Method and apparatus for event prediction using UE functionality
A UE-sided AI/ML model predicts L1 and L3 events, enhancing mobility performance by enabling proactive handover management and reducing latency in wireless communication systems.
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- LENOVO (BEIJING) LTD
- Filing Date
- 2025-07-08
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-28
AI Technical Summary
Existing wireless communication systems lack efficient methods for UE-sided prediction of L1 and L3 events, which are crucial for optimizing mobility performance and reducing latency in handovers.
Implementing a UE-sided model using AI/ML functionality to predict L1 and L3 events, enabling the UE to transmit reports to the BS regarding its capabilities and event predictions, including direct and indirect predictions, and supporting flexible resource configurations for periodic reporting.
Enhances mobility performance by allowing the UE to anticipate and manage handovers more effectively, thereby reducing latency and improving network efficiency.
Smart Images

Figure CN2025107585_28052026_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR EVENT PREDICTION USING UE FUNCTIONALITYTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure relate generally to wireless communication technology, and more particularly to event prediction using user equipment (UE) functionality.BACKGROUND
[0002] A wireless communication system may include one or multiple network communication devices, such as base stations (BSs) , which may support wireless communication for one or multiple user communication devices, which may be otherwise known as UE, or other suitable terminology. The wireless communication system may support wireless communication with one or multiple user communication devices by utilizing resources of the wireless communication system (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) ) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers, or the like) . Additionally, the wireless communication system may support wireless communication across various radio access technologies including third generation (3G) radio access technology, fourth generation (4G) radio access technology, fifth generation (5G) (which is also known as new radio (NR) ) radio access technology, among other suitable radio access technologies beyond 5G (e.g., sixth generation (6G) ) .SUMMARY
[0003] An article “a” before an element is unrestricted and understood to refer to “at least one” of those elements or “one or more” of those elements. The terms “a, ” “at least one, ” “one or more, ” and “at least one of one or more” may be interchangeable. As used herein, including in the claims, “or” as used in a list of items (e.g., a list of items prefaced by a phrase such as “at least one of” or “one or more of” or “one or both of” ) indicates an inclusive list such that, for example, a list of at least one of A, B, or C means A or B or C or AB or AC or BC or ABC (i.e., A and B and C) . Also, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of conditions. For example, an example step that is described as “based on condition A” may be based on both a condition A and a condition B without departing from the scope of the present disclosure. In other words, as used herein, the phrase “based on” shall be construed in the same manner as the phrase “based at least in part on. ” Further, as used herein, including in the claims, a “set” , a “group” or a “list” may include one or more elements.
[0004] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a UE. The UE may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to: receive, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of a layer 1 (L1) event or a layer 3 (L3) event; perform event prediction based on the configuration; and transmit a report associated with the event prediction to the BS.
[0005] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability related message to the BS, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction; an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict; an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; or an indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.
[0006] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit, to the BS via a radio resource control (RRC) message or a medium access control (MAC) message, first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0007] In some embodiments, the MAC message includes a MAC control element (CE) which includes at least one of: a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a functionality of the UE and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable; an identifier (ID) of each functionality of the UE and an indication of whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or not; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has no applicability status change; IDs of all inapplicable functionalities of the UE; IDs of all applicable functionalities of the UE; a single functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; or a single functionality of the UE and a corresponding applicability status.
[0008] , In some embodiments, the report is associated with one or more events of the at least one event, and each of the one or more events is associated with a corresponding functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0009] In some embodiments, the cause is from a group including model availability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, and configuration release, and the second information indicates an index of the cause.
[0010] In some embodiments, the configuration includes a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of a first event of the at least one event. The at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or a functionality of the UE associated with the first event becoming inapplicable: continue to trigger a report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of the first event is predicted; stop triggering a report for the periodic reporting; or cancel a report triggered by the occurrence of the first event being predicted.
[0011] In some embodiments, the report includes a result of L1 event prediction, which is based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events of the at least one event; and the report is included in a MAC CE or an RRC message.
[0012] In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes an indication of whether the result of the L1 event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a first MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a second MAC CE different from the first MAC CE. In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction and the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction.
[0013] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction includes at least one of: third information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; fourth information associated with a first set of beams of at least one candidate cell of the UE, the first set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events; or fifth information associated with a second set of beams of a serving cell of the UE, the second set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events.
[0014] In some embodiments, the first set of beams includes at least one of: a first beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a second beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a third beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is included in a list of beams, wherein each beam in the list of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; or a fourth beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is excluded from the list of beams.
[0015] In some embodiments, each beam in the second set of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events, and the fifth information includes at least one of an ID of a synchronization signal block (SSB) associated with each beam of the second set of beams, an ID of a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) associated with each beam of the second set of beams, or a beam quality of each beam of the second set of beams.
[0016] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction includes at least one of: information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; a time window within which or a time instance at which the L1 event is predicted to occur; or a probability of an occurrence of the L1 event.
[0017] In some embodiments, the time window is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length. In some embodiments, the time instance is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time.
[0018] In some embodiments, the report is included in a measurement report (MR) MAC CE, and the MR MAC CE includes an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.
[0019] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a BS. The BS may include at least one memory; and at least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to: transmit, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; and receive, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0020] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive a capability related message from the UE, and the capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction; an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict; an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; or an indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.
[0021] In some embodiments, the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive, from the UE via an RRC message or a MAC message, information including first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0022] In some embodiments, the RRC message or the report is received by a centralized unit (CU) of the BS and the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to transmit the received information from the CU to a distributed unit (DU) of the BS. In some embodiments, the MAC message or the report is received by the DU and the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to transmit the received information from the DU to the CU.
[0023] In some embodiments, the MAC message includes a MAC CE which includes at least one of: a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a functionality of the UE and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable; an ID of each functionality of the UE and an indication of whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or not; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has no applicability status change; IDs of all inapplicable functionalities of the UE; IDs of all applicable functionalities of the UE; a single functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; or a single functionality of the UE and a corresponding applicability status.
[0024] In some embodiments, the report is associated with one or more events of the at least one event, and each of the one or more events is associated with a corresponding functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0025] In some embodiments, the cause is from a group including model availability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, and configuration release, and the second information indicates an index of the cause.
[0026] In some embodiments, the report includes a result of L1 event prediction, which is based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events of the at least one event; and the report is included in a MAC CE or an RRC message.
[0027] In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes an indication of whether the result of the L1 event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a first MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a second MAC CE different from the first MAC CE. In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction and the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction.
[0028] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction includes at least one of: third information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; fourth information associated with a first set of beams of at least one candidate cell of the UE, the first set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events; or fifth information associated with a second set of beams of a serving cell of the UE, the second set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events.
[0029] In some embodiments, the first set of beams includes at least one of: a first beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a second beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a third beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is included in a list of beams, wherein each beam in the list of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; or a fourth beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is excluded from the list of beams.
[0030] In some embodiments, each beam in the second set of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events, and the fifth information includes at least one of an ID of an SSB associated with each beam of the second set of beams, an ID of a CSI-RS associated with each beam of the second set of beams, or a beam quality of each beam of the second set of beams.
[0031] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction includes at least one of: information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; a time window within which or a time instance at which the L1 event is predicted to occur; or a probability of an occurrence of the L1 event.
[0032] In some embodiments, the time window is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length. In some embodiments, the time instance is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time.
[0033] In some embodiments, the report is included in an MR MAC CE, and the MR MAC CE includes an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.
[0034] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: receive, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; perform event prediction based on the configuration; and transmit a report associated with the event prediction to the BS.
[0035] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a processor. The processor may include at least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to: transmit, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; and receive, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0036] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: receiving, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; performing event prediction based on the configuration; and transmitting a report associated with the L1 event prediction to the BS.
[0037] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide a method for wireless communication. The method may include: transmitting, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; and receiving, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0038] Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide an apparatus. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the apparatus may include: at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions; at least one receiving circuitry; at least one transmitting circuitry; and at least one processor coupled to the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium, the at least one receiving circuitry and the at least one transmitting circuitry, wherein the at least one non-transitory computer-readable medium and the computer executable instructions may be configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform a method according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0039] In order to describe the manner in which the advantages and features of the disclosure can be obtained, a description of the disclosure is rendered by reference to specific embodiments thereof, which are illustrated in the appended drawings. These drawings depict only exemplary embodiments of the disclosure and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope.
[0040] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a wireless communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0041] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) general functional framework that supports event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0042] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of functionality applicability reporting in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0043] FIGs. 4-6 illustrate exemplary procedures related to L1 / L3 event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0044] FIGs. 7 and 8 illustrate flowcharts of wireless communication methods in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0045] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of a UE in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0046] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of a processor in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0047] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of network equipment (NE) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0048] The detailed description of the appended drawings is intended as a description of the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure and is not intended to represent the only form in which the present disclosure may be practiced. It should be understood that the same or equivalent functions may be accomplished by different embodiments that are intended to be encompassed within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure.
[0049] Reference will now be made in detail to some embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. To facilitate understanding, embodiments are provided under a specific network architecture (s) and new service scenarios, such as the 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP) 5G NR or 6G, 3GPP LTE, and so on. It is contemplated that along with the development of network architectures and new service scenarios, all embodiments in the present disclosure are also applicable to similar technical problems; and moreover, the terminologies recited in the present disclosure may change, which should not affect the principles of the present disclosure.
[0050] L1 event (also referred to as L1 or layer 2 (L2) triggered mobility (LTM) event) and L3 event may be configured for mobility management. When an event is satisfied, a UE may transmit a measurement report to a network equipment (e.g., a BS such as a gNB) , which may change the UE’s serving cell by a cell switch command. For L1 event, the cell switch command may indicate a candidate configuration that the network equipment previously prepared and provided to the UE through, for example, RRC signaling. Then, the UE switches to the target cell via applying the target configuration indicated by the cell switch command. For L3 events, the network may initiate the cell switch (or handover) via an RRC reconfiguration message including the target cell configuration. The above mechanism can reduce mobility latency. However, it would be more beneficial to introduce a UE-sided model to predict future L1 or L3 event. Implementing such prediction requires addressing several technical challenges. Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions to these challenges, thereby optimizing mobility performance.
[0051] FIG. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of wireless communication system 100 in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0052] The wireless communication system 100 may include one or more NEs 102 (e.g., one or more BSs) , one or more UEs 104, and a core network (CN) 106. The wireless communication system 100 may support various radio access technologies. In some implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a 4G network, such as an LTE network or an LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) network. In some other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be an NR network, such as a 5G network, a 5G-Advanced (5G-A) network, or a 5G ultra-wideband (5G-UWB) network. In other implementations, the wireless communication system 100 may be a combination of a 4G network and a 5G network, or other suitable radio access technology including Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.11 (Wi-Fi) , IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX) , and IEEE 802.20. The wireless communication system 100 may support radio access technologies beyond 5G, for example, 6G. Additionally, the wireless communication system 100 may support technologies, such as time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , or code division multiple access (CDMA) , etc.
[0053] The one or more NEs 102 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region to form the wireless communication system 100. One or more of the NEs 102 described herein may be or include or may be referred to as a network node, a base station, a network element, a network function, a network entity, a radio access network (RAN) node, a NodeB, an eNodeB (eNB) , a next-generation NodeB (gNB) , or other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the one or more NEs 102 may include different types of BSs (e.g., macro BS, pico BS, femto BS, relay BS, etc. ) . These different types of BSs may have different transmit power levels and different coverage areas. For example, a macro BS may have a relatively high transmit power level, while pico BSs, femto BSs, and relay BSs may have a relatively low transmit power levels. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 may include a CU and one or more DUs. An F1 interface may be established between the DU of NE 102 and the CU of NE 102.
[0054] An NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate via a communication link, which may be a wireless or wired connection. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may perform wireless communication (e.g., receive signaling, transmit signaling) over a Uu interface.
[0055] An NE 102 may provide a geographic coverage area for which the NE 102 may support services for one or more UEs 104 within the geographic coverage area. For example, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may support wireless communication of signals related to services (e.g., voice, video, packet data, messaging, broadcast, etc. ) according to one or multiple radio access technologies. In some implementations, an NE 102 may be moveable, for example, a satellite associated with a non-terrestrial network (NTN) . In some implementations, different geographic coverage areas 112 associated with the same or different radio access technologies may overlap, but the different geographic coverage areas may be associated with a different NE 102.
[0056] The one or more UEs 104 may be dispersed throughout a geographic region of the wireless communication system 100. A UE 104 may include or may be referred to as a remote unit, a mobile device, a wireless device, a remote device, a subscriber device, a transmitter device, a receiver device, or some other suitable terminology. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be referred to as a unit, a station, a terminal, or a client, among other examples. Additionally, or alternatively, the UE 104 may be referred to as an Internet-of-Things (IoT) device, an Internet-of-Everything (IoE) device, or machine-type communication (MTC) device, among other examples.
[0057] A UE 104 may be able to support wireless communication directly with other UEs 104 over a communication link. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a device-to-device (D2D) communication link. In some implementations, such as vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) deployments, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) deployments, or cellular-V2X deployments, the communication link 114 may be referred to as a sidelink. For example, a UE 104 may support wireless communication directly with another UE 104 over a PC5 interface.
[0058] A relaying function based on a sidelink may be supported in the wireless communication system 100. For example, a UE 104 supporting sidelink communication may function as a relay node to extend the coverage of an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) . An out-of-coverage or in-coverage UE may communicate with a BS via a relay node (e.g., a relay UE) . In some implementations, a UE, which functions as a relay between another UE and a BS, may be referred to as a UE-to-network (U2N) relay.
[0059] An NE 102 may support communication with the CN 106, or with another NE 102 or both. For example, an NE 102 may interface with another NE 102 or the CN 106 through one or more backhaul links (e.g., S1, N2, N3 or another network interface) . In some implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other directly. In some other implementations, the NE 102 may communicate with each other indirectly (e.g., via the CN 106) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 may include subcomponents, such as an access network entity, which may be an example of an access node controller (ANC) . An ANC may communicate with the one or more UEs 104 through one or more other access network transmission entities, which may be referred to as radio heads, smart radio heads, or transmission-reception points (TRPs) .
[0060] In some implementations, an NE 102 may be configured in a disaggregated architecture, which may be configured to utilize a protocol stack physically or logically distributed among two or more NEs 102, such as an integrated access backhaul (IAB) network, an open RAN (O-RAN) (e.g., a network configuration sponsored by the O-RAN alliance) , or a virtualized RAN (vRAN) (e.g., a cloud RAN (C-RAN) ) . For example, an NE 102 may include one or more of a CU, a DU, a radio unit (RU) (e.g., a TRP) , a RAN intelligent controller (RIC) (e.g., a near-real time RIC (Near-RT RIC) , a non-real time RIC (Non-RT RIC) ) , a service management and orchestration (SMO) system, or any combination thereof. One or more components of the NEs 102 in a disaggregated RAN architecture may be co-located, or one or more components of the NEs 102 may be located in distributed locations (e.g., separate physical locations) . In some implementations, one or more NEs 102 of a disaggregated RAN architecture may be implemented as virtual units (e.g., a virtual CU (VCU) or a virtual DU (VDU) ) .
[0061] Split of functionality between a CU and a DU may be flexible and may support different functionalities depending upon which functions (e.g., network layer functions, protocol layer functions, baseband functions, radio frequency functions, and any combinations thereof) are performed at a CU or a DU. For example, a functional split of a protocol stack may be employed between a CU and a DU such that the CU may support one or more layers of the protocol stack and the DU may support one or more different layers of the protocol stack. In some implementations, the CU may host higher protocol layers (e.g., L3 (e.g., radio resource control (RRC) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., service data adaption protocol (SDAP) layer and packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) layer) functionality and signaling. The CU may be connected to one or more DUs, which may host lower protocol layers (e.g., L1 (e.g., physical (PHY) layer) and parts of L2 (e.g., radio link control (RLC) layer and medium access control (MAC) layer) ) functionality and signaling, and be at least partially controlled by the CU. A DU may support one or multiple different cells. A CU may be functionally split further into CU control plane (CU-CP) and CU user plane (CU-UP) functions.
[0062] The CN 106 may support user authentication, access authorization, tracking, connectivity, and other access, routing, or mobility functions. The CN 106 may be an evolved packet core (EPC) , or a 5G core (5GC) , which may include a control plane entity that manages access and mobility (e.g., a mobility management entity (MME) , an access and mobility management function (AMF) ) functions and a user plane entity that routes packets or interconnects to external networks (e.g., a serving gateway (S-GW) , a Packet Data Network (PDN) gateway (P-GW) , or a user plane function (UPF) ) . In some implementations, the control plane entity may manage non-access stratum (NAS) functions, such as mobility, authentication, and bearer management (e.g., data bearers, signal bearers, etc. ) for the one or more UEs 104 served by the one or more NEs 102 associated with the CN 106.
[0063] The CN 106 may communicate with a packet data network over one or more backhaul links (e.g., via an S1, N2, N3, or another network interface) . The packet data network may include an application server. In some implementations, one or more UEs 104 may communicate with the application server. A UE 104 may establish a session (e.g., a protocol data unit (PDU) session, or the like) with the CN 106 via an NE 102. The CN 106 may route traffic (e.g., control information, data, and the like) between the UE 104 and the application server using the established session (e.g., the established PDU session) . The PDU session may be an example of a logical connection between the UE 104 and the CN 106 (e.g., one or more network functions of the CN 106) .
[0064] In the wireless communication system 100, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may use resources of the wireless communication system 100 (e.g., time resources (e.g., symbols, slots, subframes, frames, or the like) or frequency resources (e.g., subcarriers, carriers) ) to perform various operations (e.g., wireless communication) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different resource structures. For example, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support different frame structures. In some implementations, such as in 4G, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support a single frame structure. In some other implementations, such as in 5G and among other suitable radio access technologies, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures (i.e., multiple frame structures) . The NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may support various frame structures based on one or more numerologies.
[0065] One or more numerologies may be supported in the wireless communication system 100, and a numerology may include subcarrier spacing and a cyclic prefix. A first numerology (e.g., μ=0) may be associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. In some implementations, the first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with the first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may utilize one slot per subframe. A second numerology (e.g., μ =1) may be associated with a second subcarrier spacing (e.g., 30 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A third numerology (e.g., μ=2) may be associated with a third subcarrier spacing (e.g., 60 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix or an extended cyclic prefix. A fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) may be associated with a fourth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 120 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A fifth numerology (e.g., μ=4) may be associated with a fifth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 240 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A sixth numerology (e.g., μ =5) may be associated with a sixth subcarrier spacing (e.g., 480 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. A seventh numerology (e.g., μ=6) may be associated with a seventh subcarrier spacing (e.g., 960 kHz) and a normal cyclic prefix. For ambient IoT communication, additional numerologies (e.g., μ=-1 or μ =-2) may be introduced corresponding to 7.5 kHz or 3.75 kHz, respectively.
[0066] A time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to frames (also referred to as radio frames) . Each frame may have a duration, for example, a 10 millisecond (ms) duration. In some implementations, each frame may include multiple subframes. For example, each frame may include 10 subframes, and each subframe may have a duration, for example, a 1 ms duration. In some implementations, each frame may have the same duration. In some implementations, each subframe of a frame may have the same duration.
[0067] Additionally or alternatively, a time interval of a resource (e.g., a communication resource) may be organized according to slots. For example, a subframe may include a number (e.g., quantity) of slots. The number of slots in each subframe may also depend on the one or more numerologies supported in the wireless communication system 100. For instance, the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth numerologies (i.e., μ=0, μ=1, μ=2, μ=3, μ=4) associated with respective subcarrier spacings (SCSs) of 15 kHz, 30 kHz, 60 kHz, 120 kHz, and 240 kHz may utilize a single slot per subframe, two slots per subframe, four slots per subframe, eight slots per subframe, and 16 slots per subframe, respectively. Each slot may include a number (e.g., quantity) of symbols (e.g., orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM) symbols) . In some implementations, the number (e.g., quantity) of slots for a subframe may depend on a numerology. For a normal cyclic prefix, a slot may include 14 symbols. For an extended cyclic prefix (e.g., applicable for 60 kHz subcarrier spacing) , a slot may include 12 symbols. The relationship between the number of symbols per slot, the number of slots per subframe, and the number of slots per frame for a normal cyclic prefix and an extended cyclic prefix may depend on a numerology. It should be understood that reference to a first numerology (e.g., μ=0) associated with a first subcarrier spacing (e.g., 15 kHz) may be used interchangeably between subframes and slots.
[0068] In the wireless communication system 100, an electromagnetic (EM) spectrum may be split, based on frequency or wavelength, into various classes, frequency bands, frequency channels, etc. By way of example, the wireless communication system 100 may support one or multiple operating frequency bands, such as frequency range designations FR1 (410 MHz –7.125 GHz) , FR2 (24.25 GHz –52.6 GHz) , FR3 (7.125 GHz –24.25 GHz) , FR4 (52.6 GHz –114.25 GHz) , FR4a or FR4-1 (52.6 GHz –71 GHz) , and FR5 (114.25 GHz –300 GHz) . In some implementations, the NEs 102 and the UEs 104 may perform wireless communication over one or more of the operating frequency bands. In some implementations, FR1 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for cellular communication traffic (e.g., control information, data) . In some implementations, FR2 may be used by the NEs 102 and the UEs 104, among other equipment or devices for short-range, high data rate capabilities.
[0069] FR1 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least three numerologies) . For example, FR1 may be associated with a first numerology (e.g., μ =0) , which includes 15 kHz subcarrier spacing; a second numerology (e.g., μ =1) , which includes 30 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing. FR2 may be associated with one or multiple numerologies (e.g., at least two numerologies) . For example, FR2 may be associated with a third numerology (e.g., μ=2) , which includes 60 kHz subcarrier spacing; and a fourth numerology (e.g., μ=3) , which includes 120 kHz subcarrier spacing.
[0070] A UE 104 may include computing devices, such as desktop computers, laptop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs) , tablet computers, smart televisions (e.g., televisions connected to the Internet) , set-top boxes, game consoles, security systems (including security cameras) , vehicle on-board computers, network devices (e.g., routers, switches, and modems) , or the like. According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 may include a portable wireless communication device, a smart phone, a cellular telephone, a flip phone, a device having a subscriber identity module, a personal computer, a selective call receiver, or any other device that is capable of sending and receiving communication signals on a wireless network. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, a UE 104 includes wearable devices, such as smart watches, fitness bands, optical head-mounted displays, or the like. Moreover, a UE 104 may be referred to as a subscriber unit, a mobile, a mobile station, a user, a terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a fixed terminal, a subscriber station, a user terminal, or a device, or described using other terminology used in the art. A UE 104 may communicate with an NE 102 (e.g., a BS) via uplink (UL) communication signals. An NE 102 may communicate with a UE 104 via downlink (DL) communication signals.
[0071] In some embodiments of the present disclosure, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over licensed spectrums, whereas in some other embodiments, an NE 102 and a UE 104 may communicate over unlicensed spectrums. The present disclosure is not intended to be limited to the implementation of any particular wireless communication system architecture or protocol. Persons skilled in the art should understand that as technology develops and advances, the terminologies described in the present disclosure may change, but should not affect or limit the principles and spirit of the present disclosure.
[0072] L1 event (also referred to as LTM event) and L3 event may be configured for mobility. As mentioned above, it would be beneficial to introduce UE-sided model to predict whether an L1 or L3 event will occur in the future. In the following text of the present disclosure, the terms "model" and "functionality" can be used interchangeably. For example, UE functionality that is used for event prediction may also be refer to as UE model or UE-sided model.
[0073] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of an AI / ML general functional framework 200 that supports event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 2, the general functional framework 200 may include: data collection 210, model training 220, management 230, inference 240, and model storage 250.
[0074] The data collection 210 may refer to a function that provides input data (e.g., training data, monitoring data, and inference data) to the model training 220, the management 230, and the inference 240. The training data may refer to data needed as an input for the model training 220 (i.e., AI / ML model training function) . The monitoring data may refer to data needed as an input for the management 230 (i.e., management of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities) . The inference data may refer to data needed as an input for the inference 240 (i.e., AI / ML model inference function) .
[0075] The model training 220 may refer to a function that performs AI / ML model training, validation, and testing which may generate model performance metrics that can be used as part of the model testing procedure. The model training function is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the training data delivered by the data collection 210 if required.
[0076] The management 230 may refer to a function that oversees an operation (e.g., selection / activation / deactivation / switching / fallback) and monitoring (e.g., performance) of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities. The management function is also responsible for making decisions to ensure the proper inference operation based on data received from the data collection 210 and the inference 240. A management instruction is information needed as an input to manage the inference 240. Concerning information may include selection / activation / deactivation / switching of AI / ML models or AI / ML-based functionalities, fallback to a non-AI / ML operation (i.e., not relying on an inference process) , etc. A model transfer / delivery request is used to request model (s) to the model storage 250. A performance feedback / retraining request is information needed as an input for the model training 220, e.g., for model (re) training or updating purposes.
[0077] The inference 240 may refer to a function that provides outputs from a process of applying AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities, using data that is provided by the data collection 210 (i.e., the inference data) as an input. The inference function is also responsible for data preparation (e.g., data pre-processing and cleaning, formatting, and transformation) based on the inference data delivered by the data collection 210, if required. An inference output may refer to data used by the management 230 to monitor performance of AI / ML models or AI / ML functionalities.
[0078] The model storage 250 may refer to a function responsible for storing trained / updated models that can be used to perform the inference function.
[0079] As mentioned above, a UE sided model (also referred to as UE functionality) may be used to predict whether an event (e.g., L1 event or L3 event) occurs in future time. For example, one or more of the following LTM events based on beam specific quality of serving cell and candidate cells may be configured for a UE as the L1 LTM measurement events. One or more UE functionalities may be used to predict these LTM events. - Event LTM A: a beam of the serving cell becomes better than an absolute threshold; - Event LTM B: a beam of the serving cell becomes worse than an absolute threshold; - Event LTM B: a beam of candidate cell becomes amount of offset better than a beam of the serving cell; - Event LTM D: a beam of candidate cell becomes better than an absolute threshold; and - Event LTM E: a beam of serving cell becomes worse than absolute threshold 1 and a beam of candidate cell becomes better than another absolute threshold 2.
[0080] In the context of the present disclosure, an LTM event may also be referred to as an L1 event. An L1 LTM measurement event configuration may be associated with an L1 measurement resource configuration provided in an LTM configuration via an RRC signaling. Current beam (i.e., a beam corresponding to an indicated transmission configuration indication (TCI) state) may be used for event evaluation in an L1 measurement reporting for a serving cell. Both SSB and CSI-RS in an L1 measurement resource configuration may be used in the above LTM events. The same reference signal (RS) type may be used for both serving and neighboring cells (or candidate cell) for Event LTM C and Event LTM E. Network may configure which RS type (e.g., SSB or CSI-RS) is used for LTM event evaluation. The entire event evaluation procedure may be handled by the MAC layer based on the latest L1 measured results reported by L1.
[0081] Similarly, one or more of the following L3 events may be configured for a UE. One or more UE functionalities may be used to predict these L3 events. - Event A1: the serving cell becomes better than an absolute threshold; - Event A2: the serving cell becomes worse than an absolute threshold; - Event A3: a neighbor cell becomes offset better than the Special Cell (SpCell) ; - Event A4: a neighbor cell becomes better than an absolute threshold; - Event A5: the SpCell becomes worse than a first absolute threshold and a neighbor cell becomes better than a second absolute threshold; and - Event A6: a neighbor cell becomes offset better than the secondary cell (SCell) .
[0082] It is to be noted that the above events are merely examples, and any other suitable forms of events may also be feasible.
[0083] Embodiments of the present disclosure provide solutions for event prediction using UE-sided functionalities. For example, how to deal with the situation when a UE functionality becomes inapplicable? In the case of a CU-DU split structure at a BS, how to handle information related to the applicability status of UE functionalities? For example, when an L1 event is predicted, how should it be reported and what information should the report include? More details on the embodiments of the present disclosure will be illustrated in the following text in combination with the appended drawings.
[0084] FIG. 3 illustrates exemplary procedure 300 for functionality applicability reporting in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 3.
[0085] In FIG. 3, UE 304 may use at least one UE functionality (i.e., UE-sided model) for event prediction. For example, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 304. For the UE-sided model, the network may provide inference configuration based on functionalities supported by UE 304. UE 304 may report its applicable functionalities, non-applicable functionalities and their subsequent change to the network. When UE 304 reports certain functionalities becoming non-applicable, UE 304 can also indicate its preference to release corresponding configurations (e.g., due to model non-availability in the local device) .
[0086] At 311, UE 304 may indicate the functionalities supported by UE 304 to BS 302 (i.e., serving BS) via UE capability information. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 302.
[0087] At 313, BS 302 may provide inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 304 via RRC (e.g., in an RRC reconfiguration message) . In some embodiments, in response to receiving one or more inference configurations, UE 304 may maintain all the inference configurations no matter the inference configuration is applicable or not until the network (e.g., BS 302) releases it explicitly.
[0088] At 315, UE 304 may determine the applicable functionalities based on the NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 304) and model availability at UE 304. The network-side additional conditions can be provided by a DU of BS 302 to UE 304.
[0089] At 317, UE 304 may reports its initial functionality applicability via RRC (e.g., an RRC reconfiguration complete message) .
[0090] In some embodiments, when UE 304 is provided with a CSI configuration with periodic reporting that is consistent with reported UE capabilities in CSI report configuration, in response to reporting the applicable functionalities, UE 304 may autonomously activate the applicable functionalities at 319. When UE 304 is provided with semi-persistent configuration or aperiodic configuration, in response to reporting the applicable functionalities, the activation of the applicable functionality may follow the CSI measurement and reporting. For example, the semi-persistent reporting can be activated by a MAC CE or downlink control information (DCI) and the aperiodic reporting can be activated by a DCI.
[0091] In some embodiments, UE 304 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality to BS 302 at 321. For example, this information may be reported via RRC (e.g., in a UE assistance information message) . For example, BS 302 may configure UE 304 with applicability reporting or inapplicability reporting. In response to applicability change of a UE functionality (e.g., the applicability status is changed from applicable to inapplicable or from inapplicable to applicable) , UE 304 may report updated functionality applicability and inapplicability.
[0092] In some embodiments, when a CSI configuration with periodic reporting becomes inapplicable, UE 304 may not autonomously release the configuration, but may inform BS 302, which is expected to release the configuration. In some embodiments, UE 304 may continue to perform the inference (e.g., predicting) and reporting until the configuration is released. When an activated functionality becomes inapplicable, UE 304 may not autonomously deactivate it, but may inform BS 302 of the change in the applicability status. In response to the reception of an indication of a UE functionality becoming inapplicable, BS 302 may deactivate or release the activated functionality.
[0093] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 300 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0094] FIG. 4 illustrates exemplary procedure 400 related to L1 / L3 event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 4.
[0095] Referring to FIG. 4, UE 404 may connect to (or access) BS 402. For example, UE 204 may access a cell of BS 402, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 404 and BS 402 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 404. In some embodiments, UE 404 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 402 is associated with the MCG of UE 404. In some embodiments, UE 404 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via dual-connectivity (DC) ) . For example, in addition to BS 402, UE 404 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #A) . In some examples, BS 402 and BS #A may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 404, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and a SN of UE 404. In some examples, BS 402 and BS #A may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 404, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 404. In some embodiments, BS 402 may be a gNB or a 6G radio (6GR) BS. In some embodiments, BS 402 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0096] At 411, UE 404 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 402. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 402. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN.
[0097] In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include first information indicating whether UE 404 supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include second information indicating which L1 events UE 404 can predict. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include third information indicating which L3 events UE 404 can predict. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fourth information indicating whether UE 404 supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include fifth information indicating whether UE 404 supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include sixth information indicating whether UE 404 supports a direct prediction for an L1 event. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include seventh information indicating whether UE 404 supports a direct prediction for an L3 event. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include eighth information indicating how far UE 404 can predict in the future. In some embodiments, the UE capability information may include one or more of the first information to eighth information.
[0098] The indirect prediction for an event means that the event prediction is based on a measurement prediction result. For example, the input of UE-sided model with indirect prediction may be the actual measurement results of a serving cell, a candidate cell or a neighboring cell, the intermediate output may be predicted measured results of the serving cell, the candidate cell or the neighboring cell, and the final output may be the expected occurrence time of an L1 or L3 event. In some examples, additional input (e.g., optional actual historical measurement results of the same cell (s) ) may be used with the intermediate output to derive the final output.
[0099] In the context of the present disclosure, the term "measured result, " "measurement result, " "predicted result" or "prediction result" may refer to any suitable metrics, such as reference signal received power (RSRP) , reference signal received quality (RSRQ) , or signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) .
[0100] The direct prediction for an event means that an event prediction is predicted directly by the UE-sided model based on, for example, historic data. For example, the model output may be the probability of an occurrence of an event within a time window or at a time instance. In some examples, the input of UE-sided model with direct prediction may be the same as that for indirect prediction. Additional input may also be allowed.
[0101] In some embodiments, the event prediction may consider time to trigger (TTT) . For example, an L1 or L3 event is determined as satisfied only if a condition is met during TTT. In some embodiments, the configuration for event prediction may include at least one of: a prediction time window; an RS resource for a serving cell and neighbor cell (s) (e.g. SSB or CSI-RS) ; or TTT. It is to be noted that the configuration for event prediction may also include any other suitable information.
[0102] At 413, BS 402 may transmit, to UE 404, a configuration for predicting at least one event (e.g., L1 event, L3 event or both) . In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event LTM A to Event LTM E as described above. In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event A1 to Event A6 as described above. It is to be noted that any other suitable events may also be feasible. UE 404 may use at least one UE functionality (i.e., UE-sided model) for the event prediction. For example, AI / ML general functional framework 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be deployed at UE 404.
[0103] In some embodiments, BS 402 may provide inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 404 via RRC. UE 404 may determine the applicable functionalities based on the NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 404) and model availability at UE 404.
[0104] At 415, UE 404 may transmit the applicability status (i.e., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more functionalities of UE 404 to BS 402.
[0105] For example, in some embodiments, UE 404 may indicate BS 402 whether the at least one UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message (e.g., an RRC complete message) . For example, UE 404 may indicate whether the configuration (e.g., a CSI-report configuration or other RRC configuration) for predicting an event associated with a UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message.
[0106] In some embodiments, UE 404 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality via an RRC message (e.g., a UE assistance information message) . For example, UE 404 may transmit to BS 402 at least one of information (hereinafter, information #1) indicating applicability status (e.g., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more UE functionalities or information (hereinafter, information #2) indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more UE functionalities, that is, the reasons why the functionality becomes inapplicable. The cause may be from a group including model unavailability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, configuration release. Each cause may be mapped to a corresponding index. Information #2 may indicate an index of the cause.
[0107] In some embodiments, the CU of BS 402 may receive the RRC message and may transmit the received applicability status information (e.g., information #1, information #2 or both) to the DU of BS 402. In this way, the DU can know which report is from an inapplicable functionality.
[0108] In some embodiments, when all functionalities at UE 404 are applicable (or inapplicable) , a one-bit indication can be used. For example, an indication with a value of '1'means that all UE functionalities are applicable, while an indication with a value of '0'means that all functionalities are inapplicable; or vice versa. For example, UE 404 may transmit the one-bit indication to the CU of BS 402, which may transmit the one-bit indication to the DU of B S 402.
[0109] In some embodiments, if the applicability status of a UE functionality will change after a specific period, UE 404 may report this time period.
[0110] At 417, UE 404 may perform event prediction based on the configuration. The event prediction may be an indirect prediction or a direct prediction as described above.
[0111] At 419, UE 404 may transmit a report associated with the event prediction to BS 402. For example, if an occurrence of a certain event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted, UE 404 may trigger the report. For example, regardless of whether an event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted or not, UE 404 may trigger the report. For example, even if an event is not predicted to occur, for example, within a specific time window or at a specific time instance, UE 404 may still trigger the report.
[0112] The report may include a result of the event prediction. In some embodiments, the report may include information indicating the occurrence of an event within a time window or at a time instance. In some embodiments, the report may include predicted results of a beam (e.g., current beam) of the serving cell and one or more beams of a candidate cell (or a neighbor cell) . In some embodiments, the report may include a probability of the occurrence of an event within a time window or at a time instance.
[0113] In some embodiments, the report may include the applicability status information (e.g., information #1, information #2 or both) . For example, each event may be associated with a corresponding functionality. The report may be associated with one or more events and indicate whether the functionalities associated with the events is applicable or not.
[0114] It is to be noted that the report may include any combinations of these information or any other suitable information.
[0115] In some embodiments, BS 402 may configure UE 404 with a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of a specific event. For example, the configuration for predicting the at least one event may include a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of event #A1. Event #A1 may be an L1 event or an L3 event. In some examples, the periodic reporting based on SSB or CSI-RS resource (e.g., the periodical reporting resource configuration) may become inapplicable. In some examples, the UE functionality used for predicting the occurrence of event #A1 may become inapplicable. In these examples, UE 404 needs to handle the prediction report for event #A1.
[0116] In some examples, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or the UE functionality associated with event #A1 becoming inapplicable, UE 404 may continue to trigger the report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of event #A1 is predicted. For example, UE 404 may trigger a measurement report in response to event #A1 being predicted to occur. In some examples, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or the UE functionality associated with event #A1 becoming inapplicable, UE 404 may stop trigger the report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of event #A1 is predicted. For example, UE 404 will not trigger a measurement report in response to event #A1 being predicted to occur. In some examples, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or the UE functionality associated with event #A1 becoming inapplicable, UE 404 may cancel the report triggered by the occurrence of event #A1 being predicted.
[0117] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 400 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 400 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0118] FIG. 5 illustrates exemplary procedure 500 related to L1 / L3 event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 5.
[0119] Referring to FIG. 5, UE 504 may connect to (or access) BS 502. For example, UE 205 may access a cell of BS 502, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 504 and BS 502 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 502 is associated with the MCG of UE 504. In some embodiments, UE 504 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 502, UE 504 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #B) . In some examples, BS 502 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and a SN of UE 504. In some examples, BS 502 and BS #B may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 504, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 504. In some embodiments, BS 502 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS. In some embodiments, BS 502 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0120] At 511, UE 504 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 502. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 502. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The descriptions of the UE capability information mentioned with respect to FIGs. 3 and 4 can apply here and are thus omitted here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of first information to eighth information as mentioned with respect to FIG. 4.
[0121] At 513, BS 502 may transmit, to UE 504, a configuration for predicting at least one event (e.g., L1 event, L3 event or both) . In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event LTM A to Event LTM E as described above. In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event A1 to Event A6 as described above. It is to be noted that any other suitable events may also be feasible. UE 504 may use at least one UE functionality (i.e., UE-sided model) for the event prediction.
[0122] In some embodiments, BS 502 may provide inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 504 via RRC. UE 504 may determine the applicable functionalities based on the NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 504) and model availability at UE 504.
[0123] At 515, UE 504 may transmit the applicability status (i.e., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more functionalities of UE 504 to BS 502.
[0124] For example, in some embodiments, UE 504 may indicate BS 502 whether the at least one UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message or a MAC message. For example, UE 504 may indicate whether the configuration for predicting an event associated with a UE functionality is applicable or not. In some embodiments, UE 504 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality via a MAC message.
[0125] In some embodiments, the DU of BS 502 may receive the MAC message and may transmit the received applicability status information to the CU of BS 502. In this way, the DU can determine whether to release or deactivate the inapplicable functionality.
[0126] In some embodiments, the MAC message may include a MAC CE for indicating the applicability status of the UE functionalities. In some embodiments, this MAC CE may have a higher priority than the event report MAC CE.
[0127] The MAC CE for indicating the applicability status of the UE functionalities may include at least one of the following information: (1) a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a UE functionality and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable; (2) an ID of each UE functionality and an indication of whether a corresponding UE functionality is applicable or not; (3) an ID of each UE functionality that has an applicability status change (e.g., changing from applicable to inapplicable or from inapplicable or applicable) ; (4) an ID of each UE functionality that has no applicability status change; (5) IDs of all inapplicable UE functionalities; (6) IDs of all applicable UE functionalities; (7) a single UE functionality that has an applicability status change; or (8) a single UE functionality and a corresponding applicability status.
[0128] For information (1) , all functionalities of UE 504 can be mapped to the bitmap. That is, the applicability status of each UE functionality of UE 504 can be indicated by the bitmap. The ID of a UE functionality may be assigned by an RRC message from BS 502. The RRC message may be associated with an event. For example, the RRC message for configuring the L1 or L3 event or for configuring the event prediction can indicate the UE functionality ID.
[0129] In some embodiments, the MAC CE may further include the cause for the inapplicable functionality. The cause may be selected from a group including model unavailability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, configuration release. Each cause may be mapped to a corresponding index. The MAC CE may indicate an index of the cause.
[0130] In some embodiments, UE 504 may report the change in the applicability status of its functionality in a report associated with the event prediction. The details of the report will be described in the following text.
[0131] In some embodiments, if the applicability status of a UE functionality will change after a specific period, UE 504 may report this time period.
[0132] At 517, UE 504 may perform event prediction based on the configuration. The event prediction may be an indirect prediction or a direct prediction as described above.
[0133] At 519, UE 504 may transmit a report associated with the event prediction to BS 502. For example, if an occurrence of a certain event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted, UE 504 may trigger the report. For example, regardless of whether an event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted or not, UE 504 may trigger the report. For example, even if an event is not predicted to occur, for example, within a specific time window or at a specific time instance, UE 504 may still trigger the report.
[0134] The report may include a result of the event prediction. In some embodiments, the report may include information indicating the occurrence of an event within a time window or at a time instance. In some embodiments, the report may include predicted results of a beam (e.g., current beam) of the serving cell and one or more beams of a candidate cell (or a neighbor cell) . In some embodiments, the report may include a probability of the occurrence of an event within a time window or at a time instance.
[0135] In some embodiments, the report may include information related to the applicability status (e.g., at least one of applicability status of UE functionalities, cause for the inapplicable functionality or a time period for future applicability status change) . For example, each event may be associated with a corresponding functionality. The report may be associated with one or more events and indicate whether the functionalities associated with the events is applicable or not.
[0136] It is to be noted that the report may include any combinations of these information or any other suitable information.
[0137] In some embodiments, BS 502 may configure UE 504 with a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of a specific event. For example, the configuration for predicting the at least one event may include a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of event #A2. Event #A2 may be an L1 event or an L3 event. In some examples, the periodic reporting based on SSB or CSI-RS resource (e.g., the periodical reporting resource configuration) may become inapplicable. In some examples, the UE functionality used for predicting the occurrence of event #A2 may become inapplicable. In these examples, UE 504 needs to handle the prediction report for event #A2. For example, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or the UE functionality associated with event #A2 becoming inapplicable, UE 504 may: continue to trigger a report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of event #A2 is predicted; stop triggering a report for the periodic reporting; or cancel a report triggered by the occurrence of event #A2 being predicted.
[0138] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 500 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0139] FIG. 6 illustrates exemplary procedure 600 related to L1 / L3 event prediction in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 6.
[0140] Referring to FIG. 6, UE 604 may connect to (or access) BS 602. For example, UE 206 may access a cell of BS 602, whereby this cell can be referred to as the "serving cell" of UE 604 and BS 602 can be referred to as the "serving BS" of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via single connectivity and BS 602 is associated with the MCG of UE 604. In some embodiments, UE 604 may access the network via multi-connectivity (e.g., via DC) . For example, in addition to BS 602, UE 604 may connect to another BS (denoted as BS #C) . In some examples, BS 602 and BS #C may be respectively associated with the MCG and SCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an MN and a SN of UE 604. In some examples, BS 602 and BS #C may be respectively associated with the SCG and MCG of UE 604, and thus may be respectively referred to as an SN and an MN of UE 604. In some embodiments, BS 602 may be a gNB or a 6GR BS. In some embodiments, BS 602 may include a CU and at least one DU.
[0141] At 611, UE 604 may transmit UE capability information (e.g., a capability related message) to BS 602. In some examples, the UE capability information is transmitted in response to a request from BS 602. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the MN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the MN. In some examples, the request for UE capability information may be transmitted from the SN and the UE capability information may be transmitted to the SN. The descriptions of the UE capability information mentioned with respect to FIGs. 3 and 4 can apply here and are thus omitted here. For example, the UE capability information may include one or more of first information to eighth information as mentioned with respect to FIG. 4.
[0142] At 613, BS 602 may transmit, to UE 604, a configuration for predicting at least one event (e.g., L1 event, L3 event or both) . In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event LTM A to Event LTM E as described above. In some embodiments, the at least one event may include at least one of Event A1 to Event A6 as described above. It is to be noted that any other suitable events may also be feasible. UE 604 may use at least one UE functionality (i.e., UE-sided model) for the event prediction.
[0143] In some embodiments, BS 602 may provide inference configuration (e.g., full inference configuration and / or a set of inference related parameters) with network-side additional conditions to UE 604 via RRC. UE 604 may determine the applicable functionalities based on the NW-side additional conditions (if provided) , UE-side additional conditions (internally known by UE 604) and model availability at UE 604.
[0144] At 615, UE 604 may transmit the applicability status (i.e., applicable or inapplicable) of one or more functionalities of UE 604 to BS 602. For example, in some embodiments, UE 604 may indicate BS 602 whether the at least one UE functionality is applicable or not via an RRC message or a MAC message. In some embodiments, UE 604 may report a change in the applicability status of its functionality via an RRC message or a MAC message. The applicability status report mentioned with respect to FIGs. 3-5 can apply here and are thus omitted here.
[0145] At 617, UE 604 may perform event prediction based on the configuration. The event prediction may be an indirect prediction or a direct prediction as described above.
[0146] At 619, UE 604 may transmit a report associated with the event prediction to BS 602. For example, if an occurrence of a certain event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted, UE 604 may trigger the report. For example, regardless of whether an event (e.g., L1 or L3 event) is predicted or not, UE 604 may trigger the report. For example, even if an event is not predicted to occur, for example, within a specific time window or at a specific time instance, UE 604 may still trigger the report. The report may be transmitted via a MAC CE or an RRC message.
[0147] The report may include a result of the event prediction (e.g., L1 event prediction) , which may be based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events. In some embodiments, either the result of the indirect prediction or the result of the direct prediction can be include in a MAC CE. For example, a single MAC CE can be used for both indirect prediction and direct prediction. In some embodiments, the MAC CE may include an indication (e.g., a field) of whether the result of the event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction. In some embodiments, separate MAC CEs are used for indirect prediction and direct prediction, respectively. For example, the result of the event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a different MAC CE. The two MAC CEs can be distinguished from each other by their different logical channel IDs (LCIDs) .
[0148] In some embodiments, a MAC CE can be used for reporting the result of indirect prediction and the RRC message can be used for reporting the result of direct prediction. In some embodiments, the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction. For example, the RRC message includes the measurement results based on the predicted L1 event.
[0149] In some embodiments, the report may include the result of event prediction based on the indirect prediction, the result of event prediction based on the direct prediction, or both. It is to be noted that the report may include any other suitable information.
[0150] In some embodiments, the result of event prediction based on the indirect prediction for one or more L1 events may include at least one of: (i) information associated with an event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; (ii) information associated with a set of beams (denoted as beam set #A1) of at least one candidate cell of UE 604, beam set #A1 being associated with the one or more L1 events; or (iii) information associated with a set of beams (denoted as beam set #A2) of the serving cell of UE 604, beam set #A2 being associated with the one or more L1 events.
[0151] For example, information (i) may include the ID of the report configuration for the event predicted to occur or the ID of the event predicted to occur. For example, assuming that Event LTM A is predicted to occur, then information (i) may include the ID of the report configuration for Event LTM A or the ID of Event LTM A.
[0152] Beam set #A1 may include at least one of: a type-1 beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a type-2 beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a type-3 beam that is neither the type-1 beam nor the type-2 beam and is included in a list of beams (denoted as beam list #A) , wherein each beam in beam list #A is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; or a type-4 beam that is neither the type-1 beam nor the type-2 and is excluded from beam list #A. The type-3 beam may be a beam that was reported as type-3 beam before. For example, for each beam in beam set #A1, information (ii) may include the corresponding beam index, the corresponding predicted beam quality and the type of the corresponding beam (e.g., type-1 beam to type-4 beam as described above) .
[0153] For example, when performing indirect prediction for the one or more L1 events, UE 604 may maintain a predicted triggered beam list (i.e., beam list #A) . For example, during the event prediction process, a certain beam may be included into the predicted triggered beam list if this beam is predicted to fulfil an L1 even (e.g., fulfil the entry condition of the L1 event) . For example, when it is predicted that a beam (denoted as beam #A1) of a candidate cell will satisfy the entry condition of an L1 event (denoted as event #A1) , for instance, the predicted quality of beam #A1 satisfies the entry condition of event #A1 for a duration of TTT, beam #A1 is added to the predicted triggered beam list. Beam #A1 is a type-1 beam. In addition, in response to this prediction, the report associated with the event prediction may be triggered. The report may include the beam index of beam #A1, the predicted beam quality of beam #A1 and a type-1 beam indication. The report may also include the ID of the report configuration for event #A1 or the ID of event #A1.
[0154] When it is predicted that a beam in the predicted triggered beam list will satisfy the leaving condition of an L1 event, the beam may be removed from the predicted triggered beam list. For example, when it is predicted that beam #A2 will satisfy the leaving condition of an L1 event (denoted as event #A2) , for instance, the predicted quality of beam #A2 satisfies the leaving condition of event #A2 for a duration of TTT, beam #A2 is removed from the predicted triggered beam list. Beam #A2 is a type-2 beam. For example, the report associated with the event prediction may include the beam index of beam #A2, the predicted beam quality of beam #A2 and a type-2 beam indication.
[0155] In some embodiments, each beam in beam set #A2 is a beam that is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events. Information (iii) may include at least one of an ID of an SSB associated with each beam in beam set #A2, an ID of a CSI-RS associated with each beam in beam set #A2, or a beam quality of each beam in beam set #A2. For example, assuming that Event LTM B is predicted to occur, more specifically, it is predicted that the quality of the current beam (denoted as beam #B) of the serving cell of UE 604 will become worse than an absolute threshold, then information (iii) may include at least one of the SSB ID associated with beam #B, the CSI-RS ID associated with beam #B or the predicted beam quality of beam #B.
[0156] In some embodiments, the result of event prediction based on the direct prediction may include at least one of: information associated with an event that is predicted to occur; a time window within which or a time instance at which the event is predicted to occur; or the probability of an occurrence of the event. For example, UE 604 may perform a direct L1 event prediction using a UE functionality and determine that a certain L1 event can be satisfied within a specific time window or at a specific time instance. UE 604 may report information associated with this L1 event (e.g., the corresponding report configuration ID or the corresponding L1 event ID) , the time window or the time instance, and the probability of an occurrence of the L1 event to BS 602.
[0157] Various forms can be used to represent the time window or the time instance in which an event will be satisfied.
[0158] For example, the time window can be indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length. For example, the time instance can be indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time. The association between the time index and the time range may be configured via RRC or predefined. The association between the time index and the time value may be configured via RRC or predefined. The reference time point can be a system frame number (SFN) (e.g., SFN = 0) and can be configured via RRC or predefined. The absolute time may be a time stamp.
[0159] A MAC CE will be triggered to report measurement results once the L1 event is satisfied. This MAC CE is known as MR MAC CE. In some example, the report associated with the event prediction can be include in such an MR MAC CE. In other words, the MR MAC CE may include either information for actually occurred L1 events or information for predicted L1 events. In this scenario, the MR MAC CE may include an indication (e.g., a field) for indicating whether the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results (i.e., information for predicted L1 events) or actually measurement results (i.e., information for actually occurred L1 events) . For example, in the case of FIG. 6, if an L1 event is predicted to occur at 617, UE 604 may trigger an MR MAC CE with an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.
[0160] In response to receive the report associated with the event prediction, BS 602 (e.g., its DU) may determine whether to trigger a cell switch for UE 604. For example, at 621, BS 602 may transmit, to UE 604, an LTM cell switch towards a candidate cell among a plurality of candidate cells which has been configured for UE 604.
[0161] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be changed and that some of the operations in exemplary procedure 600 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0162] FIG. 7 illustrates a flowchart of method 700 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 7. In some examples, method 700 may be performed by a UE. In some embodiments, the UE may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the UE to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the UE may cause the UE to perform method 700.
[0163] At 711, a UE may receive, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event. At 713, the UE may perform event prediction based on the configuration. At 715, the UE may transmit a report associated with the event prediction to the BS.
[0164] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit a capability related message to the BS. The capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction; an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict; an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; or an indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.
[0165] In some embodiments, the UE may transmit, to the BS via an RRC message or a MAC message, first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0166] In some embodiments, the MAC message includes a MAC CE which includes at least one of: a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a functionality of the UE and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable; an ID of each functionality of the UE and an indication of whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or not; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has no applicability status change; IDs of all inapplicable functionalities of the UE; IDs of all applicable functionalities of the UE; a single functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; or a single functionality of the UE and a corresponding applicability status.
[0167] , In some embodiments, the report is associated with one or more events of the at least one event, and each of the one or more events is associated with a corresponding functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0168] In some embodiments, the cause is from a group including model availability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, and configuration release, and the second information indicates an index of the cause.
[0169] In some embodiments, the configuration includes a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of a first event of the at least one event. In response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or a functionality of the UE associated with the first event becoming inapplicable, the UE may: continue to trigger a report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of the first event is predicted; stop triggering a report for the periodic reporting; or cancel a report triggered by the occurrence of the first event being predicted.
[0170] In some embodiments, the report includes a result of L1 event prediction, which is based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events of the at least one event; and the report is included in a MAC CE or an RRC message.
[0171] In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes an indication of whether the result of the L1 event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a first MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a second MAC CE different from the first MAC CE. In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction and the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction.
[0172] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction includes at least one of: third information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; fourth information associated with a first set of beams of at least one candidate cell of the UE, the first set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events; or fifth information associated with a second set of beams of a serving cell of the UE, the second set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events.
[0173] In some embodiments, the first set of beams includes at least one of: a first beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a second beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a third beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is included in a list of beams, wherein each beam in the list of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; or a fourth beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is excluded from the list of beams.
[0174] In some embodiments, each beam in the second set of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events, and the fifth information includes at least one of an ID of an SSB associated with each beam of the second set of beams, an ID of a CSI-RS associated with each beam of the second set of beams, or a beam quality of each beam of the second set of beams.
[0175] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction includes at least one of: information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; a time window within which or a time instance at which the L1 event is predicted to occur; or a probability of an occurrence of the L1 event.
[0176] In some embodiments, the time window is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length. In some embodiments, the time instance is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time.
[0177] In some embodiments, the report is included in a MR MAC CE, and the MR MAC CE includes an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.
[0178] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 700 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 700 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0179] FIG. 8 illustrates a flowchart of method 800 for wireless communication in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. Details described in all of the foregoing embodiments of the present disclosure are applicable for the embodiments shown in FIG. 8. In some examples, method 800 may be performed by a network node such as a BS or a RAN node. In some embodiments, the BS may execute a set of instructions to control the functional elements of the BS to perform the described functions or operations. In some examples, a processor of the BS may cause the BS to perform method 800.
[0180] At 811, a BS may transmit, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event. At 813, the BS may receive, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0181] In some embodiments, the BS may receive a capability related message from the UE. The capability related message includes at least one of: an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction; an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict; an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event; an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; or an indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.
[0182] In some embodiments, the BS may receive, from the UE via an RRC message or a MAC message, information including first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0183] In some embodiments, the RRC message or the report is received by a CU of the BS and the BS may transmit the received information from the CU to a DU of the BS. In some embodiments, the MAC message or the report is received by the DU and the BS may transmit the received information from the DU to the CU.
[0184] In some embodiments, the MAC message includes a MAC CE which includes at least one of: a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a functionality of the UE and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable; an ID of each functionality of the UE and an indication of whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or not; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; an ID of each functionality of the UE that has no applicability status change; IDs of all inapplicable functionalities of the UE; IDs of all applicable functionalities of the UE; a single functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; or a single functionality of the UE and a corresponding applicability status.
[0185] In some embodiments, the report is associated with one or more events of the at least one event, and each of the one or more events is associated with a corresponding functionality of the one or more functionalities.
[0186] In some embodiments, the cause is from a group including model availability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, and configuration release, and the second information indicates an index of the cause.
[0187] In some embodiments, the report includes a result of L1 event prediction, which is based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events of the at least one event; and the report is included in a MAC CE or an RRC message.
[0188] In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes an indication of whether the result of the L1 event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a first MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a second MAC CE different from the first MAC CE. In some embodiments, the MAC CE includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction and the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction. In some embodiments, the RRC message includes the result of the L1 event prediction.
[0189] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction includes at least one of: third information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; fourth information associated with a first set of beams of at least one candidate cell of the UE, the first set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events; or fifth information associated with a second set of beams of a serving cell of the UE, the second set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events.
[0190] In some embodiments, the first set of beams includes at least one of: a first beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a second beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events; a third beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is included in a list of beams, wherein each beam in the list of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; or a fourth beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is excluded from the list of beams.
[0191] In some embodiments, each beam in the second set of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events, and the fifth information includes at least one of an ID of an SSB associated with each beam of the second set of beams, an ID of a CSI-RS associated with each beam of the second set of beams, or a beam quality of each beam of the second set of beams.
[0192] In some embodiments, the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction includes at least one of: information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur; a time window within which or a time instance at which the L1 event is predicted to occur; or a probability of an occurrence of the L1 event.
[0193] In some embodiments, the time window is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length. In some embodiments, the time instance is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time.
[0194] In some embodiments, the report is included in an MR MAC CE, and the MR MAC CE includes an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.
[0195] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the sequence of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be changed and some of the operations in exemplary method 800 may be eliminated or modified, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0196] FIG. 9 illustrates an example of UE 900 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The UE 900 may include a processor 902, a memory 904, a controller 906, and a transceiver 908. The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0197] The processor 902, the memory 904, the controller 906, or the transceiver 908, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0198] The processor 902 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 902 may be configured to operate the memory 904. In some other implementations, the memory 904 may be integrated into the processor 902. The processor 902 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 904 to cause the UE 900 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0199] The memory 904 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 904 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 902 cause the UE 900 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 904 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0200] In some implementations, the processor 902 and the memory 904 coupled with the processor 902 may be configured to cause the UE 900 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 902, instructions stored in the memory 904) . For example, the processor 902 may support wireless communication at the UE 900 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the UE 900 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-8.
[0201] For example, the UE 900 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; a means for performing event prediction based on the configuration; and a means for transmitting a report associated with the L1 event prediction to the BS.
[0202] The controller 906 may manage input and output signals for the UE 900. The controller 906 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the UE 900. In some implementations, the controller 906 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 906 may be implemented as part of the processor 902.
[0203] In some implementations, the UE 900 may include at least one transceiver 908. In some other implementations, the UE 900 may have more than one transceiver 908. The transceiver 908 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 908 may include one or more receiver chains 910, one or more transmitter chains 912, or a combination thereof.
[0204] A receiver chain 910 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 910 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., a low-noise amplifier (LNA) ) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 910 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0205] A transmitter chain 912 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 912 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques such as amplitude modulation (AM) , frequency modulation (FM) , or digital modulation schemes like phase-shift keying (PSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) . The transmitter chain 912 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 912 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0206] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary UE 900 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary UE 900 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary UE 900, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the UE 900 may not include the controller 906.
[0207] FIG. 10 illustrates an example of processor 1000 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The processor 1000 may be an example of a processor configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1000 may include a controller 1002 configured to perform various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor 1000 may optionally include at least one memory 1004, which may be, for example, an L1 / L2 / L3 cache. Additionally, or alternatively, the processor 1000 may optionally include one or more arithmetic-logic units (ALUs) 1006. One or more of these components may be in electronic communication or otherwise coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces (e.g., buses) .
[0208] The processor 1000 may be a processor chipset and include a protocol stack (e.g., a software stack) executed by the processor chipset to perform various operations (e.g., receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) in accordance with examples as described herein. The processor chipset may include one or more cores, one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1000) or other memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , dynamic RAM (DRAM) , synchronous dynamic RAM (SDRAM) , static RAM (SRAM) , ferroelectric RAM (FeRAM) , magnetic RAM (MRAM) , resistive RAM (RRAM) , flash memory, phase change memory (PCM) , and others) .
[0209] The controller 1002 may be configured to manage and coordinate various operations (e.g., signaling, receiving, obtaining, retrieving, transmitting, outputting, forwarding, storing, determining, identifying, accessing, writing, reading) of the processor 1000 to cause the processor 1000 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. For example, the controller 1002 may operate as a control unit of the processor 1000, generating control signals that manage the operation of various components of the processor 1000. These control signals include enabling or disabling functional units, selecting data paths, initiating memory access, and coordinating timing of operations.
[0210] The controller 1002 may be configured to fetch (e.g., obtain, retrieve, receive) instructions from the memory 1004 and determine a subsequent instruction (s) to be executed to cause the processor 1000 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. The controller 1002 may be configured to track memory address of instructions associated with the memory 1004. The controller 1002 may be configured to decode instructions to determine the operation to be performed and the operands involved. For example, the controller 1002 may be configured to interpret the instruction and determine control signals to be output to other components of the processor 1000 to cause the processor 1000 to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. Additionally, or alternatively, the controller 1002 may be configured to manage flow of data within the processor 1000. The controller 1002 may be configured to control transfer of data between registers, ALUs, and other functional units of the processor 1000.
[0211] The memory 1004 may include one or more caches (e.g., memory local to or included in the processor 1000 or other memory, such RAM, ROM, DRAM, SDRAM, SRAM, MRAM, flash memory, etc. In some implementations, the memory 1004 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., local to the processor 1000) . In some other implementations, the memory 1004 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., remote to the processor 1000) .
[0212] The memory 1004 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions that, when executed by the processor 1000, cause the processor 1000 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as system memory or another type of memory. The controller 1002 and / or the processor 1000 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1004 to cause the processor 1000 to perform various functions. For example, the processor 1000 and / or the controller 1002 may be coupled with or to the memory 1004, the processor 1000, the controller 1002, and the memory 1004 may be configured to perform various functions described herein. In some examples, the processor 1000 may include multiple processors and the memory 1004 may include multiple memories. One or more of the multiple processors may be coupled with one or more of the multiple memories, which may, individually or collectively, be configured to perform various functions herein.
[0213] The one or more ALUs 1006 may be configured to support various operations in accordance with examples as described herein. In some implementations, the one or more ALUs 1006 may reside within or on a processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1000) . In some other implementations, the one or more ALUs 1006 may reside external to the processor chipset (e.g., the processor 1000) . One or more ALUs 1006 may perform one or more computations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division on data. For example, one or more ALUs 1006 may receive input operands and an operation code, which determines an operation to be executed. One or more ALUs 1006 be configured with a variety of logical and arithmetic circuits, including adders, subtractors, shifters, and logic gates, to process and manipulate the data according to the operation. Additionally, or alternatively, the one or more ALUs 1006 may support logical operations such as AND, OR, exclusive-OR (XOR) , not-OR (NOR) , and not-AND (NAND) , enabling the one or more ALUs 1006 to handle conditional operations, comparisons, and bitwise operations.
[0214] The processor 1000 may support wireless communication in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the processor 1000 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-8.
[0215] For example, the processor 1000 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for receiving, from a BS, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; a means for performing event prediction based on the configuration; and a means for transmitting a report associated with the L1 event prediction to the BS.
[0216] For example, the processor 1000 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; and a means for receiving, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0217] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary processor 1000 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary processor 1000 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary processor 1000, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the processor 1000 may not include the ALUs 1006.
[0218] FIG. 11 illustrates an example of NE 1100 in accordance with aspects of the present disclosure. The NE 1100 may include a processor 1102, a memory 1104, a controller 1106, and a transceiver 1108. The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations thereof or various components thereof may be examples of means for performing various aspects of the present disclosure as described herein. These components may be coupled (e.g., operatively, communicatively, functionally, electronically, electrically) via one or more interfaces.
[0219] The processor 1102, the memory 1104, the controller 1106, or the transceiver 1108, or various combinations or components thereof may be implemented in hardware (e.g., circuitry) . The hardware may include a processor, a DSP, an ASIC, or other programmable logic device, or any combination thereof configured as or otherwise supporting a means for performing the functions described in the present disclosure.
[0220] The processor 1102 may include an intelligent hardware device (e.g., a general-purpose processor, a DSP, a CPU, an ASIC, an FPGA, or any combination thereof) . In some implementations, the processor 1102 may be configured to operate the memory 1104. In some other implementations, the memory 1104 may be integrated into the processor 1102. The processor 1102 may be configured to execute computer-readable instructions stored in the memory 1104 to cause the NE 1100 to perform various functions of the present disclosure.
[0221] The memory 1104 may include volatile or non-volatile memory. The memory 1104 may store computer-readable, computer-executable code including instructions when executed by the processor 1102 cause the NE 1100 to perform various functions described herein. The code may be stored in a non-transitory computer-readable medium such as the memory 1104 or another type of memory. Computer-readable media includes both non-transitory computer storage media and communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another. A non-transitory storage medium may be any available medium that may be accessed by a general-purpose or special-purpose computer.
[0222] In some implementations, the processor 1102 and the memory 1104 coupled with the processor 1102 may be configured to cause the NE 1100 to perform one or more of the functions described herein (e.g., executing, by the processor 1102, instructions stored in the memory 1104) . For example, the processor 1102 may support wireless communication at the NE 1100 in accordance with examples as disclosed herein. For example, the NE 1100 may be configured to support means for performing the operations as described with respect to FIGs. 1-8.
[0223] For example, the NE 1100 may be configured to or operable to support: a means for transmitting, to a UE, a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event includes at least one of an L1 event or an L3 event; and a means for receiving, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.
[0224] The controller 1106 may manage input and output signals for the NE 1100. The controller 1106 may also manage peripherals not integrated into the NE 1100. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may utilize an operating system such as or other operating systems. In some implementations, the controller 1106 may be implemented as part of the processor 1102.
[0225] In some implementations, the NE 1100 may include at least one transceiver 1108. In some other implementations, the NE 1100 may have more than one transceiver 1108. The transceiver 1108 may represent a wireless transceiver. The transceiver 1108 may include one or more receiver chains 1110, one or more transmitter chains 1112, or a combination thereof.
[0226] A receiver chain 1110 may be configured to receive signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) over a wireless medium. For example, the receiver chain 1110 may include one or more antennas for receive the signal over the air or wireless medium. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one amplifier (e.g., an LNA) configured to amplify the received signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one demodulator configured to demodulate the receive signal and obtain the transmitted data by reversing the modulation technique applied during transmission of the signal. The receiver chain 1110 may include at least one decoder for decoding the processing the demodulated signal to receive the transmitted data.
[0227] A transmitter chain 1112 may be configured to generate and transmit signals (e.g., control information, data, or packets) . The transmitter chain 1112 may include at least one modulator for modulating data onto a carrier signal, preparing the signal for transmission over a wireless medium. The at least one modulator may be configured to support one or more techniques, such as AM, FM, or digital modulation schemes like PSK or QAM. The transmitter chain 1112 may also include at least one power amplifier configured to amplify the modulated signal to an appropriate power level suitable for transmission over the wireless medium. The transmitter chain 1112 may also include one or more antennas for transmitting the amplified signal into the air or wireless medium.
[0228] It should be appreciated by persons skilled in the art that the components in exemplary NE 1100 may be changed, for example, some of the components in exemplary NE 1100 may be omitted or modified or a new component (s) may be added to exemplary NE 1100, without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. For example, in some embodiments, the NE 1100 may not include the controller 1106.
[0229] Those having ordinary skill in the art would understand that the operations or steps of the methods described in connection with the aspects disclosed herein may be embodied directly in hardware, in a software module executed by a processor, or in a combination of the two. A software module may reside in RAM memory, flash memory, ROM memory, EPROM memory, EEPROM memory, registers, a hard disk, a removable disk, a CD-ROM, or any other form of storage medium known in the art. Additionally, in some aspects, the operations or steps of the methods may reside as one or any combination or set of codes and / or instructions on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, which may be incorporated into a computer program product.
[0230] While this disclosure has been described with specific embodiments thereof, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations may be apparent to those skilled in the art. The disclosure is not limited to the examples and designs described herein but is to be accorded with the broadest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein. For example, various components of the embodiments may be interchanged, added, or substituted in other embodiments. Also, all of the elements of each figure are not necessary for the operation of the disclosed embodiments. For example, one of ordinary skill in the art of the disclosed embodiments would be enabled to make and use the teachings of the disclosure by simply employing the elements of the independent claims. Accordingly, embodiments of the disclosure as set forth herein are intended to be illustrative, not limiting. Various changes may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure.
[0231] In this document, the terms "includes, " "including, " or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process, method, article, or apparatus that includes a list of elements does not include only those elements but may include other elements not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. The terms "handover" and "cell switch" can be used interchangeably. An element proceeded by "a, " "an, " or the like does not, without more constraints, preclude the existence of additional identical elements in the process, method, article, or apparatus that includes the element. Also, the term "another" is defined as at least a second or more. The term "having" or the like, as used herein, is defined as "including. " Expressions such as "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include any and all combinations of words enumerated along with the expression. For instance, the expression "A and / or B" or "at least one of A and B" may include A, B, or both A and B. The wording "the first, " "the second" or the like is only used to clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present disclosure, but is not used to limit the substance of the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A user equipment (UE) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the UE to:receive, from a base station (BS) , a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event comprises at least one of a layer 1 (L1) event or a layer 3 (L3) event;perform event prediction based on the configuration; andtransmit a report associated with the event prediction to the BS.2.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit a capability related message to the BS, and the capability related message comprises at least one of:an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction;an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict;an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict;an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event;an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event;an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event;an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; oran indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.3.The UE of claim 1, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to transmit, to the BS via a radio resource control (RRC) message or a medium access control (MAC) message, first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.4.The UE of claim 3, wherein the MAC message comprises a MAC control element (CE) which includes at least one of:a bitmap with each bit corresponding to a functionality of the UE and indicating whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or inapplicable;an identifier (ID) of each functionality of the UE and an indication of whether a corresponding functionality is applicable or not;an ID of each functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change;an ID of each functionality of the UE that has no applicability status change;IDs of all inapplicable functionalities of the UE;IDs of all applicable functionalities of the UE;a single functionality of the UE that has an applicability status change; ora single functionality of the UE and a corresponding applicability status.5.The UE of claim 1, wherein the report is associated with one or more events of the at least one event, and each of the one or more events is associated with a corresponding functionality of the one or more functionalities.6.The UE of claim 3, wherein the cause is from a group comprising model availability, low memory, low-power state, overheating, mobility, and configuration release, and the second information indicates an index of the cause.7.The UE of claim 1, wherein the configuration includes a resource configuration for periodic reporting a prediction result of a first event of the at least one event; and wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the UE to, in response to the periodic reporting becoming inapplicable or a functionality of the UE associated with the first event becoming inapplicable,continue to trigger a report for the periodic reporting when an occurrence of the first event is predicted;stop triggering a report for the periodic reporting; orcancel a report triggered by the occurrence of the first event being predicted.8.The UE of claim 1, wherein the report comprises a result of L1 event prediction, which is based on an indirect prediction or a direct prediction for one or more L1 events of the at least one event; and the report is included in a medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) or a radio resource control (RRC) message.9.The UE of claim 8, wherein the MAC CE comprises an indication of whether the result of the L1 event prediction is based on the indirect prediction or the direct prediction; orwherein the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction is included in a first MAC CE and the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction is included in a second MAC CE different from the first MAC CE;wherein the MAC CE comprises the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction and the RRC message comprises the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction; orwherein the RRC message comprises the result of the L1 event prediction.10.The UE of claim 8, wherein the result of the L1 event prediction based on the indirect prediction comprises at least one of:third information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur;fourth information associated with a first set of beams of at least one candidate cell of the UE, the first set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events; orfifth information associated with a second set of beams of a serving cell of the UE, the second set of beams being associated with the one or more L1 events.11.The UE of claim 10, wherein the first set of beams comprises at least one of:a first beam that is predicted to satisfy an entry condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events;a second beam that is predicted to satisfy a leaving condition of an L1 event of the one or more L1 events;a third beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is included in a list of beams, wherein each beam in the list of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events; ora fourth beam that is neither the first beam nor the second beam and is excluded from the list of beams.12.The UE of claim 10, wherein each beam in the second set of beams is predicted to satisfy a corresponding L1 event of the one or more L1 events, and the fifth information comprises at least one of an identifier (ID) of a synchronization signal block (SSB) associated with each beam of the second set of beams, an ID of a channel state information-reference signal (CSI-RS) associated with each beam of the second set of beams, or a beam quality of each beam of the second set of beams.13.The UE of claim 8, wherein the result of the L1 event prediction based on the direct prediction comprises at least one of:information associated with an L1 event of the one or more L1 events that is predicted to occur;a time window within which or a time instance at which the L1 event is predicted to occur; ora probability of an occurrence of the L1 event.14.The UE of claim 13, wherein the time window is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time range with a start time and an end time, a time range with respect to a reference time point, an absolute start time and an absolute end time, an absolute start time and a time length, or an absolute end time and a time length; orwherein the time instance is indicated by: a time index mapped to a time value, a remaining time before the L1 event occurs, a time value with respect to a reference time point, or an absolute time.15.The UE of claim 1, wherein the report is included in a measurement report (MR) medium access control (MAC) control element (CE) , and the MR MAC CE includes an indication for indicating that the MR MAC CE includes predicted measurement results.16.A base station (BS) , comprising:at least one memory; andat least one processor coupled with the at least one memory and configured to cause the BS to:transmit, to a user equipment (UE) , a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of the UE, wherein the at least one event comprises at least one of a layer 1 (L1) event or a layer 3 (L3) event; andreceive, from the UE, a report associated with the prediction of the at least one event.17.The BS of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive a capability related message from the UE, and the capability related message comprises at least one of:an indication of whether the UE supports L1 event prediction or L3 event prediction;an indication of which L1 events the UE can predict;an indication of which L3 events the UE can predict;an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L1 event;an indication of whether the UE supports an indirect prediction for an L3 event;an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L1 event;an indication of whether the UE supports a direct prediction for an L3 event; oran indication of how far the UE can predict in the future.18.The BS of claim 16, wherein the at least one processor is configured to cause the BS to receive, from the UE via a radio resource control (RRC) message or a medium access control (MAC) message, information comprising first information indicating applicability status of one or more functionalities of the UE or both the first information and second information indicating a cause for each inapplicable functionality of the one or more functionalities.19.A processor, comprising:at least one memory; andat least one controller coupled with at least one memory and configured to cause the processor to:receive, from a base station (BS) , a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a user equipment (UE) , wherein the at least one event comprises at least one of a layer 1 (L1) event or a layer 3 (L3) event;perform event prediction based on the configuration; andtransmit a report associated with the event prediction to the BS.20.A method for wireless communication, the method comprising:receiving, from a base station (BS) , a configuration for predicting at least one event using at least one functionality of a user equipment (UE) , wherein the at least one event comprises at least one of a layer 1 (L1) event or a layer 3 (L3) event;performing event prediction based on the configuration; andtransmitting a report associated with the L1 event prediction to the BS.