Compositions and methods using a galactooligosaccharide for increasing absorption of calcium via improving its solubility

Abstract

Methods and compositions use a galactooligosaccharide (GOS) for increasing absorption of calcium, such as calcium naturally present in ingredients of the composition and / or present in a food product, a meal or a diet, wherein the food product, meal or diet is combined with the composition and / or consumed separately from the composition. Some embodiments are directed to a milk-based composition comprising calcium intrinsically present in the milk, further comprising milk protein, and further comprising a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and the galactooligosaccharide (GOS). In some embodiments, the milk-based composition does not contain exogeneous calcium, such that the only calcium in the composition is the calcium intrinsically present in the milk.

Description

TITLECOMPOSITIONS AND METHODS USING A GALACTOOLIGOSACCHARIDE FOR INCREASING ABSORPTION OF CALCIUMTECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to compositions and methods using galactooligosaccharide (GOS) for increasing absorption of calcium, such as calcium naturally present in ingredients of the composition and / or present in a food product, meal or diet, wherein the food product, meal or diet is combined with the composition and / or consumed separately from the composition. Some embodiments are directed to a milk-based composition comprising calcium intrinsically present in the milk, further comprising milk protein, and further comprising a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide (GOS). In some embodiments, the milk-based composition does not contain exogeneous calcium, such that the only calcium in the composition is the calcium intrinsically present in the milk.BACKGROUND

[0002] Calcium is an important element in human diets for adequate bone formation and maintenance, as well as other metabolic functions, e.g., nerve transmission, blood clotting, proper cell function and muscle contraction.

[0003] Food products can be fortified with calcium sources but do not necessarily provide bioavailable calcium, especially when coming from plant-based ingredients, food products, meals, diet. One of the reasons of the poor absorbability is the presence of antinutritional factors that can chelate calcium, make it insoluble and therefore not absorbable and bioavailable.

[0004] There is a need for providing a nutritional composition to increase absorption of calcium naturally present in the diet.SUMMARY

[0005] The experimental data disclosed herein shows that the dialysability of calcium from a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide is double compared to that from milk without enzymatictransformation. This composition achieves improved calcium absorption while keeping lactose levels low and avoiding fermentation.

[0006] Accordingly, embodiments of the present disclosure concern methods and / or compositions for increasing absorption of calcium by administering a galactooligosaccharide (e.g., an effective amount of a galactooligosaccharide) to an individual in need thereof. In specific embodiments, the level of calcium in an individual is increased, upon which a medical condition or physical state is thereby treated, prevented, or has a delay in onset.

[0007] In particular embodiments, the galactooligosaccharide may be administered in a composition, preferably a food product, more preferably a milk-based composition, most preferably in a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide. In some embodiments, the milk-based composition comprises milk protein, preferably at 20-40 % by dry weight of the composition; and a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 35-55% or 32-55%, by dry weight of the composition; preferably, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of the lactose, 8-40% by weight of the glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of the galactose and 40-90% by weight of the galactooligosaccharide.

[0008] Preferably the milk-based composition can include at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased, most preferably with at least a portion of the calcium intrinsically present in the milk. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased is consumed in a separate distinct composition. For example, at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased may be administered in a separate composition distinct from the low sugar, low lactose, milkbased composition comprising galactooligosaccharide. For example, at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased may be consumed at least partially concurrently and / or at least partially sequentially as consumption of the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide.

[0009] In some embodiments, at least about 2 wt.%, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least 50 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 70 wt.%, at least about 80 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.% or even about 100 wt.% of the calcium for which absorption is increased is intrinsically present in the milk of the milk-based composition, such that there is minimal or no calcium fortification of these embodiments of the composition by exogenous calcium sources.

[0010] The increased calcium absorption may provide at least one result selected from the group consisting of: (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, forexample by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining a weight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function- and (i) combinations thereof, in the individual.

[0011] The composition may further comprise 0.5-30% by dry weight of at least one of milk fat or mineral derived from milk, preferably a combination thereof. The composition may further comprise 5-20% by dry weight of vegetable oil.

[0012] The embodiments disclosed herein each include one or more advantageous features not provided by the compositions and methods of “Methods of Use of Oligosaccharide Compositions For Modulating Microbiota And Their Metabolic Products, And As Therapeutics For Health Application,” International Patent Publication No. WO2022 / 241163, by Amicucci et al.; “Process For Preparing Enzymatically-Treated Food Compositions With Gos And Low Lactose Content And Food Compositions Thereof,” International Patent Publication No. W02023 / 057540, by Sabine et al.; “Milk Oligosaccharide Galactooligosaccharide Composition For Infant Formula Containing The Soluble Oligosaccharide Fraction Present In Milk, And Having A Low Level Of Monosaccharides, And A Process To Produce The Composition,” U.S. Patent Publication No. 2014 / 0087021, by Berrocal Rafael et al.; “Synthetic composition for treating metabolic disorders,” U.S. Patent No. 11,529,364, by Elison et al.; “Immune system stimulating nutrition,” U.S. Patent No. 10,124,016, by Potappel-Van’T Land Belinda et al.; “Milk products comprising high amounts of galactooligosaccharides (gos) and their production,” European Patent No. 3624594, by Tams J. W.; and “Enzymatic conversion of milk lactose to prebiotic galactooligosaccharides to produce low lactose yogurt,” by Raza, Iqbal, Ullah, Khan, and Imran in J Food Process Preserv. 2018; 42:el3586. https: / / doi.org / 10. I l l 1 / jfpp.13586.

[0013] Additional features and advantages are described herein and will be apparent from the following Figures and Detailed Description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0014] FIG. 1 shows results from the non-limiting experimental example disclosed herein, specifically, effect of GOS on calcium dialysability (Dial) and total absorbability (Tot BA) (%) when mixed with the control (CTLR= chlorella supplement).

[0015] FIG. 2 shows results from the non-limiting experimental example disclosed herein, specifically, effect of GOS on calcium dialysability (Dial) and total absorbability (Tot BA) (%) when mixed with the control (CTLR= Standard Diet).

[0016] FIG. 3 shows results from the non-limiting experimental example disclosed herein, specifically, effect of the composition (COMP) on calcium dialysability (Dial) and total absorbability (Tot BA) (%) from the almond flour control (CTRL) in comparison to results from the CTLR and from Milk (M) condition.

[0017] FIG. 4 shows results from the non-limiting experimental example disclosed herein, specifically, impact of the composition (COMP) on calcium dialysability naturally present in milk. This is demonstrated by the comparison of the calcium dialysability of the COMP versus that from milk (M). The quantity of calcium in the two conditions was similar.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0018] Definitions

[0019] Some definitions are provided hereafter. Nevertheless, definitions may be located in the “Embodiments” section below, and the above header “Definitions” does not mean that such disclosures in the “Embodiments” section are not definitions.

[0020] All percentages expressed herein are by weight of the total weight of the composition unless expressed otherwise. As used herein, “about,” “approximately” and “substantially” are understood to refer to numbers in a range of numerals, for example the range of -10% to +10% of the referenced number, preferably -5% to +5% of the referenced number, more preferably -1% to +1% of the referenced number, most preferably -0.1% to +0.1% of the referenced number. All numerical ranges herein should be understood to include all integers, whole or fractions, within the range. Moreover, these numerical ranges should be construed as providing support for a claim directed to any number or subset of numbers in that range. For example, a disclosure of from 1 to 10 should be construed as supporting a range of from 1 to 8, from 3 to 7, from 1 to 9, from 3.6 to 4.6, from 3.5 to 9.9, and so forth.

[0021] As used in this disclosure and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a protein” or “the protein” includes two or more proteins.

[0022] The words “comprise,” “comprises” and “comprising” are to be interpreted inclusively rather than exclusively. Likewise, the terms “include,” “including” and “or” should all be construed to be inclusive, unless such a construction is clearly prohibited from the context. Nevertheless, the compositions and methods disclosed herein may lack any element that is not specifically disclosed herein. Thus, a disclosure of an embodiment using the term “comprising” includes a disclosure of embodiments “consisting essentially of’ and “consisting of’ the components or steps identified.

[0023] The terms “at least one of’ and “and / or” used respectively in the context of “at least one of X and Y” and “X and / or Y” should be interpreted as “X without Y,” or “Y without X,” or “both X and Y.” Where used herein, the terms “example” and “such as,” particularly when followed by a listing of terms, are merely exemplary and illustrative and should not be deemed to be exclusive or comprehensive.

[0024] As used herein, “related to,” “associated with” and “linked with” mean occurring concurrently, preferably mean caused by the same underlying condition, more preferably mean that one of the identified conditions is at least indirectly caused by the other identified condition, and most preferably mean that one of the identified conditions is directly caused by the other identified condition.

[0025] The terms “food,” “food supplement,” “food product” and “food composition” mean a product or composition that is intended for ingestion by an individual such as a human and provides at least one nutrient to the individual. The compositions of the present disclosure, including the many embodiments described herein, can comprise, consist of, or consist essentially of the elements disclosed herein, as well as any additional or optional ingredients, components, or elements described herein or otherwise useful in a diet supplement.

[0026] “Prevention” includes reduction of risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of a condition or disorder. The terms “treatment” and “treat” include both prophylactic or preventive treatment (that prevent and / or slow the development of a targeted pathologic condition or disorder) and curative, therapeutic or disease-modifying treatment, including therapeutic measures that cure, slow down, lessen symptoms of, and / or halt progression of a diagnosed pathologic condition or disorder; and treatment of patients at risk of contracting a disease or suspected to have contracted a disease, as well as patients who are ill or have been diagnosed as suffering from a disease or medical condition. The terms “treatment” and “treat” do not necessarily imply that a subject is treated until total recovery. The terms “treatment” and “treat” also refer to the maintenance and / or promotion of health in an individual not suffering from a disease but who may be susceptible to the development of an unhealthycondition. The terms “treatment” and “treat” are also intended to include the potentiation or otherwise enhancement of one or more primary prophylactic or therapeutic measures. As nonlimiting examples, a treatment can be performed by a patient, a caregiver, a doctor, a nurse, or another healthcare professional.

[0027] As used herein, the term “low lactose” shall refer to a composition with lactose less than or equal to 30% of the composition.

[0028] As used herein, the term “low sugar” shall refer to a composition with sugar less than or equal to 55% of the composition.

[0029] As used herein, a prophylactically or therapeutically “effective amount” is an amount that prevents a deficiency, treats a disease or medical condition in an individual, or, more generally, reduces symptoms, manages progression of the disease, or provides a nutritional, physiological, or medical benefit to the individual.

[0030] The term “composition” may mean a food, beverage, dietary supplement, complete nutrition or oral nutritional supplement (ONS) or medical food composition, or mixture thereof.

[0031] The composition can be in solid form (e.g., powder) or in liquid form. The amount of the various ingredients can be expressed in g / 100 g of the composition on a dry weight basis when it is in a solid form, e.g. a powder, or as a concentration in g / 100 mL of the composition when it refers to a liquid form (this latter also encompasses liquid composition that may be obtained from a powder after reconstitution in a liquid such as water.)

[0032] The term “unit dosage form,” as used herein, refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human and animal subjects, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of the composition disclosed herein in an amount sufficient to produce the desired effect, in association with an acceptable diluent, carrier or vehicle. The specifications for the unit dosage form depend on the particular compounds employed, the effect to be achieved, and the pharmacodynamics associated with each compound in the host.

[0033] “Galactooligosaccharides” (GOS) are oligosaccharides composed of different galactosyl residues (usually from 2 to 9 units) and a terminal glucose linked by P- glycosidic bonds, such as [3-(l— 2), [3-(l— 3), [3-(l— 4), and [3-(l— 6). GOS are normally produced through the enzymatic conversion of lactose.

[0034] Embodiments

[0035] In an aspect of the present disclosure, a method of increasing absorption of calcium comprises administering a galactooligosaccharide (e.g., an effective amount of agalactooligosaccharide) to an individual in need thereof (i.e., in need of increased calcium absorption). Preferably the galactoligosaccharide is administered in a food product, such as a food, beverage, dietary supplement, complete nutrition or oral nutritional supplement (ONS) or medical food composition, or mixture thereof.

[0036] The galactooligosaccharide may be administered in a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition (e.g., a nutritional composition) comprising the galactooligosaccharide. In some embodiments, the composition comprises at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased. Alternatively or additionally, at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased is administered in a separate, distinct composition consumed concurrently and / or sequentially to the low sugar, low lactose, milkbased composition comprising galactooligosaccharide.

[0037] Preferably the milk-based composition can include at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased, most preferably with at least a portion of the calcium intrinsically present in the milk. Additionally or alternatively, in some embodiments at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased is consumed in a separate distinct composition. For example, at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased may be administered in a separate composition distinct from the low sugar, low lactose, milkbased composition comprising galactooligosaccharide. For example, at least a portion of the calcium for which absorption is increased may be consumed at least partially concurrently and / or at least partially sequentially as consumption of the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide.

[0038] In some embodiments, at least about 2 wt.%, at least about 5 wt.%, at least about 10 wt.%, at least about 20 wt.%, at least about 30 wt.%, at least about 40 wt.%, at least 50 wt.%, at least about 60 wt.%, at least about 70 wt.%, at least about 80 wt.%, at least about 90 wt.% or even about 100 wt.% of the calcium for which absorption is increased is intrinsically present in the milk of the milk-based composition, such that there is minimal or no calcium fortification of these embodiments of the composition by exogenous calcium sources.

[0039] Common sources of calcium from the diet or any plant-based food include milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits. Examples of such sources may be vegetables such as dark leafy greens such as spinach, kale, Swiss chard, collard greens, and beet greens; legumes such as lentils, chickpeas, kidney beans, and black beans; soybeans; cocoa beans; tofu, made from soybeans, soy flour, soy extracts, soy concentrates; nuts and seeds such as pumpkin seeds, sesame seeds, hemp seeds and cashews; and cereals, such as wheat, oat,barley, and whole grains such as quinoa, amaranth, oats, fruits such as strawberries, watermelon, figs, dates, raisins, dried apricots or prunes.

[0040] Non-limiting examples of the individual, to whom the galactooligosaccharide is administered (e.g., in a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition), include adults; older adults; pregnant or lactating women; menopausal or perimenopausal women; infants; children; and subjects consuming a vegetarian diet, a flexitarian diet, a vegan diet or any type of plant-based diet.

[0041] In some embodiments, the milk-based composition is low fat milk, full fat milk, infant formula, follow on formula, or beverage based milk, from animal or vegetal source. In an embodiment, the milk-based composition is in liquid or powder form.

[0042] In some embodiments, the composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises 20-40 % by dry weight of milk protein; and 32-55% by dry weight of a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

[0043] In some embodiments, the composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises 35-55% by dry weight of a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide.

[0044] In an embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose and galactose and galactooligosaccharide comprises: 0.1-30% by weight of lactose.

[0045] In an embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose and galactose and galactooligosaccharide comprises: 8-40% by weight of glucose.

[0046] In an embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose and galactose and galactooligosaccharide comprises: 0.1-20% by weight of galactose.

[0047] In an embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose and galactose and galactooligosaccharide comprises 40-90% by weight of galactooligosaccharide.

[0048] In an embodiment, the milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises: milk protein, preferably at 20-40 % by dry weight of the composition; and a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 32-55% by dry weight of the composition; preferably, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of the lactose, 8-40% by weight of the glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of the galactose and 40-90% by weight of the galactooligosaccharide.

[0049] In another embodiment, the milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises:milk protein, preferably at 20-40 % by dry weight of the composition; and a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 35-55% by dry weight of the composition; preferably, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of the lactose, 8-40% by weight of the glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of the galactose and 40-90% by weight of the galactooligosaccharide.

[0050] Some embodiments provide a contribution from each of the components of the composition individually, in combination, and / or synergistically.

[0051] Calcium is a vital mineral that is essential for various functions in the body. Adequate calcium absorption can provide several health benefits:

[0052] Supports strong and healthy bones: Calcium is a key component of bone structure and is necessary for the development and maintenance of strong and healthy bones. Adequate calcium absorption helps prevent conditions like osteoporosis, which is characterized by weak and brittle bones.

[0053] Promotes dental health: Calcium is also important for dental health. It helps in the formation and maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel. Sufficient calcium absorption can reduce the risk of tooth decay and cavities.

[0054] Supports muscle function: Calcium plays a crucial role in muscle contraction and relaxation. It is involved in the transmission of nerve signals to muscles, allowing them to contract and move properly. Adequate calcium absorption ensures optimal muscle function and can help prevent muscle cramps and spasms.

[0055] Regulates heart rhythm: Calcium is necessary for the proper functioning of the heart. It helps regulate the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscles, which is essential for maintaining a normal heart rhythm. Sufficient calcium absorption can support a healthy cardiovascular system.

[0056] Assists in blood clotting: Calcium is involved in the blood clotting process. It helps in the activation of clotting factors, which are necessary for the formation of blood clots to prevent excessive bleeding. Adequate calcium absorption ensures proper blood clotting and can help prevent excessive bleeding disorders.

[0057] Supports nerve function: Calcium is important for nerve function and transmission of nerve signals. It helps in the release of neurotransmitters, which are chemicals that allow nerve cells to communicate with each other. Sufficient calcium absorption can support optimal nerve function and improve overall neurological health.

[0058] Weight management: Adequate calcium absorption, along with a balanced diet and regular physical activity, may help in maintaining a healthy weight and reducing the risk of obesity.

[0059] Accordingly, the increased calcium absorption from the methods disclosed herein may provide at least one result selected from the group consisting of: (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, for example by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining a weight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function and (i) combinations thereof..

[0060] The method may comprise identifying the individual as having a medical condition or physical state that would benefit from increased calcium absorption, and / or the method may comprise identifying the individual as at risk of a medical condition or physical state that would benefit from calcium absorption. In particular embodiments, the individual subjected with methods and / or compositions of the invention is desiring prevention of one or more undesirable physical states (or the effects thereof, such as with aging) or medical conditions.

[0061] In some embodiments, the composition comprises 20-40% by dry weight of milk protein. Milk protein includes any protein or combination of proteins derived from milk. The milk proteins may have been derived from milk in any suitable way. In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 25-40%, more preferably 30-40% by dry weight of milk protein.

[0062] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 2% to 95% by weight of GOS, about 3.5- 90 %, about 3.5-40% preferably 4-30% by weight of GOS.

[0063] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises 35-55%, more preferably 32-55%, by dry weight of a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of lactose, 8-40% by weight of glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of galactose and 40-90% by weight of GOS.

[0064] In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 45-55% by dry weight of the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS; in a more preferred embodiment, the food ingredient comprises 50-55% by dry weight of the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS.

[0065] In another preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS comprises 60-90% by weight of GOS, more preferred 70-90% by weight of GOS.

[0066] In yet another preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS contains: 1-20% by weight of lactose, 15-35% by weight of glucose, 1-10% by weight of galactose and 50-85% by weight of GOS.

[0067] In a more preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS contains: 1-14% by weight of lactose, 15-29% by weight of glucose, 1-8% by weight of galactose and 70-90% by weight of GOS.

[0068] In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS comprises 0.1-30%, such as 0.1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, 20-25%, or 25-30% by weight of lactose.

[0069] In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS comprises 8-40%, such as 8-16%, 16-24%, 24-32%, or 32-40%, by weight of glucose.

[0070] In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS comprises 0.1-20%, such as 0.1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, or 15-20%, by weight of galactose.

[0071] In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS comprises 40-90%, such as 40-50%, 50-60%, 60-70%, or 70-80% by weight of GOS.

[0072] The composition may further comprise 0.5-30% by dry weight of milk fat and / or minerals derived from milk, preferably 2-20%, more preferably 6-10% by dry weight of milk fat and / or minerals derived from milk. Milk fat includes fat derived from milk in any suitable way. Milk derived minerals include minerals derived from milk in any suitable way, e.g. calcium, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and / or magnesium salts. Milk fat and / or milk derived minerals may originate from liquid milk, such as skim milk, partially skimmed milk and / or whole milk, or from milk powder, such as e.g. skim milk powder and / or whole milk powder.

[0073] In a preferred embodiment, the composition further comprises 5-20% by dry weight of vegetable oil, more preferably 8-15% by dry weight of vegetable oil. The vegetable oil may be any suitable vegetable oil, preferably palm oil. In one embodiment, the composition relates to a cocoa, coffee, fruit based and / or malt beverage powder comprising: 10-35% by weight of non-fat milk solids; 0-65% by weight of malt extract solids; 0-15% by weight ofcocoa solids; 6-15% by weight of vegetable oil and / or milk fat; 0-25% by weight of sucrose; 1-6% by weight of glucose; 0.1-5% by weight of lactose; and 3-10% by weight of GOS.

[0074] Non-fat milk solids may be derived from any suitable milk source, such as liquid milk, e.g., skim milk and / or whole milk, and / or milk powder, e.g., skim milk powder and / or whole milk powder. If liquid milk is used, it may be concentrated, for example by evaporation or filtration. Malt extract solids may be in any suitable form, e.g. in the form of a powdered or liquid extract of malted barley and / or wheat. Cocoa solids may be from any suitable cocoa source, e.g. in the form of cocoa powder, cocoa mass and / or cocoa butter. Vegetable oil may be any suitable vegetable oil, preferably palm oil. Milk fat may be derived from any suitable milk source, such as e.g. liquid milk or cream, e.g. skim milk, cream, and / or whole milk, and / or milk powder, e.g. skim milk powder, cream powder, and / or whole milk powder, and / or may be in the form of butter, butter oil and / or anhydrous milk fat. If liquid milk or cream is used, it may be concentrated, for example by evaporation or filtration.

[0075] A cocoa and / or malt beverage powder preferably is 10-30% by dry weight of the composition, more preferably 15-25% by dry weight of the composition. In a preferred embodiment, the cocoa and / or malt beverage powder comprises 2-4% by weight of glucose; 0.1-2% by weight of lactose; and 5-10% by weight of GOS.

[0076] A cocoa and / or malt beverage powder may comprise sucrose. Due to the amounts of lactose, glucose and GOS present in the composition, the amount of sucrose may be reduced as compared to a conventional cocoa and / or malt beverage powder, while retaining an acceptable taste, sweetness and texture. In a preferred embodiment, a cocoa and / or malt beverage product does not comprise sucrose. In another preferred embodiment, a cocoa and / or malt beverage powder comprises 1-25% by weight of sucrose, more preferably 5-20% by weight of sucrose.

[0077] The cocoa and / or malt beverage powder may comprise any other suitable ingredients known in the art, such as e.g. vitamins, minerals, buffer salts, emulsifiers and stabilizers.

[0078] The cocoa and / or malt beverage powder may be produced by any suitable method known in the art. The ingredients may be in powder form and mixed in the dry state; some or all ingredients may be mixed in aqueous solution / suspension and subsequently dried to a powder; or some or all powdered ingredients may be co-agglomerated to produce a powder with improved solubility.

[0079] In a preferred embodiment, a cocoa and malt beverage powder comprises 15- 35% by weight of non-fat milk solids; 20-50% by weight of malt extract solids; 5-15% byweight of cocoa solids; 6-15% by weight of vegetable oil and / or milk fat; 0-25% by weight of sucrose; 1-6% by weight of glucose; 0.1-5% by weight of lactose; and 3-10% by weight of galactooligosaccharide.

[0080] In some embodiments, a liquid cocoa and / or malt beverage product comprises: 3-10% by weight of non-fat milk solids; 1-6% by weight of malt extract solids; 0- 5% by weight of cocoa solids; 0.3-5% by weight of vegetable oil and / or milk fat; 0-5% by weight of sucrose; 0.4-1.5% by weight of glucose; 0.01-1% by weight of lactose; and 0.5-5% by weight of GOS.

[0081] The liquid cocoa and / or malt beverage product is a cocoa and / or malt beverage product in liquid form which is suitable to be consumed without addition of liquid (“ ready -to-drink”). It may be packed in a container from which it can be consumed directly upon opening.

[0082] The composition can be in any oral nutritional form, e.g., a health drink, a ready-made drink, optionally as a soft drink, including juices, coffee, tea, milk-shake, yogurt drink, smoothie or soy -based drink; in a food bar; a powder, such as in sachet form; or dispersed in foods of any sort, such as baked products, cereal bars, dairy bars, snack-foods, soups, breakfast cereals, muesli, candies, tabs, cookies, biscuits, crackers (such as rice crackers), and dairy and plant-based products.

[0083] In some embodiments, the composition is a ready-to-drink beverage. The weight percentages are based on dry matter of the composition before reconstitution. In an embodiment, the ready-to-drink beverage comprises 32%-55% of a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose, and GOS. In an embodiment, the composition comprises 40-45% by dry weight of the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS. In an embodiment, the composition comprises 45-50% by dry weight of the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS. In an embodiment, the food ingredient comprises 32-37% by dry weight of the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS.

[0084] In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 1-25% by weight of lactose, such as 1-5%, 5-10%, 10-15%, 15-20%, or 20-25% by weight of lactose. In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 15-35% by weight of glucose, such as 15-20%, 20-25%, 25-30%, or 30-35% by weight of glucose. In some embodiments, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 1-10% by weight of galactose, such as 1-2%, 2-4%, 4-6%, 6-8%, or 8-10% by weight of galactose. In some embodiments,the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 50-85% by weight of GOS, such as 50-60%, 60-70%, 70-80%, or 80-85% by weight of GOS.

[0085] In a preferred embodiment, the composition comprises 40-45% of a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 10-20% by weight of lactose. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 15-25% by weight of glucose. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 0.1-5% by weight of galactose. In a preferred embodiment, the mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and GOS in the composition contains 57-70% by weight of GOS.

[0086] In some embodiments, the ready-to-drink beverage includes milk. In some embodiments, the milk includes full milk, skim milk, and other types of milk. In some embodiments, the ready to drink beverage is optionally fortified with one or more vitamins and minerals. In a preferred embodiment, the one or more vitamins include vitamins for providing a benefit, such as improving immunity and / or mobility.

[0087] The composition may be administered to the individual at least two days per week, at least three days per week, all seven days of the week respecting serving size; for at least one week, at least one month, at least two months, at least three months, at least six months, or even longer. In some embodiments, the composition is administered to the individual consecutively for a number of days. In an embodiment, the composition can be administered to the individual daily for at least 30, 60 or 90 consecutive days.

[0088] In some embodiments, the serving size of the composition is an amount effective to increase calcium absorption, for example, about 100 ml, about 200 ml, about 300 ml, about 400 ml, or about 500 ml of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition is administered in a unit dosage form that comprises an amount of the composition effective for increasing calcium absorption.

[0089] In view of the disclosures herein, a first embodiment is a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:

[0090] administering a galactooligosaccharide alone or in a composition to the individual; and

[0091] administering the calcium, for which absorption is increased, in an additional composition separate and distinct from the galactooligosaccharide, concurrently and / or sequentially.

[0092] In some embodiments of this method, the additional composition comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour or oat bran. Additionally or alternatively, at least a portion of calcium in the additional composition has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the additional composition is a calcium-fortified composition.

[0093] Preferably the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a food product, preferably a milk-based composition such as a low sugar, low lactose milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide.

[0094] In some embodiments of this method, the galactooligosaccharide is present in an amount of about 2% to 95% by weight of the composition, about 3.5- 90 %, about 3.5- 40%, preferably 4-30% by weight of the composition.

[0095] In a second embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:

[0096] administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual, wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically and / or naturally present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition; and

[0097] a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is naturally present in an additional composition, preferably a food product, a meal or a diet separate and distinct from the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide, concurrently and / or sequentially.

[0098] In some embodiments of this method, the milk-based composition comprises:

[0099] milk protein, preferably at 20-40 % by dry weight of the composition; and

[0100] a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 32-55% by dry weight of the composition;

[0101] preferably, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of the lactose, 8-40% by weight of the glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of the galactose and 40-90% by weight of the galactooligosaccharide.

[0102] In some embodiments of this method, the additional composition comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk. Additionally or alternatively, at least a portion of the calcium in the additional composition has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the additional composition is a calcium-fortified composition.

[0103] In a third embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a composition comprising galactooligosaccharide and further comprising the calcium, for which absorption is increased, to the individual.

[0104] In some embodiments of this method, the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk. Additionally or alternatively, at least a portion of the calcium in the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide has been exogeneously added as a fortificant such that the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a calcium-fortified composition.

[0105] In a fourth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:

[0106] administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual,

[0107] wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition,

[0108] and wherein the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises an additional ingredient beyond the milk, in which a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk.

[0109] In a fifth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calciumabsorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:

[0110] administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual,

[0111] wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition,

[0112] and wherein the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide further comprises a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, that has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a calcium-fortified composition.

[0113] In a sixth embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:

[0114] administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual, wherein the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition.

[0115] In any of these embodiments, the increasing absorption of calcium may comprise at least one result selected from the group consisting of: (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, for example by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining a weight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function- and (i) combinations thereof,, in an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof.

[0116] In any of these embodiments, the individual, to whom the galactooligosaccharide is administered, is selected from the group consisting of adults; older adults; pregnant or lactating women; menopausal or perimenopausal women; infants; children;and subjects consuming a plant-based meal, vegetarian diet, a flexitarian diet, a vegan diet or any type of plant-based diet.

[0117] In a seventh embodiment, the present disclosure provides a method for one or more of (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, for example by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining a weight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function- and (i) combinations thereof, in the individual in need thereof or at risk thereof,

[0118] the method comprising administering an effective amount of a galactooligosaccharide to the individual in need thereof or at risk thereof, preferably by performing any of the methods disclosed herein.

[0119] Preferably the galactooligosaccharide is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the galactooligosaccharide effective for increasing absorption of calcium in the individual, the increased absorption of calcium preferably comprising at least one of increased calcium absorbability and / or increased calcium bioavailability.EXAMPLES

[0120] The following non-limiting example generally illustrates the concepts underlying the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0121] Materials and Methods

[0122] The in vitro method that has been used the most to predict the calcium absorption is the dialyzability method. Both solubility and dialyzability methods aim to estimate the fraction of a mineral available for absorption. In brief, the food samples are digested according to a protocol established to mimic both the gastric and the intestinal phase of human digestion (Glahn et al 1998). The dialysability is based on the method developed by Argyri and al. (2011), i.e., after gastric digestion, intestinal digestion is initiated, and samplesare placed on a dialysis membrane tightly held with a well ring immersed in the incubating saline solution. The gastric digestion is performed by adding a pepsin solution to the samples. The incubation occurs on a rocking shaker at a low, gentle setting for 1 hour at 37 °C. Then, the intestinal digestion process is initiated by adding a pancreatin-bile solution to each sample tube. This step is followed by a pH adjustment to 6.9-7.0. Samples are then placed on the upper part of the dialysis membrane (10 -14KDa) in 6-well culture plate. An aliquot is kept for determination of the total quantity of calcium in the digestat. The plates are covered and incubate at 37 °C on a rocking shaker at 6 oscillations / min for 2 hours. After 2 hours samples are collected, in the lower part of the chamber and weighted. This represents the dialysable fraction (Dial). The remaining digestas present in the upper part of the dialysis membrane is centrifuged at 9000g for 30 min at 4 °C to collect and weight the remaining soluble fractions. All collected samples are freezed at -20°C until analysis.

[0123] After acidic mineralization following official method EN 13805:2014, calcium concentrations were determined by ICP-OES (Agilent 5100) according to Official Method AO AC 2011.14 to allow calculating the quantity of calcium in the digesta, the dialysate, the remaining soluble fraction and the total bioaccessibility or absorbability (Tot- BA).

[0124] The percentage of dialysable calcium was calculated as follows: Dialysable calcium fraction (%)100 ; the remaining soluble fraction was calculated Total Ca {digesta) similarly, and the Total bioaccessible / absorbable fraction (%)= Dialysable fraction (%) + Remaining soluble fraction (%).

[0125] The impact of the galactooligosacharide (GOS) on calcium absorbability from calcium intrinsically present in vegetables (CTRL) was performed comparing the CTRL vegetable tested alone or mixed with a (GOS) of high purity (i.e., 97.5%). The impact of the Composition (COMP) was tested in comparison to the milk (M) condition. Milk was mixed with CTRL in the same manner than with GOS and COMP.

[0126] Results

[0127] The impact of GOS on calcium intrinsically present in CTRLS is illustrated by FIGS. 1 and 2. The impact of COMP (containing GOS) on calcium intrinsically present in CTRLs is illustrated by FIG. 3, as well as its superiority to milk. Finally, FIG. 4 shows that the COMP has also an impact on the calcium intrinsically present in the composition; this is demonstrated by the comparison with milk.

[0128] Specifically, FIG. 1 shows the effect of GOS on calcium dialysability and total absorbability from calcium naturally present in the Chlorela control (CTRL). GOS increased the calcium dialysability and total absorbability from natural calcium by 65%.

[0129] FIG. 2 shows the effect of GOS on calcium dialysability and total absorbability from calcium naturally present in a standard diet (CTRL; Standard Reference Material® 1548a Typical Diet). GOS increased the calcium dialysability and total absorbability from natural calcium by 21 and 41%, respectively.

[0130] FIG. 3 shows the effect of the composition (COMP) on calcium dialysability (Dial) and total absorbability (Tot BA) (%) from the almond flour control (CTRL) in comparison to results from the CTLR and from the milk (M) condition. The COMP increased the calcium dialysability and total absorbability by 289 and 409% when compared to the CTRL. This effect is higher than the one observed with milk (M), that increases the calcium dialysability and total absorbability by 261 and 230% when compared to the CTRL. One may say that this effect is due to the natural calcium brough by the milk component in the mixture. However, while the quantity of nature calcium was indeed increased by 155% in both cases (i.e. M and COMP conditions), this number is much lower than the increased calcium absorbability observed when the CTLR is mixed with M or COMP condition and cannot explain the totality of the effect.

[0131] FIG. 4 shows that the COMP as also an impact on calcium naturally present in the COMP. This is demonstrated by the comparison of the calcium dialysabitity from milk. The result shows that the dialysability of calcium intrinsically present in the COMP is 85% higher than that from milk.

Claims

CLAIMSClaim 1 : A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a galactooligosaccharide alone or in a composition to the individual; and administering the calcium, for which absorption is increased, in an additional composition separate and distinct from the galactooligosaccharide, concurrently and / or sequentially.Claim 2: The method of claim 1, wherein the additional composition comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk.Claim 3: The method of claim 1 or claim 2, wherein at least a portion of calcium in the additional composition has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the additional composition is a calcium-fortified composition.Claim 4: The method of any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a food product, preferably a milk-based composition.Claim 5: The method of claim 4, wherein the milk-based composition is a low sugar, low lactose milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide.Claim 6: The method of any of claims 1 to 5, wherein the galactooligosaccharide is present in an amount of 2% to 95% by weight of the composition.Claim 7: A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual,wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically and / or naturally present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition; and a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is naturally present in an additional composition, preferably a food product, a meal or a diet separate and distinct from the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide, concurrently and / or sequentially.Claim 8: The method of claim 7, wherein the milk-based composition comprises: milk protein, preferably at 20-40 % by dry weight of the composition; and a mixture of lactose, glucose, galactose and galactooligosaccharide, the mixture preferably at 32-55% by dry weight of the composition; preferably, the mixture comprising: 0.1-30% by weight of the lactose, 8-40% by weight of the glucose, 0.1-20% by weight of the galactose and 40-90% by weight of the galactooligosaccharide.Claim 9: The method of claim 7 or claim 8, wherein the additional composition comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk.Claim 10: The method of any of claims 7 to 9, wherein at least a portion of the calcium in the additional composition has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the additional composition is a calcium-fortified composition.Claim 11 : A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a composition comprising galactooligosaccharide and further comprising the calcium, for which absorption is increased, to the individual.Claim 12: The method of claim 11, wherein the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide comprises an ingredient in which at least a portion of the calcium is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk.Claim 13: The method of claim 11 or claim 12, wherein at least a portion of the calcium in the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a calcium- fortified composition.Claim 14: A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual, wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition, and wherein the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide comprises an additional ingredient beyond the milk, in which a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is naturally occurring, for example at least one of milk, vegetables, legumes, pulses, seeds, cereals and / or fruits, such as one or more of cocoa, spinach, almond flour, soy flour, oat bran, or milk.Claim 15 : A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising: administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual, wherein a first portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition, and wherein the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide further comprises a second portion of the calcium, for which absorption is increased, that has been exogenously added as a fortificant such that the milk-based composition comprising the galactooligosaccharide is a calcium-fortified composition.Claim 16: A method for increasing absorption of calcium, preferably comprising at least one of increasing calcium absorbability and / or increasing calcium bioavailability, in an individual in need thereof, the method comprising:administering a low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition comprising galactooligosaccharide to the individual, wherein the calcium, for which absorption is increased, is intrinsically present in the milk in the low sugar, low lactose, milk-based composition.Claim 17: The method of any of claims 1 to 16, wherein the increasing absorption of calcium comprises at least one result selected from the group consisting of: (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, for example by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining a weight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function- and (i) combinations thereof, in the individual.Claim 18: The method of any of claims 1 to 17, wherein the individual, to whom the galactooligosaccharide is administered, is selected from the group consisting of adults; older adults; pregnant or lactating women; menopausal or perimenopausal women; infants; children; and subjects consuming a plant-based meal, product, vegetarian diet, a flexitarian diet, a vegan diet or any type of plant-based diet.Claim 19: A method for one or more of (a) maintaining or improving strength and / or health of bones, for example by treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of osteoporosis; (b) maintaining or improving dental health, for example by maintaining or improving formation and / or maintenance of strong teeth and tooth enamel, and / or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of tooth decay and cavities; (c) maintaining or improving muscle function; (d) maintaining or improving heart function; (e) ensuring proper blood clotting and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of excessive bleeding disorders; (f) maintaining or improving nerve function and / or neurological health; (g) supporting weight management, for example by maintaining aweight level and / or treating, preventing, or reducing risk, incidence, severity and / or duration of obesity; (h) improving gut health and / or digestive function- and (i) combinations thereof, , in an individual in need thereof or at risk thereof, the method comprising administering an effective amount of a galactooligosaccharide to the individual in need thereof or at risk thereof.Claim 20. The method of claim 19, comprising performing the method of any of claims 1-18.Claim 21 : The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the galactooligosaccharide is administered to the individual in a unit dosage form, wherein the unit dosage form comprises an amount of the galactooligosaccharide effective for increasing absorption of calcium in the individual, the increased absorption of calcium preferably comprising at least one of increased calcium absorbability and / or increased calcium bioavailability.

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