User equipment sensing report for electromagnetic digital-twin

Abstract

This disclosure provides systems, devices, apparatus, and methods, including computer programs encoded on storage media, for a UE sensing and reporting technique to assist a network entity (104) with generating an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, with increased accuracy. A UE (102) receives (206), from a network entity (104), a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE (102), and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing. The UE (102) transmits (210, 310), to the network entity (104) according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results. The UE (102) obtains the sensing results according to the first resource grant, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration.

Description

USER EQUIPMENT SENSING REPORT FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC DIGITALTWIN TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communication, and more particularly, to a user equipment (UE) sensing report, such as for implementing electromagnetic digital twin (EMDT) model in cellular networks such as a sixth generation (6G) system.BACKGROUND

[0002] Wireless communication systems, in general, provide various telecommunication services (e.g., telephony, video, data, messaging, etc.) based on multiple-access technologies, such as orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) technologies, that support communication with multiple UEs. Improvements in mobile broadband continue the progression of such wireless communication technologies from fifth generation (5G) new radio (NR) (5G NR) to 6G. For example, a 6G network entity might use an electromagnetic digital twin (EMDT) to reconstruct and / or update an electromagnetic environment, such as a radio propagation environment, to improve RAN operations such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and / or beamforming configurations. Many radio environments include elements that are physically and electromagnetically stable (e.g., walls), physically and electromagnetically dynamic (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, etc.), and physically stable and electromagnetically dynamic (e.g., microwave ovens). These elements may influence / interfere with radio wave propagations within the radio environment.BRIEF SUMMARY

[0003] The following presents a simplified summary of one or more aspects in order to provide a basic understanding of such aspects. This summary is not an extensive overview of all contemplated aspects. This summary neither identifies key or critical elements of all aspects nor delineates the scope of any or all aspects. Its sole purpose is to present some concepts of one or more aspects in a simplified form as a prelude to the more detailed description that is presented later.

[0004] A network entity7uses an electromagnetic digital twin (EMDT) to reconstruct and update an environment, such as a radio propagation environment, to improve RAN operations such as multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) and / or beamforming configurations. Although the EMDT may be useful for radio environment reconstruction purposes, generating an EMDTthat accurately represents the radio environment with sufficient granularity in time, frequency, and space may benefit from user equipment (UE) assistance. Many radio environments include elements that are physically and electromagnetically stable (e.g., walls), physically and electromagnetically dynamic (e.g., vehicles, pedestrians, etc.), and physically stable and electromagnetically dynamic (e.g., microwave ovens). These elements may influence / interfere with radio wave propagations within the radio environment at different times, frequency bands, and locations.

[0005] Thus, the network entity can leverage UE sensing and reporting capabilities for the network entity to generate an accurate and up-to-date EMDT. For example, the UE sensing and reporting capabilities provide local data on elements that directly impact electromagnetic propagation, such as for generation and / or refinement of an EMDT model maintained at the network entity.

[0006] Aspects of the present disclosure address the above-noted and other deficiencies by implementing a UE sensing and reporting technique to assist the network entity with generating an EMDT with increased accuracy. According to some aspects, the UE receives, from the network entity, control messages (s) including one or more of: a first resource grant (e.g.. time, frequency, and space resources) for sensing the electromagnetic environment for the electromagnetic propagations, a sensing configuration (e.g., type of sensors, the resolution of the sensors, etc.), a sensing report configuration (e.g., object detection information, sensing results achieving a predetermined condition or threshold, etc.), and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing. In some examples, the UE receives four separate control messages corresponding to the first resource grant, the sensing configuration, the sensing report configuration, and the second resource grant. In some other examples, the UE receives a single control message including the first resource grant, the sensing configuration, the sensing report configuration, and the second resource grant. In some further examples, the UE receives a first control message including the first resource grant and the second resource grant; and a second control message including the sensing configuration and the sensing report configuration. In some further examples, the UE receives a first control message including the first resource grant and the sensing configuration; and a second control message including the second resource grant and the sensing report configuration. Based on the control message(s), the UE performs the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report. After the UE performs the sensing, the UE transmits, to the network entity, the EMDT sensing report. After the network entity receives the EMDT sensingresult, the network entity constructs a radio propagation EMDT model based on the EMDT sensing report.

[0007] The UE may modify its UE sensing and reporting (for the benefit of an EMDT model) based on a local UE condition. In some examples, the UE detects a UE condition such as a temperature condition or a batten' condition. In a first example, because of the UE condition, the UE ignores the first resource grant and the second resource grant, implying that the UE is not available to assist the network entity with generating the EMDT. In a second example, the UE performs the sensing according to the UE condition. For example, if the UE detects that the UE is overheating, the UE operates at a reduced capacity. One example of operating a reduced capacity includes using a lower camera resolution than the camera resolution that the UE reports in the UE capability message. Other examples of operating at a reduced capacity include using a lower radar range resolution and radar Doppler resolution than the radar range resolution and radar Doppler resolution that the UE reports in the UE capability' message. In a third example, the UE transmits, to the network entity, a request message requesting the network entity to update any one or more of the first sensing configuration, the first sensing report configuration, first resource grant, and / or the second resource grant, to direct the UE to perform the sensing according to the reported UE condition and current (reduced or restored) capacity. After receiving an updated resource grant and configuration, the UE performs an updated sensing based on the updated resource grant and configuration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0008] FIG. 1A illustrates a diagram of a wireless communications system that includes a plurality of user equipments (UEs) and network entities in communication over one or more cells according to an embodiment.

[0009] FIGs. 1B-1C are diagrams illustrating example environments for implementing UE-assisted sensing and reporting, according to some embodiments.

[0010] FIG. 2 is a signaling diagram that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance according to some embodiments.

[0011] FIG. 3 A is a signaling diagram that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance with separate UEs transmitting individual electromagnetic digital twin (EMDT) sensing reports to a same network entity according to some embodiments.

[0012] FIG. 3B is a signaling diagram that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance with a coordinating UE transmitting a joint EMDT sensing report to the network entity according to some embodiments.

[0013] FIG. 4 is a flowchart of a method of sensing and reporting assistance at a UE, according to some embodiments.

[0014] FIG. 5 is a flowchart of a method of sensing and reporting assistance at a network entity, according to some embodiments.

[0015] FIG. 6 is a block diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for an example UE apparatus.

[0016] FIG. 7 is a diagram illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for one or more example network entities.DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0017] FIG. 1A illustrates a diagram 100 of a wireless communications system associated with a plurality of cells 190. The wireless communications system includes user equipments (UEs) 102 and base stations / network entities 104. Some base stations may include an aggregated base station architecture and other base stations may include a disaggregated base station architecture. The aggregated base station architecture utilizes a radio protocol stack that is physically or logically integrated within a single radio access network (RAN) node. A disaggregated base station architecture utilizes a protocol stack that is physically or logically distributed among two or more units (e g., radio unit (RU) 106, distributed unit (DU) 108, central unit (CU) 110). For example, a CU 110 is implemented within a RAN node, and one or more DUs 108 may be co-located with the CU 110, or alternatively, may be geographically or virtually distributed throughout one or multiple other RAN nodes. The DUs 108 may be implemented to communicate with one or more RUs 106. Any of the RU 106, the DU 108 and the CU 110 can be implemented as virtual units, such as a virtual radio unit (VRU), a virtual distributed unit (VDU), or a virtual central unit (VCU). The base station / netw ork entity 104 (e.g., an aggregated base station or disaggregated units of the base station, such as the RU 106 or the DU 108), may be referred to as a transmission reception point (TRP).

[0018] Operations of the base station 104 and / or network designs may be based on aggregation characteristics of base station functionality. For example, disaggregated base station architectures are utilized in an integrated access backhaul (IAB) netw ork, an open-radio access network (O-RAN) network, or a virtualized radio access network (vRAN), which may also be referred to a cloud radio access network (C-RAN). Disaggregation may includedistributing functionality across the two or more units at various physical locations, as well as distributing functionality for at least one unit virtually, which can enable flexibility in network designs. The various units of the disaggregated base station architecture, or the disaggregated RAN architecture, can be configured for wired or wireless communication with at least one other unit. For example, the base stations 104d, 104e and / or the RUs 106a, 106b, 106c, 106d may communicate with the UEs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, and / or 102s via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links based on a Uu interface. In examples, multiple RUs 106 and / or base stations 104 may simultaneously serve the UEs 102, such as by intra-cell and / or inter-cell access links between the UEs 102 and the RUs 106 / base stations 104.

[0019] The RU 106, the DU 108, and the CU 110 may include (or may be coupled to) one or more interfaces configured to transmit or receive information / signals via a wired or wireless transmission medium. For example, a wired interface can be configured to transmit or receive the information / signals over a wired transmission medium, such as via the fronthaul link 160 between the RU 106d and the baseband unit (BBU) 112 of the base station 104d associated with the cell 190d. The BBU 112 includes a DU 108 and a CU 110, which may also have a wired interface (e.g.. midhaul link) configured between the DU 108 and the CU 110 to transmit or receive the information / signals between the DU 108 and the CU 110. In further examples, a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter, or a transceiver, such as an RF transceiver, configured to transmit and / or receive the information / signals via the wireless transmission medium, such as for information communicated between the RU 106a of the cell 190a and the base station 104e of the cell 190e via cross-cell communication beams 136-138 of the RU 106a and the base station 104e.

[0020] The RUs 106 may be configured to implement lower layer functionality'. For example, the RU 106 is controlled by the DU 108 and may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or lower layer PHY functionality, such as execution of fast Fourier transform (FFT), inverse FFT (iFFT), digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, etc. The functionality of the RU 106 may be based on the functional split, such as a functional split of lower layers.

[0021] The RUs 106 may transmit or receive over-the-air (OTA) communication with one or more UEs 102. For example, the RU 106b ofthe cell 190b communicates with the UE 102b of the cell 190b via a first set of communication beams 132 of the RU 106b and a second set of communication beams 134b of the UE 102b, which may correspond to inter-cell communication beams or, in some examples, cross-cell communication beams. For instance, the UE 102b of the cell 190b may communicate with the RU 106a of the cell 190a via a thirdset of communication beams 134a of the UE 102b and a fourth set of communication beams 136 of the RU 106a. DUs 108 can control both real-time and non-real-time features of control plane and user plane communications of the RUs 106.

[0022] Any combination of the RU 106, the DU 108, and the CU 110, or reference thereto individually, may correspond to a base station 104. Thus, the base station 104 may include at least one of the RU 106, the DU 108, or the CU 110. The base stations 104 provide the UEs 102 with access to a core network. The base stations 104 may relay communications between the UEs 102 and the core network (not shown). The base stations 104 may be associated with macrocells for higher-power cellular base stations and / or small cells for lower-power cellular base stations. For example, the cell 190e may correspond to a macrocell, whereas the cells 190a-190d may correspond to small cells. Small cells include femtocells, picocells, microcells, etc. A network that includes at least one macrocell and at least one small cell may be referred to as a “heterogeneous network.”

[0023] Transmissions from aUE 102 to a base station 104 / RU 106 are referred to as uplink (UL) transmissions, whereas transmissions from the base station 104 / RU 106 to the UE 102 are referred to as downlink (DL) transmissions. Uplink transmissions may also be referred to as reverse link transmissions and downlink transmissions may also be referred to as forward link transmissions. For example, the RU 106d utilizes antennas of the base station 104d of cell 190d to transmit a do nlink / forward link communication to the UE 102d or receive an uplink / reverse link communication from the UE 102d based on the Uu interface associated with the access link between the UE 102d and the base station 104d / RU 106d.

[0024] Communication links between the UEs 102 and the base stations 104 / RUs 106 may be based on multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity. The communication links may be associated with one or more carriers. The UEs 102 and the base stations 104 / RUs 106 may utilize a spectrum bandwidth of Y MHz (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, 800, 1600, 2000, etc. MHz) per carrier allocated in a carrier aggregation of up to a total of Yx MHz, where x component carriers (CCs) are used for communication in each of the uplink and downlink directions. The carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other along a frequency spectrum. In examples, uplink and downlink carriers may be allocated in an asymmetric manner, with more or fewer carriers allocated to either the uplink or the downlink. A primary component carrier and one or more secondary component carriers may be included in the component carriers. The primary component carrier may be associated with a primary’ cell (PCell) and a secondary component carrier may be associated with a secondary cell (SCell).

[0025] Some UEs 102, such as the UEs 102a and 102s, may perform device-to-device (D2D) communications over sidelink. For example, a sidelink communication / D2D link utilizes a spectrum for a wireless wide area network (WWAN) associated with uplink and downlink communications. Such sidelink / D2D communication may be performed through various wireless communications systems, such as wireless fidelity (Wi-Fi) systems, Bluetooth systems, Long Term Evolution (LTE) systems, New Radio (NR) systems, etc.

[0026] The UEs 102 and the base stations 104 / RUs 106 may each include a plurality of antennas. The plurality of antennas may correspond to antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays that may facilitate beamforming operations. For example, the RU 106b transmits a downlink beamformed signal based on a first set of communication beams 132 to the UE 102b in one or more transmit directions of the RU 106b. The UE 102b may receive the downlink beamformed signal based on a second set of communication beams 134b from the RU 106b in one or more receive directions of the UE 102b. In a further example, the UE 102b may also transmit an uplink beamformed signal (e.g., sounding reference signal (SRS)) to the RU 106b based on the second set of communication beams 134b in one or more transmit directions of the UE 102b. The RU 106b may receive the uplink beamformed signal from the UE 102b in one or more receive directions of the RU 106b. The UE 102b may perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for the beamformed signals. The transmit and receive directions for the UEs 102 and the base stations 104 / RUs 106 may or may not be the same.

[0027] In further examples, beamformed signals may be communicated between a first base station / RU 106a and a second base station 104e. For instance, the base station 104e of the cell 190e may transmit a beamformed signal to the RU 106a based on the communication beams 138 in one or more transmit directions of the base station 104e. The RU 106a may receive the beamformed signal from the base station 104e of the cell 190e based on the RU communication beams 136 in one or more receive directions of the RU 106a. In further examples, the base station 104e transmits a downlink beamformed signal to the UE 102e based on the communication beams 138 in one or more transmit directions of the base station 104e. The UE 102e receives the downlink beamformed signal from the base station 104e based on UE communication beams 130 in one or more receive directions of the UE 102e. The UE 102e may also transmit an uplink beamformed signal to the base station 104e based on the UE communication beams 130 in one or more transmit directions of the UE 102e, such that the base station 104e may receive the uplink beamformed signal from the UE 102e in one or more receive directions of the base station 104e. The UE 102e communicates with the UE 102f ofthe cell 190e via a first set of communication beams 130 of the UE 102e and a second set of communication beams 131 of the UE 102f.

[0028] The base station 104 may include and / or be referred to as a network entity. That is, “network entity” may refer to the base station 104 or at least one unit of the base station 104, such as the RU 106, the DU 108, and / or the CU 110. The base station 104 may also include and / or be referred to as a next generation evolved Node B (ng-eNB). a next generation NB (gNB). an evolved NB (eNB). an access point, a base transceiver station, a radio base station, a radio transceiver, a transceiver function, a basic service set (BSS), an extended service set (ESS), a TRP, a network node, network equipment, or other related terminology. The base station 104 or an entity at the base station 104 can be implemented as an IAB node, a relay node, a sidelink node, an aggregated (monolithic) base station, or a disaggregated base station including one or more RUs 106, DUs 108, and / or CUs 110. A set of aggregated or disaggregated base stations may be referred to as a next generation-radio access network (NG-RAN). In some examples, the UE 102a operates in dual connectivity (DC) with the base station 104e and the base station / RU 106a. In such cases, the base station 104e can be a master node and the base station / RU 106a can be a secondary node.

[0029] Still referring to FIG. 1A, in certain aspects, any of the UEs 102 may include a sensing and reporting component 140 configured to receive, from a network entity7, a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing; transmit, to the network entity according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration..

[0030] In certain aspects, any of the base stations 104 or a network entity of the base stations 104 may include an EMDT generation component 150 configured to transmit, to a UE a first resource grant for sensing of an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant for a reporting of sensing results of the sensing; and receive, from the UE according to the second resource grant, an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results corresponding to the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.

[0031] Accordingly, FIG. 1A describes a wireless communication system that may be implemented in connection with aspects of one or more other figures described herein. Further, although the following description may be focused on 5G NR, the concepts described herein may be applicable to other similar areas, such as 5G- Advanced and future versions, LTE, LTE-advanced (LTE-A), and other wireless technologies, such as 6G.

[0032] FIGs. IB- 1 C illustrate example environments for implementing UE-assisted sensing and reporting, according to some embodiments. Referring to FIG. IB, the illustrated example environment 170 includes a network entity 104 (e.g., FIG. 1A element 104e), UE 102 (e.g., FIG 1 A element 102e). The UE 102 may be implemented as any suitable computing or wireless smart device, such as an extended reality (XR) headset, mobile communication device, a modem, cellular phone, gaming device, navigation device, media device, laptop computer, desktop computer, tablet computer, smart appliance, vehicle-based communication system, an Intemet-of-things (loT) device (e.g., camera, sensor node, controller / actuator node, combination thereof), and the like. In this example, UE 102 illustrates a smartphone.

[0033] FIG. IB depicts an example environment 170 in which a UE 102 assists a network entity 104 to reconstruct and update a radio propagation environment using an EMDT. As depicted in FIG. IB, the UE 102 receives, from the network entity 104 on an RF access links 178A, control message(s) including a first resource grant for sensing the electromagnetic environment for the electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration, a first sensing report configuration, and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing. Based on the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration, the UE 102 performs the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

[0034] In some examples, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment includes radar sensing. During radar sensing, the UE 102 transmits a radar signal 172. The radar signal 172 propagates through space and reflects off the object 176. Reflected radar signals 174 may represent a reflected version of the radar signal 172. As show n in FIG. 1C, the amplitude of the reflected radar signal 174 is smaller than the amplitude of the radar signal 172 due to various phenomena (e.g.. propagation, diffraction, scattering, reflection, and multipath fading). The UE 102 receives a reflection 174 of the radar signal 172 reflected from the object 176 as well as the radar signal 172 directly (unreflected). After the UE 102 performs the radar sensing, the UE 102 transmits, to the network entity 104 on an RF access links 178B, the EMDT sensing report. After the network entity 104 receives the EMDT sensing result, the network entity 104 update a radio propagation EMDT model based on the EMDT sensing report. In someexamples, the network entity 104 has a preliminary radio propagation EMDT model based on the network entity local sensing capabilities. The network entity 104 uses the EMDT sensing report to update the preliminary radio propagation EMDT model.

[0035] In some other examples, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment includes camera sensing. In this example, a camera on a UE 102 captures an image of objects such as people, micro wave ovens, etc. The UE 102 then processes captured images using a trained object detection model to identify and locate objects of interest within the image. It should be understood, however, that these are merely examples of sensing of the electromagnetic environment, and that claimed subject matter is not limited to these sensing.

[0036] FIG. 1 C depicts an example environment 180 in which UEs within a user equipmentcoordination set (UECS) 182 assist a network entity 104 to reconstruct and update a radio propagation environment using an EMDT.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 1C, the illustrated example environment includes a network entity 104 (e.g., FIG. 1 A element 104e) and a UECS 182. The UECS may include UE 102e and UE 102f (e g., FIG 1A elements 102e and 102f). Each UE within the UECS 182 can communicate with a coordinating UE (e.g.. I02e) in the UECS through a side link illustrated as wireless connections 179e in FIG. 1C. One or more UEs 102 may include a sensing and reporting component 140e, 140f. The UEs 102 may communicate with the base stations 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links 178e and 178f One or more UEs 102 may include a radar device 103e and 103f and one or more base stations 104e may include a radar device 103g. A downlink portion of the access link 178 may be combined with a radar signal to result in a combined radar and communication signal. This combined radar and communication signal may use orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation or orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) modulation.

[0038] The UEs 102 may transmit to the network entity 104, information using an uplink portion of the access link 178. The UEs 102 can perform local sensing (e.g., radar sensing) for assisting the network entity 104 to reconstruct and update a radio propagation environment using an EMDT. In this example, the UE 102e acts as a coordinating UE. A UE within the UECS receives a reflection 174 of the radar signal 172 reflected from the object 176 as well as the radar signal 172 directly (non-reflected). For example, the UE 102e receives a reflection 174A of the radar signal 172 reflected from the object 176 as well as the radar signal 172 directly (non-reflected). Similarly, UE 102f receives a reflection 174B of the radar signal 172 reflected from the object 176 as well as the radar signal 172 directly (non-reflected). In some embodiments, after the UEs within the UECS 182 perform the radar sensing, the UEs withinthe UECS individually transmits, to the network entity 104, the sensing report. For example, the UE 102e transmits, to the network entity 104 on an RF access links 178e, a first EMDT sensing report and the UE 102f transmits, to the network entity 104 on an RF access links 178f, a second EMDT sensing report. In some other embodiments, after the UEs within the UECS 182 perform the radar sensing, the UE 102e transmits, to the network entity7104 on the RF access links 178f, a joint EMDT sensing report associated with the first sensing results and the second sensing results.

[0039] Although FIG. 1C illustrates a UECS 182 including two UEs, other numbers of UEs may be included in the UECS 182. Each UE 102 can communicate with the network entity 104 via its own wireless communication link 178. Each UE can communicate each other UEs via local wireless network connections 179. such as a sidelink communication / D2D as previously described in connection with FIG. 1A. In sidelink communication, physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) is a physical channel for transmitting control information and physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) is a physical channel for transmitting data in the sidelink communication.

[0040] Accordingly, FIGs. 1A to 1C describe example environments in which various aspects of UE sensing and reporting for EMDT may be implemented in connection with aspects of one or more other figures described herein, such as aspects illustrated in FIGs. 2-7.

[0041] FIG. 2 is a signaling diagram 200 illustrating communications between a UE 102 and a network entity 104 for UE sensing and reporting for EMDT. The method may be performed by the UE 102e or the UE 102f, as depicted in FIG. 3 A, or by the UE 102e as depicted in FIG. 3B. The network entity 104 may be associated with a base station or a unit of a base station, such as the RU 106, the DU 108, the CU 110, etc.

[0042] The UE 102 transmits 204, to the network entity 104. a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for EMDT sensing and reporting. The UE capability message may include support for a radar sensing parameter indicating a monostatic sensing capability, support for a waveform parameter indicating a supported sensing waveform, a minimum radar range resolution, and / or a minimum radar Doppler resolution. The UE capability message may also include additional or alternative sensor capability7information (e.g., a light detection and ranging (LiDAR) capability, visible light sensing capability, infrared sensing capability, microwave sensing capability, ultraviolet sensing capability, X-ray sensing capability, gamma ray sensing capability, camera resolutions, etc ), a sensing capability of the UE (e.g.. position, orientation, motion sensing capability such as global navigation satellitesystem (GNSS), compass, inertial measurement unit (IMU), microphone, humidity (hygrometer), etc.).

[0043] The network entity 104 configures, through a first configuration procedure 206, the UE 102 to perform sensing and reporting for EMDT. For example, in a first embodiment of the first configuration procedure 206, the network entity 104 transmits, to the UE 102, a single (combined) message including a first resource grant 206a, a second resource grant 206b, a first sensing report configuration 206c. and a first sensing configuration 206d. In a second embodiment of the first configuration procedure 206, the network entity 104 transmits four separate control messages for the first resource grant 206a, the second resource grant 206b, the first sensing report configuration 206c, and the first sensing configuration 206d. In a third embodiment of the first configuration procedure 206, the network entity 104 transmits a control message including the first 206a and second 206b resource grants and a separate control message with the first sensing 206d and the first sensing report 206c configurations. In a fourth embodiment of the first configuration procedure 206, the network entity 104 transmits a first control message including the first resource grant 206a and the first sensing configuration 206d and a second control message including the second 206b resource grant and the first sensing report 206c configuration.

[0044] The EMDT sensing resource configuration indicates the resources (e.g., time, frequency, and space resources) for the UE 102 to use for sensing the electromagnetic environment of the UE 102 for electromagnetic propagations. The EMDT sensing report configuration indicates the resources (e g., time, frequency, and space resources) for the UE 102 to use for reporting, to the network entity 104, the results of the sensing. The first sensing configuration 206d indicates type of sensors, the resolution of the sensors, etc. for sensing the electromagnetic environment.

[0045] The first sensing report configuration 206c indicates object detection information, sensing results achieving a predetermined condition or threshold, sensing results from particular sensors, field format such as TRUE / FALSE (e.g., detection of a binary threshold level of interference), four levels of interference, significant digits of interference, etc. The configuration procedure 206, whether being through a combined message or separate messages, is also referred to herein as a first configuration.

[0046] In some examples, the first configuration 206 is based on the UE capability message. In further examples, the network entity 104 determines the first configuration based on the location of the UE 102 (e.g., indoor or outdoor environment). The network entity 104 indicatesin the sensing report configuration for the UE 102 to report sensing results obtained when operating in the indoor environment.

[0047] The first configuration 206 includes reporting parameters for the EMDT sensing report. The reporting parameters may relate to object detection information, measurement information (e.g., range, Doppler, angle), resolution information, and / or sensing configuration information. The sensing report configuration may depend on the sensing configuration. For example, if the network entity 104 does not include an IMU measurement field in the sensing configuration, (because either the UE capability does not include an IMU, or the network entity 104 wants to exclude an IMU measurement even though the UE 102 is capable of performing the IMU measurement), then, the sensing report configuration does not include the IMU measurement field.

[0048] The network entity 104 may have an initial configuration, prior to configuring 206 the UE 102, based on an offline learning procedure. For example, the initial configuration is based on at least one of: a generic testing environment, an existing EMDT associated with a specific geographic area, or a machine learning (ML) model for predicting signal propagation and / or interference.

[0049] The network entity 104 determines the first configuration 206 for EMDT sensing and reporting of electromagnetic propagations based on key performance indicator(s) (KPI) of radio propagation(s). such as UL signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), DL reference signal received power (RSRP) or SINR, UE reported channel state information (CSI), beam management related reports, etc. In some embodiments, the network entity 104 updates the first configuration based on a KPI of radio propagation. For example, if the KPI is above a predefined threshold, the network entity 104 reduces the resource allocation for the sensing and reporting to improve the efficiency of air interface resources that the UE 102 uses during the sensing phase and reporting phase. In other examples, the network entity 104 determines not to request assistance from the UE 102 when the network entity 104 determines that the radio propagation is stable (e.g., EMDT accuracy is above a predefined threshold). In some other examples, the network entity determines the amount of information used to construct the radio propagation environment based on the predicted radio measurements and the actual radio measurements. The network entity refines the EMDT model based on the difference between the predicted radio measurements and the actual radio measurements. For example, the network entity 104 increases the resource allocation for the sensing and reporting when the difference between the predicted radio measurements and the actual radio measurements is above a predefined threshold.

[0050] In some embodiments, the network entity 104 uses and / or includes neural network information in the first configuration 206. For example, the first configuration includes a neural network configuration that indicates a predefined neural network architecture. The UE 102 uses the neural network configuration to process information obtained through the sensing of the electromagnetic environment. For example, the UE 102 uses the neural network configuration to identify specific targets (target identification procedure) from the interference in the environment. The UE 102 includes the results from the target identification procedure in the sensing report. In some examples, the UE 102 includes the results from the target identification procedure if a probability of detection is above a predetermined threshold. In other examples, the first configuration includes a neural network formation configuration for the UE 102 to form a deep neural network (DNN). The neural network formation configuration may include parameters such as configured weights and coefficients to process input data, which nodes within the DNN that are connected, etc. The UE 102, for example, uses the DNN to performs a target identification procedure as described above. In some embodiments, the network entity 104 may use a specific neural network architecture defined in the first configuration to generate embeddings. For example, the network entity uses a Transformer, or another deep learning architecture based on the multi-head attention mechanism, to generate the embeddings. The layers of the deep learning architecture learn how to factorize input features, such as the UE local sensor data, into vectorized samples. Then, the UE uses the vectorized samples as inputs to the deep learning architecture. The deep learning architecture makes predictions based on patterns discovered in the vectorized samples. The UE transmits, to the network entity7, the sensing report including the predictions.

[0051] The UE 102 performs 208, based on a resource allocation indicated via the first configuration, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report. As described in connection with FIGs. 1B-1C, the UE 102 may perform various forms of sensing such as, an electromagnetic spectrum sensing (e.g., from visible light to infrared, from licensed to unlicensed), a non-electromagnetic sensing (e.g., microphone sensing), etc.

[0052] The UE 102 transmits 210. to the network entity 104 according to the first sensing report configuration 206c and the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results. The sensing results are obtained by the UE 102 according to the first sensing configuration 206d and the first resource grant 206a. In some embodiments, the sensing results may include interference signals acquired during the sensing. For example, a nearby interfering UE that also emits a WiFi signal may generate an interference signal thatinterferes with the sensing operation of the UE 102. Other interfering UE examples include microwave ovens, cordless phones, etc.

[0053] In some embodiments, the first configuration (e.g., comprising the first sensing report configuration 206c and the second resource grant 206b) includes information regarding a reporting periodicity. For example, the network entity' 104 uses the first configuration to configure the UE 102 to transmit 210 the EMDT sensing report aperiodically, semi-persistently, periodically, or based on the above-described KPI. The second resource grant 206b may indicate a predefined periodicity (e.g., every 1 hour) for the UE 102 to transmit 210 the EMDT sensing report.

[0054] In some embodiments, the network entity 104 uses a multi-modal large language model (LLM) with retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) to update 212 the EMDT model based on the EMDT sensing report. Based on the updated EMDT model, the network entity 104 reconstructs the radio propagation to optimize RAN parameters. The RAN parameters may include a beam tracking timeline and pilot configuration, a CSI pilot and reporting configuration, an SRS configuration, a MIMO precoding codebook configuration, and / or a radio resource management (RRM) configuration.

[0055] In some embodiments, the network entity 104 uses a preliminary EMDT model, prior to updating 212 the (preliminary ) EMDT model, where the preliminary' EMDT model is based on local sensing capabilities of the network entity 104. The network entity 104 then updates 212 the preliminary EMDT model based on the EMDT sensing report. In some examples, the network entity 104 uses the preliminary EMDT model to depict large blockers (e.g., groups of buildings, trees, hills, clouds, fogs, etc.). The UE sensing and reporting assistance might assist the network entity 104 to detect objects within the large blockers (e.g., individual buildings). For example, the UE sensing (e.g., camera sensing with object detection) assists the network entity 104 to sense the location of a micro wave oven when the microwave oven is not operating.

[0056] The network entity 104 determines 214 a network parameter update to the first configuration based on the updated EMDT model 212. For example, based on an output of the radio propagation EMDT model, the network entity 104 determines 214 the network parameter update to the first configuration.

[0057] The UE 102 receives 216, from the network entity 104, a second configuration indicating updated network configuration parameter(s) with respect to the first configuration 206. The parameter update is based on using the sensing results included in the EMDT sensing report as input to the updated EMDT model 212. The network entity 104 may transmit 216 thesecond configuration to the UE 102 via radio resource control (RRC) signaling or medium access control-control element (MAC-CE). In some embodiments, the network entity’ 104 transmits 216 the second configuration based on the KPI of the radio propagation as described above.

[0058] The UE 102 may detect 220 that a local condition of the UE 102 satisfies a predetermined threshold or condition, such as for a thermal condition of the UE 102 or a battery condition of the UE 102. For instance, the UE 102 may detect 220 a change in the UE battery and / or thermal condition that satisfies the predetermined threshold or condition. In some embodiments, the UE 102 transmits, to the network entity 104, an updated UE capability message that corresponds to the detected UE local condition.

[0059] After the UE 102 detects 220 that the local condition of the UE 102 satisfies the predetermined threshold or condition, the UE 102 may disregard control message (s) (e.g., the first resource grant, the first sensing configuration, the first sensing report configuration, the second resource grant). For example, because of the detected UE local condition, the UE 102 ignores the control message (s), implying to the network entity 104 that the UE 102 is not available to assist the network entity- 104 with updating the EMDT. In an example where the UE 102 detects that the UE 102 is overheating or running on a low battery level during a camera sensor procedure, the UE 102 can use a lower camera resolution than the camera resolution indicated in the sensing configuration.

[0060] In some other embodiments, when the UE 102 detects 220 that the local condition (or change in the location condition) of the UE 102 satisfies the predetermined threshold or condition (e.g., UE available battery power drops below a predetermined level), the UE 102 performs a configuration update procedure 250 to update the current configuration. For example, the UE 102 transmits 222, to the network entity, a request message requesting the network entity 104 to update / change the first sensing configuration, so that the UE 102 can perform an updated sensing according to the detected UE condition. In some embodiments, the request message includes the detected UE local condition.

[0061] In response to transmitting 222 the request message, the UE 102 receives 226, from the network entity 104, a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting including an updated EMDT sensing resource configuration and / or an updated EMDT sensing report configuration relative to the current configuration (e.g., first configuration 206 or second configuration 216). Similar to the first configuration procedure 206, the third configuration procedure 226 includes a first implementation where the network entity 104 transmits, to the UE 102, a single (combined) message including a first resource grant, a second resource grant,a first sensing report configuration 206c, a second implementation where the network entity 104 transmits four separate control messages for the first resource grant, the second resource grant, the first sensing report configuration, and the first sensing configuration to the UE 102, a third implementation where the network entity 104 transmits a control message including the first and second resource grants and a separate control message with the first sensing and the first sensing report configurations, and a fourth implementation where the network entity 104 transmits a first control message including the first resource grant 206a and the first sensing configuration and a second control message including the second resource grant 206b and the first sensing report configuration.

[0062] The third configuration 226 includes a first updated resource grant for updated sensing of the electromagnetic environment for the electromagnetic propagations and / or a second updated resource grant 226b for reporting updated sensing results of the sensing. After receiving 226 the updated resource grant(s), the UE 102 performs 228 EMDT sensing based on the updated EMDT sensing configuration to obtain updated sensing results for an updated EMDT sensing report. The UE 102 transmits 230, to the network entity 104, the updated sensing results in a second / updated EMDT sensing report based on the third configuration.

[0063] While FIG. 2 shows a signaling diagram 200 that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance including a UE 102 that transmits an EMDT to a network entity 104, FIG. 3A shows a signaling diagram 300A that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance with separate UEs 102e, 102f transmitting separate EMDT sensing reports to a same network entity 104 for updating 312a the EMDT model.

[0064] FIG. 3A is a signaling diagram 300A that illustrates an example aggregation, by a network entity 104, of a plurality of UE sensing reports for EMDT based on separate UEs 102e, 102f transmitting 210a, 210b individual EMDT sensing reports to the network entity 104. The procedures 204a, 204b, 206-1, 206-2, 206a-l, 206a-2, 206b-l, 206b-2, 208a, 208b, 210a, 210b, and 214-230 of FIG. 3A are similar to procedures 204, 206, 206a, 206b, 208, 210, and 214-230 of FIG. 2.

[0065] Referring to FIG. 3A, the UEs 102e, 102f, which may be coordinating UEs (e.g., via sidelink and / or within a UECS) in some embodiments or non-coordinating UEs in other embodiments, individually transmit 210a, 210b, to the network entity’ 104, separate EMDT sensing reports. For example, the UE1 102e transmits 210a, to the network entity 104, a first EMDT sensing report and the UE2 102f transmits 210b, to the network entity 104, a second EMDT sensing report. After receiving 210 the first EMDT sensing report and the second EMDT sensing report, the network entity’ 104 updates 312a the radio propagation EMDT modelbased on an aggregation of the first EMDT sensing report with the second EMDT sensing report. In some examples, the aggregation includes dropping, some or all of, one of the EMDT sensing reports and using, some or all of, the other one of the EMDT sensing reports. In other examples, the aggregation includes combining, some or all of, one of the EMDT sensing reports with, some or all of, the other one of the EMDT sensing reports.

[0066] Following the aggregation of the EMDT sensing reports to update the EMDT model, the network entity 104 and the UE 102 may perform any of procedures 214-230, as similarly described in connection with FIG.2.

[0067] While FIG. 3A shows a signaling diagram 300A that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance associated with aggregation of separate EMDT sensing reports at a same network entity 104, FIG. 3B shows a signaling diagram 300B that illustrates a different procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance associated with a UE 102e transmitting 310 a joint EMDT sensing report to the network entity 104.

[0068] FIG. 3B shows a signaling diagram 300B that illustrates a procedure for UE sensing and reporting assistance where a first UE 102e receives EMDT sensing information from a second UE 102f and transmits 310. to the network entity 104. a joint EMDT sensing report according to some embodiments.

[0069] Referring to FIG. 3B, the first UE 102e (e.g., UE1) may be a coordinating UE of a UECS 182 that includes the second UE 102f (UE2). In other examples, the UEs 102e, 102f are in sidelink communication, but are not part of a UECS 182. The procedures 204, 206, 206a, 206b, 208, and 214-230 of FIG. 3B are similar to procedures 204, 206, 206a, 206b, 208, and 214-230 of FIG. 2.

[0070] As illustrated in FIG. 3B, the first UE 102e transmits 307, to the second UE 102f, a sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance information associated with the electromagnetic environment of the UE(s) 102f, 102e. In some examples, the sensing assistance request includes an assistance EMDT sensing resource grant for the second UE 102f to sense the electromagnetic environment and / or an assistance EMDT sensing report grant for the second UE 102f to report sensing assistance results of the sensing assistance to the first UE 102e. In some implementations, the first UE 102e transmits 307. to the second UE 102f. a sensing assistance request when the first UE 102e detects a UE local condition (e.g., temperature or battery level) achieving a predetermined condition. In some examples, the first UE 102e decides to delegate the second UE 102f to perform LIDAR sensing. In some other examples, the first UE 102e decides to share the granted resources by delegating the second UE 102f to perform radio sending at FR2.

[0071] The second UE 102f performs 308 the EMDT sensing of the electromagnetic environment based on the EMDT sensing assistance request, which may or may not indicate an EMDT sensing resource grant. The sensing assistance performed 308 by the second UE 102f may be similar to, or different from, the sensing performed 208 by the first UE 102e. In some examples, the first UE 102e performs radio sensing while the second UE 102f performs LIDAR sensing. In some other examples, the first UE 102e performs radio sensing at frequency range I (FR1) and the second UE 102f performs radio sensing at FR2. In some further examples, the first UE 102e and the second UE 102f perform RSRP measurement at the same time, frequency, direction, and then average the measurement results.

[0072] The second UE 102f transmits 309, to the first UE 102e, a sensing assistance response including the sensing assistance results of the sensing assistance. The second UE 102f may transmit 309 the EMDT sensing assistance response according to an EMDT sensing report grant indicated via the EMDT sensing assistance request.

[0073] In some examples, the first UE 102e receives 309, from the second UE 102f, the sensing assistance response before or after performing 208 the EMDT sensing associated with the resource allocation received from the network entity 104. In such cases when the first UE 102e receives 309 the sensing assistance response before performing 208 the EMDT sensing, the first UE 102e stores the sensing assistance results from the second UE 102f until the first UE 102e performs 208 its own EMDT sensing. After receiving 309 the sensing assistance response and performing 208 EMDT sensing based on the resource allocation, the first UE 102e might transmit 310, to the network entity 104 according to the second resource grant, the EMDT sensing report as a joint EMDT sensing report associated with the sensing results of the first UE 102e and the assistance sensing results of the second UE 102f. The first UE 102e may generate the joint EMDT sensing report by aggregating the sensing results of the first UE 102e and the assistance sensing results of the second UE 102f in a similar manner as the network entity 104 aggregated the EMDT sensing information in FIG. 3 A. The first UE 102e might transmit 310, to the network entity 104 according to the second resource grant, the sensing assistance results from the second UE 102f and its own EMDT sensing results separately.

[0074] After receiving 310 the joint EMDT sensing report, the network entity 104 updates 312b the radio propagation EMDT model based on joint EMDT sensing report. The network entity7104 and the UE 102 may perform any of procedures 214-230, as described in connection with FIG.2.

[0075] While FIGs. 2-3B shows example signaling procedures 200-300B for EMDT sensing and reporting, FIGs. 4-5 show methods for implementing one or more aspects of FIGs.2-3B. In particular, FIG. 4 shows an implementation by the UE 102 of the one or more aspects of FIGs. 2-3B. FIG. 5 shows an implementation by the network entity 104 of the one or more aspects of FIGs. 2-3B.

[0076] FIG. 4 shows a flow diagram of a procedure 400 for UE sensing and reporting assistance performed by the UE 102. The method may be performed by the UE 102e, 102f as depicted in FIGs. 2-3B.

[0077] The UE 102 transmits 404, to the network entity 104. a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing. For example, referring to FIGs. 2-3B, the UE 102 transmits 204 (or the UE 102e transmits 204a), to the network entity 104, a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing.

[0078] The UE 102 receives 406, from the network entity 104, a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant 206b for reporting sensing results of the sensing. For example, referring to FIGs. 2-3 B, the network entity’ 104 configures 206 the UE 102 (UE 102e) to perform sensing and reporting for EMDT.

[0079] In some embodiments, the UE 102 detects 420 a UE local condition (e.g., temperature or battery level) achieving a predetermined condition. For example, referring to FIG. 2. the UE 102 detects 220 a local condition of the UE 102 achieving a predetermined condition including at least one of: a thermal condition over a certain temperature for a predetermined amount of time or a predetermined battery condition below an energy level.

[0080] If the UE 102 detects a local condition achieving a predetermined condition, the UE 102 may perform 450 a procedure that includes requesting an updated sensing configuration and sensing report configuration from the network entity 104.

[0081] In some examples, the UE 102 transmits 422, to the network entity 104, a request message to update the current configuration. The UE 102 receives 426, from the network entity 104, a third configuration for the EDMT sensing and reporting, the third configuration being based on the request message to update the current configuration. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the UE 102 receives 226, from the network entity 104, a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting.

[0082] If the UE 102 does not detect a local condition achieving a predetermined condition, the UE 102 may determine to seek a sensing assistance from a second UE. In some examples, the UE 102 transmits 407, to a second UE (e.g., 1021), a sensing assistance request including asidelink communication grant for transmitting second sensing results. For example, referring to FIG. 3B. the UE 102e transmits 307. to the UE2 102f, a sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance. The UE 102e may receive (not shown), from the UE 102f, UE capability message indicating capabilities (e.g., camera resolution capability) supported by the UE 102f. The UE capability message may also indicate that the UE 102f is willing to participate in the EMDT sensing assistance.

[0083] The UE 102e and the UE 102f may belong to the same person, within the same location, and have an established communication connection (e g., sidelink, Bluetooth, WiFi Direct, etc.). Based on the camera resolution capability and the location of the UE 102f, the UE 102e transmits the sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance. In some examples, the sensing assistance request may indicate the UE 102f to use its camera according to the sensing configuration. In some other examples, the sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance may indicate the UE 102f to perform the sensing using a portion of the sensing resources according to the second resource grant.

[0084] In other environments and implementations, the UE 102e and the 102f are within the same location area (e.g., adjacent cars in a fleet configuration) but the UE 102e and the UE 102f do not belong to the same person. In such cases, the UE1 needs to prepare by requesting UE2’s relevant capabilities and receive a response (or rejection), before making the request (which might be rejected).

[0085] The UE 102 receives 409, from the second UE, a sensing assistance response including the second sensing results. For example, referring to FIG. 3B, the UE 102e receives 309, from the UE 102f, a sensing assistance response including second sensing results of the sensing assistance. The sensing assistance response may include sensing results associated with the LIDAR sensing delegated to UE 102f; infrared camera sensing with UE 102f; audio sensing at sub-period2; for a predetermined beam direction; a duplicate measurement (e.g., RSRP at the same time, frequency, direction); etc.

[0086] The UE 102 transmit 410, to the network entity7104 according to the second resource grant, a EDMT sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results being obtained according to the first resource grant, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the UE 102 (UE 102e) transmits 210, to the netw ork entity 104 according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results. The sensing results may include measurement results associated with a radio sensing, visible light camera sensing, infrared camera sensing, audio sensing, etc. In other examples, referring to FIG. 3B, the UE 102e transmits 310, to the network entity 104, theEMDT sensing report as ajoint EMDT sensing report associated with the first sensing results and the assistance sensing results.

[0087] The UE 102 receives 416, from the network entity, a second configuration indicating anetwork parameter update to the first configuration (e.g., the first sensing configuration). The parameter update may include a beam tracking timeline and pilot configuration, a CSI pilot and reporting configuration, an SRS configuration, a MIMO precoding codebook configuration, and / or a RRM configuration. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the UE 102 receives 216. from the network entity 104, a second configuration indicating a network parameter update to the first configuration. In some embodiments, the network entity' 104 transmits to the UE 102 recurring resource grants for both sensing and reporting. In some other embodiments, the network entity 104 periodically transmits to the UE 102 resource grants for both sensing and reporting.

[0088] Then, the UE performs 428 the sensing according to the current configuration. For example, referring to FIG. 2, after receiving the third configuration, the UE 102 performs 228 an updated sensing based on the third configuration to obtain updated sensing results for an updated EMDT sensing report.

[0089] In some implementations, the UE 102 performs based on the first resource grant, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EDMT sensing report. For example, referring to FIGs. 2-3B, the UE 102 (UE 102e) performs 208 based on the first resource grant, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

[0090] In some examples, the UE 102e and UE 102f splits the sensing components (e.g., radio with UE1 and LIDAR delegated to UE2; visible light camera with UE1 and infrared camera with UE2). In some other examples, the UE 102e and UE 102f splits the granted resources (e.g., radio sensing at FR1 using UE1 and radio sensing at FR2 using UE2; use UE1 to sense audio at sub-periodl and UE2 to sense audio at sub-period2; UE1 for one beam direction and UE2 for a different beam direction, etc.). In some further examples, the UE 102e and UE 102f perform duplicate tasks (e g., both UEs measure RSRP at the same time / frequency / direction and average the results).

[0091] In some implementations, the UE 102 performs based on the first sensing configuration, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EDMT sensing report. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the UE 102 (UE 102e) perfonns 208 based on the first sensing configuration 206d, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

[0092] In some implementations, the UE performs 428 the sensing according to the current configuration (e.g.. the second configuration). For example, referring to FIG. 2. after receiving the second configuration, the UE 102 performs 228 an updated sensing based on the second configuration to obtain updated sensing results for an updated EMDT sensing report.

[0093] FIG. 4 describes a method from a UE-side of a wireless communication link, whereas FIG. 5 describes a method from a network-side of the wireless communication link.

[0094] FIG. 5 is a flowchart 500 of a method of sensing and reporting assistance at a network entity, according to some embodiments. With reference to FIGs. 1A-3B, the method may be performed by one or more network entities 104, which may correspond to a base station or a unit of the base station, such as the RU 106, the DU 108, and / or the CU 110.

[0095] The network entity 104 receives 504, from afirstUE (e.g., UE 102e), a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing. For example, referring to FIG.2, the network entity 104 receives 204, from UE 102, a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing. Referring to FIG. 3 A, the network entity 104 receives 204a. 204b, from UE 102e and 102f, UE capability messages.

[0096] The network entity 104 transmits 506, to the first UE 102e. a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing. For example, referring to FIGs. 2-3B, the network entity 104 configures 206 the UE 102 (UE 102e, UE 102f) to perform sensing and reporting for EMDT.

[0097] The network entity performs 550 a procedure that includes determining if the network entity 104 receives a request message to update a current configuration of the UE. The network entity 104 determines 522 if the network entity 104 receives, from the first UE 102e, a request message to update a current configuration of the UE. For example, referring to FIG.2, the netw ork entity 104 determines if the network entity 104 receives 222, from the first UE 102e. a request message to update the current configuration.

[0098] If the network entity 104 determines the network entity 104 receives, from the first UE, the request message, the network entity 104 transmits 526, to the first UE, a third configuration for the EDMT sensing and reporting. For example, referring to FIG. 2, if it is determined that the network entity 104 receives, from the first UE 102e, the request message, the network entity 104 transmits 226, to the first UE 102e, a third configuration for the EMDTsensing and reporting. At this point, the flow may return (not shown) to optional determination 522 and, subsequently, reception 510 of another EMDT sensing report.

[0099] If the network entity 104 determines the network entity 104 does not receive, from the first UE, the request message, the network entity 104 receives 510, from the first UE 102e according to the second resource grant, a EDMT sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results being obtained according to the first sensing configuration and the first resource grant. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the network entity 104 receives 210. from the UE 102 (UE 102e) according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results.

[0100] In some examples, the netw ork entity 104 receives 510a the EDMT sensing report from a first UE. For example, referring to FIG. 3 A, the EMDT sensing report is an aggregation of a first EMDT sensing report from the first UE 102e with a second digital EMDT sensing report from a second UE 102f.

[0101] In some other examples, the network entity 104 receives 510b the EDMT sensing report in ajoint report. For example, referring to FIG. 3B, the EMDT sensing report is a joint EMDT sensing report associated with a plurality of EMDT sensing reports from a plurality of UEs.

[0102] The network entity' 104 updates 512 a radio propagation EMDT model. For example, referring to FIG. 2. the network entity 104 updates 212 the EMDT model.

[0103] In some examples, the updated radio propagation digital twin model is based on an aggregation 512a of the digital twin sensing report with a second digital sensing report from a second UE. For example, referring to FIG. 3 A, after receiving the first EMDT sensing report and the second EMDT sensing report, the network entity 104 updates 312a the radio propagation EMDT model based on an aggregation of the first EMDT sensing report with the second EMDT sensing report.

[0104] In some other examples, the updated radio propagation EDMT model is based on a joint 512b EDMT sensing report associated with a plurality' of EDMT sensing reports from a plurality of UEs. For example, referring to FIG. 3B, after receiving the joint EMDT sensing report, the network entity 104 updates 312b the radio propagation EMDT model based on joint EMDT sensing report.

[0105] The network entity7104 determines 514 based on an output of the radio propagation EDMT model, a network parameter update to the first configuration. For example, referring to FIG. 2, the network entity 104 determines 214 a network parameter update to the first configuration.

[0106] The network entity 104 transmits 516, to the first UE, a second configuration including the network parameter update. For example, referring to FIG. 2. the network entity 104 transmits 216, to the first UE 102, a second configuration indicating a network parameter update to the first configuration. The flow may return (not shown) to optional determination 522 and, subsequently, reception 510 of another EMDT sensing report.

[0107] A UE apparatus 602, as described in FIG. 6, may perform the method of flowchart 400. The one or more network entities 104, as described in FIG. 7, may perform the method of flow chart 500.

[0108] FIG. 6 is a diagram 600 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for a UE apparatus 602. The UE apparatus 602 may be the UE 102, a component of the UE 102, or may implement UE functionality. The UE apparatus 602 may include an application processor 606, which may have on-chip memory 606’. In examples, the application processor 606 may be coupled to a secure digital (SD) card 608 and / or a display 610. The application processor 606 may also be coupled to a sensor(s) module 612, a pow er supply 614, an additional module of memory 616, a camera 618, and / or other related components. For example, the sensor(s) module 612 may control a barometric pressure sensor / altimeter. a motion sensor such as an inertial management unit (IMU), a gyroscope, accelerometer(s), a light detection and ranging (LIDAR) device, a radio-assisted detection and ranging (RADAR) device, a sound navigation and ranging (SONAR) device, a magnetometer, an audio device, and / or other technologies used for positioning.

[0109] The UE apparatus 602 may further include a wireless baseband processor 626, which may be referred to as a modem. The wireless baseband processor 626 may have on-chip memory' 626’. Along with, and similar to, the application processor 606, the wireless baseband processor 626 may also be coupled to the sensor(s) module 612, the power supply 614, the additional module of memory 616, the camera 618, and / or other related components. The wireless baseband processor 626 may be additionally coupled to one or more subscriber identity module (SIM) card(s) 620 and / or one or more transceivers 630 (e.g., wireless RF transceivers).

[0110] Within the one or more transceivers 630. the UE apparatus 602 may include a Bluetooth module 632, a WLAN module 634, an SPS module 636 (e.g., GNSS module), and / or a cellular module 638. The Bluetooth module 632, the WLAN module 634, the SPS module 636, and the cellular module 638 may each include an on-chip transceiver (TRX), or in some cases, just a transmitter (TX) or just a receiver (RX). The Bluetooth module 632, the WLAN module 634, the SPS module 636, and the cellular module 638 may each include dedicatedantennas and / or utilize antennas 640 for communication with one or more other nodes. For example, the UE apparatus 602 can communicate through the transceiver(s) 630 via the antennas 640 with another UE (e.g., sidelink communication) and / or with anetwork entity 104 (e.g., uplink / downlink communication), where the network entity 104 may correspond to a base station or a unit of the base station, such as the RU 106, the DU 108, or the CU 110.

[0111] The wireless baseband processor 626 and the application processor 606 may each include a computer-readable medium / memory 626’, 606’, respectively. The additional module of memory 616 may also be considered a computer-readable medium / memory. Each computer-readable medium / memory' 626’, 606’, 616 may be non-transitory. The wireless baseband processor 626 and the application processor 606 may each be responsible for general processing, including execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory 626’, 606’, 616. The software, when executed by the wireless baseband processor 626 / application processor 606, causes the wireless baseband processor 626 / application processor 606 to perform the various functions described herein. The computer-readable medium / memory may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the wireless baseband processor 626 / application processor 606 when executing the software. The wireless baseband processor 626 / application processor 606 may be a component of the UE 102. The UE apparatus 602 may be a processor chip (e.g., modem and / or application) and include just the wireless baseband processor 626 and / or the application processor 606. In other examples, the UE apparatus 602 may be the entire UE 102 and include the additional modules of the apparatus 602.

[0112] As discussed in FIG. 1A and implemented with respect to FIG. 4, the sensing and reporting component 140 is configured to receive, from a network entity', a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing; transmit, to the network entity according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration..

[0113] The sensing and reporting component 140 may be within the application processor 606 (e.g., at 140a), the wireless baseband processor 626 (e.g., at 140b), or both the application processor 606 and the wireless baseband processor 626. The sensing and reporting component 140a-140b may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algorithm, implemented by one or more processors configured to perform thestated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by the one or more processors, or a combination thereof.

[0114] FIG. 7 is a diagram 700 illustrating an example of a hardware implementation for one or more network entities 104. The one or more network entities 104 may be a base station, a component of a base station, or may implement base station functionality. The one or more network entities 104 may include, or may correspond to, at least one of the RU 106, the DU 108, or the CU 110. The CU 110 may include a CU processor 746, which may have on-chip memory 746’. In some aspects, the CU 110 may further include an additional module of memory 756 and / or a communications interface 748, both of which may be coupled to the CU processor 746. The CU 110 can communicate with the DU 108 through a midhaul link 162, such as an Fl interface between the communications interface 748 of the CU 110 and a communications interface 728 of the DU 108.

[0115] The DU 108 may include a DU processor 726, which may have on-chip memory 726’. In some aspects, the DU 108 may further include an additional module of memoiy 736 and / or the communications interface 728, both of which may be coupled to the DU processor 726. The DU 108 can communicate with the RU 106 through a fronthaul link 160 between the communications interface 728 of the DU 108 and a communications interface 708 of the RU 106.

[0116] The RU 106 may include an RU processor 706, which may have on-chip memory 706’. In some aspects, the RU 106 may further include an additional module of memory 716, the communications interface 708, and one or more transceivers 730, all of which may be coupled to the RU processor 706. The RU 106 may further include antennas 740, which may be coupled to the one or more transceivers 730, such that the RU 106 can communicate through the one or more transceivers 730 via the antennas 740 with the UE 102.

[0117] The on-chip memory 706’, 726’, 746’ and the additional modules of memory 716, 736, 756 may each be considered a computer-readable medium / memory'. Each computer-readable medium / memory may be non-transitory. Each of the processors 706, 726, 746 is responsible for general processing, including execution of software stored on the computer-readable medium / memory. The software, when executed by the corresponding processor(s) 706, 726, 746 causes the processor(s) 706, 726, 746 to perform the various functions described herein. The computer-readable medium / memory7may also be used for storing data that is manipulated by the processor(s) 706, 726, 746 when executing the software. In examples, the EMDT generation component 150 may sit at any of the one or more network entities 104. suchas at the CU 110; both the CU 110 and the DU 108; each of the CU 110, the DU 108, and the RU 106; the DU 108; both the DU 108 and the RU 106; or the RU 106.

[0118] As discussed in FIG. 1A and implemented with respect to FIG. 5, the EMDT generation component 150 configured to transmit, to a UE a first resource grant for sensing of an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an EMDT sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE. and a second resource grant for a reporting of sensing results of the sensing; and receive, from the UE according to the second resource grant, an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results corresponding to the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.

[0119] The EMDT generation component 150 may be within one or more processors of the one or more network entities 104, such as the RU processor 706 (e.g., at 150a), the DU processor 726 (e.g., at 150b), and / or the CU processor 746 (e.g., at 150c). The EMDT generation component 150a-150c may be one or more hardware components specifically configured to carry out the stated processes / algonthm. implemented by one or more processors 706, 726, 746 configured to perform the stated processes / algorithm, stored within a computer-readable medium for implementation by the one or more processors 706, 726, 746, or a combination thereof.

[0120] The specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes and flowcharts disclosed herein is an illustration of example approaches. Hence, the specific order or hierarchy of blocks in the processes and flowcharts may be rearranged. Some blocks may also be combined or deleted. Dashed lines may indicate optional elements of the diagrams. The accompanying method claims present elements of the various blocks in an example order, and are not limited to the specific order or hierarchy presented in the claims, processes, and flowcharts.

[0121] The detailed description set forth herein describes various configurations in connection with the drawings and does not represent the only configurations in which the concepts described herein may be practiced. The detailed description includes specific details for the purpose of providing a thorough explanation of various concepts. However, these concepts may be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well known structures and components are shown in block diagram form in order to avoid obscuring such concepts.

[0122] Aspects of wireless communication systems, such as telecommunication systems, are presented with reference to various apparatuses and methods. These apparatuses andmethods are described in the following detailed description and are illustrated in the accompanying drawings by various blocks, components, circuits, processes, call flows, systems, algorithms, etc. (collectively referred to as “elements”). These elements may be implemented using electronic hardware, computer software, or combinations thereof. Whether such elements are implemented as hardware or software depends upon the particular application and design constraints imposed on the overall system.

[0123] An element, or any portion of an element, or any combination of elements may be implemented as a “processing system” that includes one or more processors. Examples of processors include microprocessors, microcontrollers, graphics processing units (GPUs), central processing units (CPUs), application processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), reduced instruction set computing (RISC) processors, systems-on-chip (SoC), baseband processors, field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), programmable logic devices (PLDs), state machines, gated logic, discrete hardware circuits, and other similar hardware configured to perform the various functionality described throughout this disclosure. One or more processors in the processing system may execute software, which may be referred to as software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description language, or otherwise. Software shall be construed broadly to mean instructions, instruction sets, code, code segments, program code, programs, subprograms, software components, applications, software applications, software packages, routines, subroutines, objects, executables, threads of execution, procedures, functions, or any combination thereof.

[0124] If the functionality described herein is implemented in softw are, the functions may be stored on, or encoded as, one or more instructions or code on a computer-readable medium, such as a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium. Computer-readable media includes computer storage media and can include a random-access memory (RAM), a readonly memory (ROM), an electrically erasable programmable ROM (EEPROM), optical disk storage, magnetic disk storage, other magnetic storage devices, combinations of these types of computer-readable media, or any other medium that can be used to store computer executable code in the form of instructions or data structures that can be accessed by a computer. Storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by a computer.

[0125] Aspects, implementations, and / or use cases described herein may' be implemented across many differing platform types, devices, systems, shapes, sizes, and packaging arrangements. For example, the aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may come about via integrated chip implementations and other non-module-component based devices, such as end-user devices, vehicles, communication devices, computing devices, industrial equipment,retail / purchasing devices, medical devices, artificial intelligence (Al)-enabled devices, machine learning (ML)-enabled devices, etc. The aspects, implementations, and / or use cases may range from chip-level or modular components to non-modular or non-chip-level implementations, and further to aggregate, distributed, or original equipment manufacturer (OEM) devices or systems incorporating one or more techniques described herein.

[0126] Devices incorporating the aspects and features described herein may also include additional components and features for the implementation and practice of the claimed and described aspects and features. For example, transmission and reception of wireless signals necessarily includes a number of components for analog and digital purposes, such as hardware components, antennas, RF-chains, power amplifiers, modulators, buffers, processor(s), interleavers, adders / summers, etc. Techniques described herein may be practiced in a wide variety of devices, chip-level components, systems, distributed arrangements, aggregated or disaggregated components, end-user devices, etc., of vary ing configurations.

[0127] The description herein is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. Thus, the claims are not limited to the aspects described herein, but are to be interpreted in view of the full scope of the present disclosure consistent with the language of the claims.

[0128] Reference to an element in the singular does not mean “one and only one’7unless specifically stated, but rather “one or more.” Terms such as “if,” “when,” and “while” do not imply an immediate temporal relationship or reaction. That is, these phrases, e.g., “when,” do not imply an immediate action in response to or during the occurrence of an action, but simply imply that if a condition is met then an action will occur, but without requiring a specific or immediate time constraint for the action to occur. The terms “may”, “might”, and “can”, as used in this disclosure, often cany' certain connotations. For example, “may” refers to a permissible feature that may or may not occur, “might” refers to a feature that probably occurs, and “can” refers to a capability (e.g., capable of). The phrase “For example” often carries a similar connotation to “may” and, therefore, “may” is sometimes excluded from sentences that include “for example” or other similar phrases.

[0129] Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. Combinations such as “at least one of A, B, or C” or “one or more of A, B, or C” include any combination of A, B. and / or C. such as A and B. A and C, B and C, or A and B and C. and may include multiples of A, multiples of B, and / or multiples of C, or may include A only, B only,or C only. Sets should be interpreted as a set of elements where the elements number one or more. Terms or articles such as “a”, ”an'’. and / or "the” may refer to one of an item, feature, element, etc., that the term or article precedes, or may refer to more than one of said item, feature, element, etc. that the term or article precedes. For example, the recitation “a widget” does not preclude reference to multiples of said widget, as “multiple widgets” necessarily includes “a widget”. Hence, the recitation “a widget” may be interpreted as “at least one widget” or. similarly, interpreted as “one or more widgets”.

[0130] Unless otherwise specifically indicated, ordinal terms such as “first” and “second” do not necessarily imply an order in time, sequence, numerical value, etc., but are used to distinguish between different instances of a term or phrase that follows each ordinal term.

[0131] Reference numbers, as used in the specification and figures, are sometimes cross-referenced among drawings to denote same or similar features. A feature that is exactly the same in multiple drawings may be labeled with the same reference number in the multiple drawings. A feature that is similar among the multiple drawings, but not exactly the same, may¬ be labeled with reference numbers that have different leading numbers but have one or more of the same trailing numbers (e.g., 206, 306, 406. etc., may refer to similar features in the drawings). Hence, like numbers may refer to like actions.

[0132] Structural and functional equivalents to elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are expressly incorporated herein by reference and are encompassed by the claims. The words “module,” “mechanism,” “element,” “device,” and the like may not be a substitute for the word “means.” As such, no claim element is to be construed as a means plus function unless the element is expressly recited using the phrase “means for.” As used herein, the phrase “based on” shall not be construed as a reference to a closed set of information, one or more conditions, one or more factors, or the like. In other words, the phrase “based on A”, where “A” may be information, a condition, a factor, or the like, shall be construed as “based at least on A” unless specifically recited differently.

[0133] The following examples are illustrative only and may be combined with other examples or teachings described herein, without limitation.

[0134] Example 1 is a method of wireless communication at a user equipment, UE, including receiving, from a network entity, a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an electromagnetic digital twin. EMDT, sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and asecond resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing; and transmitting, to the network entity according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results being obtained according to the first resource grant, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration.

[0135] Example 2 may be combined with example 1 and further includes that the receiving including receiving at least one of: a first control message indicating the first resource grant and the second resource grant; a second control message indicating the first sensing configuration; or a third control message indicating the first resource grant, the second resource grant, and the first sensing configuration.

[0136] Example 3 may be combined with any examples 1-2 and further includes performing, based on the first resource grant, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

[0137] Example 4 may be combined with any examples 1-3 and further includes performing, based on the first sensing configuration, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

[0138] Example 5 may be combined with any examples 1-4 and further includes transmitting, to the network entity, a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing, the UE capabilities including at least one of: support for a sensing parameter indicating a monostatic sensing capability, support for a waveform parameter indicating a supported sensing waveform, a minimum radar range resolution, or a minimum radar Doppler resolution.

[0139] Example 6 may be combined with any examples 1-5 and further includes that the UE capabilities including at least one of: support for a non-interfering electromagnetic sensing; or support for a non-electromagnetic sensing.

[0140] Example 7 may be combined with any examples 1-6 and further includes that the first sensing report configuration includes reporting parameters for the EMDT sensing report, the reporting parameters corresponding to at least one of: object detection information, measurement information, resolution information, or sensing configuration information.

[0141] Example 8 may be combined with any examples 1-7 and further includes detecting a local condition of the UE achieves a predetermined condition including at least one of: a predetermined thermal condition or a predetermined battery condition; and operating based on at least one of: disregarding the first sensing configuration of the UE, or transmitting, to the network entity, a request message to update the first sensing configuration.

[0142] Example 9 may be combined with example 8 and further includes receiving, from the network entity, a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting.

[0143] Example 10 may be combined with example 8 and further includes transmitting, to a second UE, a sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance; and receiving, from the second UE, a sensing assistance response including second sensing results of the EMDT sensing assistance.

[0144] Example 11 may be combined with any examples 1-10 and further includes that the sensing assistance request includes request parameters associated with the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.

[0145] Example 12 may be combined with any examples 1-10 and further includes that the sensing assistance request includes an assistance EMDT sensing grant.

[0146] Example 13 may be combined with any examples 1-12 and further includes receiving, from the network entity, a second configuration indicating a parameter update to the first sensing configuration.

[0147] Example 14 may be combined with any examples 1-13 and further includes that the transmitting the EMDT sensing report including: transmitting, to the network entity, the EMDT sensing report as a joint EMDT sensing report associated with the sensing results and the second sensing results.

[0148] Example 15 is a method of wireless communication at a network entity , including transmitting, to a user equipment, UE. a first resource grant for sensing of an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE, and a second resource grant for transmitting a report of sensing results of the EMDT sensing; and receiving, from the UE according to the second resource grant, an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results corresponding to the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.

[0149] Example 16 may be combined with example 15 and further includes that the transmitting including sending at least one of: a first control message indicating the first resource grant and the second resource grant; a second control message indicating the first sensing configuration; or a third control message indicating the first resource grant, the second resource grant, and the first sensing configuration.

[0150] Example 17 may be combined with any examples 15-16 and further includes receiving, from the UE, a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for thesensing, the UE capabilities including at least one of: an access stratum capability, a lower layer capability, or an application layer capability.

[0151] Example 18 may be combined with any examples 15-17 and further includes updating a radio propagation EMDT model based on at least one of: the EMDT sensing report, aggregation of the EMDT sensing report with a second EMDT sensing report from a second UE, or ajoint EMDT sensing report associated with a plurality of EMDT sensing reports from a plurality of UEs.

[0152] Example 19 may be combined with example 18 and further includes determining, based on an output of the radio propagation EMDT model, a parameter update to the first sensing configuration; and transmitting, to the UE, a second configuration including the parameter update.

[0153] Example 20 may be combined with example 19 and further includes that the second configuration is based on a key performance indicator, KPI, of the radio propagation EMDT model.

[0154] Example 21 may be combined with any examples 15-20 and further includes receiving, from the UE. a request message to update a current configuration of the UE; and transmitting, to the UE, a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting.

[0155] Example 22 is an apparatus for wireless communication for implementing a method as in any of examples 1-21.

[0156] Example 23 is an apparatus for wireless communication including means for implementing a method as in any of examples 1-21.

[0157] Example 24 is a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing computer executable code, the code when executed by a processor causes the processor to implement a method as in any of examples 1-21.

[0158] Example 25 is a computer program product for implementing a method as in any of Examples 1-21.

Claims

CLAIMSWHAT IS CLAIMED IS:

1. A method of wireless communication at a user equipment, UE, (102), comprising:receiving (206). from a network entity (104), a first resource grant for sensing an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE (102), and a second resource grant for reporting sensing results of the sensing; and transmitting (210. 310). to the network entity ( 104) according to the second resource grant, an EMDT sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results being obtained according to the first resource grant, the first sensing configuration, and the first sensing report configuration.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the receiving (206) comprises receiving at least one of:a first control message indicating the first resource grant and the second resource grant;a second control message indicating the first sensing configuration; ora third control message indicating the first resource grant, the second resource grant, and the first sensing configuration.

3. The method of any of claims 1-2, further comprising:performing (208a). based on the first resource grant, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

4. The method of any of claims 1-3, further comprising:performing (208b), based on the first sensing configuration, the sensing of the electromagnetic environment to obtain the sensing results for the EMDT sensing report.

5. The method of any of claims 1-4, further comprising:transmitting (204), to the network entity (104), a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing, the UE capabilities including at least one of:support for a sensing parameter indicating a monostatic sensing capability7, support for a waveform parameter indicating a supported sensing waveform,a minimum radar range resolution, ora minimum radar Doppler resolution.

6. The method of any of claims 1-5, wherein the UE capabilities including at least one of:support for a non-interfering electromagnetic sensing; orsupport for a non-electromagnetic sensing.

7. The method of any of claims 1-6, wherein the first sensing report configuration includes reporting parameters for the EMDT sensing report, the reporting parameters corresponding to at least one of: object detection information, measurement information, resolution information, or sensing configuration information.

8. The method of any of claims 1-7, further comprising:detecting (220) a local condition of the UE (102) achieves a predetermined condition including at least one of: a predetermined thermal condition or a predetermined battery condition; andoperating based on at least one of:disregarding the first sensing configuration of the UE (102), ortransmitting (222), to the network entity (104), a request message to update the first sensing configuration.

9. The method of claim 8, further comprising:receiving (226), from the network entity (104), a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting.

10. The method of claim 8, further comprising:transmitting (307), to a second UE (1 2b), a sensing assistance request for EMDT sensing assistance; andreceiving (309), from the second UE (102b), a sensing assistance response including second sensing results of the EMDT sensing assistance.

11. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the sensing assistance request includes request parameters associated with the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.

12. The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the sensing assistance request includes an assistance EMDT sensing grant.

13. The method of any of claims 1-12, further comprising:receiving (216), from the network entity (104), a second configuration indicating anetwork parameter update to the first sensing configuration.

14. The method of any of claims 1-13, wherein the transmitting the EMDT sensing report comprises:transmiting (310), to the network entity (104), the EMDT sensing report as a joint EMDT sensing report associated with the sensing results and the second sensing results.

15. A method of wireless communication at a network entity (104), comprising:transmiting (206), to a user equipment, UE, (102), a first resource grant for sensing of an electromagnetic environment for electromagnetic propagations, a first sensing configuration for an electromagnetic digital twin, EMDT, sensing, a first sensing report configuration for reporting of the electromagnetic propagations within the electromagnetic environment of the UE (102), and a second resource grant for transmiting a report of sensing results of the EMDT sensing; andreceiving (210, 310), from the UE (102) according to the second resource grant, an electromagnetic digital twin. EMDT, sensing report including the sensing results, the sensing results corresponding to the first resource grant and the first sensing configuration.1 . The method of claim 15, wherein the transmiting (206) comprises sending at least one of:a first control message indicating the first resource grant and the second resource grant;a second control message indicating the first sensing configuration; ora third control message indicating the first resource grant, the second resource grant, and the first sensing configuration.

17. The method of any of claims 15-16, further comprising:receiving (204), from the UE ( 102), a UE capability message indicating UE capabilities supported for the sensing, the UE capabilities including at least one of: an access stratum capability, a lower layer capability, or an application layer capability.

18. The method of any of claims 15-17, further comprising:updating (212, 312) a radio propagation EMDT model based on at least one of: the EMDT sensing report,aggregation (312a) of the EMDT sensing report with a second EMDT sensing report from a second UE (102b). ora joint EMDT sensing report associated with a plurality of EMDT sensing reports from a plurality of UEs.

19. The method of claim 18, further comprising:determining (214), based on an output of the radio propagation EMDT model, a network parameter update to the first sensing configuration; andtransmiting (216), to the UE (102), a second configuration including the network parameter update.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the second configuration is based on a key performance indicator, KPI, of the radio propagation EMDT model.

21. The method of any of claims 15-20, further comprising:receiving (222), from the UE (102). a request message to update a current configuration of the UE (102); andtransmiting (226), to the UE (102), a third configuration for the EMDT sensing and reporting.

22. An apparatus for wireless communication comprising a memory, a transceiver, and a processor coupled to the memory and the transceiver, the apparatus being configured to implement a method as in any of claims 1-21.

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