Fuel cell power generation system and method based on multistage solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module

Abstract

The invention provides a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multistage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. The fuel cell power generation system comprises a first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling integrated module, a second solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling integrated module, an external hydrogen purifier and a fuel cell, a gas outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupling hydrogen production integrated module and a gas outlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupling hydrogen production integrated module are communicated with an external hydrogen purifier through valves, and the external hydrogen purifier is used for purifying retained gas to form hydrogen and mixed gas containing ammonia gas and nitrogen gas, so that fuel cell power generation is realized; through switching operation of a plurality of solid ammonia storage coupling hydrogen production integrated modules, efficient recycling of high-concentration ammonia gas in decomposed gas under a high-flow working condition is realized, and efficient and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions is realized; the design can meet the safe and efficient hydrogen utilization requirements of the hydrogen energy power generation system in the scenes of vehicles, ships, distributed power stations and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the technical field of hydrogen production by ammonia decomposition, and specifically, to a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module, and in particular, to a fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module and its operation method. Background Art

[0002] Traditional hydrogen production methods can be roughly divided into methods such as water electrolysis hydrogen production and ammonia decomposition hydrogen production. At present, a large number of research results have been obtained in water electrolysis hydrogen production. Considering that the hydrogen content of liquid ammonia is more than 60% higher than that of liquid hydrogen, and in terms of transportation, liquid ammonia is easy to store, does not undergo hydrogen embrittlement, and has an excellent safety record in the use of ammonia, ammonia is regarded as an important energy carrier for hydrogen.

[0003] In addition, the mass hydrogen storage density of solid ammonia is equivalent to that of liquid ammonia, but it can effectively reduce the risk of explosion caused by flashing due to vibration or temperature and pressure changes during the transportation of high-pressure liquid ammonia.

[0004] Solid ammonia is an effective way to use hydrogen in the transportation field at present. For example, Patent CN102782921A proposes a device for storing ammonia based on solid materials and generating hydrogen, which is combined with a low-temperature fuel cell to form a coupled system of ammonia storage - hydrogen production - hydrogen utilization. This patent demonstrates the feasibility of solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production, but ignores the problem that the ammonia decomposition efficiency is only 10 - 20% under large flow conditions. How to expand the flow application range of solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production and extend its application scenarios is an important research topic. In addition, when the ammonia decomposition efficiency is low, how to recycle the high-concentration ammonia gas in the decomposed gas to improve the economy of the whole system is also a problem that needs to be solved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] Aiming at the defects in the prior art, the purpose of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell power generation system and method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module.

[0006] According to the fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, it includes a first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, a second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, an external hydrogen purifier, and a fuel cell; Both the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module are used to decompose solid ammonia into a retention gas containing ammonia gas, hydrogen gas, and nitrogen gas; The gas outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are both connected to an external hydrogen purifier through valves. The external hydrogen purifier is used to purify the retained gas to form hydrogen and a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. The hydrogen outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to a fuel cell through a valve. The mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the gas inlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module through valves.

[0007] Preferably, a gas storage tank is further included, and the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the gas storage tank. The nitrogen outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are both connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier through valves. When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is lower than a preset value, it flows into the gas storage tank. When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is higher than the preset value, it flows into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for ammonia adsorption. After the ammonia adsorption is completed, the remaining nitrogen flows out from the nitrogen outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and flows into the internal part of the external hydrogen purifier through valves to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

[0008] Preferably, a nitrogen separator and a heat exchanger are further included. The mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier is connected to the first heat exchange channel of the heat exchanger. The nitrogen outlets of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module are sequentially connected to the second heat exchange channel of the nitrogen separator and the heat exchanger, and are connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier. The nitrogen separator is used to adsorb impurities in nitrogen. The heat exchanger is used to cool the ammonia and nitrogen retained gas flowing into the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and at the same time heat the flowing-out nitrogen. The uncompletely decomposed ammonia and nitrogen retained gas flowing out from one of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module flows into the other for storage.

[0009] Preferably, it further includes a continuous gas component analyzer, which is respectively connected to the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier and the nitrogen inlet, and is used to detect the residual ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier and the nitrogen gas flowing out of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module; If the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier is higher than the preset value, it is discharged into the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, it is discharged into the gas storage tank; If the ammonia concentration in the nitrogen gas flowing out is higher than the preset value, it is discharged through the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier into the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If the ammonia concentration in the nitrogen gas flowing out is lower than the preset value, it is controlled to flow into the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier.

[0010] Preferably, the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module have the same structure, and both include an ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and a solid ammonia storage module arranged in sequence along the radial direction pointing to the axis. High-temperature waste gas heat exchange channels are arranged both outside and inside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module; The high-temperature waste gas generated by the fuel cell flows into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel through a valve, and is used to provide heat for the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and the solid ammonia storage module, so as to realize the ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes.

[0011] Preferably, the solid ammonia storage module is provided with an ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, a pure ammonia filling channel, a retention gas filling channel, and a nitrogen gas outflow channel; The ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel is communicated with the external hydrogen purifier, and is used to flow out the retention gas containing ammonia, hydrogen, and nitrogen; The pure ammonia filling channel is communicated with an external ammonia source, and is used to fill pure ammonia into the solid ammonia storage module; The retention gas filling channel is communicated with the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier, and is used to fill the solid ammonia storage module with a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; The nitrogen gas outflow channel is communicated with the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier, and is used to input nitrogen gas into the external hydrogen purifier; Valves are arranged at the outlet of the nitrogen gas outflow channel and the ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, and at the inlets of the pure ammonia filling channel and the retention gas filling channel.

[0012] Preferably, it further includes an electric heating component and a backup power supply, and the electric heating component is powered by the backup power supply for heating; The electric heating component is used to heat the air flow, and the heated air flow is communicated with the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel through a valve.

[0013] Preferably, the high-temperature waste gas flow channel of the fuel cell is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located outside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module through a valve; The outlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located outside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located inside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module, and the outlet of the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel located inside the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module is communicated with the external waste gas collection device.

[0014] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, the following steps are included: Step 1: Start the standby power supply to supply power to the electric heating component for heating; Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component is higher than the preset temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component and the fuel cell to preheat the fuel cell. If not, continue heating; Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component and the fuel cell, and open the valve connecting the electric heating component and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module. If not, continue heating; Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate requirement of the fuel cell, and obtain the current operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module; Step 5: According to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow rate, the operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module, and the ammonia desorption flow rate of the solid-state ammonia storage module obtained through experiments, adjust the valve opening degrees of the outlet of the solid-state ammonia storage module in the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module and the outlet of the high-temperature waste gas of the fuel cell to obtain the required ammonia flow rate; Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and the external hydrogen purifier to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and flows into the fuel cell through the gas buffer and the valve in sequence to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for the electrical components; Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module, and open the valve connecting the fuel cell and the first solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production integrated module to introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel; If the answer is no, continue to use the electric heating component to heat the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module; Step 9: Detect the ammonia concentration of the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen through a continuous gas component analyzer; If the ammonia concentration is lower than the preset value, the gas flows into the gas storage tank through the heat exchanger. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the preset value, it flows into the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for ammonia adsorption after being cooled by the heat exchanger; Step 10: Connect the low-temperature waste heat channel to the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module for heat exchange, reduce the temperature of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency; Step 11: After the solid-state ammonia storage module of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module adsorbs the ammonia in the retained gas, the retained gas is mainly nitrogen. Then, detect the ammonia concentration in the retained gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module through a continuous gas component analyzer. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, after adsorbing the ammonia or other impurities in the nitrogen separator, it flows into the external hydrogen purifier after being heated by the heat exchanger to drive the hydrogen to flow out. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the set value, it is returned to the solid-state ammonia storage module; Step 12: When the ammonia storage amount in the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module is insufficient, switch to the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell.

[0015] Step 13: Real-time detect the operating pressures of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank; Step 14: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system; A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer and the gas storage tank for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

[0016] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, using the fuel cell power generation device based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, the following steps are included: Step 1: Start the standby power supply to supply power to the electric heating component for heating; Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component is higher than the preset temperature value. If it is, open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the fuel cell to preheat the fuel cell. If it is not, continue heating; Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell meets the operating temperature requirement. If it is, close the valve connecting the electric heating component to the fuel cell and open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If it is not, continue heating. Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow rate demand of the fuel cell and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. If the current hydrogen flow rate demand is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow rate of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, use the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules to produce hydrogen together. Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component to the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module. Step 6: The ammonia gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage modules of the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module and an external hydrogen purifier to obtain purified hydrogen and residual gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and flows into the fuel cell successively through the gas buffer and the valve to generate electricity and provide electrical energy for the electrical components. Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell is higher than the set temperature. If it is, close the valves connecting the electric heating component to the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules and open the valves connecting the fuel cell to the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules to introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel. If it is not, continue to use the electric heating component to heat the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules. Step 9: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the first and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank. Step 10: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system. A diversion channel is provided at the gas buffer and the gas storage tank for evacuating flammable and explosive gases.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. The present invention can achieve efficient and reliable supply under different hydrogen demand flows. Based on the characteristic that the hydrogen production efficiency by ammonia decomposition is strongly correlated with the hydrogen demand flow, the relationship among the hydrogen production flow, operating temperature, and ammonia desorption flow of the solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module obtained through experiments is used to dynamically adjust the valve opening at the outlet of the solid-state ammonia storage module and control the operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules. When the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first or second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, the first or second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module is controlled to produce hydrogen alternately. Otherwise, the first and second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules are controlled to produce hydrogen together, thereby achieving efficient and reliable supply under different hydrogen demand flows.

[0018] 2. The present invention can improve the ammonia utilization rate. Under large-flow conditions, when the ammonia decomposition rate is low, a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen that has not been fully decomposed will flow out of the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module at the outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module. These mixed gases are guided to the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module for storage, avoiding reflux to the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module, thereby effectively reducing the internal pressure of the container, preventing the reverse reaction of the ammonia decomposition reaction, improving the ammonia utilization rate, and optimizing the hydrogen production efficiency of the overall system. In addition, the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module is analyzed by a continuous gas component analyzer to determine whether to reflux to the solid-state ammonia storage module to complete the ammonia adsorption process, further improving the ammonia utilization rate.

[0019] 3. The present invention can effectively improve the overall energy efficiency of the system. First, based on the heat utilization characteristics of different channels in multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules, the present invention realizes cascaded energy utilization using the high-temperature tail gas of the fuel cell. After passing through the ammonia decomposer, the high-temperature waste gas of the fuel cell becomes medium-temperature waste gas, and the medium-temperature waste gas is continued to be used for ammonia desorption of solid-state ammonia storage, thereby effectively improving the waste heat utilization efficiency of the system. Second, the present invention is provided with a heat exchanger to cool the ammonia and nitrogen retention gas flowing into the solid-state ammonia storage module, and at the same time heat the nitrogen and inert gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module, effectively utilizing the waste heat of the retention gas, thereby effectively improving the overall energy efficiency of the system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0020] Other features, objects, and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent by reading the following detailed description of non-limiting embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawings: Figure 1 It is a schematic diagram of the overall structure of the present invention; Figure 2Among them, (a) is a schematic structural diagram of the integrated module for solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling in the present invention; (b) is a schematic structural diagram of the solid-state ammonia storage module in the present invention.

[0021] As shown in the figure: The first integrated module for solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling 1 The second integrated module for solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling 2 Fuel cell 3 Electric heating component 4 Standby power supply 5 Power-consuming component 6 Continuous gas component analyzer 7 Gas buffer 8 Pressure gauge 9 Gas storage tank 10 External hydrogen purifier 12 Nitrogen separator 13 Heat exchanger 14 High-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel 101 Ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102 Solid-state ammonia storage module 103 Specific implementation mode The present invention will be described in detail below in conjunction with specific embodiments. The following embodiments will help those skilled in the art to further understand the present invention, but do not limit the present invention in any form. It should be noted that for those of ordinary skill in the art, without departing from the concept of the present invention, several changes and improvements can still be made. These all belong to the protection scope of the present invention.

[0022] The present invention discloses a fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling integrated module and its operation method. The system mainly includes the first integrated module for solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling 1, the second integrated module for solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling 2, a fuel cell 3, etc. By switching the operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production coupling integrated modules, the high-efficiency recycling of high-concentration ammonia gas in the decomposed gas under large-flow conditions is realized, and the high-efficiency and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions is realized. The system design can meet the safe and efficient hydrogen use requirements of hydrogen energy power generation systems in scenarios such as vehicles, ships, and distributed power stations.

[0023] According to the fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, see Figure 1 and Figure 2, including components such as the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1, the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, fuel cell 3, electric heating component 4, backup power supply 5, power-consuming component 6, continuous gas component analyzer 7, gas buffer 8, pressure gauge 9, gas storage tank 10, valves, external hydrogen purifier 12, nitrogen separator 13, heat exchanger 14, etc.

[0024] As Figure 2 shown, the integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module includes a high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, an ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102, and a solid-state ammonia storage module 103, in a "toilet paper" shape. Along the radial direction pointing to the axis, the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102, the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101, and the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 are arranged in sequence, which can realize the efficient coupling process of ammonia desorption and ammonia decomposition in the integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, and can also effectively reduce the utilization space required for ammonia storage and hydrogen production.

[0025] The first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 need high-temperature waste gas to heat them to achieve ammonia desorption and ammonia decomposition. Since the temperature required by the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 is lower than that required by the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102, the high-temperature waste gas in the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 first heats the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102, and then heats the solid-state ammonia storage module 103.

[0026] In order to efficiently and stably meet the hydrogen flow required by the fuel cell 3, first, it is judged whether the required hydrogen flow is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1. If so, the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 take turns to produce hydrogen. If not, they produce hydrogen together.

[0027] When the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 take turns to produce hydrogen, taking the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 as the main hydrogen production component and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 as the auxiliary hydrogen production component as an example. In the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1, according to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow, operating temperature, and ammonia desorption flow obtained through experiments, the valve opening is adjusted to obtain the required ammonia flow. The outflowing ammonia is processed by the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. The purified hydrogen flows into the gas buffer 8 driven by nitrogen or inert gas, and then enters the fuel cell 3 to generate electricity to provide electrical energy for the power-consuming component.

[0028] According to the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3, the connection situation between the electric heating component 4 and the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 is adjusted in a timely manner to ensure that the temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 meets the operation requirements. At the same time, the ammonia concentration in the retained gas is monitored by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the concentration is lower than the set value, its flow direction is adjusted to the gas storage tank 10. Otherwise, the retained gas first passes through the heat exchanger 14 to cool down and then flows into the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2. In addition, the low-temperature residual cold channel is connected to the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 in the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, thereby reducing the temperature of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency. When the retained gas after the ammonia adsorption process flows out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, the ammonia concentration is further analyzed by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If it is lower than the set value, the nitrogen separated by the nitrogen separator 13 is heated up by the heat exchanger 14 and then flows into the external hydrogen purifier 12 to drive the hydrogen to flow into the fuel cell 3. Otherwise, the retained gas after the ammonia adsorption process flows back to the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 for further ammonia adsorption process. In this process, the inert gas stream heated by the heat exchanger flows into the external hydrogen purifier 12 to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

[0029] When the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 jointly produce hydrogen, first, the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 is opened. Then, the ammonia flowing out of the solid ammonia storage modules 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 is processed by the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen. Subsequently, the purified hydrogen is driven by the inert gas and sequentially flows through the gas buffer 8 and the valve into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process, thereby providing the required electric energy for the electrical component 6.

[0030] The high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101 is composed of multiple channels, which respectively provide heat for the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 and the solid ammonia storage module 103, thereby realizing the ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes. The ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module 102 is used to realize ammonia decomposition, and the wall surface of the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module is coated with a high-efficiency ammonia decomposition hydrogen production catalyst.

[0031] A plurality of ammonia flow channels are designed in the solid ammonia storage module 103, which are evenly distributed along the radial direction pointing to the axis, and the diameters of the channels along this direction increase in sequence, such as Figure 2As shown, d1 < d2 < d3. The advantage of this design is that it can achieve uniform ammonia desorption of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material in the solid ammonia storage module 103 and improve the heat exchange efficiency. The reason is that the heat of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel 101 is transmitted along the radial direction pointing to the axis of the solid ammonia storage module 103. Due to the existence of the thermal resistance of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material and the thermal resistance of the ammonia flow channels, the temperature of the outer wall surface of the solid ammonia storage module 103 is higher than that at the axis, resulting in a higher ammonia desorption rate on the outer wall surface than at the axis. By setting the diameters of the ammonia pores in the radial direction pointing to the axis to increase successively, it is possible to avoid the phenomenon that the ammonia in the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material near the outer wall surface is completely desorbed while the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material at the axis has not been completely desorbed. In addition, since the thermal resistance of the solid ammonia storage metal ammine complex material is smaller than the thermal resistance of the ammonia flow channels, by reducing the diameter of the ammonia flow channels near the outer wall surface of the solid ammonia storage module 103, the thermal resistance of heat transfer can be effectively reduced, and efficient heat exchange can be achieved on the premise of ensuring the ammonia desorption rate.

[0032] Among them, the cross-sectional shape of the ammonia flow channels in the solid ammonia storage module 103 can be diamond-shaped, circular, oval, rectangular, drop-shaped or other shapes, and the cross-sectional shape of the ammonia flow channels will not significantly affect its beneficial effects.

[0033] The heat exchanger 14 aims to cool the stagnant gas flowing into the solid ammonia storage module 103 to improve the ammonia adsorption efficiency and reduce the demand for low-temperature residual cold; it also aims to increase the temperature of the nitrogen or inert gas entering the external hydrogen purifier 12 to avoid the temperature of the hydrogen / nitrogen / inert gas mixture flowing into the fuel cell 3 being too low, which affects the stable operation of the fuel cell 3.

[0034] The fuel cell 3 is a fuel cell 3 that can provide high-temperature tail gas, such as a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC), a high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cell (HT-PEMFC), and an alkaline fuel cell (AFC), etc.

[0035] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module provided by the present invention, the fuel cell device based on the multi-stage solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module is adopted. This operation method is applicable to the situation where the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 is less than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 1 or the second solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module 2, and the two solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated modules take turns to produce hydrogen. The specific steps are as follows: Step 1: Start the standby power supply 5 to supply power to the electric heating component 4 for heating.

[0036] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component 4 is higher than the set temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 to preheat the latter; otherwise, continue heating.

[0037] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell 3 meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 and open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module I; otherwise, continue heating.

[0038] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1.

[0039] Step 5: According to the relationship between the hydrogen production flow - operating temperature - ammonia desorption flow of the solid ammonia storage module 103 in the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 obtained through experiments, adjust the valve opening of the outlet of the solid ammonia storage module 103 in the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the valve opening of the high-temperature waste gas outlet of the fuel cell 3 to obtain the required ammonia flow.

[0040] Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen.

[0041] Step 7: The purified hydrogen is driven by nitrogen or inert gas and successively passes through the gas buffer 8 and the valve and flows into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process and provide electric energy for the electrical component 6.

[0042] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3 is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and open the valve connecting the fuel cell 3 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 to introduce the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101. Otherwise, continue to use the electric heating component 4 to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1.

[0043] Step 9: Detect the ammonia concentration of the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen through the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, the gas flows through the heat exchanger 14 and into the gas storage tank 10; otherwise, it flows through the heat exchanger 14 to cool down and then into the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 for ammonia adsorption.

[0044] Step 10: Connect the low-temperature waste heat channel to the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 for heat exchange, reducing the temperature of the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 and improving the ammonia adsorption efficiency.

[0045] Step 11: After the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 of the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 adsorbs ammonia in the retained gas, the retained gas is mainly nitrogen. Then, the ammonia concentration in the retained gas flowing out of the solid-state ammonia storage module 103 is detected by the continuous gas component analyzer 7. If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, after adsorbing residual ammonia or other impurities through the nitrogen separator 13, it flows into the external hydrogen purifier 12 after being heated up by the heat exchanger 14, driving the rapid outflow of hydrogen. Otherwise, it is refluxed to the solid-state ammonia storage module 103.

[0046] Step 12: When the ammonia storage amount in the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 is insufficient, switch to the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell 3.

[0047] Step 13: Continuously detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank 10 to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank 10.

[0048] Step 14: Continuously detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank 10. When the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system.

[0049] Step 15: Set diversion channels at the gas buffer 8 and the gas storage tank 10 for quickly emptying flammable and explosive gases in case of emergency.

[0050] According to the fuel cell power generation method based on the multi-stage integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module provided by the present invention, using the above fuel cell device based on the multi-stage integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, this operation method is applicable to the situation where the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 or the second integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, and the two integrated solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production modules jointly produce hydrogen. The specific steps are as follows: Step 1: Start the standby power supply 5 to supply power to the electric heating component 4 for heating.

[0051] Step 2: Determine whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component 4 is higher than the set temperature value. If so, open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 to preheat the latter. Otherwise, continue heating.

[0052] Step 3: Determine whether the temperature of the fuel cell 3 meets the operating temperature requirement. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the fuel cell 3 and open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module I. Otherwise, continue heating.

[0053] Step 4: Obtain the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell 3 and the current operating temperature of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1. If the current hydrogen flow demand is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1, use the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to produce hydrogen together.

[0054] Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module II.

[0055] Step 6: The ammonia flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module 103 of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 passes through the ammonia decomposition and hydrogen production module 102 and the external hydrogen purifier 12 to obtain purified hydrogen and the retained gas containing ammonia and nitrogen.

[0056] Step 7: The purified hydrogen flows through the gas buffer 8 and the valve successively under the drive of the inert gas and then into the fuel cell 3 to realize the power generation process and provide electric energy for the electrical component 6.

[0057] Step 8: Determine whether the tail gas temperature of the fuel cell 3 is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component 4 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2, and open the valve connecting the fuel cell 3 to the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2 to pass the high-temperature waste gas into the high-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel 101. Otherwise, continue to use the electric heating component 4 to heat the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2.

[0058] Step 9: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the first integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 1 and the second integrated solid ammonia storage and hydrogen production module 2. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, open the valve of the gas storage tank 10 to divert the excess gas flow to the gas storage tank 10.

[0059] Step 10: Real-time detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank 10. When its value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it to the tail gas treatment system.

[0060] Step 11: Set a diversion channel at the gas buffer 8 and the gas storage tank 10 for quickly evacuating flammable and explosive gases in case of emergency.

[0061] Based on this, the present invention proposes a fuel cell power generation system and its operation method for a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated module. By switching the operation of multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated modules, the efficient recycling of high-concentration ammonia in the decomposed gas under large-flow conditions is realized, and the efficient and stable supply of hydrogen fuel under different flow conditions is achieved. In addition, based on the heat utilization characteristics of different channels in multiple solid-state ammonia storage coupled with hydrogen production integrated modules, the present invention utilizes the high-temperature tail gas of the fuel cell to achieve cascaded energy utilization, thereby effectively improving the waste heat utilization efficiency of the system and indirectly improving the energy efficiency of the system.

[0062] In the description of the present application, it should be understood that the orientation or positional relationship indicated by the terms "upper", "lower", "front", "rear", "left", "right", "vertical", "horizontal", "top", "bottom", "inner", "outer", etc. is based on the orientation or positional relationship shown in the drawings, and is only for the convenience of describing the present application and simplifying the description, rather than indicating or implying that the device or element referred to must have a specific orientation, be constructed and operated in a specific orientation, and thus should not be construed as a limitation to the present application.

[0063] The specific embodiments of the present invention have been described above. It should be understood that the present invention is not limited to the above specific embodiments, and those skilled in the art can make various changes or modifications within the scope of the claims, which do not affect the essence of the present invention. Without conflict, the embodiments of the present application and the features in the embodiments can be arbitrarily combined with each other.

Claims

1. A fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that: It comprises a first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), a second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2), an external hydrogen purifier (12) and a fuel cell (3); The first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) are both used to decompose solid ammonia into a retained gas containing ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen; The gas outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the gas outlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) are both connected to an external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve, and the external hydrogen purifier (12) is used to purify the retained gas to form hydrogen and a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; The hydrogen outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is connected to the fuel cell (3) through a valve, and the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is connected to the gas inlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the gas inlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) through a valve.

2. The fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1 is characterized in that: It also includes a gas storage tank (10), and the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is connected to the gas storage tank (10); The nitrogen outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the nitrogen outlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) are both connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve; When the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is lower than a preset value, the mixed gas flows into the gas storage tank (10); when the ammonia concentration in the mixed gas is higher than the preset value, the mixed gas flows into the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) to perform ammonia adsorption; After the ammonia adsorption is completed, the remaining nitrogen flows out from the nitrogen outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the nitrogen outlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2), and flows into the interior of the external hydrogen purifier (12) through a valve to drive the hydrogen to flow out.

3. The fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 2 is characterized in that: It also includes a nitrogen separator (13) and a heat exchanger (14), wherein the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is in communication with the first heat exchange channel of the heat exchanger (14); The nitrogen outlet of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the nitrogen outlet of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) are sequentially connected to the nitrogen separator (13) and the second heat exchange channel of the heat exchanger (14), and are connected to the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12); The nitrogen separator (13) is used to absorb impurities in the nitrogen, and the heat exchanger (14) is used to cool the ammonia and nitrogen retentate gas flowing into the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2), and to heat the nitrogen flowing out; The incompletely decomposed ammonia and nitrogen retention gas flowing out of one of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) flows into the other of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) for storage.

4. The fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 2 is characterized in that: It also includes a continuous gas component analyzer (7), which is connected to the mixed gas outlet and the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) respectively, and is used to detect the residual ammonia concentration in the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier (12) and the nitrogen flowing out of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); If the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas flowing out of the external hydrogen purifier (12) is higher than a preset value, the mixed gas is discharged into the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); if the ammonia concentration of the mixed gas is lower than the preset value, the mixed gas is discharged into the gas storage tank (10); If the ammonia concentration in the outflowing nitrogen is higher than a preset value, the nitrogen is discharged into the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) through the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12); if the ammonia concentration in the outflowing nitrogen is lower than the preset value, the nitrogen is controlled to flow into the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12).

5. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 1 is characterized in that: The first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) have the same structure, both comprising an ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and a solid-state ammonia storage module (103) arranged in sequence along a radial direction pointing to the axis, and a high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) is arranged outside and inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102); The high-temperature exhaust gas generated by the fuel cell (3) flows into the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) through a valve, and is used to provide heat for the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and the solid ammonia storage module (103), thereby achieving ammonia decomposition and ammonia desorption processes.

6. The fuel cell power generation system based on the multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The solid ammonia storage module (103) is provided with an ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel, a pure ammonia gas filling channel, a stagnant gas filling channel and a nitrogen gas outflow gas channel; The ammonia desorption gas decomposition flow channel is in communication with the external hydrogen purifier (12) and is used to discharge the retentate gas containing ammonia, hydrogen and nitrogen; The pure ammonia filling channel is in communication with an external ammonia source and is used to fill the interior of the solid ammonia storage module (103) with pure ammonia; The stagnant gas filling channel is in communication with the mixed gas outlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) and is used for filling the interior of the solid ammonia storage module (103) with a mixed gas containing ammonia and nitrogen; The nitrogen outflow gas channel is in communication with the nitrogen inlet of the external hydrogen purifier (12) and is used to input nitrogen into the external hydrogen purifier (12); Valves are provided at the outlets of the nitrogen outflow gas channel and the ammonia desorption gas decomposition channel, and at the inlets of the pure ammonia filling channel and the retained gas filling channel.

7. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 5 is characterized in that: It also includes an electric heating component (4) and a backup power supply (5), wherein the electric heating component (4) is powered by the backup power supply (5) for heating; The electric heating component (4) is used to heat the airflow, and the heated airflow is connected to the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) through a valve.

8. The fuel cell power generation system based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to claim 5 is characterized in that: The high-temperature exhaust gas flow passage of the fuel cell (3) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange passage (101) located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) through a valve; The outlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located outside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) is connected to the inlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102), and the outlet of the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101) located inside the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) is connected to an external exhaust gas collection device.

9. A fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that: A fuel cell power generation device based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to any one of claims 1 to 8 comprises the following steps: Step 1: Start the backup power supply (5) to supply power to the electric heating component (4) for heating; Step 2: determining whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component (4) is higher than a preset temperature value; if so, opening a valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3) to preheat the fuel cell (3); if not, continuing heating; Step 3: determining whether the temperature of the fuel cell (3) meets the operating temperature requirement; if so, closing the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3), and opening the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1); if not, continuing heating; Step 4: obtaining the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell (3) and obtaining the current operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1); Step 5: According to the experimentally obtained relationship between the hydrogen production flow rate of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), the operating temperature, and the ammonia desorption flow rate of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103), the valve opening at the outlet of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103) and the valve opening (11) at the high-temperature exhaust gas outlet of the fuel cell (3) in the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) are adjusted to obtain the required ammonia flow rate; Step 6: The ammonia gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the first solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and the external hydrogen purifier (12) to obtain purified hydrogen gas and retained gas containing ammonia gas and nitrogen gas; Step 7: The purified hydrogen, driven by nitrogen or inert gas, flows into the fuel cell (3) through the gas buffer (8) and the valve, thereby generating electricity and providing electrical energy for the electrical components (6); Step 8: determining whether the exhaust temperature of the fuel cell (3) is higher than a set temperature; if so, closing the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), opening the valve connecting the fuel cell (3) and the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), and passing the high-temperature exhaust gas into the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101); If the answer is no, continue to use the electric heating component (4) to heat the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1); Step 9: Detecting the ammonia concentration of the retentate gas containing ammonia and nitrogen by means of a continuous gas composition analyzer (7); If the ammonia concentration is lower than a preset value, the gas is passed through a heat exchanger (14) and flows into a gas storage tank (10); if the ammonia concentration is higher than the preset value, the gas is cooled through the heat exchanger (14) and flows into a solid ammonia storage module (103) of a second solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) for ammonia adsorption; Step 10: connecting the low-temperature waste gas heat exchange channel of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) through the low-temperature residual cooling channel to perform heat exchange, thereby reducing the temperature of the solid-state ammonia storage module (103) of the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) and improving the ammonia adsorption efficiency; Step 11: After the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the second solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) adsorbs ammonia in the retained gas, the retained gas is mainly nitrogen. Then, the ammonia concentration in the retained gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module (103) is detected by a continuous gas component analyzer (7). If the ammonia concentration is lower than the set value, the gas is passed through a nitrogen separator (13) to adsorb ammonia or other impurities, and then heated by a heat exchanger (14) and flows into an external hydrogen purifier (12), driving the hydrogen to flow out. If the ammonia concentration is higher than the set value, the gas is refluxed into the solid ammonia storage module (103); Step 12: when the amount of ammonia stored in the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) is insufficient, switching to the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) to supply hydrogen to the fuel cell (3); Step 13: Real-time detection of the operating pressures of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); when the operating pressures exceed the maximum allowable pressure, the valve of the gas storage tank (10) is opened to divert excess gas flow into the gas storage tank (10); Step 14: Detect the operating pressure of the gas storage tank (10) in real time, and when the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it into the exhaust gas treatment system; The gas buffer (8) and the gas storage tank (10) are provided with diversion channels for exhausting flammable and explosive gases.

10. A fuel cell power generation method based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module, characterized in that: A fuel cell power generation device based on a multi-stage solid-state ammonia storage and hydrogen production module according to any one of claims 1 to 8 comprises the following steps: Step 1: Start the backup power supply (5) to supply power to the electric heating component (4) for heating; Step 2: determining whether the gas temperature in the electric heating component (4) is higher than a preset temperature value; if so, opening a valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3) to preheat the fuel cell (3); if not, continuing heating; Step 3: determining whether the temperature of the fuel cell (3) meets the operating temperature requirement; if so, closing the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the fuel cell (3), and opening the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1); if not, continuing heating; Step 4: obtaining the hydrogen flow demand of the fuel cell (3), obtaining the current operating temperature of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), and if the current hydrogen flow demand is greater than the maximum hydrogen production flow of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1), using the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) to produce hydrogen together; Step 5: Open the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); Step 6: ammonia gas flowing out of the solid ammonia storage module (103) of the first solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2) passes through the ammonia decomposition hydrogen production module (102) and the external hydrogen purifier (12) to obtain purified hydrogen gas and retained gas containing ammonia gas and nitrogen gas; Step 7: The purified hydrogen, driven by nitrogen or inert gas, flows into the fuel cell (3) through the gas buffer (8) and the valve, thereby generating electricity and providing electrical energy for the electrical components (6); Step 8: Determine whether the exhaust temperature of the fuel cell (3) is higher than the set temperature. If so, close the valve connecting the electric heating component (4) with the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2), open the valve connecting the fuel cell (3) with the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2), and pass the high-temperature exhaust gas into the high-temperature exhaust gas heat exchange channel (101); If the answer is no, continue to use the electric heating component (4) to heat the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); Step 9: Real-time detection of the operating pressures of the first solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (1) and the second solid-state ammonia storage coupled hydrogen production integrated module (2); when the operating pressures exceed the maximum allowable pressure, the valve of the gas storage tank (10) is opened to divert excess gas flow into the gas storage tank (10); Step 10: Real-time detection of the operating pressure of the gas storage tank (10), when the value exceeds the maximum allowable pressure, discharge it into the exhaust gas treatment system; The gas buffer (8) and the gas storage tank (10) are provided with diversion channels for exhausting flammable and explosive gases.

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