Suspended bed hydrogenation reactor and suspended bed hydrogenation reaction device

Abstract

The invention provides a suspended bed hydrogenation reactor which comprises a box body, a hollow pipe which penetrates through the box body and is rotatably connected with the box body is arranged in the box body, the outer wall of the hollow pipe is fixedly connected with two L-shaped hollow rods communicated with the hollow pipe, and the outer wall of each L-shaped hollow rod is fixedly connected with a plurality of stirring rods; a plurality of through holes are formed in each L-shaped hollow rod in a penetrating manner; and the box body is fixedly connected with a product discharge port communicated with the box body. Raw oil and hydrogen discharged through a plurality of through holes are subjected to contact reaction, and materials are stirred in combination with rotation of a hollow pipe, an L-shaped hollow rod and a stirring rod, so that the hydrogen is in full contact with the materials, and the reaction effect is good; through rotation of the hollow pipe and cooperation of the hollow pipe and the reciprocating screw rod, the reciprocating screw rod, the L-shaped hollow rod and the stirring rod can move up and down while rotating, the contact effect of materials and hydrogen is better, the reaction is more sufficient, the effect and quality of hydrogenation reaction of raw oil are remarkably improved, and the production efficiency is improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a hydrogenation reaction system, and particularly to a slurry bed hydrogenation reactor and a slurry bed hydrogenation reaction device. Background Art

[0002] Slurry bed hydrogenation reaction refers to a process in which under high temperature and conditions without the participation of air or oxygen, and in the presence of a large amount of hydrogen only, the C-C bonds in alkane molecules are broken by heat, and larger molecules are transformed into smaller molecules. The main components of petroleum are carbon and hydrogen, and hydrocarbons are also simply referred to as "hydrocarbons". Therefore, the slurry bed hydrogenation reactor is a process of hydrocarbon conversion in oil processing, and it mainly realizes the transformation of long-chain hydrocarbons into short-chain hydrocarbons. Slurry bed hydrogenation is to make hydrogen, feedstock oil and catalyst fully contact, and under the action of the catalyst, remove heteroelements, saturate unsaturated hydrocarbons, and form new chemical bonds.

[0003] The slurry bed hydrogenation process is one of the ideal methods for realizing the lightening of heavy oil. Its process is generally that a dispersed catalyst is uniformly mixed with the feedstock oil to form a slurry, and then the slurry and high-pressure hydrogen enter the slurry bed reactor together to carry out catalytic hydrogenation and cracking reactions under hydrogenation conditions, and finally light oils such as naphtha and light oil are obtained.

[0004] In the process of lightening inferior and heavy oils, the slurry bed hydrogenation technology has become an important research direction due to its advantages such as simple process and high conversion rate; the slurry bed hydrogenation technology uses solid powder catalysts or homogeneous catalysts, but due to high reaction temperature and high conversion rate (generally greater than 90%), the reaction process is prone to coking and difficult to operate stably for a long period. At the same time, the hydrogenation function is relatively weak and the product quality is poor; at present, there is no commercial device for the slurry bed hydrogenation technology, and the main reason restricting its large-scale industrial application is that it cannot operate stably for a long period.

[0005] Chinese Patent Document CN2609929Y discloses a soaking type slurry bed hydrogenation reactor, in which heat exchange internal components are arranged in the reactor to keep the temperature in the reactor uniform and reduce coking caused by local hot spots; although this technology adopts a method of reducing hot spots and can reduce the occurrence of coking inside the reactor, the design is complex and it is not suitable for solving the coking problem of the hydrogenated residue oil at the reactor outlet.

[0006] Chinese Patent Document CN104388117A discloses a method for producing high-quality fuel oil by heavy oil hydrocracking. In this method, heavy oil is mixed with a slurry bed hydrocracking catalyst and hydrogen and then enters a slurry bed hydrocracking reactor. The operating pressure of the slurry bed hydrocracking reactor is 12 - 20 MPa, the temperature is 400 - 500 °C, the hydrogen-oil volume ratio is 500 - 1500, the catalyst addition amount is 0 - 3.0% (by weight of the feedstock oil), and the space velocity is 0.3 - 1.0 h -1This technology performs fixed-bed hydrocracking, refining, and upgrading treatments on the light components in the suspension-bed hydrogenation products again. Although high-quality light oil can be obtained finally, this technology still has deficiencies: After the heavy oil and the suspension-bed hydrocracking catalyst are simply mixed, they are sent into the suspension-bed hydrocracking reactor. If the catalyst density is large, it is easy to precipitate at the bottom of the container, while if the catalyst density is small, it is easy to float on the surface of the oil phase to form a capsule. Both of these situations will affect the solid-liquid mixing effect, thereby affecting the suspension-bed hydrogenation performance, and ultimately resulting in a low yield of light oil products.

[0007] In summary, the catalytic reaction effect of the existing suspension-bed hydrogenation reaction device is poor, and a systematic hydrogenation catalytic reaction treatment system has not been formed. Summary of the Invention

[0008] In view of the deficiencies of the above-mentioned existing technologies, the present invention provides a suspension-bed hydrogenation reactor, which improves the effect and quality of the hydrogenation reaction of the feedstock oil and improves the production efficiency.

[0009] To achieve the above object, the present invention provides a suspension-bed hydrogenation reactor, including a box body. A feeding hopper and a vacuum hopper are provided at the top of the box body. A hollow tube that penetrates through the box body and is rotatably connected to the box body is provided inside the box body. Two L-shaped hollow rods communicated with the hollow tube are fixedly connected to the outer wall of the hollow tube. A plurality of stirring rods are fixedly connected to the outer wall of each L-shaped hollow rod. A plurality of through holes are provided through each L-shaped hollow rod. The box body is fixedly connected with a product discharge port communicated with it.

[0010] In some embodiments, the plurality of stirring rods and the plurality of through holes are both equidistantly distributed.

[0011] In some embodiments, a motor is fixedly connected to the box body. A driving gear is fixedly connected to the end of the output shaft of the motor. The driving gear meshes with a driven gear. The hollow tube is provided through the driven gear and is fixedly connected to it.

[0012] In some embodiments, a support plate is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the box body. A reciprocating lead screw is fixedly connected to the top of the support plate. The hollow tube is sleeved on the outer wall of the reciprocating lead screw.

[0013] The present invention also provides a suspension-bed hydrogenation reaction device, and the suspension-bed hydrogenation reaction device includes:

[0014] A first suspension-bed hydrogenation reactor and a second suspension-bed hydrogenation reactor that are interconnected;

[0015] A thermally high-pressure separator and a cold low-pressure separator that are interconnected. The thermally high-pressure separator is connected to the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor, and the cold low-pressure separator is connected to a centrifuge;

[0016] An atmospheric fractionating column and a vacuum fractionating column that are interconnected. The centrifuge is connected to the atmospheric fractionating column;

[0017] The ebullated bed hydrogenation reaction device further includes a first catalyst feeding device and a hydrogenation compressor connected thereto. The first catalyst feeding device and the hydrogenation compressor are connected to the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor;

[0018] The ebullated bed hydrogenation reaction device further includes a second catalyst feeding device, and the second catalyst feeding device is connected to the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor;

[0019] Wherein, the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor is the above-mentioned ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor.

[0020] In some embodiments, the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor is the same as the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor, or a conventional ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor in the industry can be used.

[0021] In some embodiments, both the first catalyst feeding device and the second catalyst feeding device are composed of a feeding pump and a feeding tank.

[0022] In some embodiments, a pressure gauge and a gas flowmeter are installed on the outlet pipe of the hydrogenation compressor.

[0023] In some embodiments, gas flowmeters are installed on the outlet pipes of the thermally high-pressure separator and the cold low-pressure separator.

[0024] In some embodiments, a gas flowmeter is installed on the outlet pipe of the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor, and a temperature sensor is installed on the outlet pipe of the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor.

[0025] In some embodiments, feeding pipes, hydrogenation pipes, and vacuum pipes are respectively connected to the outer shells of the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor and the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor.

[0026] In some embodiments, product discharge pipes are further provided on the side walls of the outer shells of the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor and the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor.

[0027] In some embodiments, valves for controlling opening and closing or regulating the material flow rate are provided on the feeding pipes, hydrogenation pipes, vacuum pipes, and product discharge pipes.

[0028] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0029] 1. The suspended bed hydrogenation reactor provided by the present invention enables the raw material oil to contact and react with hydrogen discharged through multiple through-holes, and stirs the materials by the rotation of the hollow tube, L-shaped hollow rod and stirring rod, so that the hydrogen contacts the materials sufficiently and the reaction effect is good; through the rotation of the hollow tube and the cooperation with the reciprocating screw rod, the reciprocating screw rod, L-shaped hollow rod and stirring rod can rotate and move up and down at the same time, making the contact effect between the materials and hydrogen better and the reaction more sufficient. The suspended bed hydrogenation reactor for light oil products provided by the present invention can significantly reduce or even avoid coking of the reactor and the residue oil after hydrogenation at the reactor outlet, and at the same time improve the yield of light oil products, thereby improving the effect and quality of the hydrogenation reaction of the raw material oil.

[0030] 2. The suspended bed hydrogenation reaction device provided by the present invention constitutes a complete hydrogenation catalytic reaction treatment system for raw material oil by subjecting the raw material oil to full reaction through two-stage hydrogenation catalysis and then treating the reaction product through a separator and a fractionating tower to meet the production needs, further improving the effect and quality of the hydrogenation reaction of the raw material oil and improving the production efficiency. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention, the following will briefly introduce the drawings required for use in the embodiments. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and those of ordinary skill in the art can obtain other drawings based on these drawings without creative efforts.

[0032] Figure 1 It is a schematic structural diagram of a suspended bed hydrogenation reactor provided by the present invention;

[0033] Figure 2 It is a schematic structural diagram of a suspended bed hydrogenation reaction device provided by the present invention.

[0034] In the figure: 1. The first suspended bed hydrogenation reactor; 2. The second suspended bed hydrogenation reactor; 3. The hot high-pressure separator; 4. The cold low-pressure separator; 5. The centrifuge; 6. The atmospheric fractionating tower; 7. The vacuum fractionating tower; 8. The first catalyst feeding device; 9. The hydrogenation compressor; 10. The second catalyst feeding device; 1-1. The box body; 1-2. The feeding hopper; 1-3. The vacuum hopper; 1-4. The motor; 1-5. The driving gear; 1-6. The driven gear; 1-7. The hollow tube; 1-8. The rotary joint; 1-9. The connecting pipe; 1-10. The L-shaped hollow rod; 1-11. The stirring rod; 1-12. The through-hole; 1-13. The support plate; 1-14. The reciprocating screw rod; 1-15. The product discharge port. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS

[0035] The technical solution of the present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments to further understand the purpose, solution and efficacy of the present invention, but it is not intended to limit the scope of protection of the appended claims of the present invention.

[0036] In the description of the specification and subsequent claims, certain terms are used to refer to specific components or parts. Those of ordinary skill in the art should understand that technology users or manufacturers may use different nouns or terms to refer to the same component or part. The specification and subsequent claims do not use the difference in names as a way to distinguish components or parts, but use the difference in the functions of components or parts as the criterion for distinction. The terms "comprising" and "including" mentioned throughout the specification and subsequent claims are open-ended terms and should be interpreted as "including but not limited to". In addition, the term "connected" herein includes any direct and indirect electrical connection means. Indirect electrical connection means include connection through other devices.

[0037] It should be noted that in the description of the present invention, the orientation or positional relationship or parameters indicated by terms such as "lateral", "longitudinal", "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", "about", "substantially", "around" and the like are all based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings. It is only for the convenience of describing the present invention and simplifying the description content, and does not indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, a specific size or be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as a limitation of the present invention.

[0038] Refer to Figure 1, an embodiment of the present invention provides a suspension bed hydrogenation reactor 1, which includes a box body 1-1. A feeding hopper 1-2 communicating with the box body 1-1 is fixedly connected to the box body 1-1. The feeding hopper 1-2 communicates with a feeding pipe. A vacuum hopper 1-3 communicating with the box body 1-1 is fixedly connected to the box body 1-1. The vacuum hopper 1-3 communicates with a vacuum pipe. A motor 1-4 is fixedly connected to the box body 1-1. A driving gear 1-5 is fixedly connected to the end of the output shaft of the motor 1-4. The driving gear 1-5 meshes with a driven gear 1-6. A hollow pipe 1-7 fixedly connected to the driven gear 1-6 penetrates through the driven gear 1-6. The hollow pipe 1-7 penetrates through the box body 1-1 and is rotatably connected to the box body 1-1. A rotary joint 1-8 is fixedly connected to the hollow pipe 1-7. A connecting pipe 1-9 is fixedly connected to the rotary joint 1-8. The connecting pipe 1-9 communicates with a hydrogenation pipe. Two L-shaped hollow rods 1-10 communicating with the hollow pipe 1-7 are fixedly connected to the outer wall of the hollow pipe 1-7. A plurality of stirring rods 1-11 are fixedly connected to the outer wall of each L-shaped hollow rod 1-10. A plurality of through holes 1-12 are provided through each L-shaped hollow rod 1-10. A support plate 1-13 is fixedly connected to the bottom of the inner wall of the box body 1-1. A reciprocating lead screw 1-14 is fixedly connected to the top of the support plate 1-13. The hollow pipe 1-7 is sleeved on the outer wall of the reciprocating lead screw 1-14. A product discharge port 1-15 communicating with the box body 1-1 is fixedly connected to the box body 1-1. The product discharge port 1-15 communicates with a product discharge pipe.

[0039] Among them, the plurality of stirring rods 1-11 and the through holes 1-12 are both evenly distributed at equal intervals.

[0040] In the suspension bed hydrogenation reactor provided in this embodiment, the feedstock oil reacts by contacting with the hydrogen discharged through a plurality of through holes in the suspension bed hydrogenation reactor. Combining the rotation of the hollow pipe, the L-shaped hollow rod and the stirring rod to stir the material, so that the hydrogen contacts the material sufficiently and the reaction effect is good; further, through the rotation of the hollow pipe and the cooperation with the reciprocating lead screw, the reciprocating lead screw, the L-shaped hollow rod and the stirring rod can move up and down while rotating, so that the contact effect between the material and the hydrogen is better and the reaction is more sufficient. Therefore, compared with the prior art, using this suspension bed hydrogenation reactor can significantly improve the effect and quality of the feedstock oil hydrogenation reaction, increase the yield of light oil products, and at the same time reduce the coking of the reactor and the residue oil after hydrogenation at the reactor outlet, so that the device can operate stably for a long period.

[0041] Refer to Figure 2, an embodiment of the present invention provides a suspended bed hydrotreating reaction device, and the suspended bed hydrotreating reaction device includes: a first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1 and a second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2 that are interconnected; a hot high-pressure separator 3 and a cold low-pressure separator 4 that are interconnected, the hot high-pressure separator 3 is connected to the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2, and the cold low-pressure separator 4 is connected to a centrifuge 5; an atmospheric distillation column 6 and a vacuum distillation column 7 that are interconnected, and the centrifuge 5 is connected to the atmospheric distillation column 6.

[0042] Among them, the first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1 is Figure 1 a suspended bed hydrotreating reactor with the shown structure.

[0043] Among them, the suspended bed hydrotreating reaction device further includes a first catalyst feeding device 8 and a hydrogenation compressor 9 connected thereto, and the first catalyst feeding device 8 and the hydrogenation compressor 9 are connected to the first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1.

[0044] Among them, the suspended bed hydrotreating reaction device further includes a second catalyst feeding device 10, and the second catalyst feeding device 10 is connected to the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2, and the second catalyst feeding device 10 can be connected to the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2 through a feedstock oil supplement pipe.

[0045] Among them, both the first catalyst feeding device 8 and the second catalyst feeding device 10 are composed of a feeding pump and a feeding tank.

[0046] Among them, a pressure gauge and a gas flow meter are installed on the outlet pipe of the hydrogenation compressor 9.

[0047] Among them, gas flow meters are installed on the outlet pipes of the hot high-pressure separator 3 and the cold low-pressure separator 4.

[0048] Among them, a gas flow meter is installed on the outlet pipe of the first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1, and a temperature sensor is installed on the outlet pipe of the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2.

[0049] Among them, a feeding pipe, a hydrogenation pipe and a vacuum pipe are respectively connected to the outer shells of the first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1 and the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2.

[0050] Among them, product discharge pipes are further provided on the side walls of the outer shells of the first suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 1 and the second suspended bed hydrotreating reactor 2.

[0051] Among them, valves for controlling opening and closing or regulating the material flow rate are provided on the feeding pipe, the hydrogenation pipe, the vacuum pipe and the product discharge pipe.

[0052] In this embodiment, the outer shells of the first ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 1 and the second ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 2 are made of stainless steel. A feed inlet, a hydrogenation inlet, and a vacuum inlet are respectively arranged on the top of the outer shell, and are respectively connected to a feed pipe, a hydrogenation pipe, and a vacuum pipe. At the same time, a product discharge port is arranged on the side wall of the outer shells of the first ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 1 and the second ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 2, which is connected to a product discharge pipe; further, valves for controlling opening and closing or adjusting the material flow rate are provided on the feed pipe, the hydrogenation pipe, the vacuum pipe, and the product discharge pipe. In this embodiment, raw materials and catalysts are added into the reactor through the feed pipe, hydrogen is introduced into the reactor through the hydrogenation pipe, and the product is discharged to the outside through the product discharge pipe. Among them, the second ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 2 is a conventional ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor in the industry.

[0053] In this embodiment, the reaction raw material oil, hydrogen, and reaction catalyst first enter the first ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 1 for reaction. In the first ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 1, hydrogen is discharged through a plurality of through holes 1-12 to contact and react with the material. By starting the motor 1-4, the output shaft drives the driving gear 1-5, the driven gear 1-6, the hollow tube 1-7, the L-shaped hollow rod 1-10, and the stirring rod 1-11 to rotate, stirring the material to make the hydrogen contact the material sufficiently, the reaction is sufficient, and the reaction effect is good; through the rotation of the hollow tube 1-7 and the cooperation with the reciprocating screw rod 1-14, the reciprocating screw rod 1-7, the L-shaped hollow rod 1-10, and the stirring rod 1-11 can move up and down while rotating, making the contact effect between the material and hydrogen better and the reaction more sufficient. After the primary hydrocatalytic reaction, the secondary hydrocatalytic reaction is carried out by the second ebullated bed hydrotreating reactor 2; the product after the secondary hydrocatalytic reaction enters the hot high-pressure separator 3 for separation. After separation, the hot high-pressure gas is exported. The product then enters the cold low-pressure separator 4 for separation. After separation, the cold low-pressure gas is exported. The separated product enters the centrifuge 5 for separation, and the separated solid slag is discharged and collected for treatment; the separated product first enters the atmospheric fractionating column 6 for fractionation to fractionate naphtha and diesel, and the separated product enters the vacuum fractionating column 7 to produce wax oil and tail oil. Compared with the prior art, the technical solution of this embodiment can further significantly improve the effect and quality of the raw material oil hydrogenation reaction, improve the yield of light oil products, and at the same time reduce coking in the reactor and at the reactor outlet of the hydrogenated residue oil, enabling the device to operate stably for a long period.

[0054] The above is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it is not a limitation to the present invention in other forms. Any person skilled in the art may use the disclosed technical content to make changes or modifications into equivalent embodiments with equivalent changes and apply them to other fields. However, as long as it does not depart from the technical solution content of the present invention, any simple modification, equivalent change, and modification made to the above embodiments based on the technical essence of the present invention still fall within the protection scope of the technical solution of the present invention.

Claims

1. A suspension bed hydrogenation reactor, Characterized in that: It includes a box body. A feeding hopper and a vacuum hopper are provided at the top of the box body. Inside the box body, there is a hollow tube that penetrates through the box body and is rotatably connected to the box body. Two L-shaped hollow rods communicated with the hollow tube are fixedly connected to the outer wall of the hollow tube. A plurality of stirring rods are fixedly connected to the outer wall of each L-shaped hollow rod. A plurality of through holes are provided through each L-shaped hollow rod. The box body is fixedly connected with a product discharge port communicated with it.

2. The suspension bed hydrogenation reactor according to claim 1, Characterized in that: The plurality of stirring rods and the plurality of through holes are all arranged at equal intervals.

3. The suspension bed hydrogenation reactor according to claim 1, Characterized in that: A motor is fixedly connected to the box body. The end of the output shaft of the motor is fixedly connected with a driving gear. The driving gear meshes with a driven gear. The hollow tube fixedly connected with the driven gear penetrates through the driven gear.

4. The suspension bed hydrogenation reactor according to claim 1, Characterized in that: A support plate is fixedly connected to the inner wall of the box body. A reciprocating lead screw is fixedly connected to the top of the support plate. The hollow tube is sleeved on the outer wall of the reciprocating lead screw.

5. A suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device, Characterized in that, The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device includes: A first suspension bed hydrogenation reactor and a second suspension bed hydrogenation reactor that are interconnected; A hot high-pressure separator and a cold low-pressure separator that are interconnected. The hot high-pressure separator is communicated with the second suspension bed hydrogenation reactor. The cold low-pressure separator is communicated with a centrifuge; An atmospheric fractionating tower and a vacuum fractionating tower that are interconnected. The centrifuge is communicated with the atmospheric fractionating tower; The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device further includes a first catalyst feeding device and a hydrogenation compressor communicated with it. The first catalyst feeding device and the hydrogenation compressor are communicated with the first suspension bed hydrogenation reactor; The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device further includes a second catalyst feeding device. The second catalyst feeding device is communicated with the second suspension bed hydrogenation reactor; Wherein, the first suspension bed hydrogenation reactor is the suspension bed hydrogenation reactor according to any one of claims 1-4.

6. The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device according to claim 5, Characterized in that: Both the first catalyst feeding device and the second catalyst feeding device are composed of a feeding pump and a feeding tank.

7. The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device according to claim 5, Characterized in that: A gas flowmeter is installed on the gas outlet pipes of the hot high-pressure separator and the cold low-pressure separator; and / or A gas flowmeter is installed on the gas outlet pipe of the first suspension bed hydrogenation reactor, and a temperature sensor is installed on the gas outlet pipe of the second suspension bed hydrogenation reactor.

8. The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device according to claim 5, Characterized in that: Feeding pipes, hydrogenation pipes and vacuum pipes are respectively connected to the outer shells of the first suspension bed hydrogenation reactor and the second suspension bed hydrogenation reactor.

9. The suspension bed hydrogenation reaction device according to claim 8, Characterized in that: Product discharge pipes are also provided on the side walls of the outer casings of the first ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor and the second ebullated bed hydrogenation reactor.

10. The ebullated bed hydrogenation reaction device according to claim 9, characterized in that: Valves for controlling opening and closing or regulating the material flow rate are provided on the feed pipe, the hydrogenation pipe, the vacuum pipe, and the product discharge pipe.

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