The invention belongs to the technical field of biodegradable medical polymer materials, and particularly relates to a main chain type biodegradable liquid crystal polymer and a preparation method thereof. Natural products such as cholesterin, diosgenin, menthol, isosorbide and the like are used as liquid crystal nucleuses; a hydroxyl-terminated alkanoic acid or an amino-terminated acid is used asa flexible spacer to prepare a liquid crystal intermediate; ring opening polymerization reaction on one or a mixture of two or more than two of following monomers or derivatives from trimethylene carbonate, caprolactone, lactide, glycolide, p-dioxanone, propiolactone, butyrolactone, octolactone, caprolactam, morpholine-2, 3-diketone, and a dianhydride are initiated by taking the liquid crystal intermediate as an initiator, so as to obtain the main chain type biodegradable liquid crystal polymer. The main chain type biodegradable liquid crystal polymer provided by the invention has good liquidcrystal performance, is easy to orientate to form an ordered structure, not only generates response to the outside factors of temperature, pH, stress, electric field, magnetic field and the like, butalso has good biocompatibility and degradation performance.