Method of installing mylar film and virtual image display system

Abstract

The application provides a method for installing a Mylar film, comprising the following steps: installing a polyurethane film on a base structure so that a first side of the polyurethane film contacts the base structure; performing surface treatment on a second side of the polyurethane film opposite to the first side; and attaching the Mylar film on the second side of the polyurethane film. The method for installing the Mylar film according to the application is simple in operation, low in installation cost, and allows multiple adjustments of the installation position of the Mylar film, so that the fault tolerance is high. In addition, the application further provides a visual virtual image display system for a flight simulator, wherein the Mylar film is installed according to the aforementioned method.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the field of visual virtual image integration for flight simulators. Specifically, this invention relates to a method for mounting a Mylar membrane. This invention also relates to a visual virtual image display system for flight simulators, in which a Mylar membrane is mounted using this method. Background Technology

[0002] Visual systems are commonly used in flight simulation training, for example, to simulate the view outside the cockpit window. As a key system in flight simulators, the realism of the visual system directly affects and determines the simulator's display effect and development level. Virtual image display, due to its high imaging realism and strong sense of depth, is widely used in large, high-level flight simulator platforms.

[0003] Flight simulator visual image display systems are typically constructed as large-radius curved screens. The imaging principle of this system is to form an upright, infinitely distant virtual image on a Mylar film imaging mirror through the refraction and reflection of light.

[0004] Currently, in most visual virtual image display systems used in flight simulators, the Mylar film is installed using high-strength double-sided adhesive. Specifically, high-strength double-sided adhesive is used on the visual structure to directly bond it to the surface of the Mylar film, thus sealing the imaging mirror cavity. On top of this, a metal retaining plate is typically used on the Mylar film surface. This retaining plate has threaded holes at fixed intervals for reinforcement with matching bolts, thereby firmly fixing the imaging mirror film to the visual structure.

[0005] However, the following drawbacks have been found in this installation method:

[0006] First, the use of high-strength double-sided tape makes it impossible for installers to make secondary adjustments to the Mylar membrane. For example, if the Mylar membrane's placement is unsatisfactory and adjustments are needed, it may be necessary to reinstall a new Mylar membrane, or, if the risk of image quality degradation is acceptable, attempt to peel the Mylar membrane from the visual structure against the adhesive force of the high-strength double-sided tape, and then re-attach and secure it. In other words, the existing methods for installing Mylar membranes in visual systems are difficult to implement, have a low tolerance for error, and consequently lead to high installation costs.

[0007] Secondly, as mentioned above, after the Mylar film is bonded to the visual structure, this method requires the use of numerous metal pressure strips to further secure the mirror film to the visual structure. This increases the difficulty of designing, manufacturing, and integrating the virtual image structure.

[0008] Several process improvements have been made to improve the product yield of Mylar membrane installation. For example, an indirect Mylar membrane bonding device is known from CN218111777U (publication date: December 23, 2022). In this indirect bonding device, during the coating operation, adhesive is first applied to the bonding material, and then the Mylar membrane is bonded to the adhesive-coated bonding material. This avoids the structural damage to the Mylar membrane that may be caused by directly applying adhesive to the Mylar membrane, thereby improving the product yield and the efficiency of the adhesive application operation. However, this indirect bonding device still cannot avoid the potential damage to the Mylar membrane when it is peeled off due to the adhesive force of the adhesive when the Mylar membrane bonding position is not ideal and needs to be adjusted. Furthermore, this indirect bonding device is applied in the field of nuclear detection technology.

[0009] For example, CN 215642022 U (publication date: January 25, 2022) discloses a thin-film virtual image surface shape adjustment mechanism for a visual display system. This adjustment mechanism primarily adjusts the surface shape around the Mylar film without compressing it, ensuring the surface shape meets design requirements, thereby improving Mylar film utilization and expanding the imaging field of view of the thin-film off-axis virtual image display system. However, the adjustment applied by this mechanism does not involve the Mylar film itself.

[0010] A display system is also known from CN 110320666 A (publication date: October 11, 2019), which also relates to the field of virtual image integration for flight simulators. This display system includes an image generation unit, a projection unit, and an adjustment unit, and is configured to change the viewing distance between the eyebox and the virtual image. The adjustment unit is configured to adjust the brightness of the virtual image according to the viewing distance, but it does not involve specific installation processes, system integration, or debugging efficiency.

[0011] Therefore, it is still desirable in the art to propose an improved method for Mylar membrane installation, and it is expected that such a method can avoid or at least improve upon at least one of the aforementioned defects in the design, manufacturing and integration of existing Mylar membrane installation methods. Summary of the Invention

[0012] This invention is based on the aforementioned objective and aims to provide a method for installing Mylar membrane. In this method, the Mylar membrane does not need to be directly bonded to the substrate structure using adhesives, thus avoiding the drawback of traditional adhesive methods that prevent secondary adjustments.

[0013] The method for installing a Mylar membrane according to the present invention includes the following steps:

[0014] The polyurethane film is mounted onto the substrate structure such that the first side of the polyurethane film contacts the substrate structure.

[0015] The second side of the polyurethane film opposite to the first side is surface-treated; and

[0016] The Mylar film is attached to the second side of the polyurethane film.

[0017] Therefore, the method for installing the Mylar membrane according to the present invention uses a polyurethane film as an intermediate medium to indirectly connect the substrate structure and the Mylar membrane, avoiding the use of adhesives such as strong double-sided tape to directly paste the Mylar membrane onto the substrate structure. Thus, the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention allows the Mylar membrane to be peeled off from the polyurethane film as an intermediate medium when, for example, the installation position of the Mylar membrane needs to be adjusted, without resisting the adhesive force of the adhesive. This allows for secondary adjustments to the installation of the Mylar membrane until the installation is as expected, ensuring that its installation position is not offset, its surface is flat and free of bubbles, and the surfaces of the Mylar membrane and the polyurethane film are completely adhered.

[0018] Polyurethane, the material used to make polyurethane films, is an organic polymer material that is widely used in light industry, chemical industry, electronics, textiles, medical, construction, building materials, automobiles, defense, aerospace and aviation fields due to its excellent performance.

[0019] In applications, polyurethane materials possess excellent shear strength and impact resistance, along with high mechanical strength, strong oxidation stability, flexibility, and good resilience. It can adapt to bonding between substrates with different coefficients of thermal expansion and also exhibits excellent cushioning and shock absorption properties. Polyurethane can also be used for the installation of Mylar films in virtual image display systems for flight simulators.

[0020] Specifically, in the method of installing the Mylar membrane according to the present invention, no adhesive is applied between the Mylar membrane and the polyurethane film. This allows the Mylar membrane to be peeled off from the polyurethane film if the adhesion between the Mylar membrane and the polyurethane film needs to be adjusted, without resisting the adhesive force provided by the adhesive, thus reducing the risk of damage to the Mylar membrane that may occur during the adjustment of the position of the Mylar membrane.

[0021] In a non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the surface treatment of the polyurethane film is performed using an organic solvent to remove oil, dust, and / or moisture from the surface of the polyurethane film. Furthermore, the surface of Mylar films used in applications such as virtual image imaging is typically coated with metal particles, such as aluminum particles.

[0022] It has been confirmed that cured polyurethane contains urethane and urea bonds with high cohesive energy, exhibiting high reactivity and polarity, and demonstrating excellent chemical adhesion to Mylar films coated with metal particles. Therefore, after surface treatment of the polyurethane film, such as removing oil, dust, and / or moisture, suspended groups can aggregate on the bonding surface, thereby forming a bonding layer with high surface tension chemical bonds between the substrates.

[0023] Therefore, in the Mylar film mounting method according to the present invention, after the surface of the polyurethane film is treated, the Mylar film coated with metal particles is placed on the surface of the second side of the treated polyurethane film, and the Mylar film can be attached to the polyurethane film, and the Mylar film is firmly held on the polyurethane film by means of the bonding layer connected by the high surface tension chemical bonds.

[0024] Preferably, in the Mylar membrane installation method according to the invention, clamping elements such as metal pressure plates are not used, and the Mylar membrane is fastened to the substrate structure on which the polyurethane film is mounted by means of fasteners. Therefore, the number of components used in the Mylar membrane installation method according to the invention, particularly the number of metal pressure plates, is reduced. This correspondingly reduces the steps required for drilling holes in the substrate structure and for using fasteners to keep the clamping elements and the Mylar membrane attached to the substrate structure. This simplifies the Mylar membrane installation method, reduces the number of components used, improves the installation efficiency and integration efficiency of the Mylar membrane, and reduces design costs and design complexity.

[0025] In one embodiment of the Mylar membrane mounting method of the present invention, the substrate structure is a visual virtual image cavity structure for a flight simulator. Thus, the method according to the present invention achieves a secure bond between the Mylar membrane and the visual virtual image structure of the flight simulator without using adhesives such as double-sided tape between them.

[0026] In a non-limiting embodiment of the invention, the polyurethane film is bonded to the upper and lower edges of the substrate structure using an adhesive such as a high-strength structural adhesive. Here, the upper and lower edges of the substrate structure refer to the two edges of the substrate structure that are parallel to its length direction or extension direction.

[0027] To ensure effective adhesion of the Mylar film, in a preferred embodiment of the invention, the Mylar film is first pre-placed and unfolded on the substrate structure. The subsequent application of the Mylar film is performed from one end to the other along the longitudinal direction of the substrate structure, that is, along its length. During this process, to ensure that the Mylar film adheres as uniformly as possible to the polyurethane film already bonded to the substrate structure, the application of the Mylar film should be performed simultaneously along the length of the Mylar film relative to the upper and lower edges of the substrate structure.

[0028] In the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention, after the Mylar membrane is attached to the surface of the polyurethane film, the substrate structure to which the Mylar membrane is attached is left to stand, preferably for more than twelve hours. Then, a vacuum is applied to the Mylar membrane using a negative pressure device until the Mylar membrane reaches the standard depth.

[0029] To prevent the Mylar membrane from bursting during the vacuuming process, the negative pressure is applied in at least two stages.

[0030] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the invention, the negative pressure is applied in four stages. The first application evacuates the Mylar membrane to one-third of its designed depth. The second application evacuates the Mylar membrane to one-half of its designed depth. The third application evacuates the Mylar membrane to two-thirds of its designed depth. The final application evacuates the Mylar membrane to its full standard depth.

[0031] In a non-limiting embodiment of the present invention, after vacuuming the Mylar membrane, the substrate structure with the Mylar membrane attached is allowed to stand again, preferably for more than 24 hours. Then, the installation effect of the Mylar membrane is inspected. Inspection items include, for example, the depth of the Mylar membrane and its sealing performance.

[0032] In a preferred embodiment of the method according to the invention, when the test result does not meet the predetermined standard, the Mylar film is peeled off from the surface of the polyurethane film, and the above steps are repeated starting from the surface treatment of the polyurethane film until the test result of the Mylar film meets the predetermined value.

[0033] Therefore, this invention proposes a method for mounting a Mylar membrane using a polyurethane film as an intermediate medium, for integrating the Mylar membrane into a visual virtual image display system, such as that of a flight simulator. The Mylar membrane mounting method according to this invention effectively reduces the structural design difficulty and installation cost of the virtual image display system, avoids the drawbacks of adhesive methods that make secondary adjustments difficult, improves system integration and debugging efficiency, and offers higher fault tolerance during the Mylar membrane installation process.

[0034] The present invention also proposes a visual virtual image display system for a flight simulator, the display system comprising a visual virtual image cavity structure. A Mylar membrane, installed according to any of the above-described schemes, is provided on the claimed visual virtual image cavity structure.

[0035] The manufacturing method of this virtual image display system is relatively simple, with high production and integration efficiency, and the number of required parts is reduced, resulting in a high yield.

[0036] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, no metal pressure strip is used to hold and fix the Mylar film to the virtual image cavity structure in the claimed virtual image display system. Therefore, in the virtual image display system according to the present invention, since no metal pressure strip is used, the overall weight of the display system can be significantly reduced, and the load on the motion system can be reduced. Furthermore, since no metal pressure strip is used to hold the Mylar film in place, it is no longer necessary to drill holes in the virtual image cavity structure and use embedded parts to mate with the metal pressure strip. This further simplifies the manufacturing and integration process of the virtual image display system. Attached Figure Description

[0037] The above-described technical features, other features, and other advantages of the present invention will become apparent below from the description of embodiments intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0038] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating a method for installing a Mylar membrane according to an embodiment of the present invention; and

[0039] Figure 2 The diagram schematically illustrates a virtual cavity structure with a Mylar membrane installed according to the method of the present invention in a three-dimensional view.

[0040] List of reference numerals in the attached diagram:

[0041] E1 First end

[0042] E2 Second end

[0043] K1 upper edge

[0044] K2 lower edge

[0045] Steps 101-112. Detailed Implementation

[0046] Although the invention will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, those skilled in the art will understand that this specification is not intended to limit the invention to those exemplary embodiments. Rather, the invention is intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, and equivalents that may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

[0047] For ease of interpretation and precise definition in the appended claims, unless otherwise stated, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “inner,” and “outer” are used to describe the features with reference to their positions in the exemplary embodiments shown in the figures.

[0048] The installation method according to the present invention uses a polyurethane film made of polyurethane material as an intermediate medium to connect the visual virtual image cavity structure and the Mylar membrane.

[0049] Next, refer to Figure 1 and Figure 2 An embodiment of the myrmembrane installation method according to the present invention is illustrated.

[0050] Go to Figure 1 , Figure 1 The flowchart of this installation method is shown in the figure.

[0051] like Figure 1 As can be seen, in step 101, a Mylar membrane with a suitable shape and size is pre-cut according to the design data of the visual virtual image display system of the flight simulator, and a certain amount of operating allowance is left around the Mylar membrane.

[0052] In this case, the size of the operating allowance can be determined by the staff performing the pre-cutting based on experience.

[0053] Next, in step 102, the mirror cavity in the visual virtual image display system undergoes surface treatment according to methods known in the art. The methods used for this surface treatment are known in the art, and therefore will not be described in further detail here for clarity.

[0054] Next, in step 103, a polyurethane film is adhered to the surface-treated mirror cavity.

[0055] Specifically, the polyurethane film is bonded to the upper edge K1 and lower edge K2 of the virtual image cavity structure using high-strength structural adhesive. Thus, one side of the polyurethane film, for example, the first side, is attached to the virtual image cavity structure.

[0056] Next, in step 104, the Mylar membrane is pre-installed in the following manner: the Mylar membrane pre-cut in step 101 is placed on the visual virtual image cavity structure that has been pasted with polyurethane film, so that the Mylar membrane can unfold from the first end E1 of the visual virtual image cavity structure along the longitudinal direction, that is, the extension direction of the visual virtual image cavity structure, toward the second end E2.

[0057] Next, at step 105, the polyurethane film adhered to the virtual image cavity structure, especially its second surface opposite to the first surface, is surface treated so that it can form a firm bond with the Mylar film at step 106.

[0058] In this embodiment, the surface treatment of the polyurethane film is performed using an organic solvent in order to remove oil, dust, and moisture from the surface of the polyurethane film.

[0059] Next, in step 106, the Mylar membrane is attached to the surface-treated polyurethane film. The attachment of the Mylar membrane begins at the first end E1 of the virtual image cavity structure and is performed simultaneously at the upper edge K1 and lower edge K2 of the virtual image cavity structure, for example by two operators simultaneously, until the second end E2 of the virtual image cavity structure, which is opposite to the first end E1 in the longitudinal direction.

[0060] Here, the strong adhesion between the Mylar membrane and the surface-treated polyurethane film is a material fit formed by the high surface tension chemical bond between the surface-treated polyurethane film and the Mylar membrane as described above.

[0061] Here, the surface of the Mylar membrane is coated with metal particles, such as aluminum particles.

[0062] Furthermore, during the process of attaching the Mylar film to the polyurethane film in step 106, if the attachment of the Mylar film does not meet expectations and therefore adjustments to the installation of the Mylar film are required, the installer can directly peel the Mylar film off the polyurethane film and reinstall it, that is, reattach it, until the Mylar film is adjusted into place.

[0063] The Mylar membrane being properly adjusted means that the installation of the Mylar membrane meets the following conditions: its installation position is not offset, its surface is flat, there are no air bubbles, and it is completely adhered to the surface of the polyurethane film.

[0064] It has been confirmed that in this step, the peeling force required to peel the Mylar film from the surface of the polyurethane film is small, especially less than the peeling force required in the prior art to resist the adhesive force of the strong double-sided adhesive used to stick the Mylar film, and will not damage the Mylar film during the peeling process.

[0065] In step 107, the combined structure of the Mylar membrane-polyurethane film-visual virtual image cavity structure, which is formed by attaching the Mylar membrane to the polyurethane film, is allowed to stand for a first settling time.

[0066] Here, the first settling time is selected by the installer according to methods known in the art or based on their experience. In this embodiment, the first settling time is 12 hours.

[0067] After the specified first settling time, in step 108, a vacuum is drawn by applying negative pressure to the combined structure of the Mylar membrane-polyurethane film-visual virtual image cavity structure using a negative pressure device.

[0068] Preferably, the negative pressure applied to the composite structure is performed in multiple stages to avoid the Mylar membrane bursting.

[0069] In this embodiment, the vacuuming of the combined structure is carried out in four progressive steps and continues until the Mylar membrane reaches the standard depth.

[0070] Specifically, in this embodiment, the vacuuming step 108 is divided into four sub-steps 108-1 to 108-4. During each sub-step, after vacuuming, the depth reached by the mirror needs to be measured. The measurement is usually performed using a ruler with rounded corners at one end.

[0071] Sub-step: 108-1 Perform the first vacuuming of the combined structure to 1 / 3 of the design depth;

[0072] Sub-step: 108-2 Perform a second vacuuming of the combined structure to 1 / 2 of the design depth;

[0073] Sub-step: 108-3 Perform a third vacuuming of the composite structure to 2 / 3 of the design depth; and

[0074] Sub-step: 108-4 Perform a fourth vacuuming of the combined structure to the complete design depth.

[0075] After the vacuuming step 108, the vacuumed Mylar membrane-polyurethane film-visual virtual image cavity structure is allowed to stand again in step 109. This standing period includes a second settling time. In this embodiment, the second settling time is at least 24 hours.

[0076] After step 109, which involves a second settling period, the Mylar membrane is tested at step 110.

[0077] In step 110, the detection items include parameters that can be used to characterize the state of the imaging mirror, such as the airtightness of the Mylar membrane and the depth data of the Mylar membrane.

[0078] The above-mentioned test in step 110 is manually measured and inspected by the Mylar membrane installers using tools.

[0079] If the test results are unsatisfactory, for example, if the actual measured depth of the Mylar membrane does not reach the predetermined target depth, or if the airtightness of the Mylar membrane does not meet the standard, the Mylar membrane will need to be reinstalled.

[0080] To address this, the process restarts from step 105. The Mylar membrane is peeled off, and the surface of the polyurethane film with the Mylar membrane removed is treated again using, for example, an organic solvent. The Mylar membrane is then reattached to the surface of the polyurethane film in step 106. This is followed by steps 107 (resting), 108 (vacuuming), and 109 (resting), before proceeding to step 110 for testing. If the actual measured depth of the Mylar membrane still does not reach the target depth, or if the airtightness of the Mylar membrane is still unsatisfactory, steps 105 to 110 must be repeated until the parameters or values ​​characterizing the installation effect of the Mylar membrane detected in step 110 reach the predetermined target parameters or values.

[0081] If the test result at step 110 is qualified, that is, the imaging mirror is in normal condition, then after the imaging mirror is stable, the excess material is trimmed at step 111, which is mainly the excess material left when the Mylar film is pre-cut at step 101.

[0082] Finally, in step 112, the end face of the Mylar membrane-polyurethane film-visual virtual image cavity structure is processed and fixed.

[0083] Thus, the installation of the Mylar membrane onto the substrate structure, namely the virtual image cavity structure, according to the installation method of the present invention is completed.

[0084] Therefore, the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention uses a polyurethane film as an intermediate medium material to connect the visual virtual image cavity structure for flight simulators and the Mylar membrane, without using the prior art method of directly applying adhesive to install the Mylar membrane to the visual virtual image cavity structure. The Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention thus simplifies the specific installation method compared to the prior art.

[0085] Furthermore, in the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention, the bonding position of the Mylar membrane and the polyurethane film can be repeatedly adjusted without damaging the Mylar membrane, avoiding the disadvantage of the traditional adhesive bonding method that cannot perform secondary adjustments to the Mylar membrane.

[0086] Additionally, as mentioned above, it has been demonstrated that the peeling force required to peel the Mylar membrane from the polyurethane film for, for example, adjustment is small, and therefore, the Mylar membrane installation method according to the invention is easy to operate.

[0087] Specifically, in the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention, the Mylar membrane can be firmly bonded to the polyurethane membrane by surface treatment of the polyurethane film, eliminating the need to use the metal pressure strip plate mentioned at the beginning of this application to reinforce the Mylar membrane. This allows the installation method according to the present invention to reduce the number of metal pressure strips used, thereby significantly reducing the load-bearing weight of the motion system and thus reducing the weight of the entire flight simulator platform.

[0088] Additionally, it has been demonstrated that, under the Mylar film installation method according to the invention, the adhesion between the Mylar film and the polyurethane film becomes stronger over time, thereby enabling the Mylar film to be firmly held on the polyurethane film without the need for metal pressure plates and fasteners, while still retaining the advantage of the lower peeling force required to peel the Mylar film from the polyurethane film as described above.

[0089] Furthermore, in the Mylar membrane installation method according to the present invention, since metal pressure plates are no longer used, openings in the visual virtual image structure can be reduced, thereby reducing the use of embedded parts. This can reduce the design and manufacturing costs of the entire structure and improve the efficiency of integration and commissioning.

[0090] Furthermore, the Mylar membrane installed according to the Mylar membrane installation method of the present invention has excellent sealing performance.

[0091] Within the scope of this invention, various embodiments can be freely combined.

Claims

1. A method for installing a Mylar membrane, characterized in that, The method includes the following steps: A polyurethane film is mounted onto a substrate structure such that a first side of the polyurethane film contacts the substrate structure. The second side of the polyurethane film opposite to the first side is surface-treated with an organic solvent to remove oil, dust, and / or moisture from the surface of the polyurethane film. A Mylar film is attached to the second side of the polyurethane film, wherein the Mylar film is held on the polyurethane film by surface tension chemical bonds between the Mylar film and the second side of the polyurethane film, wherein the Mylar film is for visual virtual images and its surface is coated with metal particles, and When it is necessary to adjust the installation position of the Mylar membrane, the Mylar membrane is peeled off from the polyurethane film, the polyurethane film is re-surfaced, and the Mylar membrane is reattached.

2. The method as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The attachment of the Mylar membrane is carried out longitudinally from the first end (E1) to the second end (E2) of the substrate structure, and is performed simultaneously at the upper edge (K1) and the lower edge (K2) of the substrate structure.

3. The method as described in claim 2, characterized in that, The substrate structure is a visual virtual image cavity structure used in flight simulators.

4. The method as described in claim 3, characterized in that, The method further includes applying a negative pressure to the Mylar membrane to create a vacuum after attaching the Mylar membrane to the second side of the polyurethane film, the negative pressure being applied at least twice.

5. The method as described in claim 4, characterized in that, The negative pressure is applied in four stages. The first stage of applying negative pressure evacuates the vacuum to one-third of the design depth. The second stage of applying negative pressure evacuates the vacuum to one-half of the design depth. The third stage of applying negative pressure evacuates the vacuum to two-thirds of the design depth. The fourth stage of applying negative pressure evacuates the vacuum to the standard depth.

6. The method as described in claim 4 or 5, characterized in that, After the vacuuming process, the depth and sealing performance of the Mylar membrane are inspected.

7. The method as described in claim 6, characterized in that, If the test results do not meet expectations, the Mylar membrane is peeled off from the polyurethane film, the polyurethane film is re-treated, and the Mylar membrane is reattached.

8. A visual virtual image display system for a flight simulator, characterized in that, The display system has a virtual image cavity structure, and the virtual image cavity structure is fitted with a Mylar film according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. The display system according to claim 8, characterized in that, The visual virtual image cavity structure does not use metal pressure plates to reinforce the Mylar membrane.

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