A lower pin and spinning equipment

Abstract

The present invention provides a lower pin, comprising a profile body, a first support member and a second support member spaced apart along the length direction of the profile body; the first support member is used to support the leather ring, and the top surface of the first support member in the vertical direction constitutes the top of the lower pin; in the width direction of the profile body, the front surface of the first support member is convex relative to the front surface of the second support member. Without departing from the traditional process of the industry, it is easy to assemble and maintain, and takes into account both cost savings and production efficiency. During the drafting process, the fiber speed change point can be further controlled to move forward, thereby enhancing the grip on the fiber and optimizing the working performance to a greater extent. A spinning device of the present invention is equipped with the lower pin of the present invention and has corresponding advantages.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of spinning equipment, and particularly relates to a novel bottom pin and related spinning equipment. Background Art

[0002] In the field of textile machinery equipment, especially in the application of the drafting device of a spinning frame, the quality of the drafting device directly affects the quality of the spun yarn, and directly relates to the sales volume and profit of textile enterprises. One of the core components of the drafting device, the "bottom pin", has a decisive impact on the quality of the spun yarn. Commonly used bottom pins in the prior art are generally of an integral structure in the shape of a long rod-shaped profile, and the cross-section perpendicular to the length direction of the bottom pin is in the shape of a "T" or a "ding", and there are also those in the shape of a "V".

[0003] Generally, there are multiple rows of upper roller slides on a spinning machine and they are arranged parallel to each other. The rollers on the same row of roller slides are divided into a front roller, a middle roller, and a rear roller, and the bottom pin is installed on the middle roller slide. For the convenience of description and clarity, taking the "T"-shaped bottom pin as an example, it should be understood that the cross-section of the bottom pin is not limited to the "T" shape. Among them, the direction between the two roller slides of the same roller for the bottom pin is the length direction of the bottom pin; the direction between the front and rear rollers is the width direction of the bottom pin. The side of the installation part facing the front roller is the front side, and the side of the installation part facing the middle roller is the rear side. When the bottom pin is installed, both ends of its installation part are respectively inserted into the slots on the corresponding middle roller slide, and the T-shaped cross part (the top of the bottom pin) is used to support the apron. During operation, the working surfaces of the upper and lower aprons are in direct contact with the yarn strip, forming a soft and certain-pressure apron nip to generate a certain frictional boundary, control the movement of the yarn strip, and ensure the smooth extraction of the yarn strip. The corresponding understanding can also be made when the cross-section of the bottom pin is in the shape of a "V".

[0004] In a spinning device, the upper apron is wound around the top pin, and the top and bottom pins cooperate to form the apron nip required for spinning. Therefore, the existing bottom pin is limited in its structural design by the top pin. For example, the T-shaped cross part of the bottom pin not only supports the lower apron but also affects the force between the upper and lower aprons. In addition to the roller part around which the upper apron is wound, the top pin must also be equipped with a spacer block that separates adjacent upper aprons by a certain distance in the length direction of the bottom pin. The spacer block is a non-elastic part. In the existing design, the part of the T-shaped cross part of the bottom pin that exerts a force on the upper apron needs to avoid the spacer block, otherwise, exerting a force on both the upper apron and the spacer block will push the top pin upwards, which will seriously affect the gripping force of the apron nip and is not allowed by the requirements of the spinning process.

[0005] Due to the requirements of manufacturing processes and costs, traditional bottom pins are integrally formed by the cold-drawn section steel process. When traditional bottom pins are produced, the amount of blank material used is large, and it takes many times to be drawn to reach the dimensional accuracy. Then, the surface also needs to be chrome-plated, sandblasted, and chrome-plated again. Its manufacturing process is not simple to meet the requirements of spinning applications.

[0006] In order to avoid the gauge block, the cross section of the existing T-shaped cross section is generally designed to be stepped, and the gap between the upper and lower steps is used to avoid the gauge block. The lower step provides the force between the upper and lower leather rings. In such a structural design, the distance between the support point of the lower step and the lower pressure point of the upper pin is always greater than zero. Although the existing technology has made many subtle improvements to the cross-sectional shape of the lower pin, it is no longer possible to further reduce the distance between the support point of the step and the lower pressure point of the upper pin. Therefore, it is impossible to continue to improve the holding force, and the improvement of spinning quality has also encountered a bottleneck.

[0007] It can be seen that there are intractable contradictions in the existing technology. On the one hand, the company hopes that the lower pin is easy to manufacture and has low cost. In order to meet this requirement, they can only use some light metal profiles for one-piece molding, and need to set up space to avoid the spacing blocks. On the other hand, the company hopes that the support surface of the lower pin is higher to optimize the quality of the spinning products. For spinning companies and spinning equipment manufacturers, competition in traditional industries is particularly fierce. Any improvement plan that increases costs or affects processing efficiency is negative and not practical. Under this premise, the technical difficulty of improving the lower pin needs to be overcome.

[0008] Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a new type of down-pin and related spinning equipment that can not only meet the current manufacturing process, but also achieve performance optimization without increasing the manufacturing difficulty of the enterprise, further improve the spinning quality, and enhance the competitiveness of the enterprise. Summary of the invention

[0009] The present invention is to solve all or part of the problems of the above-mentioned prior art. On the one hand, the present invention provides a down pin to improve the working performance of the down pin with easy implementation process and low cost; on the other hand, the present invention provides spinning equipment to promote further improvement of spinning quality and process.

[0010] A lower pin of the present invention comprises a profile body, a first support member and a second support member arranged at intervals along the length direction of the profile body; the first support member is used to support the leather ring, and the top surface of the first support member in the vertical direction constitutes the top of the lower pin; in the width direction of the profile body, the front surface of the first support member is convex relative to the front surface of the second support member.

[0011] The profile body made by the traditional cold-drawn integrated molding process is retained, and the first support member and the second support member are arranged at intervals on this basis. Under the current technological level, there is no obvious cost increase, and the manufacturing process steps are not significantly increased. At the same time, the first support member protrudes outward from the second support member, which can further raise the supporting force application point, increase the gripping force of the apron jaws, and avoid the spacing block. Under the premise of meeting the practical requirements, the technical difficulties in this field are overcome, and the limitations of the optimization of the lower pin performance are broken.

[0012] The profile body is provided with a notch along the length direction; the first support member and the second support member are respectively embedded in the notch. The notch provided along the length direction is easy to realize in the cold-drawn integrated forming process, and the first support member and the second support member are fixedly connected by being embedded in the notch, which can meet the requirement of firmness and facilitate quick assembly.

[0013] The second support member is made of a material different from the profile body. The second support member does not contact the leather ring, has no requirements on working performance, and can be made of cheaper materials and simpler processes, such as a plastic block, etc., as long as it can support the spacing block.

[0014] The length of the first support member in the length direction of the profile body matches the width of the apron, which is convenient for enterprises to set the number of the first support members most reasonably according to the actual number of aprons arranged side by side, and is convenient for enterprises to equip the first support members of various specifications according to the actual various apron specifications in production, which is convenient for replacement, helps save costs, and reduces equipment update and maintenance costs.

[0015] The end of the profile body in the length direction is provided with a limit portion for limiting the displacement of the first support member and the second support member. By providing the limit portion at both ends or one end of the profile body, the first support member and the second support member can be further prevented from moving in the length direction of the profile body or being separated from the fixed connection, thereby further ensuring the stability of the spinning operation.

[0016] The hardness of the first support member is greater than that of the profile body. The position in contact with the leather ring is partially made of a material with a higher hardness, which can not only improve the wear resistance of the lower pin during operation, avoid the impact of wear on quality, but also effectively save costs.

[0017] The first support member is a powder metallurgy product with a hardness of more than 55HRC. Powder metallurgy technology is an industrial technology that produces metal powder or uses metal powder (or a mixture of metal powder and non-metallic powder) as raw material, and produces metal materials, composite materials and various types of products through forming and sintering. The contact part made by powder metallurgy technology has better mechanical and physical properties, and achieves better wear resistance of the lower pin assembly under the premise of controllable material cost, further ensuring the quality stability in long-term spinning work.

[0018] The first support member is made of any one of ceramic, steel wire, glass fiber, carbon fiber or tungsten alloy. For example, the first support member made of glass fiber and nylon is easy to configure and effectively avoids wear and tear, and is more conducive to the stability of spinning quality in long-term use, and can meet higher process quality requirements.

[0019] There are two first support members along the width direction of the profile body, which are in a step shape; the leather ring does not contact the profile body. The first support members with higher hardness are arranged at the positions where the lower pin contacts the leather ring, which avoids wear and makes the hardness of the contacting parts with the leather ring consistent, which is conducive to the stability of work.

[0020] The side of the first support member of the upper level in the vertical direction that is away from the center of the profile body protrudes outward from the first support member of the lower level. In the width direction of the profile body, the front surface of the first support member of the upper level constitutes the front end surface of the lower pin. The position that lifts up the lower leather ring becomes the farthest end of the lower pin, so the distance between the support point of the lower pin and the lower pressure point of the upper pin can be further reduced, or even less than zero, which can greatly improve the gripping force of the leather ring jaws. The speed change point is greatly moved forward, which is conducive to further fitting the upper and lower leather rings more closely. The cooperation of the upper pin and the lower pin assembly can compact the upper and lower leather rings, avoid the elasticity of the upper and lower leather rings, and better control of floating fibers, which can meet higher spinning process requirements.

[0021] The width of the profile body is denoted as D, and the distance between the front end surface of the second support member and the center position of the profile body along the width direction of the profile body is less than 0.5D, and less than half of the width of the profile body, leaving enough avoidance space.

[0022] On the other hand, the present invention provides a spinning device, including an upper pin and a lower pin of the present invention; the upper pin includes a bracket, a leather roller component around which an upper apron is wound, and a distance block arranged between adjacent upper aprons; the leather roller component is fixedly connected to the bracket; the distance block is detachably connected to the middle part of the bracket; and the second support member is arranged corresponding to the distance block. Generally, the distance block has a variety of specifications, and the distance block is detachably connected to the middle part of the bracket, so that the enterprise can replace the distance block to meet the current production needs. By adopting the lower pin of the present invention, the spinning equipment can better meet the needs of process optimization and improve the product quality of the spinning enterprise.

[0023] In the length direction of the lower pin, the width of the second support member matches the width of the spacing block. In actual production applications, the spacing blocks have various specifications, and the second support member can be configured accordingly according to the specifications of the spacing blocks, which is convenient for enterprises to prepare stocks in advance and replace them efficiently during production, which can not only meet production actual conditions but also save equipment procurement and maintenance costs.

[0024] Compared with the prior art, the main beneficial effects of the present invention are:

[0025] 1. The lower pin of the present invention is easy to assemble and maintain and takes into account both cost savings and production efficiency without departing from the actual situation of traditional processes in the industry. During the drafting process, the fiber speed change point can be further controlled to move forward, thereby enhancing the fiber holding force and optimizing the working performance to a greater extent.

[0026] 2. A spinning equipment of the present invention is equipped with the lower pin of the present invention and has corresponding advantages; it is flexible in application, easy to maintain and can further improve the spinning quality, which is conducive to further improving the spinning process; it effectively meets the actual needs of the enterprise's manufacturing and production, and provides a positive solution for improving the competitiveness of spinning enterprises. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the working principle of conventional upper and lower aprons.

[0028] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the cooperation of the upper and lower pins in the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0029] FIG. 3 ( a ) is a schematic top view of the lower pin of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0030] FIG3( b ) is a partial schematic diagram of the lower pin of the first embodiment of the present invention.

[0031] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of the coordination of the upper and lower pins in the second embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0032] The technical solutions in the specific embodiments of the present invention are described clearly and completely below. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of them. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without creative work are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0033] In order to illustrate some improvements of the present invention, Figure 1 The lower pin shown in the figure is used as an example to illustrate the working conditions of the conventional upper and lower aprons and the upper and lower pins, but it does not limit the present invention in any form. Figure 1As shown, the cross-section of the lower pin is generally T-shaped. The direction of the lower pin between the two roller slides of the same roller is the length direction of the lower pin; the direction between the front and rear rollers is the width direction Y of the lower pin. The lower part of the "T"-shaped lower pin is called the longitudinal plate U, and the upper part is called the transverse plate W. The side of the longitudinal plate U facing the front roller F is the front side, and the side of the longitudinal plate U facing the middle roller B is the rear side. Accordingly, the longitudinal plate U divides the transverse plate W into a front wing and a rear wing; the upper part of the "-" stroke in the "T" is the upper surface of the transverse plate W, which is composed of the upper surface of the front wing and the upper surface of the rear wing; the lowermost part of the "T" is the bottom surface of the longitudinal plate; the direction from the upper surface of the transverse plate W to the bottom surface of the longitudinal plate U is the height direction of the lower pin, that is, the vertical direction Z; the size of the width of the lower pin is denoted as D. The width of the transverse plate W corresponds to the spacing between the jaws of the front roller F and the jaws of the middle roller B. The position of 0.5D is generally the center position of the top of the lower pin; the length of the lower pin matches the spacing between adjacent roller slides. When the lower pin is installed, for most domestic mainframes, both ends of its longitudinal plate U are respectively inserted into the slots on the corresponding roller slide S. At this time, both ends of the transverse plate W in the long part (both ends in the length direction of the lower pin) are respectively located above the corresponding roller slide S. Of course, there are also some foreign mainframes where no slots are opened on the roller slide S, and an additional installation structure is provided, which can be understood accordingly and is not limited. The upper surface of the transverse plate W is used to support the lower apron P2. During operation, the working surfaces of the upper apron P1 and the lower apron P2 are in direct contact with the yarn strip M, forming a soft and pressured apron nip to generate a certain frictional field to control the movement of the yarn strip M and ensure the smooth extraction of the yarn strip. The lower pin not only supports and tensions the lower apron P2 and guides the stable rotation of the lower apron P2, but also supports the upper pin and the upper apron P1 to keep them in a predetermined process position. Moreover, the structural form of the working surface of the lower pin has the most direct influence on strengthening the frictional field in the middle of the apron, stabilizing the control force, the apron nip pressure, and shortening the spinning floating zone. Conventional lower pins are generally made by die-casting with ordinary aluminum materials. The entire lower pin is integrally formed with the same material. The above description is for better understanding of the lower pin and does not limit the lower pin or the design of the structures and components related to the lower pin in actual applications.

[0034] Example 1

[0035] In Example 1 of the present invention, with reference to Figure 2 as shown in FIGS. 3(a) and 3(b), the provided lower pin includes a profile body 1, a first support member 2 and a second support member 3 that are spaced apart along the length direction X of the profile body 1; the first support member 2 is used to support the apron, and the top surface of the first support member 2 in the vertical direction Z constitutes the top of the lower pin; in the width direction Y of the profile body 1, the front surface of the first support member 2 protrudes outward relative to the front surface of the second support member 3. The relatively protruding distance can be set accordingly according to actual production process requirements, and sufficient avoidance space is reserved in cooperation with the upper pin, which is not limited.

[0036] In some specific practices, the profile body 1 is provided with two notches 4 along the length direction X. The first support member 2 and the second support member 3 are respectively embedded in the notches 4. The example notches 4 are provided with an anti-slip structure. The anti-slip structure, for example, the notch 4 has a groove-shaped cross-section shape that is an arc greater than 180°, and the arc-shaped opening forms a clamping area to clamp and fix the first support member 2 and the second support member 3 embedded therein. It is very convenient to add or replace the first support member 2 and the second support member 3 by inserting the notch 4 from the length direction X, which is conducive to actual production application. The groove shape of the notch 4 is arranged in coordination with the first support member 2 and the second support member 3, and is not limited. In the cases of the examples of Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b), the length of the first support member 2 in the length direction X of the profile body 1 matches the width of the lower leather ring P2. The width of the example is 50 mm. Referring to Figures 3(a) and 3(b), there are two first support members 2 in the width direction Y of the profile body 1, which are in a step shape; the lower leather ring P2 does not contact the profile body 1. Six first support members 2 and five second support members 3 are inlaid in the upper level of the two slots 4; all first support members 2 are inlaid in the lower level slots 4. It should be noted that the structural shapes and quantities of the two support members 2 in the width direction Y of the profile body 1 can be exactly the same or different, and are configured accordingly according to actual production applications and are not limited.

[0037] In this embodiment, the hardness of the first support member 2 is greater than the hardness of the profile body 1. The first support member 2 of the example can be made of any one of ceramic, steel wire, glass fiber, carbon fiber or tungsten alloy. The profile body 1 of the example is made of 6061-T5 aluminum with a hardness HW of about 14°. The lower pin is prone to wear in the part in contact with the leather ring during production. Due to the characteristics of the lower pin's work, this wear will directly affect the work of the drafting device, and slight wear will also affect the control ability of the upper and lower leather rings of the spinning frame to the fiber bundle, reducing product quality. The conventional approach to dealing with wear is surface oxidation or using aviation aluminum. With surface oxidation, with my country's environmental protection requirements for electroplating plants, such as zero emissions, etc., the difficulty and requirements of process implementation are increasing, and the original surface oxidation process is unstable even in the middle of the implementation process. It is difficult to ensure that the thickness of each lower pin after surface oxidation is the same, and the hardness of the surface oxide film is consistent. Using aviation aluminum is costly. In this embodiment, the material of the first support member 2 is a material with a hardness greater than that of the profile body 1, which has better wear resistance in long-term use. In some embodiments, the material of the first support member 2 may be the same as that of the profile body 1, which is not limited here. In some embodiments, only the first support member 2 of the upper step is provided, and the leather ring has a contact portion with the profile body 1, which is not limited here. The cross-sectional shapes of the upper and lower first support members 2 may be the same or different, which are provided according to actual application needs and are not limited here.

[0038] In a preferred example of this embodiment, the second support member 3 is made of a material different from the profile body 1. In the specific example, the second support member 3 is made of plastic. Due to the lower pin design of this embodiment, the second support member 3 can be configured separately. This part of the material can be designed separately as long as it meets the purpose, and is no longer limited by the material requirements of the profile body and the supporting leather ring part. Cheaper raw materials can be used for production, which greatly saves costs.

[0039] In this embodiment, a limiting portion (not shown) is provided at the end of the profile body 1 in the length direction X, which is used to limit the displacement of the first support member 2 and the second support member 3. The limiting portion is detachably connected to the profile body 1, which is convenient for replacing or installing the first support member 2 and the second support member 3. The first support member 2 and the second support member 3 constituting the upper step are closely arranged along the length direction X; the first support members 2 constituting the lower step are closely arranged in a row. Prevent the first support member 2 and the second support member 3 from moving in the length direction X. It is also possible to set a limiting portion only at one end of the profile body 1 in the length direction X, without limitation.

[0040] An example value of the distance between the front end surfaces of the upper and lower first support members 2 in the same row along the width direction Y of the profile body 1 is 5.4 mm. In some better examples, the front end surfaces of the upper and lower first support members 2 are flush. In the width direction Y of the profile body 1, the front surface of the first support member 2 constitutes the front end of the lower pin.

[0041] Embodiment 2

[0042] The main difference between this embodiment and the first embodiment is that Figure 4 As shown, the side of the upper first support member 2 in the vertical direction Z away from the center of the profile body 1 is convex to the lower first support member 2. The front surface of the upper first support member 2 constitutes the front end of the lower pin. In conjunction with reference to Figure 3 (b), the second support member 3 and the lower first support member 2 form a step shape, and the space P between the upper and lower steps can be used to accommodate the spacing block 8 without affecting the front end of the upper first support member 2. It should be noted that the attached Figure 4 What is shown is the state where the upper and lower leather rings are not compressed. In actual work, the upper and lower leather rings are compressed to generate a holding force, and the distance block 8 is pressed down into the space between the upper and lower steps. Some foreign lower pins are not designed as a step structure. The cross-sectional shape of the lower pin's transverse part is generally a trapezoid. In such spinning equipment, even if the distance block is designed to be very thin, structural interference still occurs, the floating area cannot be compressed, and the holding force is partially offset by the force between the distance block and the top of the lower pin. In order to improve the design defects of foreign lower pins, domestic spinning equipment generally designs the cross-sectional shape of the lower pin into a step shape. The top of the domestic lower pin must be formed into a step shape so that the upper and lower steps can form an avoidance space for the distance block. The speed change point can no longer be moved forward in the conventional upper and lower step design.

[0043] In this embodiment, since the first support member 2 and the second support member 3 are arranged at intervals, and only the first support member 2 is used to support the leather ring, the distance that the front end of the first support member 2 of the upper level moves forward is not limited by the avoidance space required by the distance block 8. After the front end of the first support member 2 of the upper level moves forward, the speed change point of the upper and lower pins can be further moved forward, and the floating area is greatly reduced. Especially for the cotton spinning process, there are short fluffs in cotton, and cotton spinning is to turn cotton into coarse yarn and then process it into fine yarn. Coarse yarn has a certain viscosity, and this viscosity is used to bring the short fluff forward. Moving the speed change point forward is equivalent to moving the floating fibers forward to make it easier to take away the short fluff, and it can more effectively control the long fibers to drive the short fibers. The closer the speed change point is, the more beneficial it is to the spinning quality. In this embodiment, the first support member 2 and the second support member 3 are arranged at intervals, and a breakthrough is achieved in the structural design on the basis of controllable cost and convenient assembly, that is, the avoidance space of the distance block is provided, and the speed change point can also be continuously moved forward according to the actual production application needs.

[0044] The spinning device provided in this example includes an upper pin and a lower pin of this embodiment; the upper pin includes a bracket 6, a leather roller component 7 around which an upper apron is wound, and a distance block 8 arranged between adjacent upper aprons; the leather roller component 7 is fixedly connected to the bracket 6; the distance block 8 is detachably connected to the middle part of the bracket 6, and different specifications of the distance blocks 8 can be replaced according to actual production needs, and are not limited. The second support member 3 is arranged corresponding to the distance block 8.

[0045] In a preferred example, referring to FIG. 3( a ) and FIG. 3 ( b ), in the length direction X of the lower pin, the width of the second support member 3 matches the width of the spacing block 8 .

[0046] It should be pointed out that for ordinary technicians in this technical field, several improvements and modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the principles of the present invention. These improvements and modifications also fall within the scope of protection of the claims of the present invention.

Claims

1. A lower pin, characterized in that: The invention comprises a profile body (1), a first support member (2) and a second support member (3) arranged at intervals along the length direction of the profile body (1); the first support member (2) is used to support the leather ring, and the top surface of the first support member (2) in the vertical direction constitutes the top of the lower pin; in the width direction of the profile body, the front surface of the first support member (2) is convex relative to the front surface of the second support member (3); along the width direction of the profile body (1), there are two first support members (2) in a step shape; the upper step comprises the first support member (2) and the second support member (3) arranged at intervals, and the lower step comprises the first support member (2).

2. The lower pin according to claim 1, characterized in that: The profile body (1) is provided with a notch (4) along the length direction; the first support member (2) and the second support member (3) are respectively embedded in the notch (4).

3. The lower pin according to claim 1, characterized in that: The second support member (3) is made of a material different from that of the profile body (1).

4. The lower pin according to claim 1, characterized in that: The length of the first support member (2) in the length direction of the profile body (1) matches the width of the leather ring.

5. The lower pin according to claim 1, characterized in that: A limiting portion is provided at the end of the profile body (1) in the length direction, for limiting the displacement of the first support member (2) and the second support member (3).

6. The lower pin according to any one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that: The hardness of the first support member (2) is greater than the hardness of the profile body (1).

7. The lower pin according to claim 6, characterized in that: The leather ring has no contact with the profile body (1).

8. The lower pin according to claim 7, characterized in that: The side of the first support member (2) at the upper level in the vertical direction, which is away from the center of the profile body (1), is convex to the first support member (2) at the lower level.

9. A spinning device, characterized in that: It comprises an upper pin and a lower pin as claimed in any one of claims 1 to 8; the upper pin comprises a bracket (6), a leather roller component (7) wound around an upper apron, and a distance block (8) arranged between adjacent upper aprons; the leather roller component (7) is fixedly connected to the bracket (6); the distance block (8) is detachably connected to the middle part of the bracket (6); the second support member (3) is arranged corresponding to the distance block (8).

10. The spinning equipment according to claim 9, characterized in that: In the length direction of the lower pin, the width of the second support member (3) matches the width of the spacing block (8).

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