Male tree cultivation method for increasing comprehensive output value of kiwi fruit orchard

Abstract

The invention discloses a male tree cultivation method for increasing the comprehensive output value of a kiwi fruit orchard, and kiwi fruit male plants are in a determinant form, namely in a straight male tree mode, the kiwi fruit male plants form a form that a trunk is provided with a plurality of main vines arranged on the two sides of the trunk; when the branches can be put on the rack, the main vines and the flowering branches are fixed on steel wires which are parallel to the male plant rows and are arranged in parallel on the longitudinal plane, a one-trunk multi-vine wall surface type model is formed, and the wall surface is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants and is distributed above and below the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants. According to the method, the occupied area of the male plants is effectively reduced, the fruiting space of the female plants is widened, and compared with a traditional mode that female flowers and male flowers are located on the same horizontal plane, the pollinated male plants form a flower wall perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants, so that the natural pollination efficiency of the kiwi fruits can be remarkably improved, and the quality and yield of the kiwi fruits are improved; and the comprehensive output value of the kiwi fruit orchard is further improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of kiwifruit cultivation, and particularly relates to a male tree cultivation method for improving the comprehensive output value of a kiwifruit orchard. Background Art

[0002] Kiwifruit is a perennial deciduous vine fruit tree of the Actinidia family and the Actinidia genus. The genus has 54 species, 21 varieties, and a total of 75 taxonomic units. China is the birthplace of kiwifruit plants, and most kiwifruit species are unique to my country. Not only are the types of resources rich, but the natural distribution range is also wide, from the cold temperate zone in the north to the equator in the south, there are extremely rich kiwifruit resources. At present, the species used for commercial cultivation are mainly a few taxonomic units such as Chinese kiwifruit, delicious kiwifruit, soft-fleshed kiwifruit, and hairy kiwifruit. Kiwifruit has a unique flavor and is rich in vitamins, proteins, fats, amino acids, minerals and other nutrients, especially vitamin C, which is extremely rich, and is truly the "King of Vitamin C". Therefore, kiwifruit has developed from a wild fruit in the mountains of China to a global fruit industry in just over a hundred years. China is the world's largest producer and consumer of kiwifruit, and more than 20 provinces in the country are developing the kiwifruit industry.

[0003] Kiwifruit is a dioecious plant. Fruit can only be produced after the male plant pollinates the female plant. The number of fruits and the quality of the fruits are closely related to the efficiency and intensity of pollination. Therefore, male and female plants must be planted together in production, and then supplemented with artificial pollination to achieve good fruit setting and ensure the yield. Male plants only play a major role during pollination, so it is not advisable to plant too many of them to occupy the fruiting area. The traditional way of matching male and female plants is the "plum blossom style", that is, according to the male-female ratio (5-8):1, with 1 male plant as the center and 5-8 female plants around. This method is often supplemented with artificial pollination due to the small number of male plants and low pollination efficiency, and the cost is high. In addition, the "determinant" male plant matching mode is adopted, that is, according to the male-female ratio of 1:1 or 2:1, 1 row of male plants is matched with 1-2 rows of female plants, also known as the "straight male tree" mode. This mode improves the pollination efficiency, but greatly increases the area occupied by male plants, and the fruiting area is limited.

[0004] Whether it is the "plum blossom" or "determinant" male plant matching pattern, no attention is paid to the shaping and cultivation of male plants. Generally, male plants are allowed to grow naturally without tying branches, or the side branches are tied into feathers in accordance with the "one trunk and two vines" shape of female plants. Under the current model, the male flowers of male plants and the female flowers of female plants are on the same horizontal plane, with poor ventilation, which is not conducive to wind and insect pollination, and the pollination efficiency on rainy days is greatly reduced. Therefore, developing a method that occupies less land resources and improves the pollination efficiency of kiwifruit is of great significance to improving the production efficiency of kiwifruit.

[0005] In order to reduce the floor space and growth space of male plants under the straight male tree model, Tu Meiyan et al. announced a configuration method for male and female kiwifruit plants (CN105940909A), planting two rows of male plants on both sides of the production park, which can improve pollination efficiency and yield compared to the "plum blossom" male plant layout. However, this scheme does not take into account the cultivation of tree type, and this configuration method is not as uniform as the "plum blossom" layout for pollination, especially the pollination rate in the central area of ​​the park is low, the fruit quality is uneven, and the pollination efficiency is greatly reduced when the weather is bad. In other monoecious fruit trees, the use of "hedge wall" tree type can improve the yield and quality of the fruit, such as the "comb-shaped hedge wall shape" (CN107278786A) tree shape and "four-arm fence shape" (CN107371855A) tree shape in pear trees. These inventions affect the quality and yield of fruit by changing the shape of the fruit-bearing tree. Among dioecious fruit trees, such as kiwi, bayberry, and mulberry, male pollination trees are required for production. Many inventions related to tree cultivation are for fruit-bearing trees, but there are few reports on innovations that promote the development of the fruit industry by cultivating male tree types to improve natural pollination. How to improve the layout and shape of male kiwifruit trees to balance the increase in yield per unit area and the improvement of fruit quality, while further developing the economic value of male trees, is extremely important for the high-quality development of the kiwifruit industry. Summary of the invention

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is to overcome the defects of the prior art and provide a male tree cultivation method for improving the comprehensive output value of a kiwifruit orchard. The male kiwifruit plants are formed into a wall-like shape with one trunk and multiple vines, and the wall is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants. This method effectively reduces the area occupied by the male plants and expands the fruiting space of the female plants. Compared with the traditional female flowers and male flowers being on the same horizontal plane, the pollinated male plants form a flower wall perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants, which can significantly improve the natural pollination efficiency of kiwifruit, thereby improving the quality and yield of kiwifruit. At the same time, the surplus male flowers are collected to prepare commercial pollen, which further improves the comprehensive output value of the kiwifruit orchard.

[0007] In order to achieve the above object, the present invention adopts the following technical solution:

[0008] A method for cultivating male trees for improving the comprehensive output value of a kiwifruit orchard: the male kiwifruit trees are formed into a wall-like shape with one trunk and multiple vines, and the wall is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants. The method for cultivating male kiwifruit trees comprises the following steps:

[0009] Step 1: Plant male and female plants in a straight male tree pattern, with a male-female row ratio of 1:1 or 2:1;

[0010] Step 2: The male plants form a main trunk with multiple main vines arranged on both sides of the trunk. When the branches can be put on the shelves, fix the main vines and flowering branches on steel wires that are parallel to the rows of male plants and arranged in parallel in the longitudinal plane, forming a one-trunk and multiple-vine wall-like shape. The wall is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants and is distributed above and below the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants.

[0011] Preferably, the width of the female plant row is 4-5 meters, the width of the male plant row is 1-1.5 meters, the ratio of male to female rows is 1:1, and the male and female plant rows are planted alternately.

[0012] Preferably, the angle between the main vine of the male plant and the horizontal steel wire is controlled at 30-45°.

[0013] Preferably, the main vine of the male plant retains a flowering branch every 30-40 cm.

[0014] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:

[0015] 1. The method of the present invention is the first to improve the pollination efficiency and effect of the entire orchard by changing the shape of the pollinated male plant in the production of dioecious fruit trees, thereby improving the overall yield and quality of the kiwifruit orchard;

[0016] 2. Compared with the traditional "straight male tree" model, the method of the present invention shapes the male plant into a "one-trunk and multi-vine wall-like" shape, forming a vertical flat growth space, greatly reducing the male plant space share, greatly increasing the fruiting area of ​​the female plant, and significantly improving the overall yield;

[0017] 3. In the method of the present invention, the pollinated male plants form a longitudinal flower wall perpendicular to the fruiting plane of the female plants. Compared with the traditional method of placing the female flowers and male flowers on the same horizontal plane, the air around the male flowers is more circulated and insects are easier to identify, which greatly improves the efficiency of wind pollination and insect pollination and reduces the cost of artificial pollination;

[0018] 4. The "one trunk and multiple vines wall-type" male plant shape of the present invention makes the pollinated male flowers distributed on the upper and lower sides of the female flowers, which is more three-dimensional and more sufficient than traditional natural pollination, and has a better pollination effect even on rainy days;

[0019] 5. The present invention can not only improve the natural pollination efficiency of kiwifruit, but also increase the yield of male flowers of kiwifruit. Male flowers can be picked for commercial pollen production without affecting natural pollination, thereby further increasing the comprehensive output value of the orchard. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Figure 1 Schematic diagram of the "one trunk and multiple vines wall style" shape of the male kiwi fruit pollination plant. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0021] The technical solution of the present invention is further described in detail below in conjunction with the embodiments, but the protection scope of the present invention is not limited thereto.

[0022] 1. Support frame preparation and planting distance

[0023] like Figure 1 As shown, the steel frame used is a square steel frame, the height of the steel frame structure of the female plant row is 1.8m, that is, the fruiting level is 1.8m above the ground; the height of the steel frame structure above the ground of the male plant row of the "one trunk and multiple vines wall type" is 3 meters, that is, 1.2m above the fruiting level. The first fixed steel wire is inserted horizontally at 60cm above the ground of the male plant row support frame of the "one trunk and multiple vines wall type", and a steel wire is added every 60cm upwards to form a longitudinal surface, that is, the main body height of the entire longitudinal surface is 2.4m, 1.2m below the fruiting level, and 1.2m above the fruiting level.

[0024] The male plant matching mode of "determinant" is adopted, and the ratio of male to female is 1:1, that is, 1 row of male plants is matched with 1 row of female plants. The width of the female plant row is 4m, and the width of the male plant row is 1m, that is, the female plant row is 5m away from the adjacent female plant row, and a male plant row with a width of 1m is inserted in the middle. The rest of the garden construction work is carried out in accordance with the standard "DB4203 / T189-2020".

[0025] 2. Planting of seedlings and tree type cultivation

[0026] Select robust and virus-free seedlings for planting, and refer to the standard "DB4203 / T226-2023" for the production and management of female plants. After the male plants are planted, focus on cultivating the main trunk. First, make the main trunk grow quickly and put it on the shelf. After the height of the main trunk of the seedling reaches 3m, focus on the selection and cultivation of the main vines on the left and right sides, so that the main vines on one side are 70-80cm apart. After the main vines are fully grown, fix the side branches on the steel wire according to certain spatial arrangement rules to form a longitudinal side branch wall, and then focus on cultivating side branches (flowering branches). After the flowering branches are formed, appropriate pruning and tying branches are carried out according to the principle of filling in the gaps to form a "one trunk and multiple vines wall" shape. The specific cultivation measures are as follows:

[0027] The first year: cultivate the formation of the main trunk. In January and February, after the planting is completed, 2-3 buds are retained by pruning for spring germination; in March and April, buds begin to sprout, and after the buds are fully unfolded, the strongest bud is retained by wiping the buds to develop into the main trunk; in May and June, the main trunk enters a rapid growth period, and the main trunk is guided to stretch upward by binding with bamboo poles, and the main trunk is protected from breaking easily; in July-September, after the height of the main trunk reaches the preset height of 3m for the male plant row, the apical dominance is weakened by pruning and other means to ensure the development of the main trunk; in October-December, the main trunk is fully developed, accumulating energy for germination in the second year. It should be noted that the plastic film at the grafting point should be completely removed in the first year to avoid restricting the development of branches and trunks. It can generally be removed during planting.

[0028] Second year: Cultivate the formation of the main vine. In January and February, the main trunk is slightly pruned and fixed to the steel wire on the longitudinal surface with a branch tie; in March and April, buds begin to sprout. After the buds are fully unfolded, strong buds are retained on both sides of the main trunk by wiping buds from 60-80 cm above the ground to develop into main vines. The distance between the main vines on one side is 70-80 cm; in May and June, the main vine enters a rapid growth period, and the main vine branches are controlled to grow vigorously by pinching the tips to ensure that the length is 1.0-1.5m; in July-September, the main vine grows strong and is fixed to the steel wire, and the angle between the main vine and the horizontal steel wire is controlled at 30-45°; in October-December, the main vine is fully developed, accumulating energy for the sprouting of flowering branches the following year.

[0029] The third year: cultivate the formation of side branches (flowering branches) and enter the mature tree management period. From January to March, maintain the shape of one trunk and multiple vines. After entering the budding period, only keep the buds on the main vine. Keep a bud every 20-30cm on the main vine to form a flowering branch. Fix the flowering branch on the wire to form a "one trunk and multiple vines wall-like" shape; from April to May, during the kiwifruit pollination period, in the early stage of rapid growth after the flower buds and leaves, control the vigorous growth of flowering branches by pinching the tips, etc., one is to accumulate nutrients for the development of flowers, and the other is to control the length of flowering branches. When entering the flowering and pollination period, form a "one trunk and multiple vines wall-like" male plant shape. After the pollination is completed, annual management is carried out according to the adult pollination male tree.

[0030] 3. Annual management of pollination male trees

[0031] 1. Pruning

[0032] In the third year, the male plants enter adulthood. The main pruning time of the year is 1-2 weeks after the male plants bloom. First, the flowering branches should be cut back to the main vine to ensure that the flowering branches will still grow near the main vine next year; second, in summer and autumn, the excess nutrient branches should be removed or their growth weakened in time; in winter, there is generally no pruning, but the pruning can be slightly adjusted according to the tree structure, and the diseased branches should be removed. All pruning should be disinfected while pruning.

[0033] 2. Fertilizer and water management

[0034] For the newly planted young trees, fertilizer should be applied 20 cm away from the main trunk in the first two years, starting from before budding to the end of September, and applied every 20 days to ensure the growth of the main trunk. During the budding, leafing and new shoot vigorous period, nitrogen fertilizer or high-nitrogen compound fertilizer should be used mainly to promote growth. In the later period, nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium balanced fertilizer or high-potassium compound fertilizer should be used mainly to promote the aging of branches. Note that water should be applied after each fertilization, or before a light rain. After the third year, fertilization should be applied according to the standard for adult male trees. After the male plants finish flowering and before pruning, large amounts of fertilizer and water are needed to replenish nutrients and grow branches rapidly. In winter and spring and before flowering, less fertilizer or water should be applied.

[0035] 3. Pest and disease control

[0036] Pest and disease control runs through the entire growth cycle. Regardless of whether the tree is old or young, fungicides and insecticides are sprayed once before the tree sprouts and before flowering. Daily control is mainly based on agricultural and physical prevention and control, supplemented by the use of chemical agents, and scientific prevention and control is carried out in real time according to the occurrence of pests and diseases.

[0037] Actinidia chinensis female cultivar “Wudang 1” and male cultivar “Wudang Xiong 1” were used as the actual implementation varieties for actual measurement (44m×15m plot), and the advantages and disadvantages of the “one trunk and multiple vines wall-like” male plant shape and the traditional “straight male tree” shape, fruit setting rate, single fruit quality and output value were compared. The results are shown in Tables 1, 2 and 3.

[0038] Table 1 Comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-like" male tree shape and the traditional "straight male tree" shape under the condition of a 1:1 male-female ratio

[0039] index Traditional straight tree shape One trunk and multiple vines wall style Change ratio Width of male plant per row 4m 1m -75％ Ratio of male to female trees 1:01 1:01 0 Ratio of area occupied by male and female trees 1:01 4:01 233％ Result area <![CDATA[360m 2 ]]> <![CDATA[540m 2 ]]> 50％

[0040] Table 2 Effects of “one trunk and multiple vines wall-like” male plant modeling on fruit setting rate and single fruit quality

[0041]

[0042] Table 3 Comparison of comprehensive output value per mu

[0043]

[0044] Table 1 compares the advantages and disadvantages of the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-style" male plant shape and the traditional "straight male tree" shape. The traditional "straight male tree" shape has a single row of male plants with a width of 4m, while the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-style" male plant shape described in the present invention has a width of 1m, which is 75% less than the same period last year. When the number of male and female trees (number of rows) of the two is the same and the male-female ratio is 1:1, in a 44m wide park, there are a total of 11 rows of trees in the traditional "straight male tree" mode, including 5 rows of male trees and 6 rows of female trees, and the male-female tree area ratio is 6:5; while in the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-style" male plant mode, the same park can achieve a male-female tree area ratio of 4:1, an increase of 233% year-on-year. The resulting area increased by 50% year-on-year. At the same time, the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-type" male plant increased the fruit setting rate by 15.85%, the average single fruit weight by 19.71%, the per-acre yield by 79.55%, and the soluble solid content, seed number and thousand-grain weight were all increased, further improving the comprehensive output of the orchard. In addition, the "one trunk and multiple vines wall-type" male plant model greatly increased the number of male flowers. In addition to natural pollination, the excess male flowers can produce commercial pollen. Through actual measurement, every 0.5kg of fresh flowers can produce 2.3g of pure pollen. Calculated at the market price of 150 yuan per 10g, under the condition of ensuring sufficient natural pollination in the orchard, the pollen value-added per mu can reach more than 3,000 yuan (50kg of fresh flowers, 230g of pollen), and the comprehensive output value of the kiwifruit orchard has been greatly improved. Table 3 shows that the comprehensive output value per mu has increased by 88.66%.

Claims

1. A method for cultivating male trees for improving the comprehensive output value of a kiwifruit orchard, characterized in that: The male kiwifruit trees form a wall-like shape with one trunk and multiple vines, wherein the wall is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants. The method for cultivating male kiwifruit trees comprises the following steps: Step 1: Plant male and female plants in a straight male tree pattern, with a male-female row ratio of 1:1 or 2:1; Step 2: The male plants form a main trunk with multiple main vines arranged on both sides of the trunk. When the branches can be put on the shelves, fix the main vines and flowering branches on steel wires that are parallel to the rows of male plants and arranged in parallel in the longitudinal plane, forming a one-trunk and multiple-vine wall-like shape. The wall is perpendicular to the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants and is distributed above and below the fruiting horizontal plane of the female plants.

2. The method according to claim 1, characterized in that The width of the female plant row is 4-5 meters, and the width of the male plant row is 1-1.5 meters. The ratio of male and female rows is 1:1, and male and female plant rows are planted alternately.

3. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The angle between the main vine of the male plant and the horizontal steel wire is controlled at 30-45°.

4. The method according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that: The main vine of the male plant retains a flowering branch every 30-40 cm.

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