography. After that, the enriched circRNA is further polished at least once. The subsequent polishing method includes, but is not limited to, tangential flow filtration (TFF) , SEC chromatography, or RP chromatography, and the polishing step (s) can be performed multiple times. This exemplary embodiment illustrates a whole process for circRNA synthesis and purification.
[0093] FIG. 1 shows an exemplary flow chart of an exemplary embodiment of the method of the invention, which may include some or all the steps, including but not limited to, DNA template preparation, IVT, purification, circularization, purification, addition of affinity tags to linear impurities at 5’-end, 3’-end, or both ends, purification, and / or polishing. Numerous variations of the general process are contemplated. For example, purification after IVT is not limited to tangential flow filtration (TFF) and lithium chloride (LiCl) precipitation. In addition, circularization can be achieved by T4-ligase or self-splicing introns (not limited to group I and group II intron) . Purification after circularization is not limited to TFF and LiCl precipitation and can be omitted in some circumstances. The affinity tag can be located at 5’-end, 3’-end, or both ends of the linear precursors. Purification after adding affinity tag is not limited to TFF and LiCl and can be omitted. Affinity chromatography can be carried out multiple times, and can be column-, resin-, or membrane-based. Polishing is not limited to using SEC, RP, TFF, and can be carried out more than once.
[0094] Utilization of this embodiment of the invention in group I intron-based circularization is illustrated in FIG. 2. Here, purification after circularization is optional. Affinity tag can be located at 5’-end, 3’-end, or both ends of the linear precursors. Purification after circularization and adding affinity tag are not limited to TFF and LiCl precipitation and can be omitted. Affinity chromatography can be carried out more than once and can be column or resin or membrane based. Polishing here can be carried out more than once.
[0095] Example 2 An Exemplary Process
[0096] This example provides an exemplary (non-limiting) embodiment of the invention described herein.
[0097] The strategies for RNA circularization in the methods disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, T4 ligase-based circularization and self-splicing intron (not limited to group I intron and group II intron) based circularization. The method of the invention is generally compatible with all circRNA production strategies that include IVT and can produce circRNA with linear impurities. The design and arrangement of DNA templates and RNA precursor sequence elements need only to meet the requirements of corresponding circularization strategies.
[0098] Exemplary steps in the process are illustrated below without limitation.
[0099] IVT (in vitro transcription)
[0100] IVT aims to synthesize RNA precursor in vitro. In certain embodiments, the ratio for the NTPs is adjusted according to molar ratio of each NTP in the target IVT RNA sequence to improve the IVT yield. In some cases, additional GTP is added to the IVT system to increase the circRNA yield. In certain embodiments, the total amount of NTPs for RNA synthesis and GTP for circularization is limited to 50 mM.
[0101] · The components of IVT include but are not limited to DNA template, Na+, Mg2+, NTPs, Cl-, spermidine, OAc-, K+, Mn2+, DTT. The buffer for IVT is not limited to Tris-HCl buffer, HEPES buffer, MES buffer, citrate buffer, and phosphate buffer.
[0102] · The pH of the IVT buffer is between 6.0 to 8.5.
[0103] · The concentration of Mg2+ or Mn2+ is between 4 mM to 500 mM.
[0104] · The concentration of Na+ or K+ is between 0 mM to 500 mM.
[0105] · The concentration of spermidine is between 0 mM to 100 mM.
[0106] The concentration of each NTP is between 2 -15 mM. The amount of each NTPs in the IVT system can be equal or adjusted by molar ratio of the RNA precursor sequence or other optimized ratio. For group I intron self-splicing circularization, extra GTP not to synthesize the RNA precursor but to increase circRNA yield can be included in IVT system, but the total amount of NTPs in the IVT is less than 50 mM. The temperature for conducting IVT can be between 30-55 ℃.
[0107] Buffer exchange after IVT
[0108] This process aims to change the buffer system to one which is more suitable for circularization. This process is not limited to TFF or LiCl precipitation. This process is optional and can be omitted in some circumstances.
[0109] Circularization
[0110] Circularization converts linear RNA into circRNA. The strategies for circularization include, but are not limited to, T4 ligase-based circularization and self-splicing intron-based circularization.
[0111] · For T4 ligase-based circularization and group II intron based self-splicing, the process should meet the relative requirements, as is known in the art in general.
[0112] · For group I intron based self-splicing, circularization is co-transcriptional. Thus, circularization can be achieved as a one-pot reaction (e.g., in one reaction vessel) or performed after IVT. In certain embodiments, additional GTP can be included in IVT to further improve circularization efficiency. The concentration of the additional GTP added for improving circularization can be between 0 mM to 5 mM.
[0113] · Circularization temperature can be between 37 ℃ to 60 ℃.
[0114] Buffer exchange after circularization
[0115] This process changes the buffer system to one that is more suitable for affinity tagging.
[0116] · This process is not limited to TFF or LiCl precipitation. Further, this process can be omitted in some circumstances.
[0117] Adding affinity tags (affinity-tagging)
[0118] This process links affinity tag (s) to the linear impurities to facilitate the removal of such impurities. The circularized RNA, such as the target circRNA and the multimer won’ t be tagged due to the lack of free 5’ and 3’ ends. After tagging, the tagged linear impurities can be removed by, e.g., affinity chromatography.
[0119] · The affinity tags include but are not limited to poly A, poly U, poly C, poly G, combined poly A / poly U / poly C / poly G tag or other specifically designed oligonucleotides.
[0120] · The affinity tags can be added to the 5’, 3’ or both ends of the linear impurities.
[0121] · The affinity tags can be a short RNA or a short DNA.
[0122] · The length of the affinity tags can be between 10 nt to 200 nt.
[0123] · The affinity tags can be generated by NTPs through enzymatic methods or can be chemically synthesized.
[0124] · The affinity tags can be added to the impurities by poly A / U / C / G polymerase or other RNA ligase such as T4 ligase. For T4 ligase-based conjugate suitable splint DNA can be applied to promote the ligation.
[0125] Buffer exchange after adding affinity tag
[0126] · This process replaces the previous buffer used for affinity tagging with one that is suitable for the subsequent affinity chromatography. This process is not limited to TFF or LiCl precipitation. This process can be omitted in some circumstances.
[0127] Affinity chromatography
[0128] This process captures the tagged linear impurities and releases the untagged circularized RNA, primarily achieving circRNA purification.
[0129] · Affinity chromatography removes the tagged linear impurities.
[0130] · Affinity chromatography can be column or resins, or membrane based.
[0131] · Affinity chromatography can be carried out more than once.
[0132] · The purity of the product after affinity chromatography is typically between 70%-95%.
[0133] Polishing
[0134] · Polishing removes the residual impurities that remain in the product after affinity chromatography, such as any residual multimers. The methods suitable for polish include but are not limited to SEC, RP chromatography, TFF.
[0135] · The polish can be carried out more than once.
[0136] Example 3 Co-transcriptional circularization of group I, intron-based circRNA production.
[0137] In this experiment, two conditions were used for co-transcriptional circularization (Conditions 1 and 2, see FIG. 3) . There was no difference in the DNA template preparation, IVT reaction mixture composition, and DNase I treatment.
[0138] At the end of the IVT reaction, Condition 1 sample was incubated at 50 ℃ for circularization, followed by the degradation of the DNA template using DNase I. In Condition 2, after 3 hours of IVT reaction, the sample was immediately treated with DNase I. The products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis (FIG. 4) and QsepTM 100, a standard-sized capillary electrophoresis Bio-Fragment Analyzer for nucleic acids (FIG. 5, the image from Condition 1 sample is shown) . Table 1 shows the relative band intensities of un-circularized linear precursor and the target circRNA product in FIG. 4.
[0139] The DNA sequences used in Example 3 are listed in Table 2. The firefly luciferase (FLuc) DNA from NEB HiScribeTM T7 High Yield RNA Synthesis Kit (catalog #E2040) was used as a control for the IVT performance. The length of the FLuc mRNA was around 1800 nt.
[0140] Taken together, co-transcriptional circularization was successful with or without 50 ℃ treatment, and addition of the 50 ℃ treatment achieved higher amount of the target circRNA.
[0141] Table 1. Circularization efficiency in different conditions (FIG. 4) . *Note on circularization efficiency: Post-circularization reaction mixture contains circRNA, multimers, introns and linear precursor. Among them, introns, circRNA and multimers are considered circularization products. Therefore, circularization efficiency (%) was determined by subtracting linear precursor (%) from 100%.
[0142] Table 2. Sequences in Example 3.
[0143] Example 4 Optimization of IVT and circularization for group I intron-based circularization. Sequence-based optimization of NTPs and prolonged IVT duration increases the yield of circRNA.
[0144] In this example, different conditions (e.g., NTP concentrations, temperatures, and IVT durations) were employed to evaluate the impacts of different factors on IVT and circularization reactions. The two DNA sequences used in Example 4, SEQ ID NO: 1 and SEQ ID NO: 3, are listed in Table 3. Table 4 shows the nucleotide composition of the constructs. The study conditions and results are summarized in Table 5.
[0145] Table 3. Sequences in Example 4.
[0146] Table 4. Nucleotide composition of the mRNA.
[0147] Table 5. Study design and results of Example 4. *Note on circularization efficiency: Post-circularization reaction mixture contains circRNA, multimers, introns and linear precursor. Among them, introns, circRNA and multimers are considered circularization products. Therefore, circularization efficiency (%) was determined by subtracting linear precursor (%) from 100%. The precursor (%) was determined by Agilent 5200 Fragment Analyzer. circRNA (%) is the percentage of the target circRNA product to the total mRNA, excluding introns and multimers.
[0148] Overall, IVT at 37℃ achieved higher circRNA yield, circRNA (%) and circularization efficiency compared to 30℃. In conditions 3 and 4, even though the total IVT yield was reduced in comparison to the total IVT yield in conditions 3 and 4, circRNA yield was about the same or higher than the IVT samples at 30℃.
[0149] Longer IVT duration had positive impact on circRNA yield and circularization efficiency (compare conditions 1-3 and 4-7) with both sequences.
[0150] Higher concentration of NTPs increased the IVT yield and circularization efficiency (compare conditions 4 and 5) .
[0151] Optimization of NTP ratio based on the sequence improved total IVT yield (compare conditions 1 and 2, conditions 6 and 7) therefore increased final circRNA yield. The effect was more significant with SEQ NO: 3.
[0152] Taken together, the factors tested in Example 4, individually and in combination, contributed to improving the yield of circRNA generated by Group I intron-based circularization. These data demonstrated that sequence-based optimization, appropriate concentration of NTPs, and additional GTP contribute to improve IVT yield and circRNA yield of Group I intron-based circularization. Additionally, heat treatment at suitable temperature can further increase circularization and circRNA yield as shown in Example 3.
[0153] Example 5 Affinity tag-based circRNA purification.
[0154] In this example, poly A tag was added to the linear impurities after IVT using polyA polymerase treatment. After 1 hour, around 100 adenine nucleotides were added to the linear impurities. Agarose gel electrophoresis demonstrated a significant increase in size of the linear impurities without impacting the circRNA species (FIG. 6) .
[0155] After adding the polyA tag, the IVT product was purified by oligo dT (18) chromatography. The agarose gel electrophoresis showed that the target circRNA was enriched in the wash fraction (FIG. 7, lane W) and the linear impurities such as linear precursor and self-spliced introns were effectively removed. Fragment analysis indicated that the purity of circRNA enriched by affinity chromatography was over 90%, accompanied by a minimal amount of multimers (FIG. 8) . These data demonstrated the effective purification of circRNA using the affinity tag-based approach.
Claims
1.A method of producing a circular (circ) RNA, said method comprising:a) providing a nucleic acid vector (e.g., a DNA template) ;b) incubating the nucleic acid vector in an in vitro transcription system thereby transcribing the nucleic acid vector to a linear RNA;c) incubating the linear RNA of step b) in a system that allows circularization of the linear RNA to a circRNA, thereby producing a mixture comprising the circRNA and residual linear RNAs (e.g., an un-circularized linear RNA) ;d) contacting the mixture of step c) with a linear RNA-specific affinity tag, thereby linking the residual linear RNA to the affinity tag;e) removing the affinity tag-linked residual linear RNA from the mixture of step d) (e.g., by affinity chromatography) ; andf) collecting the circRNA from the mixture obtained in step e) .2.The method of claim 1, wherein step f) further comprises removing residual multimers from the mixture obtained in step e) .3.The method of claim 2, wherein the residual multimers are removed by tangential flow filtration (TFF) , size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) , or reversed phase (RP) chromatography.4.The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the in vitro transcription system of step b) comprises one or more nucleoside triphosphates, wherein each of the one or more nucleoside triphosphates is at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to 15 mM.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the one or more nucleoside triphosphates are at a concentration ranging from about 2 mM to 50 mM.6.The method of any one of claims 1-5, wherein the molar ratio of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) , uridine triphosphate (UTP) , guanosine triphosphate (GTP) , cytidine triphosphate (CTP) in step b) is determined based on the sequence of the linear RNA.7.The method of any one of claims 1-6, wherein the system used for circularization of the linear RNA in step c) comprises an enzymatic ligation (e.g., T4 ligase) system, a group I intron self-splicing system, or a group II intron self-splicing system.8.The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the system used for circularization of the linear RNA in step c) is a group I intron self-splicing system, wherein step b) and step c) are performed simultaneously.9.The method of claim 8, the in vitro transcriptional system in step b) comprises GTP at a concentration higher than that used when circularization of the linear RNA is in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the concentration of GTP is about 0.1 mM to 5 mM higher than that used when circularization of the linear RNA is in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.11.The method of claim 9 or 10, wherein the concentration of GTP is about 2 mM higher than that used when circularization of the linear RNA in a system other than the group I intron self-splicing system.12.The method of any one of claims 1-11, wherein the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) comprises a polyadenine (poly A) tag, a polyuridine (poly U) tag, a polyguanine (poly G) tag, a polycytidine (poly C) tag, or a combination thereof.13.The method of any one of claims 1-12, wherein the linear RNA-specific affinity tag in step d) is linked to the residual linear RNA through an enzymatic reaction (e.g., a T4 ligase-based reaction or a polymerase-based reaction) .14.The method of any one of claims 1-13, wherein the collected circRNA in step f) has a purity level of at least about 70% (e.g., at least about 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) .15.The method of any one of claims 1-14, wherein the collected circRNA in step f) has a purity level of at least about 95%.16.The method of any one of claims 1-15, wherein the method has a circularization efficiency at least about 50% (e.g., at least about 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 72%, 75%, 77%, 80%, 82%, 85%, 88%, 90%, 92%, 94%, or 95%) .17.The method of any one of claims 1-16, wherein the method has a circularization efficiency at least about 70%.18.The method of any one of claims 1-17, wherein the method has a circularization efficiency at least about 90%.
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