Two high-intensity electric fields raise lateral and vertical DEP gradients to improve particle manipulation, separation, and fractionation.
Vertical phototransistors and emitter pads create non-uniform electric fields for accurate contactless movement of biological particles.
Light-activated lateral and vertical transistor arrays create localized electrokinetic forces for precise movement of cells and particles in microfluidics.
Resonant inductive coupling powers a nanoscale electrode array to trap and detect particles with sub-volt dielectrophoresis.