Solar cell and preparation method therefor, and photovoltaic module, power generation device and electric device

Abstract

The present application relates to a solar cell and a preparation method therefor, and a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and an electric device. The solar cell comprises a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode which are stacked in the thickness direction of the solar cell. The functional layer comprises an organic polymer, and the organic polymer comprises a hole transport group, wherein the functional layer satisfies the following condition: A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1, where A1 represents the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in a wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm of an ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, and A2 represents the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min. In the present application, the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell can be further improved.

Description

Solar cells and their manufacturing methods, photovoltaic modules, power generation devices and power consumption devices

[0001] Cross-reference to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to Chinese Patent Application No. 202510714913.8, filed on May 30, 2025, entitled “Solar Cells and Methods for Preparing Themselves, Photovoltaic Modules, Power Generation Devices and Power Consumption Devices”, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application relates to the field of solar cells, and more particularly to a solar cell and its preparation method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. Background Technology

[0004] Solar cells are batteries that convert light energy into electrical energy. They have excellent photoelectric properties and simple manufacturing methods, bringing new possibilities and hope to photovoltaic power generation.

[0005] Currently, how to further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells is an urgent problem to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This application provides a solar cell and its preparation method, a photovoltaic module, a power generation device, and a power consumption device. The photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell in this application can be further improved.

[0007] In a first aspect, this application proposes a solar cell comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell. The functional layer comprises an organic polymer, and the organic polymer includes hole transport groups.

[0008] Among them, the functional layer satisfies: A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1, where A1 represents the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the wavelength range of 200nm to 400nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum; and A2 represents the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the wavelength range of 200nm to 400nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes.

[0009] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the functional layer shows little change in the absorption peak of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum before and after immersion in the low-polarity solvent chlorobenzene. This indicates that the surface properties of the functional layer are relatively similar after immersion in the low-polarity solvent, the functional layer has excellent solvent resistance, is not easily dissolved by solvent or has its surface properties not easily changed, the functional layer is relatively stable as an integral thin film layer, and the functional layer has strong bonding force with its adjacent layers. The functional layer can also effectively play a role in hole transport, improve device stability, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0010] In some implementations, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.85 times A1, or alternatively, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.9 times A1. The functional layer exhibits more stable performance, and the bonding force between the functional layer and adjacent layers far from the photoelectric conversion layer is stronger, which can improve device stability and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0011] In some implementations, the functional layer satisfies the following: the absolute value of the change of V2 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 5%, where V1 represents the first potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer in V; and V2 represents the second potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer after being immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes in V.

[0012] Therefore, the functional layer of the present invention exhibits a small difference in surface potential before and after immersion in the low-polarity solvent chlorobenzene. The functional layer of the present invention has excellent solvent resistance, is not easily dissolved by solvents or has its surface properties not easily altered. As an integral thin film layer, the functional layer is relatively stable and can improve device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0013] In some embodiments, the functional layer satisfies: A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.6 times A1; optionally, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.7 times A1; further optionally, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1, wherein A3 represents the maximum absorption peak in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer is sequentially soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min and then soaked in dichloromethane for 5 min.

[0014] Therefore, when the functional layer of the embodiment of this application meets the above conditions, its performance is more stable, and the bonding force between the functional layer and its adjacent layers is stronger, which can improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0015] In some implementations, the functional layer satisfies the following: the absolute value of the change of V3 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 20%, where V1 represents the first potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer in V; and V3 represents the third potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min and then in dichloromethane for 5 min in sequence in V.

[0016] Therefore, when the functional layer of the embodiment of this application meets the above conditions, its performance is more stable, and the bonding force between the functional layer and the adjacent layer far away from the photoelectric conversion layer is stronger, which can improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0017] In some embodiments, the organic polymer includes multiple repeating units, each repeating unit including a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including a hole transport group, the linking unit in each repeating unit being connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of two adjacent repeating units being connected to each other.

[0018] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the organic polymer is connected by connecting units to form an integral film structure. The film structure is not prone to interlayer movement, thereby enabling the functional layer to function stably and improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0019] In some embodiments, the side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group via the bridging group.

[0020] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the first electrode and the oxygen-containing group have an anchoring effect, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers, improve the stability of the device, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0021] In some embodiments, the repeating unit includes one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I.

[0022] In formula I,

[0023] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0024] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0025] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0026] P includes hole transport groups;

[0027] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6.

[0028] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the organic polymer formed by the organic combination of R1 and P can form an aggregate with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions. It has a strong self-assembly capability, which is conducive to obtaining a flat self-assembled structure, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0029] In some implementations, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0030] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0031] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0032] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0033] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0034] #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

[0035] Therefore, in the embodiments of this application, the organic polymer formed by the organic combination of R1, Q, L and A can form an aggregate with an ordered structure through intermolecular interactions. It has a strong self-assembly capability, which is conducive to obtaining a flat self-assembled structure, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell.

[0036] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing substituents include one or more of the following: alkoxy, amide, carboxylic acid ester, phosphate ester, sulfonate, silicate, borate, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, phosphite, phosphate, borate, or silicate.

[0037] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted pinanediol comprises substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediols, optionally C2 to C4 pinanediols.

[0038] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted penealkyl group includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0039] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0040] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 ether groups, optionally C2 to C4 ether groups.

[0041] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0042] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0043] In some embodiments, the hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

[0044] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0045] In formula A1,

[0046] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0047] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0048] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0049] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0050] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0051] In the formula,

[0052] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0053] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 in the same structural formula is greater than or equal to 2.

[0054] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0055] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-110 One or more of the structures shown,

[0056] In the formula,

[0057] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0058] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0059] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0060] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0061] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0062] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0063] In formula A2,

[0064] M 14Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0065] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0066] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0067] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0068] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown,

[0069] In the formula,

[0070] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0071] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, and n4, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, the sum of n1, n2, n3, and n4 is greater than or equal to 2.

[0072] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0073] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b18 One or more of the structures shown,

[0074] In the formula,

[0075] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0076] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0077] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0078] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0079] In formula A3,

[0080] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0081] M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0082] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0083] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0084] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0085] In the formula,

[0086] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0087] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 in the same structural formula is greater than or equal to 2.

[0088] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0089] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-16 One or more of the structures shown,

[0090] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0091] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0092] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0093] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A4.

[0094] In formula A4,

[0095] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0096] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0097] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0098] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0099] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown,

[0100] In the formula,

[0101] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0102] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 in the same structural formula is greater than or equal to 2.

[0103] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0104] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-17 One or more of the structures shown,

[0105] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0106] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0107] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0108] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0109] In formula A5,

[0110] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0111] M 23 and M 34Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0112] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0113] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0114] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown,

[0115] In the formula,

[0116] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0117] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 in the same structural formula is greater than or equal to 2.

[0118] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0119] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises a substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-13 One or more of the structures shown,

[0120] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0121] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0122] Therefore, the embodiments of this application have excellent hole transport capabilities, which is beneficial to improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of solar cells.

[0123] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes one or more of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0124] Optionally, when the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and when the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthion group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and when the substituent group includes a carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0125] Optionally, when the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and when the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0126] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic atom number of C5 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups having a cyclic atom number of C3 to C15.

[0127] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. Optionally, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group and phosphate group.

[0128] Oxide-containing groups have an anchoring effect on the hole transport layer, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer and improve the stability of the device.

[0129] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of carboxylic acid groups, phosphate groups, borate groups, carboxyl groups, phosphate groups, and borate groups. These groups have excellent anchoring effects with the hole transport layer, enhancing the bonding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer, and improving device stability.

[0130] In some embodiments, the repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

[0131] In some embodiments, the repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

[0132] In some embodiments, a functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode and is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode. The functional layer has hole transport capabilities, which can improve hole transport performance and enhance the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0133] In some implementations, the thickness of the functional layer is between 1 nm and 30 nm. When the thickness of the functional layer is within this range, holes can be effectively transported, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0134] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes a hole transport layer, with the functional layer located between the hole transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer. The hole transport layer and the functional layer work together to facilitate hole extraction and transport, and the functional layer can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0135] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer is from 0.1 nm to 20 nm. When the thickness of the functional layer is within this range, defects in the photoelectric conversion layer can be effectively passivated, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0136] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. As a carrier transport layer, the hole transport layer can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0137] In some embodiments, the hole transport material includes hole transport organic compounds, which include one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, and aromatic monomers.

[0138] In some embodiments, the hole transport layer includes a hole transport inorganic material, which includes one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

[0139] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite material. After absorbing photons, the perovskite material generates electron-hole pairs, which are then thermally heated to form excitons. Charge separation then occurs, with photogenerated electrons transitioning to the LUMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer and photogenerated holes transitioning to the HOMO level.

[0140] In some embodiments, the perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ZBX3 or M2CDN6.

[0141] Z and M each independently include Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, dimethylamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation;

[0142] B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations in;

[0143] X and N each independently include F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of the following;

[0144] C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of the following;

[0145] D includes Bi 3+ Ni3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0146] In some embodiments, the first electrode is a transparent electrode. A transparent electrode is beneficial for improving light transmittance, which is conducive to the photoelectric conversion reaction of the photoelectric conversion layer, and the resulting solar cell is an inverted solar cell.

[0147] In some embodiments, the solar cell further includes an electron transport layer located between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode. As a carrier transport layer, the electron transport layer effectively transports electrons, reduces carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer, and improves the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0148] Secondly, this application proposes a solar cell, which includes a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell. The functional layer includes an organic polymer, which includes a plurality of repeating units, and the repeating units include one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I.

[0149] In formula I,

[0150] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0151] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0152] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0153] P includes hole transport groups;

[0154] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6.

[0155] In some implementations, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0156] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0157] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0158] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0159] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0160] #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

[0161] Therefore, the functional layer in the embodiment of this application is a relatively stable overall thin film layer, and the bonding force between the functional layer and its adjacent layers is strong. The functional layer can also effectively play the role of hole transport, thereby improving the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0162] In some embodiments, the organic polymer of the solar cell of the second aspect is further defined as in any embodiment of the organic polymer of the solar cell of the first aspect.

[0163] In some embodiments, the solar cell of the second aspect is further defined as in any embodiment of the solar cell of the first aspect.

[0164] Thirdly, this application proposes a method for preparing a solar cell, the method comprising:

[0165] Provide the first electrode;

[0166] An organic monomer is provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group connected to the side chain group, and the side chain group includes a hole transport group.

[0167] Organic monomers polymerize under polymerization conditions to form functional layers;

[0168] A solar cell is obtained by sequentially depositing at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode on the functional layer.

[0169] According to the preparation method of the present application, the active groups in the organic monomer are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form an organic polymer. The organic polymer is a polymer film, which constitutes the main component of the functional layer, making the functional layer a whole film structure. The functional layer is located on the first electrode and is not prone to migration and diffusion, which is beneficial to improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency. Moreover, the organic polymer also includes hole transport groups, and the functional layer can further effectively play the role of hole transport, improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0170] In some embodiments, the step of providing the organic monomer to one side of the first electrode includes: forming a hole transport layer on the first electrode; and forming the organic monomer on the hole transport layer.

[0171] The hole transport layer, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0172] In some implementations, the polymerization conditions include one or more of heat treatment or photoinitiation treatment.

[0173] In some embodiments, the heat treatment temperature is between 25°C and 300°C. When the heat treatment meets the above conditions, the polymerization reaction can proceed fully, which is beneficial to improving the degree of polymerization and enhancing the stability of the functional layer film.

[0174] In some embodiments, the heat treatment time is 15 to 50 minutes. When the heat treatment meets the above conditions, the polymerization reaction can proceed fully, which is beneficial to improving the degree of polymerization and enhancing the stability of the functional layer film.

[0175] In some embodiments, the side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group via the bridging group.

[0176] In some embodiments, the organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II.

[0177] In formula II,

[0178] R2 represents an active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups.

[0179] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0180] P' includes hole transport groups;

[0181] n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active unit, where n' is any integer from 2 to 6.

[0182] In some implementations, p' includes one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0183] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0184] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0185] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0186] m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m' is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0187] ##** indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the active group.

[0188] Fourthly, this application proposes a photovoltaic module, which includes one or more solar cells as described in any embodiment of the first aspect of this application, solar cells as described in any embodiment of the second aspect of this application, or solar cells prepared by any method described in any embodiment of the third aspect of this application.

[0189] Fifthly, this application proposes a power generation device, which includes a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the fourth aspect of this application.

[0190] Sixthly, this application proposes an electrical device, which includes a photovoltaic module according to any embodiment of the fourth aspect of this application. Attached Figure Description

[0191] To more clearly illustrate the technical solutions of the embodiments of this application, the drawings used in the embodiments of this application will be briefly introduced below. Obviously, the drawings described below are only some embodiments of this application. For those skilled in the art, other drawings can be obtained based on the drawings without creative effort.

[0192] Figure 1 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0193] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some other embodiments of this application;

[0194] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0195] Figure 4 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0196] Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0197] Figure 6 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a solar cell provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0198] Figure 7 is a schematic diagram of the structure of a photovoltaic module provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0199] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of the structure of an electrical device provided in some embodiments of this application;

[0200] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-1 of this application;

[0201] Figure 10 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-2 of this application;

[0202] Figure 11 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-3 of this application;

[0203] Figure 12 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-4 of this application;

[0204] Figure 13 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomer shown in Formula I1-5 of this application;

[0205] Figure 14 is a schematic diagram of the nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum of the organic monomers shown in Formula I1-6 of this application;

[0206] The accompanying drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale.

[0207] The following are the labeling elements in the figure:

[0208] M, thickness direction; 10, solar cell; 11, first electrode; 12, functional layer; 13, hole transport layer; 14, photoelectric conversion layer; 15, electron transport layer; 16, second electrode; 1, photovoltaic module; 2, electrical device. Detailed Implementation

[0209] The following detailed description, with appropriate reference to the accompanying drawings, discloses embodiments of the solar cell, its fabrication method, photovoltaic module, power generation device, and power consumption device of this application. However, unnecessary detailed descriptions may be omitted. For example, detailed descriptions of well-known matters and repetitive descriptions of practically identical structures may be omitted. This is to avoid unnecessarily lengthy descriptions and to facilitate understanding by those skilled in the art. Furthermore, the accompanying drawings and the following description are provided to enable those skilled in the art to fully understand this application and are not intended to limit the subject matter of the claims.

[0210] The "range" disclosed in this application is defined by a lower limit and an upper limit. A given range is defined by selecting a lower limit and an upper limit, which define the boundaries of the particular range. Ranges defined in this way can include or exclude endpoints and can be arbitrarily combined; that is, any lower limit can be combined with any upper limit to form a range. For example, if ranges of 60 to 120 and 80 to 110 are listed for a specific parameter, it is also expected that ranges of 60 to 110 and 80 to 120 are also included. Furthermore, if minimum range values ​​of 1 and 2 are listed, and if maximum range values ​​of 3, 4, and 5 are listed, then the following ranges are all expected: 1 to 3, 1 to 4, 1 to 5, 2 to 3, 2 to 4, and 2 to 5. In this application, unless otherwise stated, the numerical range "a to b" represents a shortened representation of any combination of real numbers between a and b, where a and b are real numbers. For example, the numerical range "0 to 5" means that all real numbers between "0 and 5" have been listed in this article; "0 to 5" is just a shortened representation of these numerical combinations. In addition, when a parameter is stated as an integer ≥ 2, it is equivalent to disclosing that the parameter is, for example, an integer 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, etc.

[0211] Unless otherwise specified, all embodiments and optional embodiments of this application can be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0212] Unless otherwise specified, all technical features and optional technical features of this application may be combined to form new technical solutions.

[0213] Unless otherwise specified, all steps of this application may be performed sequentially or randomly, preferably sequentially. For example, if the method includes steps (a) and (b), it means that the method may include steps (a) and (b) performed sequentially, or it may include steps (b) and (a) performed sequentially. For example, if the method may also include step (c), it means that step (c) may be added to the method in any order. For example, the method may include steps (a), (b), and (c), or it may include steps (a), (c), and (b), or it may include steps (c), (a), and (b), etc.

[0214] In this application, "multiple" means two or more (including two).

[0215] Solar cells convert solar energy into electrical energy. Their operation mainly includes: exciton generation and separation, free carrier transport, carrier collection, and current generation. Specifically, in a solar cell, sunlight is absorbed by the photoelectric conversion layer, which absorbs photons and generates excitons. Due to the low Coulomb force binding of the photoelectric conversion layer, the excitons subsequently separate into free electrons and holes. The separated free carriers transport within the photoelectric conversion layer, and the electrons and holes are collected by electrodes. When connected to an external load, they form a current.

[0216] To improve carrier extraction and transport efficiency, a hole transport layer can be placed between the electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer. However, side reactions may occur between the photoelectric conversion layer and traditional hole transport layers such as nickel oxide, for example, trivalent nickel can lead to the decomposition of perovskite materials. In related technologies, small molecule monomer compounds are commonly used as hole transport layers for hole transport or as passivation layers between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer for passivation. Small molecule monomer compounds, such as (4-(3,6-dimethyl-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl)phosphonic acid (Me-4PACz) and [4-(3,6-dimethoxy-9H-carbazole-9-yl)butyl]phosphonic acid layer (MeO-4PACz), can be anchored to the electrode or hole transport layer through anchoring groups such as phosphonic acid groups. When used as a hole transport layer, small molecule monomer compounds can help extract and transport holes to the corresponding electrode. When used as passivation materials, small molecule monomer compounds can also alleviate side reactions between the hole transport layer and the perovskite material. However, small molecule monomer compounds may experience migration and other problems during the photothermal aging process of solar cells, which can weaken their hole transport or passivation effects and may deteriorate the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. Moreover, when polymer materials are used as passivation materials, the poor batch stability of polymers may lead to differences in the performance of solar cells, resulting in poor device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0217] In view of this, the present application provides a solar cell, which includes a functional layer comprising an organic polymer containing hole transport groups. The organic polymer can form a stable film layer with strong adhesion to its adjacent layers and is not prone to film peeling, thereby improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0218] Solar cells

[0219] In a first aspect, this application proposes a solar cell.

[0220] As shown in Figure 1, the solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, and a second electrode 16 stacked along the thickness direction M of the solar cell 10. The functional layer 12 includes an organic polymer, which includes hole transport groups.

[0221] Functional layer 12 satisfies: A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1.

[0222] A1 indicates the maximum absorption peak of functional layer 12 in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum;

[0223] A2 indicates that the functional layer 12, after being immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, exhibits the maximum absorption peak in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum.

[0224] Optionally, the functional layer 12 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14 are disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16, with the photoelectric conversion layer 14 disposed close to the second electrode 16.

[0225] In the embodiments of this application, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy has a well-known meaning in the art and can be detected using equipment and methods known in the art, such as in accordance with the test standard JY / T 0570-2020 General Rules for Ultraviolet and Visible Absorption Spectroscopy Analysis Methods. The maximum absorption peak refers to the point with the highest absorbance (or absorbance) on the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum, i.e., the peak value at the wavelength of strongest absorption. It is related to the electronic transition characteristics in the compound molecule and can be used to identify the type of compound.

[0226] In testing the performance of the functional layer 12, this application obtains the functional layer 12 by removing the second electrode 16 of the solar cell 10 with tape. If the solar cell also includes an optional electron transport layer, the electron transport layer is dissolved using chlorobenzene. Then, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is dissolved using N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent. After dissolving the photoelectric conversion layer 14, the N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is removed by vacuum flash evaporation. The time required for dissolving the photoelectric conversion layer 14 with N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent is related to the photoelectric conversion layer's photoelectric properties. The thickness of the conversion layer 14 is related to the amount of time required for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) to dissolve when the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is greater, to the extent that the functional layer 12 is exposed. For example, when the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is between 200 nm and 1500 nm, the dissolution time required for N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) is between 10 s and 60 s. Specifically, when the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 500 nm, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent is spin-coated onto the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 for 30 s.

[0227] The remaining first electrode 11 and functional layer 12 are subjected to vacuum flash evaporation to remove N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF), thereby obtaining the functional layer 12 of the test sample. The performance of the test sample is then tested. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the corresponding functional layer 12 of the test sample is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, thereby obtaining the maximum absorption peak A of the functional layer 12 in the predetermined wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm.

[0228] In this embodiment, after the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is dissolved in N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, the elements on the surface of the remaining functional layer 12 can be tested using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). If the content of characteristic elements of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 on the surface of the functional layer 12 is less than or equal to a preset threshold, it is confirmed that the photoelectric conversion layer 14 has been cleaned.

[0229] For example, when the photoelectric conversion layer includes a perovskite material.

[0230] The characteristic element corresponding to the ZBX3 compound can be the B-site element. For example, if the B-site element includes lead, lead can be selected for content testing. The mass content of the B-site element is less than or equal to 5%, calculated based on the sum of the masses of all detected elements being 100%. In this case, the preset threshold for the B-site element is 5%.

[0231] The characteristic elements corresponding to the M2CDN6 compound can be C-site elements and D-site elements. The sum of the mass contents of C-site elements and D-site elements is less than or equal to 5%. The calculation is based on the sum of the mass contents of all detected elements being 100%. In this case, the preset threshold for the sum of the mass contents of C-site elements and D-site elements is 5%.

[0232] The specific steps for testing feature elements include:

[0233] (1) Sample preparation: Cut the cleaned test sample into 5mm*5mm pieces, dry it with nitrogen and store it in a desiccator to avoid oxidation or moisture absorption; spray 5-10nm gold or carbon film to eliminate the charging effect.

[0234] (2) Parameter settings: The prepared samples were tested using SEM and EDS equipment. The equipment parameters were set as follows.

[0235] SEM operating mode: accelerating voltage 5-20kV (adjusted according to sample conductivity, ≤10kV for poor conductivity); working distance: 8 to 10mm to ensure maximum detector receiving efficiency; beam current: 0.5 to 5nA (low beam current reduces sample damage).

[0236] EDS parameter configuration: Acquisition time is 60 to 120 seconds (adjusted according to element content; low-content elements require an extension to 300 seconds); energy spectrum resolution ≤ 130 eV; elemental analysis range typically covers 0.7 to 20 keV.

[0237] If the number of feature elements on the surface of functional layer 12 is less than a preset threshold, a performance test is performed on functional layer 12.

[0238] When obtaining the A1 value, the performance test is performed directly on functional layer 12.

[0239] When obtaining the A2 value, the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 were immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, and then the chlorobenzene was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. The performance of the functional layer 12 was then tested.

[0240] When obtaining the A3 value, the first electrode 11 and the functional layer 12 were immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, and the chlorobenzene was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. Then, they were immersed in dichloromethane for 5 minutes and the dichloromethane was removed by vacuum flash evaporation. The performance of the functional layer 12 was then tested.

[0241] The maximum absorption peak of functional layer 12 in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm was obtained by UV-Vis spectrophotometer measurement. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the first peak A1. The first peak A1 can basically characterize the electronic structure features of the compound in functional layer 12 in the initial state.

[0242] Functional layer 12 has low solubility in low-polarity solvents. After immersion in low-polarity solvents, the surface properties of functional layer 12 change little or even not. Specifically, after immersing the test sample in a low-polarity solvent such as chlorobenzene, the solvent is removed by vacuum flash evaporation, and performance tests are performed. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of functional layer 12 is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, thereby obtaining the maximum absorption peak in the predetermined wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the second peak A2. The second peak A2 can characterize the electronic structure features of the compounds in functional layer 12 after immersion in chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0243] The functional layer 12 was tested by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy before and after immersion in chlorobenzene. The difference in the peak value of the measured maximum absorption peak was small, satisfying that A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1. This means that the surface properties of the functional layer 12 are similar before and after immersion in the low-polarity solvent chlorobenzene. In other words, the functional layer 12 has excellent solvent resistance and is not easily dissolved by solvents or its surface properties are not easily changed. As an integral film layer, the functional layer 12 is relatively stable. Moreover, the functional layer 12 has strong bonding with its adjacent layers. The functional layer 12 can also effectively play a role in hole transport, improving the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0244] In this embodiment, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1, for example, 0.8 times, 0.82 times, 0.84 times, 0.85 times, 0.88 times, 0.89 times, 0.9 times, 0.91 times, 0.92 times, 0.94 times, 0.95 times, 0.97 times, 0.98 times, 0.99 times, 1 time, or a range of any two of the above values. Optionally, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.85 times A1; more preferably, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.9 times A1. When A2 is 1 time A1, it can be understood that A2 equals A1.

[0245] Functional layer 12 has more stable performance, and the bonding force between functional layer 12 and its adjacent layers is stronger, which can improve device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0246] In some implementations, functional layer 12 satisfies the following condition: the absolute value of the change in V2 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 5%.

[0247] V1 represents the first potential, which is the surface potential of functional layer 12, and its unit is V;

[0248] V2 represents the second potential, which is the surface potential of functional layer 12 after being immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, and its unit is V.

[0249] It is understandable that the absolute value of the change of V2 relative to V1 can be calculated using the formula |(V2-V1) / V1|×100%.

[0250] In this embodiment, the surface potential can be tested using the sample preparation steps described above for UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy testing. Surface potential is a known concept in the art and can be detected using methods and equipment known in the art, such as atomic force microscopy for measuring the thickness of graphene oxide using nanotechnology (GB / T40066-2021). Specifically, it can be detected using Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) or similar methods, measuring the average value within a 5μm*5μm range. The testing steps include:

[0251] (1) Sample preparation: Place the sample to be tested on the sample stage and ensure that the sample surface is flat and clean.

[0252] (2) Probe installation: Install the probe on the probe holder of the atomic force microscope (AFM) and adjust the distance between the probe and the sample surface.

[0253] (3) Probe vibration: Start AFM to make the probe vibrate above the sample surface at a certain frequency.

[0254] (4) Potential measurement: During the probe vibration process, measure the amplitude and phase changes of the probe vibration.

[0255] (5) Data processing: Based on the measurement results, calculate the potential difference between the probe and the sample, and generate a potential distribution map.

[0256] During the KPMF test, the following test parameters can be set:

[0257] Scanning parameters: The scanning range is 5μm*5μm; the scanning speed is 10μm / s; and the scanning mode is non-contact mode.

[0258] Probe parameters: The probe tip radius is 10 nm.

[0259] Feedback parameter: controls the interaction strength between the probe and the sample; the feedback gain is set to 3.

[0260] Feedback bandwidth: set to 500Hz.

[0261] Electric potential measurement parameters

[0262] Bias voltage: Used to adjust the initial potential difference between the probe and the sample. Setting the bias voltage to 5V allows the system to operate at its optimal state during measurement, improving accuracy and stability.

[0263] Potential measurement range: set to -1V to +1V.

[0264] The surface potential of functional layer 12 was measured before and after immersion in chlorobenzene. The difference in the measured surface potential was small, satisfying that the absolute value of the change of V2 relative to V1 was greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 5%. This means that the surface properties of functional layer 12 were small before and after immersion in the low-polarity solvent chlorobenzene. In other words, functional layer 12 is relatively stable, not easily dissolved by solvent or its surface properties are not easily changed. Moreover, the bonding force between functional layer 12 and adjacent layers far away from photoelectric conversion layer 14 (such as the first electrode 11 or optional hole transport layer) is strong. Functional layer 12 can also effectively play the role of hole transport, improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0265] In the embodiments of this application, the absolute value of the change of V2 relative to V1 is 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, or a range consisting of any two of the above values.

[0266] In some embodiments, the functional layer 12 also satisfies: A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.6 times A1, wherein A3 represents the maximum absorption peak in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer 12 is soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min and then in dichloromethane for 5 min in sequence.

[0267] Compared to the solubility of functional layer 12 in low-polarity solvents, the solubility of functional layer 12 in strong-polarity solvents may be slightly improved, but the solubility may still be low. Specifically, the test sample is soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, the chlorobenzene is removed by vacuum flash evaporation, and then soaked in dichloromethane for 5 minutes, the dichloromethane is removed by vacuum flash evaporation, and the performance is tested. For example, the UV-Vis absorption spectrum of functional layer 12 is measured using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer, thereby obtaining the maximum absorption peak in the predetermined band. This maximum absorption peak is denoted as the third peak A3. The third peak A3 can characterize the electronic structure features of the compounds in functional layer 12 after being soaked in a weakly polar solvent (chlorobenzene) and a strongly polar solvent (dichloromethane) in sequence.

[0268] Before being soaked in solvent, the functional layer 12 was soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes. The results were then analyzed by ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy. The difference in the peak value of the measured maximum absorption peak was small, satisfying that A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.6 times A1. This means that the surface properties of the functional layer 12 are similar before and after being soaked in a strong polar solvent. In other words, the functional layer 12 is relatively stable and not easily dissolved by solvent. Moreover, the functional layer 12 has a strong bonding force with its adjacent layers (such as the first electrode 11 or the optional hole transport layer). The functional layer 12 can also effectively play the role of hole transport, thereby improving the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0269] In this embodiment, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.6 times A1, for example, 0.6 times, 0.62 times, 0.65 times, 0.67 times, 0.68 times, 0.69 times, 0.7 times, 0.72 times, 0.74 times, 0.75 times, 0.77 times, 0.78 times, 0.79 times, 0.8 times, 0.82 times, 0.84 times, 0.85 times, 0.88 times, 0.89 times, 0.9 times, 0.91 times, 0.92 times, 0.94 times, 0.95 times, 0.97 times, 0.98 times, 0.99 times, 1 times, or a range consisting of any two of the above values. Optionally, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.7 times A1, or A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1.

[0270] In some implementations, functional layer 12 satisfies the following condition: the absolute value of the change in V3 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 20%.

[0271] Wherein, V3 represents the third potential, which is the surface potential of functional layer 12 after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes, and its unit is V.

[0272] It is understandable that the absolute value of the change of V3 relative to V1 can be calculated using the formula |(V3-V1) / V1|×100%.

[0273] Before being soaked in solvent, the surface potential of functional layer 12 was measured after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes. The difference in the measured surface potential was small, satisfying that the absolute value of the change of V3 relative to V1 was greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 20%. This means that the surface properties of functional layer 12 were small before being soaked in solvent and after being soaked in a strong polar solvent. In other words, functional layer 12 is relatively stable and not easily dissolved by solvent. Moreover, the bonding force between functional layer 12 and its adjacent layers is strong. Functional layer 12 can also effectively play the role of hole transport, improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0274] In the embodiments of this application, the absolute value of the change of V3 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 20%, for example, 0%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, or a range of any two of the above values.

[0275] In this embodiment, the functional layer 12 includes an organic polymer, which is formed by polymerization of multiple organic monomers. The organic polymer presents a network structure and is constructed as a whole membrane structure.

[0276] In some embodiments, the organic polymer includes multiple repeating units, each repeating unit including a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including a hole transport group, the linking unit in each repeating unit being connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of two adjacent repeating units being connected to each other.

[0277] The organic polymer is connected by connecting units to form an integral film structure. The film structure is not prone to interlayer movement, which allows the functional layer 12 to function stably and improve the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device. It should be noted that due to the randomness of polymerization, it may not be possible to guarantee that the connecting units of any two adjacent repeating units are connected, but it is also possible that the connecting units of any two adjacent repeating units are connected. Furthermore, the functional layer 12 also has a hole transport function, which can effectively improve the hole transport efficiency and further improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0278] Optionally, the side chain groups also include oxygen-containing groups and bridging groups, with the oxygen-containing groups connected to the hole transport groups via the bridging groups. At least one of the hole transport layer and the first electrode 11, along with the oxygen-containing groups, has an anchoring effect, which can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0279] In some embodiments, the repeating unit includes one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I.

[0280] In formula I,

[0281] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0282] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0283] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0284] P includes hole transport groups;

[0285] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the linker unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6. Optionally, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0286] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0287] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0288] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0289] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0290] #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

[0291] Optionally, in the same repeating unit, there are multiple oxygen-containing groups; when m is 1, the bridging group L is connected to multiple oxygen-containing groups A; when m is any positive integer from 2 to 8, the bridging group L is connected to one or more oxygen-containing groups A.

[0292] When L represents a single bond, the hole-transporting group Q can be connected to the A group via a single bond, for example, the hole-transporting group can be connected to a hydrogen atom, or the hole-transporting group Q can be connected to an oxygen-containing group via a single bond.

[0293] When L represents a bridging group, the hole transport group can be connected to the A group through the bridging group. For example, the hole transport group can be connected to an oxygen-containing group through the bridging group, or the hole transport group can be connected to a hydrogen atom through the bridging group.

[0294] The organic polymer formed by the organic combination of R1, Q, L, and A can form aggregates with ordered structures through intermolecular interactions, exhibiting strong self-assembly capabilities. This facilitates the formation of flat self-assembled structures, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell 10. Furthermore, the oxygen-containing groups can bind to metal ions, such as transparent conductive oxides or trivalent nickel ions, thus passivating and anchoring the metal ions. The hole-transporting group Q enables the organic polymer to possess energy levels compatible with other functional layer materials in the solar cell 10, further enhancing the photoelectric conversion efficiency and stability of the solar cell 10.

[0295] Two or more R1s are connected in pairs, so that the repeating units are cross-connected to form a network structure, thus making the organic polymer present as a network structure, and the functional layer 12 is a whole film layer.

[0296] In the embodiments of this application, alkylene can be understood as a group formed after an alkane compound loses three hydrogen atoms, alkylene is a group formed after an alkane compound loses two hydrogen atoms, and alkyl is a group formed after an alkane compound loses one hydrogen atom.

[0297] When m is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and the structure of the repeating unit is as follows:

[0298] When m equals 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and L is connected to multiple A atoms, such as L connected to 2 A atoms, 3 A atoms, 4 A atoms, etc. For example, the structure of the repeating unit is as follows:

[0299] When m is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Q, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5 hydrogen atoms, are replaced by L. As the number of m increases, the number of oxygen-containing groups also increases, further enhancing the bonding force between the organic polymer and its adjacent layers, such as hole transport layers or electrode layers. Taking an m of 2 as an example, the structure of the repeating unit is as follows:

[0300] When n is 2, the two hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1. The two R1 atoms can be of the same or different types. The structure of the repeating unit is as follows:

[0301] When n is 3, the three hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1. The three R1 atoms can be the same or different. The structure of the repeating unit is as follows:

[0302] When n is 4 to 6, 4 to 6 hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R1. The types of each R1 can be the same or different, which will not be elaborated here.

[0303] For example, the repeating unit includes one or more of the following structures:

[0304] [Connection Unit]

[0305] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0306] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0307] In some embodiments, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0308] The connecting units of two adjacent repeating units can be the same or different. For example, if the connecting units of two adjacent repeating units are both alkylene groups, organic polymers can be formed through the connection of alkylene groups.

[0309] For example, in two adjacent repeating units, the connecting unit R1 of one repeating unit includes an ether group, and the connecting unit R1 of the other repeating unit includes an ether group, and they are connected to form an organic polymer.

[0310] For example, in two adjacent repeating units, the linking unit R1 of one repeating unit includes a carbonyl group, and the linking unit R1 of the other repeating unit includes a amino group, which are linked to form an organic polymer.

[0311] In some embodiments, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkylthio groups include C1 to C10 alkylthio groups, specifically including methylthio groups, ethylthio groups, propylthio groups, butylthio groups, pentylthio groups, etc.

[0312] Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate ester group, isocyanate group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0313] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted pinanediol comprises substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediols, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 pinanediols.

[0314] alkylene compounds encompass both straight-chain and branched alkylene compounds. For example, alkylene compounds can be C2 to C8 alkylene compounds, including ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, or octylene, etc.

[0315] By way of example, the substituted or unsubstituted penealkyl group includes one or more of the following structural formulas,

[0316] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0317] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted ether group includes substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 ether groups, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 ether groups.

[0318] C2 to C5 ether groups include C2 ether groups, C3 ether groups, C4 ether groups, or C5 ether groups.

[0319] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0320] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0321] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted silicon-containing groups include silicon groups or siloxy groups, and the substituted groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituted groups include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0322] In some embodiments, the subamino group may include X1 may include substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C5 alkylene groups, for example,

[0323] In some embodiments, carbonyl groups may include X2 may include C1 to C5 alkylene groups, for example

[0324] For example, the connection of amino groups and carbonyl groups forms the following structure:

[0325] [hole transport group]

[0326] Hole-transporting groups include one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

[0327] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1.

[0328] In formula A1,

[0329] M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30;

[0330] M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0331] In some embodiments, where the aforementioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and where the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0332] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0333] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0334] In the formula,

[0335] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time. This can be understood as at least one of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 being non-zero. For example, if m1 to m4 are 0, then m5 is a positive integer. Of course, at least two of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero, or all of m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 can be non-zero and all be positive integers.

[0336] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5, each of which is an independent integer from 0 to 3. Furthermore, in the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 are not simultaneously 0, and n1, n2, n3, n4, and n5 are not all equal to 0. 5, The sum of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 is greater than or equal to 2. This can be understood as at least one of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 being non-zero. For example, if n1 to n4 are 0, then n5 is a positive integer and n5 is greater than or equal to 2. Of course, at least two of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 can be non-zero, or all of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 can be non-zero and all of them can be positive integers.

[0337] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-110 One or more of the structures shown,

[0338] In the formula,

[0339] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0340] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0341] For example, formula A 1-11 middle, It can be attached to any carbon in the benzene ring of triphenylamine, and the attachment positions in other structures are the same as in formula A. 1-11 The basics are the same, so I won't repeat them here. For example, equation A1-11 The structure shown can include any of the following structural formulas.

[0342] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 1-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0343] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thionyl groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0344] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are fluorine atoms, Ar3 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 1-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0345] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

[0346] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A2.

[0347] In formula A2,

[0348] M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0349] M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0350] In some embodiments, where the aforementioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and where the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0351] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0352] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown,

[0353] In the formula,

[0354] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time.

[0355] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented. n1, n2, n3, and n4 are each an independent integer from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1, n2, n3, and n4 are not all 0 at the same time, and the sum of n1, n2, n3, and n4 is greater than or equal to 2.

[0356] For example, substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b18 One or more of the structures shown,

[0357] In the formula,

[0358] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0359] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0360] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced.2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0361] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0362] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methoxy groups, and the substituted formula A 2-a1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0363] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 2-b1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0364] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0365] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are ethyl groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substitution formula A 2-b1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0366] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, which includes the structure shown in formula A3.

[0367] In formula A3,

[0368] M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0369] M 18 and M 19Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0370] In some embodiments, where the aforementioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and where the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0371] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0372] When the oxygen-containing substituent includes an acid radical, the corresponding cation may include one or more of ammonium ions, sodium ions, and potassium ions.

[0373] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown,

[0374] In the formula,

[0375] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0376] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2.

[0377] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-16 One or more of the structures shown,

[0378] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0379] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0380] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 3-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0381] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0382] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are methylthio groups, and the substituted A 3-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0383] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group, which includes the structure shown in Formula A4.

[0384] In formula A4,

[0385] M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0386] M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30;

[0387] In some embodiments, where the aforementioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and where the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0388] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0389] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown,

[0390] In the formula,

[0391] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0392] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2.

[0393] For example, substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-17 One or more of the structures shown,

[0394] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0395] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0396] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 4-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0397] Ar1 and Ar2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 is a substituent group; in other words, when Ar1 and Ar2 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1 and Ar2 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0398] For example, Ar1 and Ar2 are amino groups, and the substituted A 4-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0399] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A5.

[0400] In formula A5,

[0401] M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms;

[0402] M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30;

[0403] In some embodiments, where the aforementioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and where the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkyl groups include C1 to C10 alkyl groups.

[0404] For example, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0405] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown,

[0406] In the formula,

[0407] * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0408] The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3. In the same structural formula, n1 and n2 are not both 0, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2.

[0409] Optionally, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-13 One or more of the structures shown,

[0410] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0411] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0412] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-111 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-113 One or more of the structures shown,

[0413] In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group;

[0414] This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

[0415] The above structure may or may not be replaced. In the case of replacement, for example, formula A is replaced. 5-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0416] Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a substituent group, and at least one of Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 is a substituent group. In other words, when Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 are each independently non-hydrogen atoms, Ar1, Ar2, and Ar3 each independently substitute for any hydrogen atom on the aromatic or dearomatic ring. For example, substituent groups include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thionyl groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or alkyl groups.

[0417] For example, Ar1 and Ar3 are carboxylic acid ester groups, Ar2 is a hydrogen atom, and the substituted A 5-1 The structure shown includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0418] In the above embodiments, the aromatic group is a group with aromatic function.

[0419] Aromatic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 may include aromatic hydrocarbon groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with substituted or unsubstituted cyclic atoms numbering C6 to C30.

[0420] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 are categorized as follows: aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0421] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic number of C5 to C30 may include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups having a cyclic number of C6 to C30.

[0422] For example, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C30 are aromatic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, C15, C16, and C17 respectively. Aromatic groups, aromatic groups with 18 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 19 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 20 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 21 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 22 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 23 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 24 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 25 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 26 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 27 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 28 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 29 cyclic atoms, aromatic groups with 30 cyclic atoms, or any combination thereof.

[0423] In the above embodiments, C1 to C10 alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, or pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, decyl, etc.

[0424] In the above embodiments, C1 to C5 alkoxy groups include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, butoxy, isobutoxy, sec-butoxy, tert-butoxy, or pentoxy.

[0425] In the above embodiments, C1 to C5 alkylthio groups include methylthio, ethylthio, propylthio, isopropylthio, butylthio, isobutylthio, sec-butylthio, tert-butylthio, or pentylthio.

[0426] [Bridging group]

[0427] In some embodiments, the bridging group includes one or more of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group.

[0428] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthion group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10 when the substituent group includes a carbon atom.

[0429] In cases where the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and the aforementioned group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups, or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0430] Optionally, the bridging group includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups having a cyclic atom number of C5 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups having a cyclic atom number of C3 to C15.

[0431] Alkylenes encompass both straight-chain and branched alkylenes. For example, alkylenes can be C1 to C8 alkylenes, including methylene, ethylene, propylene, isopropylene, butylene, isobutylene, sec-butylene, tert-butylene, pentylene, isopentylene, neopentylene, tert-pentylene, hexylene, isohexylene, heptylene, isohexylene, octylene, etc.

[0432] A heteroalkyl group is a group in which at least one carbon atom is replaced by a heteroatom, including oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen or phosphorus atoms, etc. C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include heteromethyl, heteroethyl, heteropropyl, heterobutyl, heteropentyl, heterohexyl, heteroheptyl or heterooctyl; exemplary C1 to C8 heteroalkyl groups may include methyleneoxy, ethoxy, propylthio or butylthio.

[0433] An alkylene group refers to a group containing a carbon-carbon double bond. For example, alkylene groups can be C1 to C8 alkylene groups, such as propenylene (-CH=CH-CH2-) and butenylene (-CH2-CH=CH-CH2-).

[0434] The substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15 include substituted or unsubstituted aromatic hydrocarbon groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C15, or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C15.

[0435] Aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, and C15. For example, aromatic hydrocarbon groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C6 to C15 include phenylene, diphenylene, and naphthylene.

[0436] Aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, and C14, or aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C15. For example, aromatic heterocyclic groups with cyclic atoms numbering C5 to C15 include thiophene groups and carbazol groups.

[0437] Heterocyclic subcyclic groups with cyclic atoms ranging from C3 to C15 include those with cyclic atoms of C3, C4, C5, C6, C7, C8, C9, C10, C11, C12, C13, C14, or C15. For example, heterocyclic subcyclic groups can include ethylene oxide groups, heterocyclic butane, or sulfide cyclopentane, etc.

[0438] [Oxygen-containing groups]

[0439] In some embodiments, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. The oxygen-containing group has an anchoring effect on the film layer to be anchored (such as the first electrode or hole transport layer), which can enhance the adhesion between the organic polymer and the film layer to be anchored, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0440] Optionally, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of a carboxylic acid group, a phosphate group, a borate group, a carboxylate ion, a phosphate ion, and a borate ion. In some embodiments, when the oxygen-containing group includes an acid radical ion, the corresponding cation may include one or more of an ammonium ion, a sodium ion, and a potassium ion.

[0441] In some embodiments, the number of oxygen-containing groups can be one or more. For example, a hole transport group is connected to one or more oxygen-containing groups, and multiple oxygen-containing groups can be two, three, etc. Multiple oxygen-containing groups can enhance the bonding force between the organic polymer and the film layer to be anchored, thereby improving the stability of the device.

[0442] Optionally, the repeating unit of the organic polymer includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

[0443] For example, the repeating unit of the organic polymer includes one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

[0444] It should be noted that the same organic polymer may contain one or more repeating units, such as the structures shown in Formula I-1a, I-1b, and I-1c simultaneously. The structure shown in Formula I-1a may occupy the largest proportion in the organic polymer. In the structure shown in Formula I-1a, there are multiple connection sites for the linking units, which can be connected to any site on the benzene ring. For example, the organic polymer may include the structure shown in Formula I-1. Of course, other structures, such as the structure shown in Formula I-1b, may also occupy the largest proportion. Due to the randomness and complexity of polymerization, this is only an illustrative example and is not intended to limit this application.

[0445] In this embodiment, the functional layer 12 has hole transport function and can be used as a hole transport layer or as a passivation layer between the hole transport layer 13 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14.

[0446] In some embodiments, the functional layer 12 can serve as a hole transport layer, which is disposed on the surface of the first electrode 11 and is in contact with at least a portion of the surface of the first electrode 11.

[0447] In some embodiments, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is from 1 nm to 30 nm, for example, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is within the above range, holes can be effectively transported, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0448] As shown in Figure 2, in some embodiments, the solar cell 10 may further include a hole transport layer 13, with a functional layer 12 located between the hole transport layer 13 and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. The functional layer 12 can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer 14, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0449] Optionally, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is from 0.1 nm to 20 nm, for example, 0.1 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.8 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the functional layer 12 is within the above range, it can effectively passivate defects in the photoelectric conversion layer 14, further improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0450] Hole transport layer 13, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between photoelectric conversion layer 14 and hole transport layer 13, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cell 10.

[0451] Hole transport layer 13 includes hole transport material, which includes one or more of the following materials and their derivatives and materials obtained by doping or passivation: hole transport organic materials and hole transport inorganic materials.

[0452] Hole-transporting organic compounds include one or more of the following: poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirobifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine, N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobifluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomers, carboxylic acid monomers, carbazole monomers, sulfonic acid monomers, triphenylamine monomers, or aromatic monomers.

[0453] Hole transport inorganic materials include one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide (CuI), or cuprous thiocyanate; wherein the metal oxide contains one or more of the metal elements Ni, Mo, and Cu, such as nickel oxide (NiO). x One or more of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) and cuprous oxide (CuO), wherein x is 1 to 2.

[0454] Hole transport materials include nickel oxide (NiO). x In the case of nickel oxide layer rich in trivalent nickel, which has strong oxidizing properties, it will accelerate the degradation of perovskite material. In the embodiments of this application, a functional layer 12 containing organic polymer is also included. The organic polymer can isolate the perovskite material from trivalent nickel and slow down the degradation rate of the perovskite material. Moreover, the organic polymer is an integral film structure, which is not easy to migrate and diffuse after the interface is fixed, thereby improving the stability of the device. Optionally, the organic polymer also includes hydrophobic groups such as aromatic groups, heterocyclic groups, etc., which can improve hydrophobicity, reduce the risk of water and oxygen erosion of perovskite material, further improve the stability of the device, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0455] In some embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 includes silicon-based materials, etc.

[0456] In other embodiments, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 includes a perovskite material. After absorbing photons, the perovskite material generates electron-hole pairs, which are then thermally heated to form excitons. Charge separation then occurs, with photogenerated electrons transitioning to the LUMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and photogenerated holes transitioning to the HOMO level of the photoelectric conversion layer 14.

[0457] Perovskite materials refer to compounds with a perovskite structure. Perovskite materials include one or more compounds with the molecular formula ZBX3 or M2CDN6, where Z, B, M, C, and D are cations, and X and N are anions.

[0458] Taking ZBX3 as an example, in an ideal cubic crystal structure, the B cation has 6-fold coordination and is surrounded by anionic octahedra, while the Z cation has 12-fold cubic octahedral coordination. The cubic unit cell of this compound consists of Z cations located at the cubic corners, B cations located at the body center, and X anions occupying the face centers.

[0459] In some embodiments, Z and M independently comprise inorganic monovalent cations, organic monovalent cations, or mixed organic-inorganic monovalent cations. Exemplarily, organic monovalent cations include (NRaR... b R c R d ) + 、(R a R b N=CR c R d ) + 、(R a R b NC(R e ) = NR c R d ) + and (R) a R b NC(NR e R f ) = NR c R d ) + One or more of them, wherein R a R b R c R d R e and R f Each cation is independently selected from H, substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20 alkyl groups, or substituted or unsubstituted aryl groups. Optionally, the organic monovalent cation includes (H2N=CH-NH2). + (Formamidine cation, abbreviated as: FA) + CH3NH3 + (Methylamine cation, abbreviated as: MA) + The inorganic monovalent cations include one or more of the following: dimethylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, and imidazole cation. For example, inorganic monovalent cations include: Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + Cu + Ag + Au + or Hg + One or more of them.

[0460] In some implementations, Z and M each independently include Li. + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, dimethylamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation.

[0461] In some implementations, B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations, etc.

[0462] In some implementations, X and N each independently include F. - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of them.

[0463] In some implementations, C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of them.

[0464] In some implementations, D includes Bi. 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

[0465] For example, perovskite materials include (NH2)2CHPbI3 (FAPbI3), Cs 0.05 (FA0.83 MA 0.17 ) 0.95 Pb(I 0.83 Br 0.17 )3CH3NH3PbI3(MAPbI3)、CsPbBr3、CsPbI3、Cs 0.05 FA 0.95 PbI3, MA 0.5 FA 0.5 One or more of PbI3, wherein MA + The methylamine cation CH3NH3 + FA represents formamidinium cation ((NH2)2CH + ).

[0466] In some embodiments, the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is between 200 nm and 1500 nm, for example, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 400 nm, 500 nm, 600 nm, 700 nm, 800 nm, 900 nm, 1000 nm, 1200 nm, 1500 nm, or any combination of two of the above values. When the thickness of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is within the above range, the photoelectric conversion function of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 can be effectively utilized, thereby improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0467] As shown in Figure 3, in some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes an electron transport layer 15, which is disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the second electrode 16.

[0468] As a carrier transport layer, the electron transport layer 15 can effectively transport electrons, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the electron transport layer 15, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell 10.

[0469] The electron transport layer 15 may include an electron transport material, which may include one or more of doped or undoped tin oxide, doped or undoped titanium oxide, doped or undoped zinc oxide, and doped or undoped organic molecular materials. The doping element may include one or more of Mg, Zn, Ag, Li, Rb, Ta, and Nb, for example, by doping with chlorides of the above elements. Specifically, the electron transport material may include [6,6]-phenylC 61 Methyl butyrate (PC) 61 BM), [6,6]-phenyl C 71 Methyl butyrate PC 71 BM, Fullerene C 60 Fullerene C 70 One or more of the following: tin dioxide (SnO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), etc.

[0470] In some embodiments, one or both of the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16 are transparent electrodes to allow light to enter. Optionally, the first electrode 11 is a transparent electrode.

[0471] In some embodiments, the electrode material in the first electrode 11 includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxide includes one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metal includes, but is not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes. Optionally, the electrode material in the first electrode 11 includes a transparent conductive oxide.

[0472] In some embodiments, the electrode material of the second electrode 16 includes one or more of transparent conductive oxides, metals, and carbon materials. The transparent conductive oxides include one or more of indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), indium-doped zinc oxide (IZO), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), boron-doped zinc oxide (BZO), antimony-doped tin oxide, and indium-doped tungsten oxide (IWO). The metals include, but are not limited to, one or more of silver, copper, gold, aluminum, and platinum. The carbon materials include one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0473] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a substrate layer disposed on the side of the first electrode 11 away from the functional layer, or on the side of the second electrode 16 away from the photoelectric conversion layer 14, for supporting the solar cell 10. The substrate layer is a rigid substrate layer or a flexible substrate layer. Further, the rigid substrate layer is transparent glass; the material of the flexible substrate layer includes organic polymer materials; further, the material of the flexible substrate layer may be one or more of the following materials mixed in different proportions: including but not limited to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyester (PET), polyimide (PI), polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), etc.

[0474] The solar cell 10 can be a formal structure nip or an inverse structure pin.

[0475] In the case where the solar cell 10 includes a hole transport layer 13 and an electron transport layer 15

[0476] The solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 13, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 3 shows a reverse-structured solar cell 10; the arrows in Figure 3 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0477] As shown in Figure 4, the solar cell 10 includes a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, a functional layer 12, a hole transport layer 13, and a first electrode 11, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 4 shows the formal structure of the solar cell 10; the arrows in Figure 4 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0478] In the case where the functional layer 12 in the solar cell 10 serves as a hole transport layer

[0479] As shown in Figure 5, the solar cell 10 includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, and a second electrode 16, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 5 shows a reverse-structured solar cell 10; the arrows in Figure 5 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0480] As shown in Figure 6, the solar cell 10 includes a second electrode 16, an electron transport layer 15, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, a functional layer 12, and a first electrode 11, which are sequentially stacked along its thickness direction M. Optionally, a buffer layer, passivation layer, or other functional layer structures may be further included between the transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer 14. Figure 6 shows the formal structure of the solar cell 10; the arrows in Figure 6 indicate the direction of incident light.

[0481] In the embodiments of this application, the thickness of each film layer in the solar cell 10 can be detected using equipment and methods known in the art, such as using an ellipsometer to detect the film thickness, and the test method can refer to the standard test.

[0482] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a connecting layer and a light-absorbing layer (not shown) disposed between the first electrode 11 and the second electrode 16. The connecting layer is located on the side of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 away from the light-absorbing layer, and the light-absorbing layer is located on the side of the connecting layer away from the photoelectric conversion layer 14. The photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the light-absorbing layer have different band gaps. This allows for the effective absorption of both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0483] In some embodiments, the bandgap of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 1.1–1.6 eV, and the bandgap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.65–1.9 eV. Thus, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a narrow bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb long-wavelength light, while the light-absorbing layer is a wide bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb short-wavelength light. Therefore, the combination of the two can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, increasing light utilization and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0484] In some embodiments, the bandgap of the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is 1.65–1.9 eV, and the bandgap of the light-absorbing layer is 1.1–1.6 eV. Thus, the photoelectric conversion layer 14 is a wide-bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb short-wavelength light, while the light-absorbing layer is a narrow-bandgap light-absorbing layer used to absorb long-wavelength light. Therefore, the combination of the two can effectively absorb both long-wavelength and short-wavelength light, increasing light utilization and improving the photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0485] In some embodiments, the light-absorbing layer may include one or more of perovskite materials, crystalline silicon materials, cadmium telluride materials, and copper indium gallium selenide materials.

[0486] In some embodiments, the solar cell 10 further includes a first electrode 11, a hole transport layer 13, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, an electron transport layer 15, a connecting layer, a second hole transport layer, a light-absorbing layer, a second electron transport layer, and a second electrode 16 stacked together.

[0487] In some embodiments, the connecting layer includes a composite layer in which electrons from the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and holes from the light-absorbing layer recombine and annihilate, thereby achieving a circuit connection between the two battery cells. Exemplarily, the composite layer comprises one or more of a metallic material, a transparent conductive oxide, and a carbon material. Further, the transparent conductive oxide layer comprises, but is not limited to, one or more of fluorine-doped tin oxide, indium tin oxide, aluminum-doped zinc oxide, boron-doped zinc oxide, indium zinc oxide, and antimony tin oxide. Further, the metallic material includes, but is not limited to, one or more of gold, copper, silver, platinum, aluminum, and iron. Further, the carbon material includes one or more of graphite, graphene, and carbon nanotubes.

[0488] In some embodiments, the connecting layer includes an insulating layer. The solar cell 10 also includes a third electrode and a fourth electrode, the third electrode being disposed between the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the connecting layer, and the fourth electrode being disposed between the connecting layer and the light-absorbing layer. Thus, the connecting layer containing the insulating layer circuitically isolates the first battery cell containing the photoelectric conversion layer 14 and the second battery cell containing the light-absorbing layer. Each of the two battery cells has two electrodes, for a total of four electrodes. The circuits of the two battery cells are independent of each other, forming a four-terminal tandem solar cell. The material of the insulating layer includes, but is not limited to, glass or an insulating adhesive. Further, the glass is transparent glass; further, the insulating adhesive is a transparent adhesive.

[0489] The first battery cell includes a first electrode 11, a functional layer 12, a photoelectric conversion layer 14, and a third electrode stacked sequentially. The second battery cell includes a fourth electrode, a light-absorbing layer, and a second electrode 16 stacked sequentially. To improve light transmittance, the third and fourth electrodes are generally transparent electrodes.

[0490] This application also proposes a solar cell, which includes a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell. The functional layer includes an organic polymer.

[0491] Organic polymers comprise multiple repeating units, which include one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I.

[0492] In formula I,

[0493] R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them,

[0494] R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silane-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## indicates the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; Indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group;

[0495] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

[0496] P includes hole transport groups;

[0497] n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6.

[0498] In some implementations, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

[0499] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0500] L represents a single bond or bridging group;

[0501] A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group;

[0502] m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0503] #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

[0504] Organic polymers are connected by connecting units, which cross-connect to form a network structure. This results in the organic polymer exhibiting a network structure, and the functional layers form an integral film structure. The film structure is not prone to interlayer movement, thus enabling the functional layers to function stably and improving the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0505] The selection of each group in the repeating unit is as described above and will not be repeated here.

[0506] Examples of solar cells have been described above and will not be repeated here.

[0507] This application also proposes a method for fabricating a solar cell, the method comprising:

[0508] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0509] Step S200: An organic monomer is provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group connected to the side chain group, and the side chain group includes a hole transport group.

[0510] Step S300: Organic monomers are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form a functional layer;

[0511] In step S400, at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0512] According to the preparation method of the present application, the active groups in the organic monomer are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form an organic polymer. The organic polymer is a whole-layer thin film, which constitutes the main component of the functional layer. This makes the functional layer a whole-layer film structure. The functional layer is located on the first electrode and is not prone to migration and diffusion, which is beneficial to improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency. Moreover, the organic polymer also includes hole transport groups, and the functional layer can further effectively play the role of hole transport, thereby improving the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0513] Organic monomers are small molecule compounds. During polymerization, these small molecule compounds connect to form large organic polymers through polymerization reactions. The large organic polymers are connected by chemical bonds to form a network structure, allowing the organic polymers to exist as a whole structure in the functional layer. This restricts the movement of the organic polymer molecular chains, resulting in higher thermal and chemical stability. They are not easily dissolved by solvents and are less prone to movement during the use and storage of solar cells, effectively improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0514] Polymerization can be carried out through cross-linking. Organic monomers form cross-linked films through cross-linking polymerization, and the cross-linked films exhibit a three-dimensional network structure.

[0515] Polymerization can also be carried out through addition polymerization, cationic polymerization, anionic polymerization, condensation polymerization, copolymerization, etc.

[0516] The functional layer of this application's embodiment has the functions of the above-described embodiments. For example, the functional layer satisfies that A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1.

[0517] A1 indicates the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum;

[0518] A2 indicates the maximum absorption peak in the 200nm to 400nm wavelength range of the UV-Vis absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes.

[0519] Other performance parameters of the functional layer are the same as above, and will not be repeated here.

[0520] In some embodiments, in step S200, the organic monomer can be directly disposed on the surface of the first electrode so that the functional layer formed by the polymerization of the organic monomer has hole transport function.

[0521] In other embodiments, step S200 may include:

[0522] Step S210: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode;

[0523] Step S220: An organic monomer is disposed on the hole transport layer.

[0524] The hole transport layer, as a carrier transport layer, can effectively transport holes, reduce carrier recombination at the interface between the photoelectric conversion layer and the hole transport layer, and improve the photoelectric conversion efficiency of solar cells.

[0525] In some embodiments, in step S300, the polymerization conditions can be one or more of heat treatment or photoinitiation treatment, and heat treatment can be selected; heat treatment is less likely to introduce impurities into the functional layer and can reduce side reactions between the functional layer and adjacent layers.

[0526] For example, the heat treatment temperature is from 25°C to 300°C, such as 25°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 110°C, 120°C, 130°C, 140°C, 150°C, 160°C, 170°C, 180°C, 190°C, 200°C, 210°C, 220°C, 230°C, 240°C, 250°C, 260°C, 270°C, 280°C, 290°C, 300°C, or any range of two of the above values. Optionally, the heat treatment temperature is from 50°C to 300°C, and more preferably, the heat treatment temperature is from 100°C to 300°C.

[0527] For example, the heat treatment time is from 15 min to 50 min, such as 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, or any range of two of the above values.

[0528] For example, organic monomers are spin-coated in solution onto a hole transport layer and heat-treated at 25°C to 300°C for 15 to 50 minutes, during which the active groups of the organic monomers polymerize to form an organic polymer.

[0529] Organic monomers are formed by dissolving organic monomers as solutes in a solvent. The solvent may include one or more of ethanol, methanol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, N-methylpyrrolidone, and N,N-dimethylformamide.

[0530] For example, the photoinitiator required for the photoinitiation process can be a commonly used initiator in the art, and the photoinitiation conditions can be photoinitiation conditions known in the art.

[0531] In the embodiments of this application, the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group, the side chain group including a hole transport group; optionally, the side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, the oxygen-containing group being connected to the hole transport group through the bridging group.

[0532] In some embodiments, the organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II.

[0533] In formula II,

[0534] R2 represents an active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups.

[0535] Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituents include one or more of alkoxy groups, amide groups, hydroxyl groups, oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, carboxylic acid ester groups, phosphate ester groups, sulfonate groups, silicate ester groups, borate ester groups, carboxylic acid groups, phosphorous acid groups, phosphate groups, borate groups, or silicate groups.

[0536] P' includes hole transport groups;

[0537] n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active unit, where n' is any integer from 2 to 6.

[0538] In some implementations, p' includes one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0539] Q represents the hole transport group;

[0540] L represents a single bond or the bridging group;

[0541] A represents a hydrogen atom or the oxygen-containing group;

[0542] m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m' is any integer from 1 to 8;

[0543] ##** indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the active group.

[0544] Optionally, there are multiple oxygen-containing groups; when m' is 1, the bridging group L is connected to multiple oxygen-containing groups A; when m' is any positive integer from 2 to 8, the bridging group L is connected to one or more oxygen-containing groups A.

[0545] Organic monomers formed by the organic combination of R2, Q, L and A can form ordered structures through intermolecular interactions, which is conducive to the polymerization to form ordered and flat self-assembled structures.

[0546] When A includes oxygen-containing groups, one of the first electrode and the hole transport layer has anchoring groups with the oxygen-containing groups, giving the organic monomer a certain orientation. It can be understood that the oxygen-containing groups of the organic monomer are basically anchored to the first electrode or the hole transport layer, and the active groups of the organic monomer are all facing the photoelectric conversion layer. Under polymerization conditions, the active groups of the organic monomer undergo in-situ polymerization, which makes the organic monomer form an organic polymer with a network-like structure. The organic polymer is a whole-layer film structure, which is not easy to move, and can effectively improve the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0547] When m' is 1, one hydrogen atom in Q is replaced by L, and the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0548] When m' is greater than or equal to 2, at least two hydrogen atoms in Q, such as 2, 3, 4, or 5, are replaced by L. As the number of m' increases, the number of oxygen-containing groups also increases, further enhancing the binding force between the organic polymer and the hole transport layer. Taking an m' of 2 as an example, the structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0549] When n' is 2, the two hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R2. The two R2 atoms can be the same or different. The structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0550] When n' is 3, the three hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R2. The three R2 atoms can be the same or different. The structure of the organic monomer is as follows:

[0551] When n' is 4 to 6, 4 to 6 hydrogen atoms in Q are replaced by R2. The types of each R2 can be the same or different, which will not be elaborated here.

[0552] For example, organic monomers include one or more of the following structures:

[0553] [Active Groups]

[0554] R2 represents an active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups.

[0555] When n' is greater than or equal to 2, R2 can include the same group or different groups.

[0556] For example, R2 includes an alkenyl group, and multiple organic monomers are cross-linked to form a subalkyl group; or R2 includes a hydroxyl group or an oxygen-containing heterocycle, and multiple organic monomers are cross-linked to form an ether group; or R2 includes a silicic acid group, which is cross-linked to form a siloxy group.

[0557] In some embodiments, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents. When the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. For example, alkylthio groups include C1 to C10 alkylthio groups, specifically, methylthio groups, ethylthio groups, propylthio groups, butylthio groups, pentylthio groups, etc.

[0558] Optionally, the oxygen-containing substituent group includes one or more of the following: alkoxy group, amide group, hydroxyl group, oxygen-containing heterocyclic group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate ester group, borate ester group, carboxylic acid group, phosphorous acid group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group.

[0559] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group includes substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 alkenyl groups, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 alkenyl groups; in the case of substitution, the substituent group includes one or more of aromatic groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituent groups.

[0560] Alkenyl groups encompass both straight-chain and branched alkenyl groups. For example, alkenyl groups can be C2 to C8 alkenyl groups, including vinyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, isobutenyl, sec-butenyl, tert-butenyl, pentenyl, isopentenyl, neopentenyl, tert-pentenyl, hexenyl, isohexenyl, heptenyl, isoheptenyl, octenyl, etc.

[0561] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group includes one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0562] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the active group and the hole transport group.

[0563] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group includes substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, optionally substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups. In the case of substitution, the substituted group includes one or more of amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituent groups.

[0564] For example, the substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic group includes one or more of the following structural formulas.

[0565] In the formula, This indicates the connection site between the active group and the hole transport group.

[0566] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups may include Y1 and Y2 each independently include substituted or post-substituted C1 to C5 alkyl groups, for example In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted amino group may include Y3 may include substituted or post-substituted C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

[0567] In some embodiments, the halogen atom may include a fluorine atom, a bromine atom, a chlorine atom, or an iodine atom, optionally a bromine atom.

[0568] In some embodiments, the substituted or unsubstituted azide groups include Y4 may include substituted or post-substituted C1 to C5 alkyl groups, for example

[0569] The types of hole transport groups, bridging groups, and oxygen-containing groups have been described above and will not be repeated here.

[0570] By way of example, the organic monomer includes one or more of the organic monomers shown in Formula II-1 to the organic monomers shown in Formula II-6.

[0571] It should be noted that an organic monomer may include multiple active groups, and all of these active groups may participate in the polymerization reaction to form an organic polymer; however, some of the active groups may participate in the polymerization reaction while others may not.

[0572] In the embodiments described above in this application, the structure of the compound can be tested using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technology.

[0573] In some embodiments, step S400 may include: sequentially depositing a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0574] As a specific embodiment of the preparation of solar cells in this application, the preparation method includes:

[0575] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0576] Step S200: An organic monomer is provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group connected to the side chain group, and the side chain group includes a hole transport group.

[0577] Step S300: Organic monomers are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form a functional layer;

[0578] In step S400, a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0579] As another specific embodiment of the preparation of solar cells in this application, the preparation method includes:

[0580] Step S100: Provide the first electrode;

[0581] Step S210: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode;

[0582] Step S220: An organic monomer is disposed on the hole transport layer, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group connected to the side chain group, and the side chain group includes a hole transport group.

[0583] Step S300: Organic monomers are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form a functional layer;

[0584] In step S400, a photoelectric conversion layer, an electron transport layer, and a second electrode are sequentially disposed on the functional layer to obtain a solar cell.

[0585] In the embodiments of this application, the materials of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be the materials described above, and will not be repeated here.

[0586] In the embodiments of this application, the fabrication processes of the first electrode, the second electrode, the photoelectric conversion layer, the electron transport layer, and the hole transport layer can be carried out using methods known in the art.

[0587] For example, solar cells can be prepared using the following methods:

[0588] Transparent conductive electrodes are formed on the surface of the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering or chemical methods.

[0589] A hole transport layer is formed on the surface of the transparent conductive electrode away from the substrate layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0590] An organic monomer solution is applied to the hole transport layer by coating, spraying, spin coating, vapor deposition or chemical deposition, and then cross-linked to form a functional layer;

[0591] A photoelectric conversion layer is formed on the surface of the functional layer by coating, spraying, spin coating, vapor deposition or chemical deposition.

[0592] An electron transport layer is formed on the surface of the photoelectric conversion layer by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0593] Metal electrodes are formed on the surface of the electron transport layer away from the substrate by magnetron sputtering, chemical deposition, atomic layer deposition (ALD), or coating.

[0594] Based on the above steps, the positive and negative output electrodes can also be bonded with conductive tape, ultrasonically welded, laser welded, or welded with flux to form external output electrodes. Then, an adhesive film is radiated onto the surface of the metal electrodes facing away from the substrate layer, and a cover glass is placed on the side of the adhesive film facing away from the substrate layer. Finally, the entire assembly is sent into a laminator or autoclave for pressing and encapsulation.

[0595] photovoltaic modules

[0596] This application also provides a photovoltaic module 1.

[0597] As shown in Figure 7, the photovoltaic module 1 includes the solar cell 10 of any of the embodiments described above in this application.

[0598] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 may include at least one solar cell 10. For example, the photovoltaic module 1 may include one solar cell 10 or multiple solar cells 10. When the photovoltaic module 1 includes multiple solar cells 10, the multiple solar cells 10 can be connected in series, parallel, or mixed configuration. Mixed configuration means that the multiple solar cells 10 are divided into multiple groups of cells, each group of cells is connected in series, and then adjacent groups of cells are connected in parallel; or each group of cells is connected in parallel, and then adjacent groups of cells are connected in series. As shown in Figure 7, the photovoltaic module 1 includes at least one solar cell 10.

[0599] In some embodiments, the photovoltaic module 1 includes a single-junction solar cell made of the aforementioned solar cell, or a tandem cell including the aforementioned solar cell.

[0600] The aforementioned tandem solar cell, by connecting a wide-bandgap cell and a narrow-bandgap cell in series, can more rationally utilize photons across the entire spectrum and reduce energy loss. Specifically, the tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell and a top cell. The bottom cell has a relatively narrow bandgap and can be a silicon cell, or it can be a solar cell 10. The top cell has a relatively wide bandgap and can be a solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the tandem solar cell can include any one of a crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell or a full solar cell 10. Exemplarily, the aforementioned crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell can include a crystalline silicon bottom cell and a perovskite top cell arranged in sequence, wherein the aforementioned solar cell 10 can be used as the perovskite top cell in the crystalline silicon perovskite tandem solar cell. Exemplarily, the aforementioned full solar cell 10 can include a first solar cell and a second solar cell arranged in sequence, wherein both the first solar cell and the second solar cell can be the solar cell 10 of this application.

[0601] Power generation unit

[0602] This application also provides a power generation device, including a photovoltaic module 1 of any of the embodiments described above. By using the photovoltaic module 1, the transparency of the power generation device can be guaranteed, and the power generation device can have a high photoelectric conversion efficiency. It can be applied to application scenarios that require both transparency and conductivity.

[0603] Electrical appliances

[0604] This application also provides an electrical device 2.

[0605] As shown in Figure 8, the electrical device 2 includes the photovoltaic module 1 of any of the embodiments described above in this application.

[0606] Photovoltaic module 1 can be used as a power source for electrical device 2, or it can be used as an energy storage unit for photovoltaic module 1. Electrical device 2 can be, but is not limited to, mobile devices (such as mobile phones, laptops, etc.), electric vehicles (such as pure electric vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrid electric vehicles, electric bicycles, electric scooters, electric golf carts, electric trucks, etc.), electric trains, ships and satellites, energy storage systems, etc.

[0607] Figure 8 is a schematic diagram of an example electrical device 2. This electrical device 2 is a pure electric vehicle, a hybrid electric vehicle, or a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle, etc. The electrical device 2 includes a photovoltaic module 1.

[0608] As another example, the electrical device 2 can be a mobile phone, tablet, laptop, etc.

[0609] Example

[0610] The following embodiments describe the disclosure of this application in more detail. These embodiments are merely illustrative, as various modifications and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art within the scope of the disclosure of this application. Unless otherwise stated, all parts, percentages, and ratios reported in the following embodiments are based on weight, and all reagents used in the embodiments are commercially available or synthesized by conventional methods and can be used directly without further processing, and the instruments used in the embodiments are commercially available.

[0611] Example: Preparation of organic monomers

[0612] Organic monomers represented by formula II-1

[0613] Step 1:

[0614] Raw material 1 is N4,N4,N4',N4'-tetra(4-bromophenyl)-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4,4'-diamine (CAS No.: 113664-24-7);

[0615] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic stir bar, and then add raw material 1 (1 eq), vinylboron pinacol ester (CAS No.: 75927-49-0, the amount used is 1.1 times the amount required for the above site), tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium Pd(PPh3)4 (0.05 eq), triterpenoid butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and carbonic acid (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add the solvent, using an appropriate amount of tetrahydrofuran (THF) / water (H2O) (2 / 1 volume ratio), and solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen. Then evacuate the vessel three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. Heat to 80℃ and react for 12 hours.

[0616] The obtained product was extracted with diethyl ether and saturated brine. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. Figure 9 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents signal strength. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0617] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0618] Organic monomers represented by formula II-2

[0619] Step 1:

[0620] [5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole (CAS No.: 1357148-51-6) and ethyl p-bromophenylacetate (CAS No.: 14062-25-0) underwent a CN coupling reaction, the specific process of which is as follows:

[0621] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic oscillator, and then add [5H-diindolo[3,2-a:3',2'-c]carbazole (1 eq), ethyl p-bromophenylacetone (1 eq), tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tritert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and cesium carbonate (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add an appropriate amount of toluene, solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen, and then evacuate the vessel three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. Raise the temperature to 110°C and react for 12 hours.

[0622] The product was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, then filtered and concentrated. The final product was separated by column chromatography with ethyl acetate:n-hexane = 1:4 as the mobile phase, yielding a yellow oily liquid in 69% yield.

[0623] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0624] Step 2:

[0625] This step uses a reaction process similar to step 1 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-1, which will not be described again here.

[0626] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0627] Step 3:

[0628] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic ball, then add the product (1 eq) from step 2 into the reaction vessel, add ethanol, and separately prepare 1 mol / L sodium hydroxide. Take 10 eq and add it to the above solution. Heat and stir at 660℃ for 3 hours. After the reaction stops, add 1 mol / L hydrochloric acid aqueous solution to adjust the pH to 3.

[0629] Dichloromethane was added, and the mixture was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then recrystallized to obtain the final product, which was a light yellow crystal with a yield of 40%. Figure 10 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents the chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents the signal strength. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0630] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0631] Organic monomers represented by formula II-3

[0632] Step 1:

[0633] The coupling process of 3,6,9-tribromofluorene (CAS No.: 1195583-21-1) and 3,6-dibromocarbazole (CAS No.: 6825-20-3),

[0634] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic stir bar, and then add 3,6,9-tribromofluorene (1 eq), 3,6-dibromocarbazole (1 eq), tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tritert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and cesium carbonate (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add an appropriate amount of toluene, solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen, and then evacuate the vessel three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. Heat to 110°C and react for 12 hours.

[0635] The product was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. The mobile phase was dichloromethane:n-hexane = 1:8, yielding a yellow solid. This process produced a number of isomers, with a yield of 18%.

[0636] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0637] Step 2:

[0638] This step uses a similar reaction process to step 1 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-1, and will not be described again here. Figure 11 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents the chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents the signal strength. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0639] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0640] Organic monomers represented by formula II-4

[0641] Step 1: Coupling process of 6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (CAS: 63397-99-9) and [2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-diethyl phosphate (CAS: 85093-29-4):

[0642] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic stir bar, and then add 6,7-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[c,g]carbazole (1 eq), [2-(4-bromophenyl)ethyl]-diethyl phosphate (1 eq), tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tritert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and cesium carbonate (2 eq) sequentially into the reaction vessel. Then add an appropriate amount of toluene, solidify the solvent using liquid nitrogen, and then evacuate three times to create an inert argon atmosphere inside the vessel. Heat to 110°C and react for 12 hours.

[0643] The product was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. The mobile phase was ethyl acetate:n-hexane = 1:2, yielding a yellow oily liquid with a yield of 70%.

[0644] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0645] Step 2:

[0646] Take a reaction vessel, add a magnetic stir bar, and add the product from step 1 (1 eq), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) (2 eq), and then add an appropriate amount of chloroform. Use liquid nitrogen to solidify it, evacuate the gas to ensure an inert environment, and then react at 0°C for 4 hours. The process is monitored by TLC. After the reaction is complete, add an appropriate amount of water, extract the product with chloroform, dry the oil phase with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, and then filter, concentrate, and dry. The yield of the product is 98% and the purity is 99%.

[0647] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0648] Step 3:

[0649] This step uses the reaction process of step 1 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-1, which will not be described again here.

[0650] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0651] Step 4:

[0652] This step adopts the reaction process of step 3 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-2, which will not be described again here. Figure 12 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents the chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents the signal intensity. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0653] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0654] Organic monomers represented by formula II-5

[0655] Step 1:

[0656] Coupling process of 3,7-dibromo-10H-phenoxazine (CAS: 832734-16-4) and 4-bromotriphenylamine (CAS: 36809-26-4):

[0657] A reaction vessel was fitted with a magnetic stir bar, and then 3,7-dibromo-10H-phenoxazine (1 eq), 4-bromotriphenylamine (1 eq), tris(dibenzylacetone)dipalladium (0.02 eq), tritert-butylphosphine (0.08 eq), and cesium carbonate (2 eq) were added sequentially. A suitable amount of toluene was then added, and the solvent was solidified using liquid nitrogen. The mixture was then evacuated three times to create an inert argon atmosphere. The temperature was raised to 110°C, and the reaction was allowed to proceed for 12 hours. The product was extracted with saturated brine and water. The oil phase was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. The mobile phase was ethyl acetate:n-hexane = 1:16, yielding a white solid in 55% yield.

[0658] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0659] Step 2

[0660] This step adopts the reaction process of step 1 of the organic monomer shown in Formula II-1, which will not be described again here. Figure 13 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents the chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents the signal intensity. The peak position and peak intensity reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0661] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0662] Organic monomers represented by formula II-6

[0663] Step 1:

[0664] A reaction vessel was prepared, and a magnetic stir bar was added. 11,12-dihydro-11,12-diphenylindolo[2,3-a]carbazole (CAS No.: 222044-88-4, 1 eq) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS, 2 eq) were added to the reaction solvent, followed by chloroform. The mixture was then solidified using liquid nitrogen, and the atmosphere was evacuated to ensure an inert environment. The reaction was carried out at 0°C for 4 hours, and the process was monitored by TLC. After the reaction was complete, an appropriate amount of water was added, and the product was extracted with chloroform. The oil phase was dried with anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered, concentrated, and then separated by column chromatography to obtain the final product. The mobile phase was ethyl acetate:n-hexane = 1:32, yielding a white solid with a yield of 89%. Figure 14 shows the NMR spectrum of the reaction product. The horizontal axis represents chemical shift in ppm, and the vertical axis represents signal strength. The peak positions and intensities reflect the characteristic information of the product.

[0665] The reaction mechanism is as follows:

[0666] Example 1: Fabrication of Solar Cells

[0667] (1) First electrode

[0668] A 2cm×2cm FTO layer (FTO layer thickness of 500nm) was etched away by zinc powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid to remove 1 / 3 of the FTO layer. It was then ultrasonically cleaned multiple times with ethanol and deionized water, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes. Finally, it was dried with nitrogen gas and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for further cleaning, which served as the first electrode.

[0669] (2) Nickel oxide (NiO) x Preparation of hole transport layer

[0670] A nickel oxide thin film with a thickness of 18 nm was magnetron sputtered on the surface of the first electrode as a hole transport layer.

[0671] (3) Preparation of functional layers

[0672] An ethanol solution of 0.3 mg / mL organic monomer was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 5000 rpm. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 200 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0673] (4) Fabrication of photoelectric conversion layer

[0674] A precursor solution of 1.5 mol / L methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) was spin-coated onto the surface of the functional layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, with DMF as the solvent. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a photoelectric conversion layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0675] (5) Fabrication of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0676] A 30nm C60 layer, a 5nm BCP layer, and an 80nm Cu electrode (as the second electrode) were sequentially deposited on the photoelectric conversion layer at a deposition rate of 0.1A / s to obtain a solar cell device.

[0677] After the solar cell device is prepared, a layer of encapsulating adhesive can be applied around the device and on its surface. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. A glass backing layer is then covered on the encapsulating adhesive and pressed together. After standing for 2 hours, the encapsulating adhesive is cured to obtain the solar cell.

[0678] Examples 2-1 to 2-6

[0679] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the material of the organic monomer and / or the heat treatment conditions in step (3) were adjusted.

[0680] Examples 3-1 and 3-2

[0681] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the thickness of the functional layer in step (3) was adjusted.

[0682] Example 4 and Example 4-2

[0683] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the heating temperature and heating time in step (3) were adjusted.

[0684] Example 5

[0685] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that the polymerization conditions in step (3) were adjusted. Specifically, step (3) is as follows:

[0686] An ethanol solution of 0.3 mg / mL organic monomer was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at 5000 rpm, followed by a spin coating at a wavelength of 254 nm and a power of 100 W / m. 2 Irradiate with ultraviolet light for 20 seconds, then anneal at 100°C for 10 minutes to form a functional layer.

[0687] Comparative Example 1

[0688] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that in Example 1. The difference from Example 1 was that step (3) was adjusted, and unpolymerized self-assembled molecules (SAM) were used as the main material for the functional layer. Specifically, step (3) included:

[0689] A SAM solution with a concentration of 0.3 mg / ml was prepared using a good solvent such as ethanol. The solution was stirred thoroughly to ensure complete dissolution. The solution was then spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 5000 rpm and annealed at 100°C for 10 min to obtain an uncrosslinked SAM film as the functional layer with a thickness of 5 nm.

[0690] Comparative Example 1 uses the self-assembled molecule SAM shown in Formula D-1.

[0691] Comparative Example 2

[0692] A solar cell was prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1. The difference from Example 1 is that step (3) was adjusted, and an organic polymer was used as the main material for the functional layer. Specifically, step (3) includes:

[0693] A 0.3 mg / mL chlorobenzene solution of an organic polymer was spin-coated onto the surface of the hole transport layer at a speed of 5000 rpm. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 100 °C for 10 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0694] Comparative Example 2 uses the organic polymer shown in Formula D-2, with a weight-average molecular weight of 9000-12000 g / mol.

[0695] Example 6

[0696] A solar cell was fabricated using a method similar to that of Example 1, except that a nickel oxide hole transport layer was not included. The fabrication steps of the solar cell included:

[0697] (1) First electrode

[0698] A 2cm×2cm FTO layer (FTO layer thickness of 500nm) was etched away by zinc powder and 1mol / L hydrochloric acid to remove 1 / 3 of the FTO layer. It was then ultrasonically cleaned multiple times with ethanol and deionized water, immersed in deionized water and ultrasonically cleaned for 10 minutes. Finally, it was dried with nitrogen gas and placed in an ultraviolet ozone generator for further cleaning, which served as the first electrode.

[0699] (2) Preparation of functional layers

[0700] An ethanol solution of 0.3 mg / mL organic monomer was spin-coated onto the surface of the first electrode at a speed of 5000 rpm. The electrode was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and annealed at 200 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a functional layer was formed.

[0701] (3) Fabrication of photoelectric conversion layer

[0702] A precursor solution of 1.5 mol / L methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3, MAPbI3) was spin-coated onto the surface of the functional layer at a speed of 4000 rpm, with DMF as the solvent. The layer was then transferred to a constant temperature hot plate and heated at 100 °C for 30 min. After cooling to room temperature, a photoelectric conversion layer with a thickness of 500 nm was formed.

[0703] (4) Fabrication of electron transport layer and second electrode

[0704] A 30nm C60 layer, a 5nm BCP layer, and an 80nm Cu electrode (as the second electrode) were sequentially deposited on the photoelectric conversion layer at a deposition rate of 0.1A / s to obtain a solar cell device.

[0705] After the solar cell device is prepared, a layer of encapsulating adhesive can be applied around the device and on its surface. The encapsulating adhesive is a colorless and transparent epoxy resin adhesive. A glass backing layer is then covered on the encapsulating adhesive and pressed together. After standing for 2 hours, the encapsulating adhesive is cured to obtain the solar cell.

[0706] Examples 7-1 and 7-2

[0707] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 6, except that the material of the organic monomer in step (3) was adjusted, unlike Example 1.

[0708] Example 8

[0709] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 1. The difference from Example 1 is that the method for preparing the photoelectric conversion layer in step (4) of Example 8 is as follows:

[0710] Weigh out 18.19 mg CsI, 645.41 mg PbI2, 204.64 mg FAI, and 9.45 mg MACl respectively; add 1 ml of a 4:1 DMF:DMSO mixture and stir magnetically at room temperature for 4 h to prepare a perovskite precursor solution. Spin-coating process: Set the spin speed to 2000 rpm for 30 s, and the spin speed to 6000 rpm for 10 s. Place the sample containing the hole transport layer on the spin coater stage, add the perovskite precursor solution, and begin spin coating. Add 150 μL of the anti-solvent anisole in the last 5 seconds. Heat the stage to 100°C and anneal for 10 min. Remove the sample and cool to room temperature to form CsI. 0.05 FA 0.85 MA 0.1 The PbI3 photoelectric conversion layer has a thickness of approximately 600 nm.

[0711] Examples 9-1 and 9-2

[0712] Solar cells were prepared using a method similar to that of Example 8, except that the material of the organic monomer in step (3) was adjusted.

[0713] Performance testing

[0714] 1. Photovoltaic conversion efficiency of solar cells

[0715] Under normal temperature and pressure, a standard AM1.5G solar light source, conforming to the national standard IEC61215, was used for testing. Crystalline silicon solar cells were used to correct the light intensity to achieve a solar intensity. A four-channel digital source meter (Keithley 2440) was used to measure the current-voltage characteristic curve of the solar cells under illumination, obtaining the open-circuit voltage Voc, short-circuit current density Jsc, fill factor FF, and power conversion efficiency (PCE). The power conversion efficiency was calculated as follows: PCE = Pout / Popt = Voc × Jsc × (Vmpp × Jmpp) / (Voc × Jsc) = Voc × Jsc × FF / Popt.

[0716] Wherein, Pout, Popp, Vmpp, Jmpp, Voc, and Jsc represent the battery's operating output power, incident light power, battery's maximum power point voltage, battery's maximum power point current, open-circuit voltage, and short-circuit current density, respectively, with the incident light power being 100 mW / cm². 2 .

[0717] 2. Device stability determination

[0718] The solar cell was placed in a nitrogen atmosphere at 75°C with an intensity of 100 mw / cm². 2 Irradiation by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and other sources is used to track the change of the maximum power point of the solar cell as the solar cell operates. The time required for the efficiency of the maximum power point to decay to 80% of the initial efficiency is recorded as T80. The magnitude of this parameter indicates the photothermal stability of the solar cell.

[0719] The test results are shown in Tables 1 and 2.

[0720] Table 1

[0721] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-1 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-1.

[0722] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-2 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-2.

[0723] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-3 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-3.

[0724] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-4 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-4.

[0725] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-5 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-5.

[0726] The organic monomers shown in Formula II-6 are polymerized to form an organic polymer containing the structure shown in Formula I-6.

[0727] Table 2

[0728] In Table 2,

[0729] In the various embodiments and comparative examples,

[0730] A2 / A1 represents the ratio of A2 to A1; for example, if A2 / A1 is 0.98, it means that A2 is 0.98 times A1.

[0731] A3 / A1 represents the ratio of A3 to A1; for example, if A3 / A1 is 0.85, it means that A3 is 0.85 times A1.

[0732] |(V2-V1) / V1|×100% is 1.5%, which means that the absolute value of the change in V2 relative to V1 is 1.5%.

[0733] |(V3-V1) / V1|×100% is 5.0%, which means that the absolute value of the change in V3 relative to V1 is 5.0%.

[0734] The relative value of the second potential refers to the second potential V2 / the first potential V1, specifically, the second potential divided by the first potential.

[0735] The relative value of the third potential refers to the third potential V3 / the first potential V1, specifically, the third potential divided by the first potential.

[0736] The first peak A1 refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

[0737] The second peak, A2, refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min.

[0738] The third peak, A3, refers to the maximum absorption peak of the functional layer in the 200 nm to 400 nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum after the functional layer has been soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 min and then in dichloromethane for 5 min in sequence.

[0739] The first potential V1 refers to the surface potential of the functional layer;

[0740] The second potential V2 refers to the surface potential of the functional layer after it has been immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes.

[0741] The third potential V3 refers to the surface potential of the functional layer after it has been soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes.

[0742] As can be seen from Tables 1 and 2,

[0743] In Comparative Example 1, self-assembled small molecules were placed on the hole transport layer. The self-assembled small molecules did not undergo polymerization and formed a functional layer after drying. During the photothermal aging process of the solar cell, the self-assembled small molecules may migrate, which weakens the passivation effect and deteriorates the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0744] In Comparative Example 2, organic polymers were directly deposited on the hole transport layer and dried to form a functional layer. During the photothermal aging process of the solar cell, the organic polymers may migrate, which weakens the passivation effect and deteriorates the stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the device.

[0745] In this embodiment, an organic monomer solution is placed on the hole transport layer or the first electrode, and then polymerized to form an organic polymer. This organic polymer is a thin film that is not prone to molecular migration or diffusion. Furthermore, after ultraviolet testing and surface potential analysis, it was found that the functional layer has excellent solvent resistance. As an integral thin film layer, the functional layer is relatively stable, and the bonding force between the functional layer and its adjacent layers is strong. The functional layer can also effectively play a hole transport role, thereby improving the stability of the device and the photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0746] Furthermore, by controlling the material and thickness of the functional layer as well as the polymerization process, the effective polymerization of organic monomers can be achieved to form a thin film, thereby effectively improving device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency.

[0747] The functional layer in this application embodiment also has hole transport function. For example, in Embodiments 6 and 7, the functional layer can be used as a hole transport layer. When the thickness of the functional layer is 1nm to 30nm, it can effectively improve the device stability and photoelectric conversion efficiency of the solar cell.

[0748] Compared to Example 6, the solar cell of Example 1 also includes a nickel oxide hole transport layer. Nickel oxide itself, as a wide bandgap semiconductor, has a certain filtering effect on ultraviolet light, thereby protecting organic materials and further improving device stability.

[0749] Although illustrative embodiments have been demonstrated and described, those skilled in the art should understand that the above embodiments should not be construed as limiting the implementation of the present application, and that changes, substitutions and modifications can be made to the embodiments without departing from the spirit, principles and scope of the implementation of the present application.

Claims

1. A solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell, wherein the functional layer comprises an organic polymer, and the organic polymer comprises hole transport groups. in, The functional layer satisfies the following condition: A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1. A1 indicates that the functional layer has the maximum absorption peak in the wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm in the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum; A2 indicates that the functional layer, after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, exhibits the maximum absorption peak in the 200nm to 400nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

2. The solar cell according to claim 1, wherein, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.85 times A1.

3. The solar cell according to claim 1 or 2, wherein, A2 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.9 times A1.

4. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein, The functional layer satisfies the following condition: the absolute value of the change of V2 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 5%. in, V1 represents the first potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer, and its unit is V; V2 represents the second potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer after being immersed in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes, and its unit is V.

5. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein, The functional layer satisfies the following condition: A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.6 times A1. Wherein, A3 indicates that the functional layer, after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes, exhibits the maximum absorption peak in the 200nm to 400nm wavelength range of the ultraviolet-visible absorption spectrum.

6. The solar cell according to claim 5, wherein, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.7 times A1.

7. The solar cell according to claim 5 or 6, wherein, A3 is less than or equal to A1 and greater than or equal to 0.8 times A1.

8. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein, The functional layer satisfies the following condition: the absolute value of the change in V3 relative to V1 is greater than or equal to 0% and less than or equal to 20%. in, V1 represents the first potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer, and its unit is V; V3 represents the third potential, which is the surface potential of the functional layer after being soaked in chlorobenzene for 5 minutes and then in dichloromethane for 5 minutes, and its unit is V.

9. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein, The organic polymer includes multiple repeating units, each repeating unit including a linking unit and a side chain group, the side chain group including the hole transport group, the linking unit in each repeating unit being connected to the hole transport group, and the linking units of two adjacent repeating units being connected to each other.

10. The solar cell according to claim 9, wherein, The side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group through the bridging group.

11. The solar cell according to claim 9 or 10, wherein, The repeating unit includes one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I. In formula I, R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them, R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## represents the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. P includes hole transport groups; n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6.

12. The solar cell according to claim 11, wherein, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas: Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group; m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8; #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

13. The solar cell according to claim 11 or 12, wherein, The oxygen-containing substituents include one or more of the following: alkoxy, amide, carboxylic acid ester, phosphate ester, sulfonate, silicate, borate, isocyanate, carboxylic acid, phosphite, phosphate, borate, or silicate.

14. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted pinanediols include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 pinanediols.

15. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 14, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted pinanediols include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 pinanediols.

16. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 15, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted penealkyl group includes one or more of the following structural formulas:

17. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 16, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C6 ether groups.

18. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 17, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include substituted or unsubstituted C2 to C4 ether groups.

19. The solar cell according to any one of claims 11 to 18, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted ether groups include one or more of the following structural formulas:

20. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein, The hole-transporting group includes one or more of substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups or substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups.

21. The solar cell according to claim 20, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include the structure shown in Formula A1. In formula A1, M 11 and M 12 Each group independently comprises substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic atom number of C5 to C30; M 13 Including substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

22. The solar cell according to claim 21, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-6 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, m3, m4 and m5 are not all 0 at the same time. The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1, n2, n3, n4 and n5 is greater than or equal to 2 in the same structural formula.

23. The solar cell according to claim 21 or 22, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted aniline groups include substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 1-110 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

24. The solar cell according to claim 20, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic groups include substituted or unsubstituted carbazole groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine groups, or substituted or unsubstituted acridine groups.

25. The solar cell according to claim 24, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group, which comprises the structure shown in Formula A2. In formula A2, M 14 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 15 and M 16 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

26. The solar cell according to claim 25, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b8 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group. m1, m2, and m3 are each independently any integer from 0 to 3, and in the same structural formula, m1, m2, and m3 are not all 0 at the same time. The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1, n2, n3, and n4, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1, n2, n3, and n4 in the same structural formula is greater than or equal to 2.

27. The solar cell according to claim 25 or 26, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted carbazole group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-a11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 2-b18 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

28. The solar cell according to claim 20, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes the structure shown in formula A3. In formula A3, M 17 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 18 and M 19 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

29. The solar cell according to claim 28, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-6 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2 in the same structural formula.

30. The solar cell according to claim 28 or 29, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenothiazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 3-16 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

31. The solar cell according to claim 20, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine groups include the structure shown in Formula A4. In formula A4, M 20 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 21 and M 22 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C5 to C30; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

32. The solar cell according to claim 31, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-7 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2 in the same structural formula.

33. The solar cell according to claim 31 or 32, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted phenoxazine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 4-17 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

34. The solar cell according to claim 20, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted nitrogen-containing aromatic heterocyclic group includes a substituted or unsubstituted acridine group, wherein the substituted or unsubstituted acridine group comprises the structure shown in Formula A5. In formula A5, M 25 Including single bonds, substituted or unsubstituted cyclic aromatic groups with a number of C6 to C30 atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted cyclic heterocyclic groups with a number of C5 to C30 atoms; M 23 and M 34 Each independently includes substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30 or substituted or unsubstituted aromatic heterocyclic groups with a cyclic number of C6 to C30; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of amine groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituents, or alkyl groups, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10.

35. The solar cell according to claim 34, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-1 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-3 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; The connection sites between the connecting unit and the hole transport group are represented by n1 and n2, which are each independent integers from 0 to 3, and the sum of n1 and n2 is greater than or equal to 2 in the same structural formula.

36. The solar cell according to claim 34 or 35, wherein, The substituted or unsubstituted acridine group includes substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-11 The structure shown is used for substituted or unsubstituted formula A. 5-13 One or more of the structures shown, In the formula, * represents the connection site between the hole transport group and the bridging group; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group.

37. The solar cell according to any one of claims 10 to 36, wherein the bridging group comprises one or more of an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group; Optionally, when the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group, a substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl group, or a substituted or unsubstituted heteroalkylene group, and when the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of a halogen group, an amine group, an alkylthionyl group, an oxygen-containing substituent group, an aromatic group, or an aromatic heterocyclic group, and when the substituent group includes a carbon atom, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. Optionally, when the bridging group includes a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group, and when the above group is substituted by a substituent group, the substituent group includes one or more of halogen groups, amine groups, alkyl-thio groups, oxygen-containing substituent groups or C1 to C5 alkyl groups.

38. The solar cell according to claim 37, wherein, The bridging group includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted C1 to C8 heteroalkylene groups, substituted or unsubstituted aromatic groups with C5 to C15 cyclic atoms, or substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic groups with C3 to C15 cyclic atoms.

39. The solar cell according to any one of claims 10 to 38, wherein, The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphite group, phosphate group, sulfonic acid group, silicate group, siloxane group, borate group, carboxylic acid ester group, phosphate ester group, sulfonate group, silicate group, borate group, carboxyl group, phosphite group, phosphate group, borate group, or silicate group. Optionally, the oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group and phosphate group.

40. The solar cell according to claim 39, wherein, The oxygen-containing group includes one or more of the following: carboxylic acid group, phosphate group, borate group, carboxylate group, phosphate group, and borate group.

41. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 40, wherein, The repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1a to Formula I-6a.

42. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 41, wherein, The repeating units of the organic polymer include one or more of the structures shown in Formula I-1 to Formula I-6.

43. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 42, wherein, The functional layer is disposed on the surface of the first electrode and is in contact with at least a portion of the first electrode.

44. The solar cell according to claim 43, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is 1 nm to 30 nm.

45. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 42 further includes a hole transport layer, wherein the functional layer is located between the hole transport layer and the photoelectric conversion layer.

46. ​​The solar cell according to claim 45, wherein, The thickness of the functional layer is from 0.1 nm to 20 nm.

47. The solar cell according to claim 45 or 46, wherein, The hole transport layer includes a hole transport material. The hole transport material includes hole transport organic compounds, which include poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine], poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-polystyrene sulfonic acid, 2,2',7,7'-tetratetra[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9'-spirodifluorene, poly-3-hexylthiophene, methoxytriphenylamine-fluoroformamidinium, triphenylamine with a triphenylene core, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene-methoxytriphenylamine. One or more of the following: N-4-anilinecarbazole-spirobisfluorene, polythiophene, phosphonic acid monomolecule, carboxylic acid monomolecule, carbazole monomolecule, sulfonic acid monomolecule, triphenylamine monomolecule, and aromatic monomolecule; and / or The hole transport layer includes hole transport inorganic materials, which include one or more of metal oxides, cuprous iodide, and cuprous thiocyanate.

48. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 47, wherein, The photoelectric conversion layer comprises a perovskite material.

49. The solar cell according to claim 48, wherein, The perovskite material includes one or more compounds with the molecular formula ZBX3 or M2CDN6. Z and M each independently include Li + Na + K + 、Rb + Cs + One or more of the following: methylamine cation, ethylamine cation, propylamine cation, butylamine cation, pentamine cation, hexamine cation, dimethylamine cation, formamidin cation, or imidazole cation; B includes Ca 2+ 、Sr 2+ Cd 2+ Cu 2+ Ni 2+ Mn 2+ Fe 2+ Co 2+ Pd 2+ 、Ge 2+ Sn 2+ Pb 2+ Yb 2+ Or Eu 2+ One or more cations in; X and N each independently include F - Cl - ,Br - I - SCN - CNO - OCN - OSCN - SH - CN - or SeCN - One or more of the following; C includes Cs + Ag + K + Or Ru + One or more of the following; D includes Bi 3+ Ni 3+ Fe 3+ Sb 3+ In 3+ or Cu 3+ One or more of them.

50. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 49, wherein, The first electrode is a transparent electrode.

51. The solar cell according to any one of claims 1 to 50, further comprising an electron transport layer located between the photoelectric conversion layer and the second electrode.

52. A solar cell, comprising a first electrode, a functional layer, a photoelectric conversion layer, and a second electrode stacked along the thickness direction of the solar cell, wherein the functional layer comprises an organic polymer. The organic polymer comprises a plurality of repeating units, wherein the repeating units include one or more of the repeating units shown in Formula I. In formula I, R1 represents the connection unit, and R1 includes... single bond One or more of them, R'1 includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted ether groups, silicon-containing groups, subamino groups, or carbonyl groups; ## represents the connection site between two adjacent repeating units; This indicates the connection site between the connecting unit and the hole transport group; Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of alkyl groups, aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, amine groups, halogen groups, alkylthio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. P includes hole transport groups; n represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the connecting unit, and n is any integer from 2 to 6.

53. The solar cell according to claim 52, wherein, P includes one or more of the following structural formulas: Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or an oxygen-containing group; m represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, where m is any integer from 1 to 8; #* indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the connecting unit.

54. The solar cell according to claim 52 or 53, wherein, The organic polymer is further defined as any one of claims 13 to 42, or the solar cell is further defined as any one of claims 43 to 51.

55. A method for preparing a solar cell, comprising: Provide the first electrode; An organic monomer is provided to one side of the first electrode, wherein the organic monomer includes a side chain group and an active group connected to the side chain group, and the side chain group includes a hole transport group; The organic monomers are polymerized under polymerization conditions to form a functional layer; A solar cell is obtained by sequentially depositing at least a photoelectric conversion layer and a second electrode on the functional layer.

56. The preparation method according to claim 55, wherein, The step of providing the organic monomer to one side of the first electrode includes: A hole transport layer is formed on the first electrode; Organic monomers are disposed on the hole transport layer.

57. The preparation method according to claim 55 or 56, wherein, The polymerization conditions include one or more of heat treatment or photoinitiation treatment.

58. The preparation method according to claim 57, wherein, The heat treatment temperature is from 25°C to 300°C; and / or The heat treatment time is 15 min to 50 min.

59. The preparation method according to any one of claims 55 to 58, wherein, The side chain group further includes an oxygen-containing group and a bridging group, wherein the oxygen-containing group is connected to the hole transport group through the bridging group.

60. The preparation method according to any one of claims 55 to 59, wherein, The organic monomer includes one or more compounds represented by Formula II. In formula II, R2 represents an active group, which includes one or more of the following: substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl groups, substituted or unsubstituted alcohol groups, substituted or unsubstituted oxygen-containing heterocyclic groups, substituted or unsubstituted silicate groups, substituted or unsubstituted amino groups, halogen groups, and substituted or unsubstituted azide groups. Optionally, when the above-mentioned groups are substituted by substituents, the substituents include one or more of aromatic groups, aromatic heterocyclic groups, alkyl groups, alkenyl groups, amine groups, amide groups, halogen groups, alkyl-thio groups, and oxygen-containing substituents, and when the substituents include carbon atoms, the number of carbon atoms is 1 to 10. P' includes hole transport groups; n' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the active unit, where n' is any integer from 2 to 6.

61. The preparation method according to claim 60, wherein, p' includes one or more of the following structural formulas. Q represents the hole transport group; L represents a single bond or the bridging group; A represents a hydrogen atom or the oxygen-containing group; m' represents the number of connection sites between the hole transport group and the bridging group, and m' is any integer from 1 to 8; ##** indicates the connection site between the hole transport group and the active group.

62. A photovoltaic module comprising one or more solar cells as described in any one of claims 1 to 54 or solar cells prepared by the preparation method as described in any one of claims 55 to 61.

63. A power generation device comprising a photovoltaic module as described in claim 62.

64. An electrical device comprising a photovoltaic module as described in claim 62.

Images