Electrolytic cell

Abstract

An electrolytic cell comprising an electrolytic reaction chamber, the electrolytic reaction chamber comprising At least one electrode assembly comprising at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one ion-permeable layer arranged between the at least one cathode and the at least one anode; and a channel system comprising at least one electrolyte fluid inlet, and at least one electrolyte fluid outlet, the channel system comprising at least one channel fluidly connecting the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet, the electrode assembly and the at least one electrolyte fluid outlet; wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber is rotatably mounted such that the electrolytic reaction chamber is rotatable about a rotation axis and wherein at least the at least one ion-permeable layer is configured to at least partially extend in a radial direction with respect to the rotation axis.

Description

[0001] Electrolytic cell

[0002] Field of Invention

[0003] The present invention relates to the field of electrolytic cells, and more particularly to techniques for enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of electrolytic reactions.

[0004] Background

[0005] Electrochemical reactions play a crucial role in numerous industrial applications, such as hydrogen production, chlorine production through the chlor-alkali process, chemical synthesis, and energy storage. Traditional electrochemical systems typically depend on external electrical energy sources, which can lead to inefficiencies due to energy losses during transmission and conversion of energy. These systems also often face challenges related to inefficient electrolyte flow, suboptimal electrode configurations, increased system resistance due to immobile gas bubbles, and cooling issues, all of which contribute to reduced overall system efficiency.

[0006] A capillary-based electro-synthetic water electrolysis cell, as disclosed in W02022 / 056604, describes an attempt at solving some of these problems. This design features a gas diffusion electrode, a second electrode, and a porous capillary spacer filled with liquid electrolyte positioned between the electrodes. The capillary spacer, with an average pore diameter exceeding 2 pm, enhances electrolyte flow and improves the efficiency of gas generation by facilitating transport through capillary action, diffusion, or osmotic processes. This approach effectively reduces gas crossover and maintains low ionic resistance.

[0007] However, the reliance on capillary forces for electrolyte transport introduces certain limitations, particularly concerning the cell height, which is constrained by the capillary spacer's ability to deliver electrolyte effectively. This reliance also limits the scalability of the system, as the capillary action may not be sufficient for larger or more complex configurations. Additionally, the electrolysis cell does not address the inefficiencies associated with external electrical energy sources or the conversion of mechanical energy into chemical energy.

[0008] The current state of the art still faces significant challenges. The primary disadvantage is the dependency on external electrical energy sources, which can lead to inefficiencies and increased operational costs. Furthermore, the limitations in electrolyte transport and system scalability hinder the potential for broader industrial application and optimization.

[0009] Summary

[0010] It is therefore an objective of the present invention to provide an electrolytic cell that enhances the efficiency of electrochemical reactions while addressing the limitations of current systems, such as dependency on external electrical energy sources and constraints in electrolyte transport and scalability.

[0011] According to the first aspect, there is provided an electrolytic cell. An electrolytic cell may be understood as a device that uses electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction.

[0012] It may be provided that the electrolytic cell comprises an electrolytic reaction chamber. An electrolytic reaction chamber can be understood as a space where electrochemical reactions occur, involving electrodes and an electrolyte. This arrangement allows for the controlled environment necessary for efficient electrochemical processes, ensuring that the reactions occur under controlled conditions.

[0013] The electrolytic reaction chamber comprises at least one electrode assembly, which includes at least one cathode, at least one anode, and at least one ion-permeable layer arranged between the cathode and the anode. An electrode assembly refers to the configuration of electrodes within the cell, where a cathode is the electrode where reduction occurs, and an anode is the electrode where oxidation occurs. Positioned between the electrodes, specifically between the cathode and the anode, the ion-permeable layer promotes ion transport between the electrodes while preventing physical contact and electrically separating anode and cathode. This arrangement ensures efficient ion exchange while minimizing the risk of short circuits. The ion-permeable layer may be a porous ion-permeable layer or void-layer filled with electrolyte or any functionally equivalent structure that allows ionic conduction while maintaining electrical isolation between the anode and the cathode.

[0014] The electrolytic cell also includes a channel system comprising at least one electrolyte fluid inlet and at least one channel fluidly connecting the electrolyte fluid inlet, and the electrode assembly. A channel system refers to the network of pathways that direct the flow of electrolyte through the cell. This arrangement facilitates the continuous flow of electrolyte, ensuring that fresh reactants are supplied to the electrodes and reaction products are removed, which can lead to improved reaction rates and efficiency. It is noted that an electrolyte fluid outlet is not essential to the electrolytic cell because the electrolytic cell may use up all the electrolyte entering the cell when the electrolytic reaction occurs.

[0015] The electrolytic reaction chamber is rotatably mounted such that it is rotatable about a rotation axis, and at least the ion-permeable layer is configured to at least partially extend in a radial direction with respect to the rotation axis. A rotatably mounted chamber refers to a chamber that can rotate around a central axis. This arrangement utilizes centrifugal forces to drive the flow of electrolyte through the ion-permeable layer, reducing the reliance on external pumps and allowing for a thinner ion-permeable layer. The use of centrifugal forces allows for both larger and smaller pores in the ion-permeable layer compared to prior art. Smaller pores are feasible because the flow is greater than capillary flow, while larger pores are possible because centrifugal forces enable the liquid column to rise significantly higher compared to capillary forces. This flexibility in pore size enhances the range of available materials, decreasing the hydrogen production costs. . Additionally, the system can use significantly cheaper materials with smaller hydrophilicity, as the centrifugal effect eliminates the necessity for high hydrophilicity that was crucial in capillary- driven systems known in the art. This allows to reduce the costs and improve scalability . Moreover, electrolytic reactions can produce gas bubbles, like hydrogen and oxygen in water electrolysis. These bubbles can adhere to the electrodes or accumulate within the electrolyte, which can impede the flow of ions and reduce the overall effectiveness of the electrolytic reaction. The presence of bubbles can increase electrical resistance and decrease the efficiency of the electrochemical process by blocking active sites on the electrodes and disrupting the uniformity of the electrolyte flow, in particular when the electrode assemblies are fully flooded. By rotating the reaction chamber, centrifugal forces are utilized to help manage and mitigate the impact of these gas bubbles. The rotation causes the bubbles to be pushed outward and away from the electrodes and the ion-permeable layer due to the centrifugal force. This movement is beneficial in several ways. The centrifugal force helps dislodge and remove bubbles from the electrode surfaces and the electrolyte, preventing them from accumulating and blocking ion flow. The rotation promotes better mixing of the electrolyte, ensuring a more uniform distribution of ions and reducing the likelihood of localized concentration gradients that can affect reaction efficiency. The design facilitates the escape of gases from the electrolyte, reducing the risk of gas buildup and ensuring that the reaction chamber remains efficient.

[0016] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises a hollow shaft coaxially arranged with respect to the rotation axis, wherein the hollow shaft forms a part of the at least one channel system and is fluidly connected with the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet. A hollow shaft can be understood as a cylindrical component with an internal cavity, allowing for the passage of fluids or other materials. It may be provided that the hollow shaft forms a part of the at least one channel system and is fluidly connected with the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet. An electrolyte fluid inlet is an entry point for the electrolyte into the electrolytic cell. This configuration ensures that the hollow shaft remains balanced and stable during rotation, minimizing mechanical stress and vibration. By aligning the shaft with the rotation axis, the electrolytic cell can efficiently utilize centrifugal forces to drive the flow of electrolyte through the channel system. This alignment also allows for uniform distribution of the electrolyte across the reaction chamber, enhancing the consistency and efficiency of the electrochemical reactions. Additionally, a coaxial arrangement can simplify the design and construction of the system, as it allows for a more compact and streamlined structure, potentially reducing manufacturing costs and improving the overall reliability of the electrolytic cell.

[0017] Preferably, the hollow shaft comprises an inner tube and an outer tube arranged at a distance of each other such the inner tube forms a first shaft channel and a space between the inner tube and the outer tube forms a second shaft channel, wherein the first shaft channel is connected to the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet and the second shaft channel is connected to the at least one electrolyte fluid outlet. An inner tube is a cylindrical structure located within another tube, while an outer tube is the external cylindrical structure. This arrangement allows for the creation of two distinct channels within the hollow shaft, facilitating the separation of fluid pathways. One advantage of this configuration is the efficient management of fluid flow, enabling distinct and controlled pathways for different fluids, which can enhance the operational efficiency of the electrolytic cell by ensuring optimal flow dynamics. The inner tube and the outer tube may be coaxially arranged. Coaxially arranged means that the tubes share a common axis. The first shaft channel is connected to the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet, and the second shaft channel is connected to the at least one electrolyte fluid or a gas outlet. A shaft channel refers to a passage within the shaft that allows for the flow of fluids or gases. An electrolyte fluid inlet is an entry point for the electrolyte fluid into the system, while an electrolyte fluid or a gas outlet is an exit point for the fluid or a gas. This arrangement provides a streamlined and organized method for introducing and removing electrolyte fluids and gasses, which can lead to improved operational efficiency and reduced risk of cross-contamination between the inlet and outlet streams. It is noteworthy that in some cases, all the electrolyte may be consumed during the electrolytic process, resulting in no electrolyte exiting the cell. Preferably, the channel system comprises an electrolyte fluid inlet channel configured to guide electrolyte to the electrolyte fluid inlet.

[0018] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises one or more electrolyte fluid outlets provided in a side wall of the electrolytic reaction chamber. This configuration allows the electrolyte to be expelled from the chamber using centrifugal forces. By positioning the outlets on the side wall, the cell can take advantage of the rotational motion within the chamber to efficiently remove the electrolyte. This can help maintain optimal electrolyte levels and prevent issues such as flooding, which can negatively impact the performance of the electrolytic cell. Additionally, using centrifugal forces for expulsion can enhance the overall efficiency of the system by reducing the need for additional mechanical pumps or components to manage electrolyte flow. Preferably, the at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one ion-permeable layer are configured such that when the electrolytic reactor chamber rotates about the rotation axis, the centrifugal forces at least partially contribute to the electrolyte's movement through the electrode assembly, for example the at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one ion-permeable layer can be arranged circumferentially about the rotation axis. Arranging these components circumferentially about the rotation axis means they are positioned in a circular pattern around the axis of rotation. This arrangement can offer several advantages, such as maximizing the surface area available for electrochemical reactions, which can enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the electrolytic process. Additionally, the circumferential arrangement can contribute to a more uniform distribution of the electrolyte, potentially leading to more consistent reaction conditions and improved overall performance of the electrolytic cell. This configuration can also facilitate the rotation of the chamber, which may aid in the even distribution of reactants and products, further optimizing the cell's operation.

[0019] Preferably, the electrolytic cell comprises an electrolytic reaction chamber further comprising a plurality of electrode assemblies, respectively stacked on top of each other, wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber further comprises a bipolar plate between each electrode assembly. A plurality of electrode assemblies refers to multiple sets of electrodes, each typically including a cathode, an anode, and an ion-permeable layer. Stacking these assemblies on top of each other means arranging them in a vertical sequence. Alternatively, or in combination, a plurality of electrode assemblies may also be arranged in a horizontal sequence, for example arranged circumferentially around the rotation axis. A bipolar plate is a conductive plate that separates adjacent electrode assemblies and facilitates the flow of current between them or is an electrode itself and plays a role of an anode, a cathode or both simultaneously, one side of it being anode for one cell and another side being a cathode for the other cell. In that last configuration it can be also called a bipolar electrode. This arrangement can significantly enhance the scalability and efficiency of the electrolytic cell by increasing the active surface area available for reactions without expanding the cell's footprint. The use of bipolar plates between electrode assemblies can improve electrical conductivity and reduce resistance, leading to more efficient energy use. Additionally, this configuration can help maintain uniform current distribution across the cell, which can enhance the overall performance and longevity of the electrolytic system. By optimizing the arrangement of electrode assemblies and incorporating bipolar plates, the electrolytic cell can achieve higher efficiency and productivity, making it more effective for industrial applications.

[0020] More preferably, the electrolytic reaction chamber further comprises one or more gas chambers configured to collect gas generated by the at least one electrode assembly and wherein the bipolar plate comprises one or more gas flow channels configured to direct gases generated by the electrode assembly to the one or more gas chambers. A gas chamber is a compartment configured to collect and contain gases produced during the electrochemical reactions. A bipolar plate, as previously mentioned, is a conductive plate that separates adjacent electrode assemblies and facilitates the flow of current. Gas flow channels are pathways within the bipolar plate that guide the movement of gases. This arrangement allows for the efficient collection and management of gases generated during the electrolytic process, such as hydrogen or oxygen, by directing them to designated gas chambers. This setup also facilitates the easy collection and utilization of generated gases, which can be valuable for various industrial applications, thereby increasing the overall utility and productivity of the electrolytic cell. The gas chambers may be connected to the channel system, for example. The channel system can direct the gas towards the shaft in order to remove the gas from the electrolytic cell through the shaft, to later collect and store the gas outside of the cell.

[0021] Preferably, the channel system chamber further comprises an electrolyte distribution means arranged between each electrode assembly and the at least one channel, wherein the electrolyte distribution means is configured to distribute an electrolyte fluid to each of the plurality of electrode assemblies. An electrolyte distribution means, is a compartment configured to evenly distribute electrolyte fluid to various parts of the system. This arrangement ensures that each electrode assembly receives a consistent and adequate supply of electrolyte fluid. One advantage of this configuration is the enhancement of reaction efficiency and uniformity across the electrode assemblies, as it prevents localized depletion or excess of electrolyte, which could otherwise lead to uneven performance or degradation of the cell. By ensuring a balanced distribution of electrolyte, the system can achieve more stable and efficient operation, potentially extending the lifespan of the electrolytic cell and improving its overall productivity.

[0022] Preferably, the at least one cathode is a porous gas diffusion cathode comprising at least one microporous layer and at least one macroporous layer, wherein the at least one microporous layer is arranged between the at least one ion-permeable layer and the at least one macroporous layer, preferably immediately adjacent the at least one ion-permeable layer. A porous gas diffusion cathode is a type of electrode, such as carbon paper with gas diffusion layers, is configured to manage the gas-liquid interface effectively. A microporous layer is a thin, permeable layer that allows for the controlled passage of gases and liquids. This arrangement, with the microporous layer positioned between the ion-permeable layer and a macroporous layer, preferably immediately adjacent to the ion-permeable layer, can enhance the efficiency of gas diffusion and electrolyte contact within the cathode.

[0023] More preferably, the at least one microporous layer comprises an aerophilic surface or a hydrophobic surface. In this context, both "aerophilic" and "hydrophobic" surfaces aim to prevent liquid penetration while facilitating gas permeability. An aerophilic surface is configured to repel liquid while allowing gases to pass through easily. This can be achieved by incorporating materials like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into the layer. One advantage of having an aerophilic surface is that it prevents the electrode from becoming wet with electrolyte, facilitating the easy escape of gases produced during electrochemical reactions without forming bubbles. This design ensures efficient gas removal, reducing the risk of gas buildup and bubble formation, which can increase electrical resistance and reduce the efficiency of the electrochemical process. By maintaining an optimal gas-liquid interface, the system enhances the overall performance and efficiency of the electrolytic cell, making it more effective for industrial applications.

[0024] Preferably, the at least one macroporous layer comprises an aerophilic surface. This is achieved by incorporating materials like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into the layer. One advantage of having an aerophilic surface in the macroporous layer is that it enhances gas diffusion by preventing the electrode from becoming wet with electrolyte, facilitating the easy escape of gases produced during electrochemical reactions without forming bubbles.

[0025] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises one or more electrical connections configured to provide electrical power to the at least one electrode assembly. An electrical connection can be understood as a conductive pathway that allows the flow of electrical current from a power source to a device or component. The one or more electrical connections are configured to provide electrical power to the at least one electrode assembly. This arrangement ensures that the electrode assembly receives the necessary electrical power to drive the electrochemical reactions efficiently.

[0026] Preferably, the at least one cathode or the at least one anode comprises a fiber-, mesh- or foamlike layer material, wherein the fiber-, mesh- or foamlike layer material is hydrophobically or aerophilically treated, for example, by applying a catalyst material from a solution containing a PTFE dispersion. This prevents electrolyte flooding and manages gas bubble formation, which can improve the efficiency and longevity of the cell.

[0027] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises an electromagnetic induction device having one or more conductive elements circumferentially arranged around the rotation axis and further comprising one or more magnets fixedly arranged with respect to the electrolytic reaction chamber at a distance from the one or more conductive elements such that a rotation of the electrolytic reaction chamber induces an electrical current in the one or more conductive elements. Conductive elements are materials that allow the flow of electrical current. When the one or more conductive elements are circumferentially arranged about the rotation axis, for example, one conductive element may be arranged which extends wholly circumferentially about the axis or one or more conductive elements may be arranged such that the one or more conductive elements are arranged about the rotation axis, i.e. such conductive elements do not extend about the rotation axis themselves but are circumferentially distributed about the rotation axis. Magnets create a magnetic field and are positioned at a distance from the conductive elements. This arrangement ensures that the rotation of the electrolytic reaction chamber induces an electrical current in the one or more conductive elements. One advantage of this configuration is the generation of electrical power through the rotational motion of the chamber, which can be used to supplement the power requirements of the electrolytic cell or other components. This setup can enhance the energy efficiency of the system by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, potentially reducing the reliance on external power sources. By integrating an electromagnetic induction device, the electrolytic cell can achieve a more sustainable and efficient operation, making it more effective for various industrial applications. More preferably, the one or more electrical connections are further configured to transmit the induced electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly.

[0028] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises a rectifier configured to rectify the induced current to a direct current.

[0029] Preferably, the at least one electrode assembly further comprises a proton exchange membrane positioned between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode.

[0030] Preferably, the at least one electrode assembly further comprises an anion exchange membrane positioned between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode.

[0031] According to a further aspect, a method for generating a gas using an electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, the method comprising:

[0032] Inputting an electrolyte in the electrolytic cell;

[0033] Rotating the electrolytic reaction chamber;

[0034] Applying an electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly;

[0035] Collecting the gas or other products generated by the at least one electrode assembly. Preferably, the method further comprises: generating the electrical current using the electromagnetic induction device, and applying the generated electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly.

[0036] Brief description of the figures

[0037] The accompanying drawings are used to illustrate presently preferred non-limiting exemplary embodiments of devices of the present invention. The above and other advantages of the features and objects of the present invention will become more apparent and the present invention will be better understood from the following detailed description when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0038] Figure 1 schematically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of an electrolytic cell according to the present invention;

[0039] Figure 2 schematically illustrates a cross section of the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0040] Description of embodiments Figure 1 illustrates a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of an electrolytic cell 100. Figure 2 illustrates a side view of a cross section of the exemplary embodiment shown in Figure 1.

[0041] The electrolytic cell 100 is a device that uses electrical energy to drive a chemical reaction. The electrolytic cell 100 comprises an electrolytic reaction chamber 110 which is a space where the electrochemical reactions occur, involving electrodes and an electrolyte. The electrolytic reaction chamber 110 may be configured in various shapes to accommodate different applications and design preferences. However, as shown in figures 1 and 2, the electrolytic reaction chamber 110 is preferably a hollow cylinder. This cylindrical shape is advantageous because the cylindrical design allows for uniform distribution of the electrolyte and facilitates efficient rotation around the central axis, as will be elaborated below, which is beneficial for utilizing centrifugal forces. The cylindrical design of the electrolytic reaction chamber 110 also simplifies the construction, as the cylindrical shape provides a straightforward geometry for sealing and aligning components. The top and bottom of the electrolytic reaction chamber 110 may be equipped with covers to seal the space in between, ensuring that the electrolyte and the generated gas remain contained within the chamber and preventing any leakage.

[0042] Electrolyte solutions are liquids that contain dissolved ions, which enable them to conduct electricity. These solutions are crucial in various electrochemical processes, as they facilitate the movement of ions between electrodes, allowing for the completion of electrical circuits and the occurrence of chemical reactions. One example of an electrolyte solution is a saltwater solution, where salt (sodium chloride) is dissolved in water. This solution is often used in electrolysis experiments to produce chlorine gas and sodium hydroxide, as seen in chlor-alkali processes. Another example is sulfuric acid solution, which is widely used in lead-acid batteries. In these batteries, the sulfuric acid acts as the electrolyte, allowing for the flow of ions between the lead dioxide cathode and the lead anode, enabling the battery to store and release electrical energy. In fuel cells, such as proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cells, the electrolyte is often a solid polymer membrane that conducts protons. In the context of an electrolytic cell, an electrolyte is typically understood as a medium that facilitates the flow of electric current by providing ions that can move between electrodes. However, in some specialized applications, even fluids that are not inherently conductive, such as deionized water, can be used as an electrolytic fluid if they are part of a system where other mechanisms or additives enable ionic conduction. In this broader interpretation, an electrolyte in an electrolytic cell can be any fluid that, under the specific conditions of the cell, supports the necessary ionic movement for the electrochemical reactions to occur, even if the fluid itself is not initially conductive.

[0043] As can be seen in figure 2, the electrolytic reaction chamber 110 comprises at least one electrode assembly, which includes at least one cathode 120, at least one anode 130, and at least one ion-permeable layer 140 arranged between the cathode 120 and the anode 130. An electrode assembly refers to the configuration of electrodes within the cell, where a cathode 120 is the electrode where reduction occurs, and an anode 130 is the electrode where oxidation occurs. Positioned between the electrodes, specifically between the cathode 120 and the anode 130, the ion-permeable layer 140 promotes ion transport between the electrodes while preventing physical contact. This arrangement ensures efficient ion exchange while minimizing the risk of short circuits, thereby enhancing the overall efficiency of the electrochemical reaction. The ion- permeable layer 140 can also be implemented as a porous separator layer or a void filled with electrolyte within the electrolytic reaction chamber 110. Implementing a void as the ion-permeable layer can reduce material costs and simplify the design, as there is no need for a physical ion- permeable layer. Preferably, the at least one cathode 130 is a porous gas diffusion cathode comprising at least one microporous layer and at least one macroporous layer, wherein the at least one microporous layer is arranged between the at least one ion-permeable layer and the at least one macroporous layer, preferably immediately adjacent to the at least one ion-permeable layer. A porous gas diffusion cathode is a type of electrode designed to manage the gas-liquid interface effectively. The porous gas diffusion cathode can be made from materials like carbon paper with gas diffusion layers. A microporous layer is a thin, permeable layer that allows for the controlled passage of gases and liquids. It comprises materials like carbon and PTFE, which provide the necessary porosity and hydrophobicity. This arrangement, with the microporous layer positioned between the ion-permeable layer and a macroporous layer, preferably immediately adjacent to the ion-permeable layer 140, can significantly enhance the efficiency of gas diffusion and electrolyte contact within the cathode. For example, in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell, the microporous layer helps distribute reactant gases evenly across the catalyst layer, improving the overall reaction kinetics. The configuration of the porous gas diffusion cathode, with its microporous layers, helps gases produced during the electrochemical reactions to easily escape the electrode structure without forming bubbles. This is beneficial because the formation of gas bubbles can impede the flow of reactants and reduce the effective surface area available for reactions, thereby decreasing the efficiency of the electrochemical process. The microporous layer facilitates the smooth passage of gases, such as hydrogen or oxygen, away from the reaction sites, ensuring that the electrode remains free from blockages that could hinder performance. Various catalyst layers can be applied to the porous gas diffusion cathode to facilitate the hydrogen evolution reaction or other desired electrochemical processes. Examples of such catalyst layers include Pt / C (platinum on carbon), RuCE (ruthenium dioxide), and NiMo alloy (nickelmolybdenum alloy). These catalysts are chosen for their ability to enhance reaction kinetics by lowering the activation energy required for the reactions to occur. For instance, Pt / C can be used in fuel cells and electrolyzers due to its excellent catalytic properties for both hydrogen and oxygen reactions. RuCh is often used in applications requiring high stability and corrosion resistance, such as in chlor-alkali cells. NiMo alloy is known for its cost-effectiveness and good catalytic activity, making it suitable for large-scale hydrogen production. By incorporating these catalyst layers, the porous gas diffusion cathode can achieve higher reaction rates and improved overall efficiency. The combination of effective gas management and enhanced catalytic activity ensures that the electrolytic cell operates at optimal conditions, maximizing productivity and extending the lifespan of the system. This makes the electrolysis cell more attractive for industrial applications where efficiency and durability are paramount. By ensuring efficient gas diffusion and electrolyte contact, the porous gas diffusion cathode can increase the overall efficiency and lifespan of the electrolytic cell. This is particularly beneficial in industrial applications where long-term stability and performance are critical. For instance, in water electrolysis systems used for hydrogen production, the enhanced efficiency can lead to higher hydrogen yields and lower operational costs. Similarly, in fuel cells, this configuration can contribute to higher power outputs and longer operational lifetimes, making the technology more viable for commercial and industrial use. more preferably, the at least one microporous layer comprises an aerophilic surface. An aerophilic surface is configured to repel liquid while allowing gases to pass through easily. This characteristic can be achieved by incorporating materials like polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) into the layer, which provides the necessary hydrophobic properties. The presence of an aerophilic surface offers several advantages for the operation of the electrolytic cell. One advantage of having an aerophilic surface is that it prevents the electrode from becoming wet with electrolyte, thereby facilitating the easy escape of gases produced during electrochemical reactions without forming bubbles. This ensures efficient gas removal, reducing the risk of gas buildup and bubble formation, which can increase electrical resistance and reduce the efficiency of the electrochemical process. By preventing the accumulation of gas bubbles, the aerophilic surface helps maintain a clear path for reactants to reach the active sites on the electrode, ensuring consistent and efficient reactions. Furthermore, by maintaining an optimal gas-liquid interface, the system enhances the overall performance and efficiency of the electrolytic cell. The aerophilic surface ensures that the gas diffusion layer remains dry and functional. This contributes to the longevity and reliability of the electrolytic cell, making it more effective for industrial applications where continuous and efficient operation is essential. Alternatively or in combination, the at least one cathode or the at least one anode comprises a fiber-, mesh- or foamlike layer material, wherein the fiber-, mesh- or foamlike layer material is hydrophobically treated. This prevents electrolyte flooding and manages gas bubble formation, which can improve the efficiency and longevity of the cell. The hydrophobic material can be mixed into the solution from which the catalyst is deposited onto the electrode substrate (such as mesh, felt, foam, or carbon gas diffusion layers). This ensures that the hydrophobic properties are integrated into the electrode structure during the catalyst application process. Alternatively, the hydrophobic material can be sprayed onto the back- and / or front side of the electrode substrate. After application, the surface can be sanded to ensure good electrical contact when the cell is assembled, while still maintaining the hydrophobic properties in the openings or pores of the material.

[0044] In the context of the electrolytic cell 100, at least one electrode assembly means that the electrolytic reaction chamber must contain a minimum of one electrode assembly, but it can include multiple electrode assemblies as shown in figure 2. In figure 2, a total of three circumferentially arranged electrode assemblies can be seen. For example, a single electrode assembly might be sufficient for a small-scale application, while multiple assemblies could be used in a larger system to increase the reaction capacity.

[0045] Preferably, the electrolytic cell 100 comprises an electrolytic reaction chamber 110 comprising a plurality of electrode assemblies, respectively stacked on top of each other, wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber further comprises a bipolar plate between each electrode assembly. A plurality of electrode assemblies refers to multiple sets of electrodes, each including a cathode, an anode, and an ion-permeable layer. Stacking these assemblies on top of each other means arranging them in a vertical sequence. Alternatively or in combination, a plurality of electrode assemblies may also be arranged in a horizontal sequence, for example arranged circumferentially around the rotation axis. A bipolar plate 160 is a conductive plate that separates adjacent electrode assemblies and facilitates the flow of current between them. This arrangement can significantly enhance the scalability and efficiency of the electrolytic cell by increasing the active surface area available for reactions without expanding the cell's footprint. The use of bipolar plates between electrode assemblies can improve electrical conductivity and reduce resistance, leading to more efficient energy use. Additionally, this configuration can help maintain uniform current distribution across the cell, which can enhance the overall performance and longevity of the electrolytic system.

[0046] The electrolytic cell 100 also includes a channel system 150 comprising at least one electrolyte fluid inlet and at least one electrolyte fluid outlet, with at least one channel fluidly connecting the electrolyte fluid inlet, the electrode assembly, and the electrolyte fluid outlet. A channel system refers to the network of pathways that direct the flow of electrolyte through the cell. This arrangement facilitates the continuous flow of electrolyte, ensuring that fresh reactants are supplied to the electrodes and reaction products are removed, which can lead to improved reaction rates and efficiency. The channel system will be elaborated further below.

[0047] The electrolytic reaction chamber 100 is rotatably mounted such that it is rotatable about a rotation axis A. A rotatably mounted chamber refers to a chamber that can rotate around a central axis A. This arrangement utilizes centrifugal forces to drive the flow of electrolyte through the ion- permeable layer 140, reducing the reliance on external pumps and allowing for a thinner ion- permeable layer or even the absence of one, for example by replacing the ion-permeable layer with a void. This rotational capability harnesses centrifugal forces to enhance the operation of the electrolytic cell 100. When the chamber rotates, the centrifugal forces generated push the electrolyte radially outward, creating a pressure gradient that drives the flow of the electrolyte through the ion-permeable layer. This use of centrifugal forces offers several advantages. Firstly, it reduces the need for external pumps, which are typically used to circulate the electrolyte in conventional systems. By relying on the natural force generated by rotation, the system can achieve efficient electrolyte flow with fewer mechanical components, leading to potential cost savings and reduced maintenance requirements. Moreover, the centrifugal forces allow for the use of a thinner ion-permeable layer. The use of centrifugal forces in the electrolytic reaction chamber introduces significant flexibility in the design of the ion-permeable layer, particularly regarding the size of the pores. In traditional systems, the flow of electrolyte through the ion-permeable layer is primarily driven by capillary action, which imposes limitations on pore size. However, with centrifugal forces, the flow is enhanced beyond what capillary action can achieve, allowing for both larger and smaller pores than those typically used in prior art. Smaller pores can be utilized because the centrifugal forces generate a flow rate that surpasses capillary flow, effectively overcoming the resistance that smaller pores might present. This capability allows for more precise control over ion transport and can lead to improved efficiency and reduced risk of short circuits. Conversely, larger pores are feasible because the centrifugal forces enable the liquid column to rise significantly higher than in systems relying solely on capillary action. This means that even with larger pores, the electrolyte can be effectively transported across the ion-permeable layer. Additionally, the reliance on centrifugal forces allows for the use of significantly cheaper materials with lower hydrophilicity, characterized by a larger contact angle. In capillary-driven systems, high hydrophilicity is essential to facilitate the flow of electrolyte through the ion-permeable layer. However, with centrifugal forces, this requirement is eliminated, enabling the use of materials that are less hydrophilic and potentially more cost-effective. This can lead to reduced material costs and broaden the range of materials suitable for use in the ion-permeable layer, enhancing the overall economic and practical viability of the system. It is noted that in figures 1 and 2, the electrolytic cell rotates about a vertical rotation axis. However, it will be clear that the electrolytic cell may also rotate about a horizontally oriented axis or that the axis may have an orientation which has an angle with respect to a horizontal or vertical axis.

[0048] As depicted in Figure 2, the electrolytic cell 100 includes a hollow shaft 150 that is coaxially arranged with respect to the rotation axis A. This hollow shaft is fluidly connected to the electrolyte fluid inlet 151. A hollow shaft is a cylindrical component with an internal cavity, configured to allow the passage of fluids or other materials. By forming part of the channel system, the hollow shaft 150 facilitates the introduction of the electrolyte into the electrolytic cell through the electrolyte fluid inlet, which serves as the entry point for the electrolyte. The coaxial arrangement of the hollow shaft with the rotation axis ensures that the shaft remains balanced and stable during rotation. This stability minimizes mechanical stress and vibration, which can otherwise lead to wear and tear or operational inefficiencies. By aligning the shaft with the rotation axis, the electrolytic cell can effectively harness centrifugal forces to drive the flow of electrolyte through the channel system. This alignment also promotes a uniform distribution of the electrolyte across the reaction chamber, thereby enhancing the consistency and efficiency of the electrochemical reactions taking place within the chamber.

[0049] The hollow shaft 150 may be configured to include an inner tube 152 and an outer tube 153, both coaxially arranged at a distance from each other. This configuration allows the inner tube to form a first shaft channel, while the space between the inner tube and the outer tube creates a second shaft channel. The coaxial arrangement means that both tubes share a common central axis, ensuring alignment and structural integrity. The first shaft channel, formed by the inner tube, is connected to the electrolyte fluid inlet. This connection allows the electrolyte to enter the electrolytic cell 100 through the inner tube, ensuring a direct and efficient flow path into the reaction chamber. Meanwhile, the second shaft channel, created by the space between the inner and outer tubes, is connected to the electrolyte fluid outlet or to a gas outlet or the outlet for a mix of gas and electrolyte. This setup provides a separate pathway for the electrolyte to exit the cell after participating in the electrochemical reactions. Alternatively or in combination, the channel system may comprise a distinct electrolyte fluid inlet channel configured to guide electrolyte to the electrolyte fluid inlet which isn’t coaxially arranged. Also, the electrolytic cell may further comprise one or more electrolyte fluid outlets (not shown) provided in a side wall of the electrolytic reaction chamber.

[0050] Preferably, the at least one cathode 120, at least one anode 130, and at least one ion- permeable layer 140 are arranged circumferentially about the rotation axis A. This means that one or more of these components are positioned in a circular pattern around the central axis of rotation. Such an arrangement can provide several significant advantages for the operation of the electrolytic cell.

[0051] By arranging the cathode 120, anode 130 and ion-permeable layer 140 circumferentially, the design maximizes the surface area available for electrochemical reactions. For example, in a water electrolysis cell, a circumferential arrangement can allow for more hydrogen and oxygen to be produced simultaneously, improving the overall output of the system. Additionally, this configuration can lead to a more uniform distribution of the electrolyte across the electrodes. As the chamber rotates, the centrifugal forces help ensure that the electrolyte is evenly spread over the entire surface of the electrodes, maintaining consistent reaction conditions. This uniformity can result in more stable and predictable performance, reducing the likelihood of localized hot spots or areas of inactivity that could compromise the efficiency of the cell. The circumferential arrangement also facilitates the rotation of the chamber, which can aid in the even distribution of reactants and products. As the chamber spins, the centrifugal forces help to continuously mix the electrolyte, ensuring that fresh reactants are brought into contact with the electrodes and that reaction products are efficiently removed. This dynamic flow can further optimize the cell's operation, leading to faster reaction rates and improved overall performance. For instance, in a chlor-alkali cell used for chlorine production, a circumferential arrangement can help maintain a steady flow of brine solution across the electrodes, enhancing the production rate and purity of the chlorine gas.

[0052] The electrolytic reaction chamber 100 may further comprises one or more gas chambers 170, and the bipolar plate 160 may comprises one or more gas flow channels configured to direct gases generated by the electrode assembly to the one or more gas chambers. A gas chamber is a compartment configured to collect and contain gases produced during the electrochemical reactions. An example of a gas chamber 170 is the compartment in a hydrogen fuel cell where hydrogen gas is collected. Another example is the oxygen collection chamber in a water electrolysis system. Gas flow channels are pathways within the bipolar plate that guide the movement of gases. An example of gas flow channels is the channels in a proton exchange membrane fuel cell that direct hydrogen and oxygen gases to the reaction sites. Another example is the flow channels in a chlor-alkali cell that guide chlorine gas to the collection area. This arrangement allows for the efficient collection and management of gases generated during the electrolytic process, such as hydrogen or oxygen, by directing them to designated gas chambers. One advantage of this configuration is the prevention of gas accumulation within the electrode assemblies, which can improve the safety and stability of the electrolytic cell. By effectively channeling gases away from the reaction sites, the system can maintain optimal reaction conditions, potentially enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of the electrochemical processes. The gas channels may also guide the produced gases to the hollow shaft, for example to the second channel of the hollow shaft 150. This setup also facilitates the easy collection and utilization of generated gases, which can be valuable for various industrial applications, thereby increasing the overall utility and productivity of the electrolytic cell.

[0053] The gas chambers 170 are preferably arranged circumferentially near the circumference of the reaction chamber. This means that the gas chambers are positioned near the outer edge of the reaction chamber, forming a ring-like structure. This arrangement offers several benefits. By positioning the gas chambers circumferentially, the system can efficiently collect gases generated during the electrochemical reactions, such as hydrogen or oxygen, as they naturally move towards the outer edges due to pressure gradients and buoyancy effects. This setup minimizes the distance gases need to travel, reducing the likelihood of gas accumulation within the electrode assemblies, which can enhance the safety and stability of the electrolytic cell. Additionally, the circumferential arrangement allows for a more uniform distribution of gas collection points, ensuring that gases are evenly captured from all areas of the reaction chamber. This can help maintain optimal reaction conditions by preventing localized gas build-up, which could otherwise impede the efficiency of the electrochemical processes. Furthermore, the circumferential placement of gas chambers facilitates the easy collection and subsequent utilization of the generated gases. The gas chambers 170 are preferably evenly distributed around the circumference of the reaction chamber. This means that multiple gas chambers are positioned in a balanced manner around the outer edge of the reaction chamber. In order to obtain the gas collected in the gas chamber, the channel system may comprise a gas outlet channel 190 configured to guide the generated gas to an outside area of the electrolytic cell, for example to a storage location where the gas is stored. The gas outlet channel 190 is shown to extend between the gas chamber 170 and the hollow shaft 150. In this way the gas outlet channel 190 is configured to direct the gas from the gas chamber 170 to the shaft. In the hollow shaft 150, a dedicated gas outlet channel can be provided to direct the gas outside the electrolytic cell, for example to a storage location where the gas is stored. In such a case, it can be argued that the gas collection chamber is a part of a channel system but does not necessarily collect or store gas in the gas chamber. The hollow shaft 150 can be provided with a dedicated gas evacuation channel. This may be the second shaft channel formed between the inner tube and the outer tube. As shown in figure 2, the hollow shaft 150 may also comprise an intermediate tube 154, the intermediate tube 154 is arranged between the outer and inner tube. In this way the inner tube forms the first shaft channel and the space between the inner tube 152 and intermediate tube 154, the space between the outer tube 153 and intermediate tube 154 respectively form a second and third shaft channel. Either of the second and third shaft channels may be used to direct the generated gas to an outside location. When the electrolytic reaction produces two gas components, for example hydrogen and oxygen, a first gas outlet channel may be configured to guide the hydrogen to the second shaft channel while a further gas outlet channel may be configured to guide the oxygen to the third shaft channel. Gas channels are formed in the hollow shaft by creating a space between the tubes in such a way that the tubes form the channel boundaries. This can be achieved by arranging the tubes at a distance from each other such that a radial space between neighboring tubes is created. However, as shown in figure 2, if these tubes are arranged to snugly fit together, a recess may be provided in the side wall of the tubes such that the recesses form the shaft channels.

[0054] Preferably, the channel system further comprises an electrolyte distribution means 155 arranged between each electrode assembly and the at least one channel 152. The electrolyte distribution means is configured to distribute an electrolyte fluid to each of the plurality of electrode assemblies. An electrolyte distribution means is a means configured to evenly distribute electrolyte fluid to various parts of the system, for example a distribution chamber. This arrangement ensures that each electrode assembly receives a consistent and adequate supply of electrolyte fluid. One advantage of this configuration is the enhancement of reaction efficiency and uniformity across the electrode assemblies, as it prevents localized depletion or excess of electrolyte, which could otherwise lead to uneven performance or degradation of the cell. By ensuring a balanced distribution of electrolyte, the system can achieve more stable and efficient operation, potentially extending the lifespan of the electrolytic cell and improving its overall productivity. This setup also allows for better control over the electrolyte flow, which can be beneficial for fine-tuning the cell's performance in various industrial applications.

[0055] Preferably, the electrolytic cell further comprises an electromagnetic induction device 180 having one or more conductive elements circumferentially arranged around the rotation axis A. The device further comprises one or more magnets (not shown) fixedly arranged with respect to the electrolytic reaction chamber at a distance from the conductive elements. Magnets create a magnetic field and are positioned at a fixed distance from the conductive elements. This arrangement ensures that the rotation of the electrolytic reaction chamber induces an electrical current in the one or more conductive elements. One advantage of this configuration is the generation of electrical power through the rotational motion of the chamber, which can be used to supplement the power requirements of the electrolytic cell or other components. This setup can enhance the energy efficiency of the system by converting mechanical energy into electrical energy, potentially reducing the reliance on external power sources. By integrating an electromagnetic induction device, the electrolytic cell can achieve a more sustainable and efficient operation, making it more effective for various industrial applications.

[0056] Yet another advantage of the electrolytic cell is achieved by using the channel system to direct the electrolyte flow through one or more components of the electrolytic cell. In this way the electrolyte flow may be used to cool said components. It is particularly advantageous to direct the electrolyte flow through the electromagnetic induction device because this device often generates significant amounts of heat during operation. By allowing the electrolyte to flow directly through this device, the heat can be effectively dissipated, reducing the need for external cooling systems. This leads to lower investment and operational costs, as less equipment is required for cooling.

[0057] Finally, it is noted that while only a single electrolytic cell is shown, a plurality of electrolytic cells may be provided. Each of the plurality of electrolytic cells may comprise any of the features described above. The plurality of electrolytic cells may be interconnected using the channel system such that they, for example, share a common electrolyte input and / or gas outlet. It can be provided that one electromagnetic device is provided per pair of electrolytic cells. In this case the plurality of electrolytic cells may share an electromagnetic induction device. The description and drawings merely illustrate the principles of the present invention. It will thus be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements that, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the present invention and are included within its scope. Furthermore, all examples recited herein are principally intended expressly to be only for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the present invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor(s) to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the present invention, as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass equivalents thereof.

[0058] It should be noted that the above-mentioned embodiments illustrate rather than limit the present invention and that those skilled in the art will be able to design alternative embodiments without departing from the scope of the appended claims. In the claims, any reference signs placed between parentheses shall not be construed as limiting the claim. The word “comprising” does not exclude the presence of elements or steps not listed in a claim. The word “a” or “an” preceding an element does not exclude the presence of a plurality of such elements. The present invention can be implemented by means of hardware comprising several distinct elements and by means of a suitably programmed computer. In claims enumerating several means, several of these means can be embodied by one and the same item of hardware. The usage of the words “first”, “second”, “third”, etc. does not indicate any ordering or priority. These words are to be interpreted as names used for convenience.

[0059] In the present invention, expressions such as “comprise”, “include”, “have”, “may comprise”, “may include”, or “may have” indicate existence of corresponding features but do not exclude existence of additional features.

[0060] Whilst the principles of the present invention have been set out above in connection with specific embodiments, it is to be understood that this description is merely made by way of example and not as a limitation of the scope of protection which is determined by the appended claims.

Claims

CLAIMS1. An electrolytic cell comprising an electrolytic reaction chamber, the electrolytic reaction chamber comprisingAt least one electrode assembly comprising at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one ion-permeable layer arranged between the at least one cathode and the at least one anode; and a channel system comprising at least one electrolyte fluid inlet, the channel system comprising at least one channel fluidly connecting the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet and the electrode assembly; wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber is rotatably mounted such that the electrolytic reaction chamber is rotatable about a rotation axis and wherein at least the at least one ion-permeable layer is configured to at least partially extend in a radial direction with respect to the rotation axis.

2. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , further comprising a hollow shaft coaxially arranged with respect to the rotation axis, wherein the hollow shaft forms a part of the at least one channel system and is fluidly connected with the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet.

3. The electrolytic cell of claim 2, wherein the hollow shaft comprises an inner tube and an outer tube arranged at a distance of each other such that the inner tube forms a first shaft channel and a space between the inner tube and the outer tube forms a second shaft channel, wherein the first shaft channel is connected to the at least one electrolyte fluid inlet.

4. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the channel system comprises an electrolyte fluid inlet channel configured to guide electrolyte to the electrolyte fluid inlet.

5. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising one or more electrolyte fluid outlets provided in a side wall of the electrolytic reaction chamber.

6. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the at least one cathode, at least one anode and at least one ion-permeable layer are configured such that when the electrolytic reactor chamber rotates about the rotation axis, the centrifugal forces at least partially contribute to the electrolyte's movement through the electrode assembly.

7. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising a plurality of electrode assemblies, respectively stacked on top of each other, wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber further comprises a bipolar plate between each electrode assembly.

8. The electrolytic cell according to the previous claim, wherein the electrolytic reaction chamber further comprises one or more gas chambers configured to collect gas generated by the at least one electrode assembly and wherein the bipolar plate comprises one or more gas flow channels configured to direct gases generated by the electrode assembly to the one or more gas chambers.

9. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims 7-8, wherein the channel system chamber further comprises an electrolyte distribution means arranged between each electrode assembly and the at least one channel, wherein the electrolyte distribution means is configured to distribute an electrolyte fluid to each of the plurality of electrode assemblies.

10. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the at least one cathode and / or the at least one anode is a porous gas diffusion cathode or anode respectively comprising at least one microporous layer and at least one macroporous layer, wherein the at least one microporous layer is arranged between the at least one ion- permeable layer and the at least one macroporous layer, preferably immediately adjacent the at least one ion-permeable layer.

11. The electrolytic cell according to the previous claim, wherein the at least one microporous layer comprises an aerophilic surface.

12. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims 10-11, wherein the at least one macroporous layer comprises an aerophilic surface.

13. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the at least one cathode and / or the at least one anode comprises a fiber-, mesh-, and / or foamlike layer material, wherein the fiber-, mesh- or foamlike layer material is hydrophobically treated.

14. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising one or more electrical connections configured to provide electrical power to the at least oneelectrode assembly.

15. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, further comprising an electromagnetic induction device having one or more conductive elements circumferentially arranged around the rotation axis and further comprising one or more magnets fixedly arranged with respect to the electrolytic reaction chamber at a distance from the one or more conductive elements such that a rotation of the electrolytic reaction chamber induces an electrical current in the one or more conductive elements.

16. The electrolytic cell according to the previous claims 14-15, wherein the one or more electrical connections are further configured to transmit the induced electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly.

17. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims 15-16, further comprising a rectifier configured to rectify the induced current.

18. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the at least one electrode assembly further comprises a proton exchange membrane positioned between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode.

19. The electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims 1-17, wherein the at least one electrode assembly further comprises an anion exchange membrane positioned between the at least one anode and the at least one cathode.

20. A method for generating a gas using an electrolytic cell according to any one of the previous claims, the method comprising,Inputting an electrolyte in the electrolytic cell;Rotating the electrolytic reaction chamber;Applying an electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly;Collecting the gas generated by the at least one electrode assembly.

21. The method of claim 20, further comprising: generating the electrical current using the electromagnetic induction device of claim 15 and applying the generated electrical current to the at least one electrode assembly.

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