A safety device

Abstract

The present disclosure pertains to the field of personal safety systems, and particularly to wearable electronic devices that detect distress through multi-modal sensing and autonomously initiate defensive, evidentiary, and emergency-communication actions. A personal safety device is disclosed that autonomously detects and responds to user distress. The device includes a deformable housing acting as an activation interface, a processing core executing a multi-modal threat-detection algorithm, and physiological, inertial, positional, and acoustic sensors. A location module, imaging and illumination units, and self-defence systems—including a controlled non-lethal electric-discharge unit and a forensic marking-fluid dispenser—are activated when a multi-condition threat rule is satisfied. The system computes a dynamic threat index from heart-rate variability, motion deviation, oxygen-saturation change, electrodermal activity, and distress-signature analysis, and transmits diagnostic and positional information to designated recipients. A cloud-based behavioural-learning platform updates user-specific thresholds to enhance detection accuracy without requiring deliberate user action.

Description

WillowOOl1TITLE OFTHE INVENTIONA SAFETY DEVICEA SAFETY DEVICEFIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present disclosure pertains to the field of personal safety systems, and particularly to wearable electronic devices that detect distress through multi-modal sensing and autonomously initiate defensive, evidentiary, and emergency-communication actions.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Personal safety technologies have evolved from simple mechanical whistles and audible alarms to electronic panic buttons, mobile applications, and wearable alert devices. Many commercially available systems rely on user-initiated actions, such as pressing s dedicated button, double-tapping a wearable, or unlocking and interacting with a smartphone. Such solutions, while useful in controlled circumstances, suffer from a fundamental limitation: they assume that the user is free, conscious, and able to execute a deliberate command during an emergency. In real-world incidents involving assault, physical restraint, intimidation, sudden medical distress, or disorientation, the user often cannot access or operate the triggeri ng mechanism. As a result, button-dependent systems frequently fail at the moment they are most needed.

[0003] Attempts have been made to incorporate automated triggers into personal safety devices. Some prior devices utilize fall-detection algorithms, sudden-motion calculators, GPS-based check-in failures, or elevated heart-rate thresholds to infer distress. However, single-sensor or single-domain approaches frequently generate false alarms, as normal activities like running, exercising, or sudden environmental movements can mimic emergency conditions. Other systems rely on voice activation, typically through keyword detection, but these fail when the user is unable to vocalize, when ambient noise masks the signal, or when speaking would provoke an aggressor. Solutions that use only locationWillowOOl2 tracking or only physiological monitoring are similarly limited, as no individual sensor modality is robust enough to diagnose true emergency states with acceptable reliability.

[0004] Prior art also includes smartphone-based personal safety applications that transmit alerts when triggered or when certain conditions are met. While widely available, such applications depend on battery-intensive hardware, require the device to remain accessible and unlocked, and often exhibit latency due to network conditions or background limitations imposed by mobile operating systems. Wearable devices that piggyback on smartphones typically inherit these vulnerabilities. Furthermore, phonebased systems rarely integrate defensive mechanisms or evidence-gathering capabilities, leaving the userwith onlya communication channel rather than comprehensive protection.

[0005] Some wearable devices incorporate basic defensive functions such as loud alarms, irritant sprays, or flashing lights. These systems, however, generally require manual activation and do not integrate multimodal sensing capable of validating a threat autonomously. Theirone-dimensionaltriggers, absence of behavioural learning, and limited ability to adapt to different users make them prone to misfires or non-responsiveness. Existing electric-discharge devices, for example, require the userto actively position and fire the device, which may be impossible during restraint or panic. Likewise, chemical marking systems have historically relied on manual operation or directional spray mechanisms that are not feasible during close-contact struggles.

[0006] In the area of biometric sensing, certain consumer wearables incorporate heartrate, motion, and GPS features primarily for fitness tracking or health monitoring. While these devices gather relevant data streams, they are not configured to fuse such data to detect coercion, emotional stress, or assault-related patterns. They typically lack multisensor correlation logic, distress-signature analysis, or adaptive behavioural thresholds. Moreover, commercial health wearables do not provide integrated defensive capabilities, forensic marking, emergency illumination, evidence capture, or automated communication workflows tied to validated emergency states.

[0007] Cloud-connected behavioural-analytics platforms exist but are not integrated into personal safety systems in a meaningful or time-critical way. Prior art does not provide a closed-loop mechanism in which a wearable device continuously uploads sensorWillowOOl3 patterns, receives individualized threshold adjustments, and evolves in accuracy based on long-term user-specific data.

[0008] Thus, there remains a significant unmet need fora personal safety device capable of autonomously and reliably detecting true emergency conditions through multi-domain sensor fusion; validating such conditions through cross-modal correlation; and initiating a coordinated response that includes defensive deployment, forensic marking, situational illumination, evidentiary imaging, and real-time communication with designated parties. There is a further need for such systems to operate in a discreet, hands-free manner, to function effectively under coercion, and to adapt their detection parameters through ongoing behavioural learning. The present invention addresses these deficiencies and provides a comprehensive, user-centered solution that surpasses the limitations of existing technologies.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0009] Accordingly, the present invention in one aspect provides a personal safety device engineered to provide automatic and reliable protection to an individual in situations of distress. The device is built around a housing that also serves as the primary activation element, allowing the system to be armed through natural deformation or pressure applied to the enclosure, without requiring the user to locate a dedicated button. The internal electronics include a processing unit that receives inputs from a set of physiological and inertial sensors, such as heart-rate, motion, orientation, oxygen saturation, and skinconductance sensors, and evaluates these inputs to determine whether the user is experiencing a condition indicative of fear, panic, injury, or coercion. In addition to sensorbased monitoring, the device incorporates a voice-activation feature capable of recognizing user-specific distress cues, as well as a location-tracking module that provides continuous positional data and enables geo-fence-based deviation detection. When the processor determines that the user is likely in danger, based on a combination of physiological changes, atypical movements, positional anomalies, or vocal distress patterns, it triggers one or more protective actions, which may include delivering a controlled non-lethal electric discharge, dispensinga marking fluid for later identification of an assailant, illuminating theWillowOOl4 surrounding area, recording images or video, or transmitting an alert along with diagnostic and positional information to designated recipients or emergency services.

[0010] The device further incorporates a remote communication interface that allows it to send event data to a cloud-based learning system. This external system analyzes historical usage and behavioural patterns associated with the individual user and updates the device with personalized threshold values, enabling the device to adapt over time and better distinguish between normal behaviour and signs of genuine distress. Through its combination of autonomous activation, multi-modal sensing, integrated defensive components, and adaptive learning capabilities, the invention provides a comprehensive personal safety solution that is practical, discreet, and capable of responding rapidly and intelligently to real-world threats.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0011] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this disclosure, illustrate exemplary embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the disclosed principles:FIG. 1 illustrates a system-level block diagram of the personal safety device, showing the interaction between the processing core, sensing modules, defensive assemblies, imaging and illumination components, communication interfaces, power systems, and cloudadaptation architecture.FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of the device housing, depicting the deformable outer shell, the underlying strain-sensitive activation layer, and the internal electronics substrate.FIG. 3 illustrates representative placement of the physiological and inertial sensors, including the photoplethysmographic heart-rate sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, oxygen-saturation sensor, and electrodermal activity electrodes.WillowOOl5FIG. 4 illustrates the electric-discharge assembly, including the capacitor bank, step-up transformer, and discharge electrodes that deliver a controlled non-lethal deterrent output.FIG. 5 illustrates the forensic fluid-dispensing mechanism, including the fluid cartridge, pump or actuator, and directional spray nozzle for dispensing invisible marking fluid.FIG. 6 illustrates the imaging and illumination components, including the camera module and strobe-capable LEDs configured for evidentiary recording and defensive disorientation.FIG. 7 illustrates the geo-fence and location-tracking logic, including the user position and the defined boundary used for behavioural-deviation detection.FIG. 8 illustrates the cloud-adaptive behavioural-learning architecture, showing the transfer of sensor logs and event data to a remote analytics engine and the return of updated behavioural thresholds to the device.FIG. 9A illustrates an external perspective view of the wrist-mounted embodiment of the personal safety device, showingthe housing s 10), strap interface, illumination region (510), camera aperture (500), and user-facing sensors positioned on the underside of the device.FIG. 9B illustrates an alternative embodiment in which the device is configured as a carabiner- or clip-mounted unit, depicting the structural housing (110), clip attachment mechanism, and externally accessible components.FIG. 9C illustrates the electric-discharge or stun-gun assembly of the device. The figure further depicts the structural isolation of the discharge components.FIG. 9D illustrates an internal exploded view of the device, showing the microcontroller (300), power-management circuitry (710), transformer (405), discharge electrodes (410), camera module (500), and forensic-fluid / powder cartridge (420).WillowOOl6DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0012] The following is a detailed description of embodiments of the present disclosure. The embodiments are in such detail as to clearly communicate the disclosure. However, the amount of detail offered is not intended to limit the anticipated variations of embodiments; on the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the present disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

[0013] Unless the context requires otherwise, throughout the specification which follow, the word “comprise” and variations thereof, such as, “comprises” and “comprising” are to be construed in an open, inclusive sense that is as “including, but not limited to.”

[0014] Reference throughout this specification to “one embodiment” or “an embodiment” means that a particular feature, structure or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment. Thus, the appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, the particular features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

[0015] As used in the description herein and throughout the claims that follow, the meaning of “a,” “an,” and “the” includes plural reference unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Also, as used in the description herein, the meaning of “in” includes “in” and “on” unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0016] In some embodiments, the numbers expressing quantities of ingredients, properties such as concentration, and so forth, used to describe and claim certain embodiments of the invention are to be understood as being modified in some instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, in some embodiments, the numerical parameters set forth in the written description are approximations that can vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained by a particular embodiment. In some embodiments, the numerical parameters should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Notwithstanding that the numerical ranges and parameters setting forth the broad scope of some embodiments of the inventionWillowOOl7 are approximations, the numerical values set forth in the specific examples are reported as precisely as practicable.

[0017] The recitation of ranges of values herein is merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range. Unless otherwise indicated herein, each individual value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein.

[0018] All methods described herein can be performed in suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided with respect to certain embodiments herein is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element essential to the practice of the invention.

[0019] The headings and abstract of the invention provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the embodiments.

[0020] Various terms are used herein. To the extent a term used in a claim is not defined below, it should be given the broadest definition persons in the pertinent art have given that term as reflected in printed publications and issued patents at the time of filing.

[0021] The following description presents multiple embodiments of a personal safety device designed to autonomously detect, validate, and respond to indicators of distress, coercion, abnormal physiology, or hazardous environmental conditions. The device is intended to operate without requiring fine motor control or deliberate button-based activation and may be worn continuously on the body or incorporated into accessories such as pendants, wristbands, watches, clothing attachments, footwear inserts, or belts. The invention integrates sensing, processing, communication, defensive, imaging, and cloud- adaptive learning systems that cooperate to identify and react to user endangerment. The components referenced herein correspond to the figures and element numbering shown in FIG. 1 through FIG. 8.

[0022] Referring now to FIG. 1 , the device includes a processing core comprising a microcontroller (300) and memory (310). The processing core communicates with aWillowOOl8 collection of sensing modules (200), including a photoplethysmographic heart-rate sensor (210), accelerometer (220), gyroscope (230), oxygen-saturation sensor (240), and electrodermal activity sensor (250). In some embodiments, additional environmental or biomedical sensors may be included. A microphone-based voice-detection module (260) provides acoustic inputs, while a GPS-based location module (270) supplies geographical coordinates and movement patterns. Defensive modules include a capacitor-driven electric discharge unit (400) with electrodes (410), and a fluid-dispensing subsystem (420, 430). An imaging and illumination group includes a camera (500) and strobe-emitting LEDs (510). Communication components (600) handle cellular, Wi-Fi, and short-range transmissions, while a battery (700) and power-management circuitry (710) provide regulated electrical energy. A cloud-adaptive learning engine (800) receives sensor logs (820) and event data (830) to generate updated behavioural thresholds (850) returned to the device.

[0023] Turning to FIG. 2, the device housing (110) forms the primary structural enclosure and includes an outer shell engineered to deform under applied force. A flex or strainsensitive layer (120) is positioned beneath the shell and responds to deformation by generating a signal interpreted by the processing core. When deformation exceeds a predetermined threshold, the device transitions from a standby mode to an armed state. An electronics substrate (130) secures the processor, sensors, and interface circuitry. In some embodiments, the flex layer may include piezoelectric, resistive, capacitive, or optical deformation sensors. The material composition of the housing may vary, including polymer composites, meta I- reinfo reed plastics, elastomeric blends, or rigid-flex PCB enclosures.

[0024] In further embodiments, the deformation-trigger assembly may incorporate a force-sensitive resistor (FSR) configured to vary its resistance in proportion to applied pressure, enabling the processor to discriminate between low-level incidental contact and intentional activation forces. Alternatively, the device may employ a mechanical pressure switch positioned beneath the housing, the switch being biased by a spring or cushioned by a flexible damping material such as rubber or elastomeric foam to provide controlled actuation travel a nd tactile feedback. In some configurations, the flex layer is combined with the FSR or mechanical switch to create a redundant or hybrid activation system, ensuringWillowOOl9 reliable triggering even under partial deformation, angled pressure, or compromised grip conditions. This combination approach enhances robustness in real-world distress scenarios where user motion may be irregular or constrained.

[0025] In certain embodiments, the entire device housing functions as the primary SOS activation switch. The housing includes a top-body-to-bottom-body assembly within which a mechanical pressure switch is positioned. The switch is biased by a spring or flexible damping element such as rubber or elastomeric material, ensuring that activation occurs only when the applied force exceeds a predefined threshold associated with intentional user action. This structural arrangement allows the device to distinguish deliberate distress activation from incidental handling or low-force compression. A haptic-feedback member, implemented using a haptic actuator or vibration motor, produces a tactile confirmation signal when the activation threshold is met, enabling the user to recognise successful SOS initiation or cancel inadvertent triggering.

[0026] FIG. 3 illustrates a representative arrangement of the major sensing elements. The heart-rate and PPG module (210) may be positioned against or near the skin. An accelerometer (220) and gyroscope (230) provide inertial and postural information. An SpO2sensor (240) includes optical emitters and detectors oriented to capture volumetric blood- oxygen characteristics. An electrodermal activity sensor (250) may utilize paired electrodes positioned on the skin-facing surface. In different embodiments, sensors may be arranged radially, linearly, or in an orthogonal pattern depending on the form factor of the wearable device.

[0027] In embodiments where the device form factor limits placement of optical or contact-based sensors directly against the skin, the sensing array is configured to include a millimetre-wave (mmWave) sensing module adapted to monitor physiological and environmental parameters without requiring direct skin contact. The mmWave module operates through low-power radio-frequency emissions and is capable of deriving respiration rate, micro-movements, gross motion patterns, and proximity signatures. In certain implementations, the mmWave sensor provides supplementary detection of the presence, distance, or approach of another individual, enabling enhanced situational awareness when traditional photoplethysmographic or electrodermal sensors are notWillowOOl10 optimally positioned. This alternative sensing modality ensures that physiological and contextual monitoring remains robust even in pendant-type, clip-on, or externally mounted configurations where continuous skin coupling is not feasible.

[0028] Referring to FIG. 4, the defensive discharge unit includes a transformer (405) configured to initially elevate the voltage of the incoming supply to a predetermined high- voltage level, and a capacitor bank (400) electrically coupled downstream of the transformer to further increase and store the elevated potential for controlled non-lethal discharge. This arrangement enables rapid accumulation of the required output energy with improved power density and predictable discharge characteristics. A controlled switching network regulates the timing and amplitude of the release, ensuring that the resulting electrical output remains within non-lethal safety limits while providing effective deterrent force. The electrodes (410) are positioned to direct the discharge away from the user, and activation is permitted only after the marshalling member verifies device orientation and safety interlocks, preventing inadvertent operation during normal handling. Electrodes (410) protrude through the housing or sit slightly recessed depending on safety requirements. The discharge may be triggered when the multi-condition threat rule is satisfied. In some embodiments, orientation sensing based on the gyroscope (230) prevents unintended selfcontact.

[0029] FIG. 5 shows the fluid-dispensing mechanism, including a cartridge (420) containing a UV- or IR-reactive marking compound. A micro-pump (430) drives the compound toward a nozzle (440), which is shaped to deliver a narrow, directional spray. The marking compound may adhere to clothing or skin, enabling later identification of an aggressor.

[0030] As shown in FIG. 6, the device includes an imagingassembly containinga camera (500) configured to capture still images or video. A strobe-capable LED module (510) may activate in low-light conditions or during confirmed distress events. In some embodiments, the camera may record continuously into a circular buffer, preserving pre-event activity.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the device further includes an audio-output or alarm member comprising a speaker, buzzer, or acoustic transducer configured to generate an audible alert during confirmed threat events. The audio-output member may emit a high-WillowOOl11 intensity alarm intended to attract attention, deter an aggressor, or confirm activation to the user. The marshalling member controls alarm patterns, volume, and timing based on the threat-detection logic, and may suppress acoustic output when the device is operating in stealth mode.

[0032] In certain embodiments, the device further includes an ultra-compact SIM module integrated within the communication member (600) to provide direct cellular connectivity independent of a paired smartphone. The communication member may support multi-generation cellular standards including 4G LTE, 5G NR, and emerging 6G protocols to enable low-latency, wide-area emergency communication. The communication architecture may additionally incorporate an RFID element configured for short-range identification, authentication, or asset-tracking functions, allowing the device to interface with compatible security systems, access points, or emergency-response infrastructure. These capabilities permit reliable communication even in environments where conventional wireless links are degraded or unavailable.

[0033] FIG. 7 illustrates a geo-fence boundary (275) defined around a geographic region. A user’s real-time location (270) is monitored continuously or periodically. Exiting or breaching the boundary may elevate the threat index or trigger silent alerts. For users with dementia or children, such geo-fences may be central to the operational mode of the device.

[0034] FIG. 8 shows the cloud-based adaptive learning environment. The device uploads event data and sensor histories (820, 830) to remote servers. A cloud analytics engine (840) processes these inputs to refine behavioural models and compute updated threshold parameters (850). These updates may be transmitted back to the device to enhance detection accuracy and reduce false alarms.

[0035] In operation, the device continuously acquires physiological, inertial, positional, and acoustic data. The processing core (300) filters noise, extracts temporal and spectral features, and generates a dynamic threat index. The index is validated through multi-domain confirmation, requiring concurrence between physiological, motion, and contextual anomalies. When validated, the device may activate the defensive modules (400-440), imaging subsystems (500-510), or communication modules (600). The battery (700) powersWillowOOl12 all subsystems under control of the power-management circuitry (710), which may modulate duty cycles based on predicted user behaviour.

[0036] Turning to FIG. 9A, the wrist-mounted embodiment of the personal safety device includes a compact housing (110) configured to rest against the dorsal surface of the user’s wrist. The strap interface secures the device in a manner that maintains consistent alignment between the underside of the housing and the user’s skin, enabling stable operation of the physiological sensors positioned on the lower surface. The illumination region (510) and camera aperture (500) are located on the upper face of the housing to permit unobstructed field-of-view acquisition during threat events. The wrist-mounted arrangement facilitates continuous physiological monitoring while providing a familiar smartwatch-like form factor that can be worn unobtrusively.

[0037] As shown in FIG. 9B, an alternative embodiment configures the device as a carabiner- or clip-mounted module. In this embodiment, the housing (110) integrates a rigid clip attachment structure that enables the device to be secured to belt loops, backpacks, handbags, or clothing edges. The design allows for flexible positioning across different user environments while maintaining access to the externally accessible components, including the illumination region, the camera aperture, the voice-activation openings, and the emergency communication port. This form factor is suited for users who prefer non-wrist- mounted safety devices or environments where wrist mounting is impractical.

[0038] Referring now to FIG. 9C, the electric-discharge or stun-gun subsystem is illustrated. The assembly includes a transformer arranged to elevate the voltage of the incoming supply and a downstream capacitor bank that stores the elevated potential for controlled defensive discharge. The discharge electrodes (410) are positioned at the output end of the housing to focus the non-lethal deterrent toward an aggressor when activated. The figure further shows how the discharge subsystem is structurally isolated from the sensing and processing regions of the device, an arrangement that minimizes electromagnetic interference and prevents unintended interaction with the physiological or inertial sensors during activation.

[0039] The figure further shows how the discharge subsystem is structurally isolated from the sensing and processing regions of the device, an arrangement that minimizesWillowOOl13 electromagnetic interference and prevents unintended interaction with the physiological or inertial sensors during activation. In certain embodiments, the discharge electrodes (410) are incorporated into a removable or retractable ring-shaped module housed within the device. The user may pull the ring module out and wear it on a finger so that the electrodes face outward toward an aggressor, enabling controlled and directionally accurate deployment of the non-lethal electric discharge during close-range encounters. The ring module is electrically connected to the discharge subsystem through a flexible tether or wi re that extends when the ring is removed and automatically retracts into the housingwhen the ring is reinserted. A spring-biased or spool-based retraction mechanism may be employed to ensure smooth extension and reliable rewinding of the tether, maintaining secure electrical contact while preventing tangling or accidental snagging.

[0040] FIG. 9D presents an internal exploded view of the device and depicts the spatial arrangement of the major electronic subsystems. The microcontroller (300), responsible for executing the multi-modal threat-detection algorithm, is mounted on the electronics substrate alongside the power-management circuitry (710). The transformer (405), discharge electrodes (410), and camera module (500) are shown in their relative positions within the housing to illustrate the component stacking and isolation strategy. The figure also shows the forensic-material cartridge (420), which stores the fluid or powder used in the marking subsystem. This exploded configuration clarifies the assembly sequence, internal routing, and packaging considerations of the device, ensuring consistent operation while maintaining a compact external form.

[0041] Specialized embodiments include configurations tailored for children, seniors, and individuals with dementia. Forchildren, tampersensing may be emphasized, alongwith frequent caregiver notifications. For seniors, fall detection and cardiac monitoring may be prioritized. For dementia patients, geo-fence boundaries, wandering detection, and caregiver alerts may form the core functionality. A night-mode embodiment may heighten camera sensitivity and illumination behaviour in low ambient light. A stealth-mode embodiment may suppress visible or audible indications until full threat validation. A remote-activation embodiment may permit authorized parties to trigger device functions through encrypted commands.WillowOOl14

[0042] The invention is not limited to the specific structures shown in the figures. Variations may include alternative sensor technologies, different defensive mechanisms, expanded communication interfaces, or modified cloud-analysis pipelines. Component placements and housing geometries may be adapted to suit different wearable formats, manufacturing methods, or environmental conditions. All such modifications are within the scope of the invention as defined in the claims.

[0043] In further embodiments, the mechanical structure of the device may be adapted to include multiple deformation zones, each tuned to a distinct force threshold so that the system can reliably differentiate between ordinary handling and distress-induced gripping. The flex layer may incorporate multi-axis strain gauges capable of detecting torsion, lateral shear, and compressive loading, allowing the processorto interpret not onlythe magnitude of deformation but also the manner in which it is applied. Internal ribs, lattice structures, or honeycomb reinforcements may be added to direct force toward more sensitive regions of the sensing layer, improving the resolution and consistency of deformation signals. Shockabsorbing elastomeric pads may be positioned around the electronics substrate to mitigate damage from drops or blunt impacts, and hybrid rigid-flex constructions may be used to support curved wearable profiles without compromising structural integrity.

[0044] Electrical embodiments may include PCB layouts that separate analog and digital ground planes to reduce cross-coupling between high-speed digital circuitry and sensitive biosensing components. Shielding layers or grounded copper pours may be positioned around the PPG pathways, gyroscope interfaces, and electrodermal electrodes to preserve signal fidelity even when the electric-discharge module is active. Power-management circuitry may dynamically regulate voltage levels based on predicted subsystem demands, allowing the device to allocate energy efficiently. Surge-suppressing elements may protect the processor and memory during capacitor discharge events, and safety interlocks tied to accelerometer orientation, proximity sensors, or timing constraints may prevent unintentional defensive activation.

[0045] In machine-learning-enhanced embodiments, the device may run miniature classification models on-device to evaluate HRV waveforms, inertial signatures, or acoustic spectrograms in real time. A lightweight convolutional network may analyze patterns ofWillowOOl15 movement to distinguish routine activity from struggle, restraint, or sudden collapse. Recurrent models may track long-term physiological trends and identify deviations that signal distress or medical instability. Cloud-based analytics may refine detection thresholds using federated learning, ensuring that personal sensor data never leaves the device while still allowing behavioural models to evolve with user-specific patterns.

[0046] Certain embodiments may be tailored specifically for children, where tamperdetection sensors built into the housing or strap may trigger alerts if the device is removed without authorization. The location module may operate at increased sampling frequency du ring school commute periods or when the child enters designated zones. Communication routines may send periodic heartbeat signals to a caregiver dashboard, and defensive capabilities may be limited to non-contact options such as illumination orforensic marking fluid to comply with safety norms.

[0047] For senior users, the device may emphasize fall detection by analyzing acceleration spikes followed by periods of reduced motion, supplemented by postural information from the gyroscope. Combined physiological cues from HRVand SpO2may help identify cardiac or respiratory irregularities. The device may also provide subtle haptic reminders for medication adherence or hydration. Alerts triggered by serious physiological or fall-related events may be automatically transmitted to caregivers, medical professionals, or telemedicine platforms.

[0048] Embodiments for individuals with dementia or cognitive impairment may rely heavily on location-based monitoring. The system may continuously evaluate proximityto a predefined safe zone and automatically escalate its monitoring when the user wanders beyond familiar boundaries. Silent alerts may be sent to caregivers during such events, and haptic guidance patterns may encourage the user to return toward recognized locations. Time-of-day models may help identify unusual nocturnal movement or disorientation.

[0049] Stealth-mode embodiments may suppress all audible or visible cues until the threat index reaches a high-confidence threshold. Communications may be carried out through low-power, narrow-band channels to reduce detectability, and the device may imitate a powered-down state while maintaining internal monitoring. Defensive systemsWillowOOl16 such as the fluid sprayer may deploy silently, and imaging may operate without illumination in low-light environments by increasing sensor sensitivity.

[0050] Extended operational embodiments may implement multi-stage threat handling, where a low-level threat initiates silent logging, a mid-level threat activates the camera and uploads positional data, and a high-level threat triggers defensive systems. The device may also enter a pre-armed state in response to contextual cues such as late-night activity, entry into high-risk areas, or deviations from typical routines. Behavioural prediction algorithms may anticipate risk based on historical patterns and adjust monitoring sensitivity accordingly.

[0051] Manufacturing variations may include the use of injection-molded housings, laser-cut flexible strain layers, and SMT-assembled circuit boards. Environmental sealing may be accomplished using adhesive gaskets, ultrasonic welding, or over-molding. Electrodes may be fabricated from stainless steel, titanium, or conductive polymer composites to ensure durability under repeated activation. Reliability measures may include watchdog timers, redundant memory partitions capable of rolling back in case of corruption, periodic self-tests of sensing and communication modules, and continuous monitoring of battery health parameters such as cycle count, internal impedance, and thermal behavior.

[0052] In certain embodiments, the device includes a controlled non-lethal electricdischarge subsystem that is configured to incapacitate, startle, or deter an aggressor without causing long-term harm. In an exemplary embodiment, the voltage is in the range of 1000 to 60000 volts. Discharge is delivered through electrodes positioned so the user can direct the output outward while minimizing accidental self-contact. Activation occurs only after the processing core validates a threat condition and verifies orientation and safety interlocks. The electric output is pulse-modulated or waveform-shaped to achieve a deterrent effect while remaining within defined safety parameters.

[0053] The device includes a forensic marking-fluid dispensing subsystem that is adapted to deposit a persistent identifying substance on an aggressor or surrounding environment. The subsystem incorporates a sealed cartridge containing a UV-reactive, IR- reactive, or chemically encoded, or adhesive forensic formulation, and a micro-pump orWillowOOl17 actuator that propels the formulation toward a directional nozzle engineered for accurate spray delivery. Upon threat validation, the processor commands the dispensing subsystem to emit a targeted burst of the marking fluid, establishing a persistent trace on skin, hair, clothing, or nearby surfaces. The marking composition is selected and delivered to facilitate later forensic identification and event reconstruction.

[0054] In additional embodiments, the marking subsystem is configured to dispense a forensic materialthat may be provided in fluid, gel, powder, or particulate form. The material may include UV-reactive, IR-reactive, chemically encoded, or persistent forensic signatures. In powder-based configurations, the dispensing assembly may direct a controlled burst of fine particulate marking material toward the aggressor, or transfer the particulate through direct-contact deposition using an absorbent or textured pad. The selected formulation adheres to skin, hair, or clothing and remains detectable for extended periods underforensic illumination or laboratory analysis.

[0055] In another embodiment, the device includes a pressure-activated forensic marking pad that is configured to transfer an identifying substance to an assailant through direct physical contact. The fluid cartridge delivers a controlled quantity of the marking formulation onto an absorbent or semi-porous pad located on an exterior surface of the housing. When the housing is squeezed, compressed, or actuated through a dedicated button, the processor commands the dispensing subsystem to saturate or refresh the pad with the forensic formulation. Upon contact between the pad and the skin, hair, or clothing of an aggressor, the formulation is mechanically transferred and adheres to the contacted surface. This embodiment enables silent, proximity-based marking without requiring directional spraying and is particularly suited for situations where the assailant is in close physical proximity or where a discreet marking action is desired. The formulation deposited on the pad is selected to remain stable on the pad surface until transfer and to retain forensic detectability after deposition on the subject.

[0056] In additional embodiments, the marking subsystem dispenses a forensic material in fluid or powder form through mechanisms other than directional spraying. A pressure-activated pad or transfer surface on the housing receives the marking material such as UV-reactive dye or forensic powder which is transferred to an assailant throughWillowOOl18 direct surface-to-surface contact. The device may meterthe material onto the pad when the housing is squeezed or actuated.

[0057] In further variants, the marking material is distributed as a coating on selected regions or substantially the entire exterior surface of the device, enabling contact-based transfer during physical engagement. The system may also employ replaceable patches pre-loaded with the forensic fluid or powder, the patches being attachable to the housing and replaceable after use. These configurations provide alternative, close-range marking options when spray deployment is impractical.

[0058] The device includes an illumination system that is operable to provide both visibility enhancement and aggressor disorientation. The illumination subsystem incorporates high-intensity LEDs capable of producing continuous light output and stroboscopic pulses at frequencies that disrupt visual tracking. Ambient-light conditions are monitored, and the illumination intensity is automatically adjusted to maintain optimal visibility. During a validated threat event, the processing core activates strobe or steadylight modes depending on environmental and behavioural context. In certain embodiments, the illumination operates in coordination with imagingfunctions to ensure adequate lighting forevidence capture. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the LEDs have a lumen range of 30 to 300 lumens.

[0059] The device includes an imaging subsystem configured to record still images or video as evidentiary documentation of a threat event. The imaging subsystem incorporates a compact camera module equipped with exposure control, low-light enhancement, and optionally wide-angle optics. The processor operates the camera in a buffered-recording mode, continuously capturing frames to a temporary memory region so that pre-event imagery is preserved. When the system recognizes a validated threat condition, the imaging subsystem increases recording parameters such as frame rate or resolution and stores the captured media along with timestamps and metadata necessary for evidentiary integrity. The illumination subsystem is coordinated with the camera to ensure usable recordings in low-light environments.

[0060] The device includes a communication subsystem that is configured to transmit alerts and diagnostic information to designated recipients or emergency services uponWillowOOl19 confirmation of a threat event. The subsystem utilizes cellular, Wi-Fi, satellite, or low-power wireless communication channels to deliver structured alert packets containing geographic coordinates from the location module, recent movement vectors, physiological indicators such as HRV deviation or electrodermal response, inertial-event signatures, and links or attachments to captured images orvideo. Once activated, the communication subsystem continues to transmit periodic updates to support real-time tracking and assessment. In certain embodiments, authorized remote parties are enabled to request additional sensor data, initiate live imaging, or escalate monitoring actions.

[0061] LIST OF NUMBERING:WillowOOl20

[0062] While the foregoing description discloses various embodiments of the disclosure, other and further embodiments of the invention may be devised without departing from the basic scope of the disclosure.

Claims

WillowOOl21CLAIMS:

1. A personal safety device, comprising:• a housing configured to function as a primary activation switch, such that deformation, pressure, or displacement of the housingtransitions the device from an inert state to an armed state without requiring a dedicated button;• a marshalling member comprising a microcontroller and a memory, the marshalling member being configured to execute a multi-modal threat-detection algorithm that concurrently analyses physiological, motion, positional, and voice-derived inputs;• a plurality of sensing members comprising:- a heart- rate sensor;- an accelerometer;- a gyroscope;- an oxygen-saturation sensor; and- a skin-conductance sensor;• a voice-activation member configured to detect a user-specific distress-signature comprising at least one of a predetermined keyword, stress-modulated tone, or acoustic instability pattern;• a location-tracking member comprising a GPS module;• a first self-defence member comprising a controlled, non-lethal electric-discharge unit;• a second self-defence member comprising a concealed forensic-fluid dispensing mechanism or marking-powder dispensing mechanism;• an image-capturing member;• an illuminating member;• a communication module; and• a power-supply member; wherein the marshalling member is configured to:WillowOOl22• fuse outputs of the sensing members to compute a dynamic threat index based on heart-rate variability, posture deviation, anomalous motion, oxygen-saturation change, and skin-conductance spike;• cross-validate the dynamic threat index with voice-derived distress-signatures and GPS-derived geo-behavioural deviation;• activate at least one of the first self-defence member, the forensic-fluid dispensing member, the image-capturing member, the illuminating member, or the communication module only upon satisfying a multi-condition threat rule, comprisingat least: o a physiological anomaly, and o an inertial or positional anomaly, and o at least one of a distress-signature, geo-fence deviation, or housing-switch activation;• operate in conjunction with a cloud-based behavioural-learningdatabase configured to adapt user-specific threat-detection thresholds by feedback synchronisation.

2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the housing comprises a flexible structural element with embedded strain-sensing circuitry that differentiates intentional deformation from accidental compression.

3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the marshalling member implements a physiological- inertial correlation model that detects stress-linked motion signatures.

4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the dynamic threat index is updated at intervals below 100 ms to permit real-time distress prediction.

5. The device of claim 1 , wherein- the forensic fluid comprises a forensic-grade UV / IR-reactive composition with persistence exceeding 48 hours; and- the marking material comprises a forensic-grade UV- or IR-reactive fluid, gel, powder, or particulate composition.

6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the image-capturing member enters a rolling-buffer pre-activation mode, retaining footage from 5-20 seconds before threat confirmation.WillowOOl237. The device of claim 1 , wherein the marshalling member employs a TinyML compressed model enabling continuous threat detection under < 20 mW power.

8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the communication module automatically transmits a multi-packet emergency bundle comprising location trail, physiological anomaly record, inertial anomaly record, and a pre-trigger image buffer.

9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the geo-behavioural deviation comprises detection of:• deviation from habitual walking paths,• prolonged stationary state in high-risk zones, or• entry into a user-defined restricted zone.

10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first self-defence member includes an interlock ensuring discharge only if the device orientation matches a predetermined attack-defence posture.

11. The device of claim 1 , wherein the cloud database updates the dynamic threat index using a user-specific stress-baseline profile derived from long-term monitoring.

12. The device of claim 1 , wherein the multi-condition threat rule includes an adaptive confidence score threshold that tightens when the user is in a designated risk environment.

13. The device of claim 1 , wherein tamper detection triggers silent image capture and an automatic alert before full device shutdown.

14. The device of claim 1 , wherein the fluid-dispensing mechanism employs a micropump with directional spray confinement minimising user exposure.

15. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device activates in stealth mode when an anomaly is detected, suppressing any audible cues until a preset escalation point.

16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second self-defence member comprises a pressure-activated forensic marking pad or marking surface configured to receive a forensic fluid or powder, the marking material being transferable to an assailant through surface-to- surface contact, including UV-reactive dye transfer without spraying, and wherein the marking material is further deliverable either by spraying onto an exterior portion of the device or by applying or replacing patches pre-loaded with the forensic fluid or powder.

17. The device of claim 1, further comprising a millimetre-wave (mmWave) sensing module configured to acquire non-contact physiological parameters including respirationWillowOOl24 patterns, micro-movements, or thoracic displacement when direct skin placement of optical sensors is not available.

18. The device of claim 17, wherein the mmWave sensing module is further configured to detect the presence, proximity, or approach of another individual for contextual threat assessment.

19. The device of claim 17, wherein outputs of the mmWave sensing module are fused with heart-rate variability, inertial measurements, and electrodermal activity to enhance confidence in the dynamic threat index.

20. The device of claim 17, wherein the marshalling member selects the mmWave sensing module as a primary physiological input source when the device form factor prevents continuous skin coupling of contact-based sensors.

21. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a haptic-feedback member configured to provide a tactile confirmation signal upon SOS activation, and wherein the entire housing functions as the activation switch through a top-body-to-bottom-body assembly incorporatinga mechanical pressure switch biased bya spring or flexible damping material, the switch being actuated only when applied pressure exceeds a predetermined threshold.

22. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an audio-output member configured to generate an audible alarm through a speaker, buzzer, or acoustic transducer upon activation of the multi-condition threat rule.

23. A method for automated threat detection and response in a personal safety device, comprising: i. acquiring physiological, inertial, voice-derived, and positional data; ii. computing a dynamic threat index; iii. cross-validating the dynamic threat index with a distress-signature or geo- behavioural deviation; iv. determining whether a multi-condition threat rule is satisfied; and v. activating at least one defence or alert mode accordingly.

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