Hydrogen cooling superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system

Abstract

The invention discloses a hydrogen cooling superconductive flywheel composite energy storage system, which relates to the technical field of new energy storage and comprises a superconductive flywheel energy storage module, a lithium battery energy storage module, a power conversion module, an intelligent control module, a cooling sub-module and a hydrogen energy recovery module, by combining the quick response characteristic of the superconducting flywheel and the high energy density of the lithium battery, the superconducting flywheel can realize quick energy storage and release by utilizing the friction-free characteristic of the superconducting flywheel, a cooling sub-module and a hydrogen energy recovery module are used, the cooling requirement of the superconducting flywheel is ensured, and meanwhile, energy recovery can be carried out; by utilizing the characteristic of high energy density of the hydrogen battery, the energy storage capacity of the composite energy storage system is further improved, and the limitation of a single energy storage technology on power density and energy density can be effectively solved through the hybrid energy storage system; and more reliable and efficient energy storage support is provided for the fields of power grid peak regulation, renewable energy source grid connection, electric automobiles and the like.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of new energy storage technology, and in particular to a hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system. Background Art

[0002] With the rapid development of renewable energy sources such as solar energy and wind energy, the demand for efficient energy storage systems is becoming increasingly urgent.

[0003] Among existing energy storage technologies, single energy storage systems have inherent flaws: lithium batteries offer high energy density but slow power response, and frequent charging and discharging can easily lead to capacity decay; superconducting flywheel energy storage offers high power density but limited energy storage capacity. Traditional hybrid energy storage systems often employ simple parallel structures, lack dynamic coordinated control, and fail to address the coupling between maintaining the superconducting material's low temperature and thermal management of the lithium battery. Furthermore, existing cooling systems are often standalone designs, resulting in high energy consumption and a lack of heat recovery. To address this issue, we propose a hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel hybrid energy storage system. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to address the problems of lithium batteries, which have high energy density but slow power response, and frequent charging and discharging that can easily lead to capacity decay; and superconducting flywheel energy storage, which has high power density but limited energy storage capacity. Traditional hybrid energy storage systems often use a simple parallel structure, lack dynamic coordinated control, and fail to address the coupling problem of maintaining the low temperature of superconducting materials and the thermal management of lithium batteries. In addition, existing cooling systems are mostly independently designed, with high energy consumption and an inability to achieve heat recovery. The present invention provides a hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system.

[0005] In order to achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present invention specifically adopts the following technical solutions:

[0006] A hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system, comprising

[0007] Superconducting flywheel energy storage module, used to quickly respond to changes in power demand and perform high-power short-term charging and discharging;

[0008] Lithium battery energy storage module, used to provide long-term energy storage and supply;

[0009] A power conversion module connects the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module to achieve power conversion and power matching between the two and with the external power grid or load;

[0010] The intelligent control module monitors the operating status of the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module in real time.

[0011] And dynamically adjust power distribution and working mode according to external demand;

[0012] The cooling submodule includes an independent liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit and a water-cooled plate forced liquid cooling unit, which serve the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module respectively, and the intelligent control module coordinates the cooling power distribution and heat recovery of the two;

[0013] The hydrogen energy recovery module uses hydrogen batteries to generate electricity using the hydrogen stored in the liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit.

[0014] Furthermore, the superconducting flywheel energy storage module includes:

[0015] The flywheel rotor is supported by high-temperature superconducting magnetic bearings and has a speed range of 20,000-50,000 RPM;

[0016] Vacuum chamber, vacuum degree ≤10 -6 Pa, used to reduce the flywheel rotation windage loss;

[0017] The energy conversion unit composed of permanent magnets and superconducting coils realizes the mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy.

[0018] Furthermore, the lithium battery energy storage module is modular in design, including a module formed by multiple NCM ternary lithium battery cells connected in series or in parallel, with a single module capacity ≥50kWh, a charge and discharge rate ≥3C, and supports SOC (State of Charge) cycling in the range of 20%-90%.

[0019] Furthermore, the power conversion module includes:

[0020] Matrix converter dedicated to superconducting flywheel, conversion efficiency ≥ 98%, response time ≤ 1ms;

[0021] Lithium battery multi-level DC / AC inverter, total harmonic distortion (THD) ≤ 3%;

[0022] The dynamic power distributor distributes the output power of the superconducting flywheel and lithium battery in a preset ratio based on real-time load demand, with a response time of ≤10ms.

[0023] Furthermore, the allocation logic of the dynamic power allocator is that high-frequency power fluctuations (frequency > 1 Hz) are responded to by the superconducting flywheel energy storage module, and low-frequency power fluctuations (frequency ≤ 1 Hz) are responded to by the lithium battery energy storage module, and the allocation ratio is dynamically adjusted based on the health state (SOH) of the lithium battery.

[0024] Furthermore, the liquid hydrogen circulating cooling unit includes:

[0025] Liquid hydrogen storage tanks adopt a multi-layer insulation structure, with a daily evaporation rate of ≤0.5%;

[0026] Low-temperature centrifugal pump, flow rate adjustable range is 0.5-5L / min;

[0027] Spiral winding cooling pipe, the inner wall is coated with nano thermal insulation coating, thermal conductivity ≤ 0.01W / m·K;

[0028] The plate-fin heat exchanger is connected to an external liquid nitrogen cooling source to condense the gaseous hydrogen into liquid.

[0029] Furthermore, the water-cooling plate forced liquid cooling unit includes:

[0030] 3D printed microchannel aluminum cooling plate, channel width 0.5mm, surface roughness Ra ≤ 0.8μm;

[0031] Dual-circulation cooling circuit, the primary circuit is ethylene glycol solution, and the secondary circuit is deionized water;

[0032] The heat dissipation unit includes an air-cooled heat dissipation tower and a semiconductor refrigeration sheet (COP ≥ 1.8).

[0033] Furthermore, the coordinated control of the cooling submodule includes dynamically adjusting the liquid hydrogen flow rate and the water-cooling plate pump speed, prioritizing ensuring that the superconducting flywheel temperature is ≤80K. When the temperature difference of the lithium battery module is greater than 5°C, the gradient boost mode is activated to increase the coolant flow rate, and the cold energy released by the condensation of liquid hydrogen vapor is recovered through the heat exchanger to pre-cool the lithium battery coolant.

[0034] Furthermore, the intelligent control module performs the following operations:

[0035] A1. Real-time monitoring of the superconducting flywheel's speed, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and the lithium battery's voltage, current, SOC, SOH, and cell temperature difference;

[0036] A2. Use the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to optimize power allocation and cooling resource scheduling;

[0037] A3. When overcharge, overdischarge or temperature exceeds the limit, the multi-level isolation protection mechanism is triggered.

[0038] Furthermore, the heat sink balance equation for the cold energy recovery is:

[0039] Q recycle =η*(Q He -Q Li *T crit / T amb )

[0040] Among them, η is the heat transfer efficiency coefficient (0.6-0.8), Q He Release cold energy for liquid hydrogen system, Q Li The heat generated by the lithium battery, T amb is the ambient temperature, T crit is the critical temperature threshold.

[0041] The beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0042] 1. By combining a superconducting flywheel with a lithium battery, the present invention leverages the advantages of both, resulting in a hybrid energy storage system with both high power density, enabling rapid response to power changes, and high energy density, meeting long-term energy storage requirements. Furthermore, a cooling submodule and a hydrogen energy recovery module are used to ensure the cooling requirements of the superconducting flywheel while enabling energy recovery. By leveraging the high energy density of hydrogen batteries, the energy storage capacity of the composite energy storage system is further increased. Compared to traditional single energy storage systems, the hybrid energy storage system of the present invention achieves significant performance improvements, better adapting to the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy generation, and improving the stability and reliability of the power system.

[0043] 2. The present invention optimizes the cooling requirements of the superconducting flywheel and lithium battery, respectively, through the provision of a liquid hydrogen circulating cooling unit and a water-cooled plate forced liquid cooling unit, ensuring that both maintain an appropriate operating temperature range under different operating conditions. Furthermore, the collaborative working mechanism between the cooling systems enables the rational allocation of cooling resources and heat recovery, improving the system's energy efficiency and further reducing its operating costs.

[0044] 3. This invention utilizes an intelligent control module to provide real-time monitoring and precise control of the entire hybrid energy storage system. This allows for the timely detection and resolution of various abnormalities during system operation, such as overcharging, over-discharging, and overheating, effectively improving system reliability and safety. Furthermore, the rational layout and connection of various components, along with rigorous assembly and commissioning procedures, ensure the system's long-term stable operation. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0045] Figure 1 It is a system block diagram of the present invention.

[0046] Figure 2 It is a schematic diagram of the superconducting flywheel structure of the present invention.

[0047] Figure numerals: 1. Upper mechanical protection bearing; 2. Radial electromagnetic bearing; 3. Electric / generator integrated machine; 4. Flywheel rotor; 5. Carbon fiber winding layer; 6. Flywheel main shaft; 7. Vacuum chamber; 8. Low temperature container; 9. Cooling module connector; 10. Lifting device; 11. Base; 12. Superconducting magnetic levitation bearing; 13. Lower mechanical protection bearing. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0048] To make the objectives, technical solutions and advantages of the embodiments of the present invention more clear, the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the accompanying drawings in the embodiments of the present invention.

[0049] See also Figure 1 The present invention provides a hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system, comprising

[0050] Superconducting flywheel energy storage module, used to quickly respond to changes in power demand and perform high-power short-term charging and discharging;

[0051] Lithium battery energy storage module, used to provide long-term energy storage and supply;

[0052] A power conversion module connects the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module to achieve power conversion and power matching between the two and with the external power grid or load;

[0053] An intelligent control module monitors the operating status of the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module in real time, and dynamically adjusts power distribution and operating mode according to external demand;

[0054] The cooling submodule includes an independent liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit and a water-cooled plate forced liquid cooling unit, which serve the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module respectively, and the intelligent control module coordinates the cooling power distribution and heat recovery of the two;

[0055] The hydrogen energy recovery module uses hydrogen batteries to generate electricity using the hydrogen stored in the liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit.

[0056] In this embodiment, preferably, the superconducting flywheel energy storage module includes:

[0057] The flywheel rotor is supported by high-temperature superconducting magnetic bearings and has a speed range of 20,000-50,000 RPM;

[0058] Vacuum chamber, vacuum degree ≤10 -6 Pa, used to reduce the flywheel rotation windage loss;

[0059] The energy conversion unit composed of permanent magnets and superconducting coils realizes the mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy.

[0060] See also Figure 2The superconducting flywheel energy storage module includes a base 11, the upper end of the base 11 is fixedly connected to a low-temperature container 8 through a jacking device 10, the upper end of the low-temperature container 8 is fixedly connected to a vacuum chamber 7, the interior of which is evacuated, and a flywheel main shaft 6 is rotatably installed in the center of the vacuum chamber, the middle of the flywheel main shaft 6 is fixedly connected to a flywheel rotor 4, and the upper end of the flywheel main shaft 6 is fixedly connected to the drive shaft of the electric / generator integrated machine 3, the bottom of the flywheel main shaft 6 is inserted into the low-temperature container 8, and is rotatably installed through a superconducting magnetic suspension bearing 12, and the upper end of the flywheel main shaft 6 is passed through a diameter. The electromagnetic bearing is installed and rotated, and the outer wall of the vacuum chamber 7 is surrounded by a spirally wound cooling pipe. A cooling module connector 9 is provided on one side of the low-temperature container 8. The spirally wound cooling pipe and the cooling module connector 9 are both connected to the liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit through a pipe. The upper and lower ends of the flywheel main shaft 6 are respectively provided with an upper mechanical protection bearing 1 and a lower mechanical protection bearing 13. The upper mechanical protection bearing 1 and the lower mechanical protection bearing 13 serve as backup protection bearings. When the superconducting magnetic suspension bearing 12 fails, they can quickly intervene to ensure the safe and stable operation of the flywheel rotor 4. The interior of the low-temperature container 8 is filled with liquid hydrogen to maintain the ultra-low temperature state of the flywheel rotor 4 and its surrounding environment, reducing energy loss and improving energy storage efficiency. The electric / generator integrated machine 3 is a key component of energy conversion. It can convert the mechanical energy of the flywheel rotor 4 into electrical energy output when needed, or convert electrical energy into mechanical energy when sufficient electrical energy is available, driving the flywheel rotor 4 to accelerate rotation to store energy. The design of the entire superconducting flywheel energy storage module fully considers multiple aspects such as energy conversion efficiency, system stability, and safety protection, ensuring the efficient and reliable operation of the hybrid energy storage system.

[0061] In this embodiment, preferably, the lithium battery energy storage module is modular in design, including a module formed by multiple NCM ternary lithium batteries connected in series or in parallel, with a single module capacity ≥50kWh, a charge and discharge rate ≥3C, and supports SOC (State of Charge) cycling in the range of 20%-90%.

[0062] In this embodiment, preferably, the power conversion module includes:

[0063] Matrix converter dedicated to superconducting flywheel, conversion efficiency ≥ 98%, response time ≤ 1ms;

[0064] Lithium battery multi-level DC / AC inverter, total harmonic distortion (THD) ≤ 3%;

[0065] The dynamic power distributor distributes the output power of the superconducting flywheel and lithium battery in a preset ratio based on real-time load demand, with a response time of ≤10ms.

[0066] In this embodiment, preferably, the allocation logic of the dynamic power allocator is that high-frequency power fluctuations (frequency > 1 Hz) are responded to by the superconducting flywheel energy storage module, and low-frequency power fluctuations (frequency ≤ 1 Hz) are responded to by the lithium battery energy storage module, and the allocation ratio is dynamically adjusted based on the health state (SOH) of the lithium battery.

[0067] In this embodiment, preferably, the liquid hydrogen circulating cooling unit includes:

[0068] Liquid hydrogen storage tanks adopt a multi-layer insulation structure, with a daily evaporation rate of ≤0.5%;

[0069] Low-temperature centrifugal pump, flow rate adjustable range is 0.5-5L / min;

[0070] Spiral winding cooling pipe, the inner wall is coated with nano thermal insulation coating, thermal conductivity ≤ 0.01W / m·K;

[0071] The plate-fin heat exchanger is connected to an external liquid nitrogen cooling source to condense the gaseous hydrogen into liquid.

[0072] In this embodiment, preferably, the water-cooling plate forced liquid cooling unit includes:

[0073] 3D printed microchannel aluminum cooling plate, channel width 0.5mm, surface roughness Ra ≤ 0.8μm;

[0074] Dual-circulation cooling circuit, the primary circuit is ethylene glycol solution, and the secondary circuit is deionized water;

[0075] The heat dissipation unit includes an air-cooled heat dissipation tower and a semiconductor refrigeration sheet (COP ≥ 1.8).

[0076] In this embodiment, preferably, the coordinated control of the cooling submodule includes dynamically adjusting the liquid hydrogen flow rate and the water-cooled plate pump speed, giving priority to ensuring that the superconducting flywheel temperature is ≤80K. When the temperature difference of the lithium battery module is greater than 5°C, the gradient boost mode is started to increase the coolant flow rate, and the cold energy released by the condensation of liquid hydrogen vapor is recovered through the heat exchanger to pre-cool the lithium battery coolant.

[0077] In this embodiment, preferably, the intelligent control module performs the following operations:

[0078] A1. Real-time monitoring of the superconducting flywheel's speed, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and the lithium battery's voltage, current, SOC, SOH, and cell temperature difference;

[0079] A2. Use the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to optimize power allocation and cooling resource scheduling;

[0080] A3. When overcharge, overdischarge or temperature exceeds the limit, the multi-level isolation protection mechanism is triggered.

[0081] In this embodiment, preferably, the heat sink balance equation for the cold energy recovery is:

[0082] Q recycle =η*(Q He -Q Li *T crit / T amb )

[0083] Among them, η is the heat transfer efficiency coefficient (0.6-0.8), Q He Release cold energy for liquid hydrogen system, Q Li The heat generated by the lithium battery, T amb is the ambient temperature, T crit is the critical temperature threshold.

[0084] The working principle and use process of the present invention:

[0085] The complementary characteristics of the superconducting flywheel and lithium battery enable efficient energy storage and release. When the grid or load experiences instantaneous power fluctuations, such as frequency fluctuations or sudden changes in photovoltaic output, the superconducting flywheel, with its millisecond-level response capability, prioritizes power compensation for high-frequency components greater than 1 Hz, preventing the lithium battery from suffering capacity degradation due to high-frequency impacts. The lithium battery is responsible for power smoothing and long-term energy supply for low-frequency components ≤ 1 Hz. Its multi-level inverter generates low harmonics with a THD of ≤ 3% through PWM modulation for stable output.

[0086] When the superconducting flywheel rotates at high speeds of 20,000-50,000 RPM, the AC and eddy current losses of the superconducting magnetic bearing are rapidly dissipated through the liquid hydrogen circulating cooling system, maintaining the superconducting coil temperature ≤80K. Joule heat generated by charging and dissipating the lithium battery is dissipated through forced convection via a microchannel water cooling plate, ensuring a module temperature difference of ≤5°C. The cooling subsystem partially transfers the cold energy (-269°C) released by the condensation of liquid hydrogen vapor to the lithium battery cooling circuit through a heat exchanger, pre-cooling the ethylene glycol solution to -30°C and reducing energy consumption of the cooling fan.

[0087] The liquid hydrogen circulating cooling system uses hydrogen as a cooling medium to maintain a low-temperature environment for the superconducting flywheel. It also serves as an energy reserve for the hydrogen energy recovery module, providing backup energy storage. In emergency situations, such as power grid failures or when the superconducting flywheel requires maintenance, the hydrogen energy recovery module can be activated, and the hydrogen battery can generate electricity using the stored hydrogen, ensuring the continuous operation of the hybrid energy storage system and effectively improving the reliability and flexibility of the entire system.

[0088] The intelligent control module uses AI-driven main distribution transformer intelligent monitoring and early warning technology to monitor the flywheel speed, hydrogen pressure and temperature difference of lithium battery cells in real time. When flywheel stall, hydrogen leakage or signs of battery thermal runaway are detected, it triggers the triple protection of magnetic bearing emergency braking, liquid hydrogen rapid storage and battery module physical isolation.

[0089] The intelligent control module collects grid frequency, load demand, and SOC / SOH data in real time and generates optimal power distribution instructions using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm:

[0090]

[0091] Among them: K p / K i is the dynamic weight coefficient of the flywheel and lithium battery.

[0092] The dynamic power distributor adjusts the flywheel output ratio (50%-95%) according to the instructions, and the remaining power is supplemented by the lithium battery.

[0093] Example 1: Primary frequency regulation application in power grid

[0094] Scenario: The grid frequency deviation in a certain area is Δf = 0.8 Hz, and 3 MW of power needs to be injected within 2 seconds.

[0095] System Response:

[0096] 1. The intelligent control module detects a sudden frequency change, and the MPC algorithm calculates that 3MW / 2s of power must be released;

[0097] 2. The dynamic power divider instructs the flywheel to output 2.7MW instantaneously (accounting for 90%), and the lithium battery supplements 0.3MW;

[0098] 3. The flywheel speed is reduced from 40,000 RPM to 32,000 RPM, and the liquid hydrogen flow rate is increased to 4 L / min;

[0099] 4. The flow rate of lithium battery coolant is increased by 30%, and the inlet temperature is reduced from 25°C to 18°C by using recovered cold energy;

[0100] Effect: The frequency is restored to 50±0.1Hz, the flywheel temperature rise is ≤2K, and the temperature difference of the lithium battery module is ≤3℃.

[0101] Example 2: Wind, Solar and Storage Integrated Power Station

[0102] Scenario: The power fluctuation of a photovoltaic power station within 10 seconds is ±60% and needs to be smoothed to within ±5%.

[0103] System Response:

[0104] 1. ±50% fluctuation in the first 1 second of flywheel compensation (power tracking error <1%);

[0105] 2. The lithium battery handles subsequent fluctuations and outputs smooth power through a multi-level inverter;

[0106] 3. The water cooling system starts the PWM mode, and the cooling fan duty cycle is dynamically adjusted with the ambient temperature (20%-80%);

[0107] 4. Liquid hydrogen condensation and cold energy recovery reduces the energy consumption of the cooling tower by 40%.

[0108] Effect: Grid-connected power fluctuation rate ≤4.8%, system comprehensive efficiency ≥91%.

[0109]

[0110]

[0111] By combining a superconducting flywheel with a hydrogen battery, the advantages of both are leveraged, resulting in a hybrid energy storage system with both high power density, enabling rapid response to power changes, and high energy density, meeting long-term energy storage requirements. Compared to traditional single energy storage systems, the hybrid energy storage system of this invention offers significant performance improvements, better adapting to the volatility and intermittency of renewable energy generation, and improving the stability and reliability of the power system.

[0112] The above description of the disclosed embodiments is intended to enable one skilled in the art to implement or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to one skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be implemented in other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown herein but is intended to conform to the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.

Claims

1. A hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system, characterized by: include Superconducting flywheel energy storage module, used to quickly respond to changes in power demand and perform high-power short-term charging and discharging; Lithium battery energy storage module, used to provide long-term energy storage and supply; A power conversion module connects the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module to achieve power conversion and power matching between the two and with the external power grid or load; An intelligent control module monitors the operating status of the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module in real time, and dynamically adjusts power distribution and operating mode according to external demand; The cooling submodule includes an independent liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit and a water-cooled plate forced liquid cooling unit, which serve the superconducting flywheel energy storage module and the lithium battery energy storage module respectively, and the intelligent control module coordinates the cooling power distribution and heat recovery of the two; The hydrogen energy recovery module uses hydrogen batteries to generate electricity using the hydrogen stored in the liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit.

2. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The superconducting flywheel energy storage module includes: The flywheel rotor is supported by high-temperature superconducting magnetic bearings and has a speed range of 20,000-50,000 RPM; Vacuum chamber, vacuum degree ≤10 -6 Pa, used to reduce the flywheel rotation windage loss; The energy conversion unit composed of permanent magnets and superconducting coils realizes the mutual conversion between mechanical energy and electrical energy.

3. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The lithium battery energy storage module is modular in design, including a module formed by multiple NCM ternary lithium batteries connected in series or in parallel. The capacity of a single module is ≥50kWh, the charge and discharge rate is ≥3C, and it supports SOC (State of Charge) cycling in the range of 20%-90%.

4. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The power conversion module includes: Matrix converter dedicated to superconducting flywheel, conversion efficiency ≥ 98%, response time ≤ 1ms; Lithium battery multi-level DC / AC inverter, total harmonic distortion (THD) ≤ 3%; The dynamic power distributor distributes the output power of the superconducting flywheel and lithium battery in a preset ratio based on real-time load demand, with a response time of ≤10ms.

5. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The distribution logic of the dynamic power distributor is that high-frequency power fluctuations (frequency > 1 Hz) are responded to by the superconducting flywheel energy storage module, and low-frequency power fluctuations (frequency ≤ 1 Hz) are responded to by the lithium battery energy storage module. The distribution ratio is dynamically adjusted based on the health state (SOH) of the lithium battery.

6. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The liquid hydrogen circulation cooling unit includes: Liquid hydrogen storage tanks adopt a multi-layer insulation structure, with a daily evaporation rate of ≤0.5%; Low-temperature centrifugal pump, flow rate adjustable range is 0.5-5L / min; Spiral winding cooling pipe, the inner wall is coated with nano thermal insulation coating, thermal conductivity ≤ 0.01W / m·K; The plate-fin heat exchanger is connected to an external liquid nitrogen cooling source to condense the gaseous hydrogen into liquid.

7. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The water-cooling plate forced liquid cooling unit includes: 3D printed microchannel aluminum cooling plate, channel width 0.5mm, surface roughness Ra ≤ 0.8μm; Dual-circulation cooling circuit, the primary circuit is ethylene glycol solution, and the secondary circuit is deionized water; The heat dissipation unit includes an air-cooled heat dissipation tower and a semiconductor refrigeration sheet (COP ≥ 1.8).

8. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The coordinated control of the cooling submodule includes dynamically adjusting the liquid hydrogen flow rate and the water-cooling plate pump speed, prioritizing ensuring that the superconducting flywheel temperature is ≤80K. When the temperature difference of the lithium battery module is greater than 5°C, the gradient boost mode is activated to increase the coolant flow rate, and the cold energy released by the condensation of liquid hydrogen vapor is recovered through the heat exchanger to pre-cool the lithium battery coolant.

9. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The intelligent control module performs the following operations: A1. Real-time monitoring of the superconducting flywheel's speed, temperature, hydrogen pressure, and the lithium battery's voltage, current, SOC, SOH, and cell temperature difference; A2. Use the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to optimize power allocation and cooling resource scheduling; A3. When overcharge, overdischarge or temperature exceeds the limit, the multi-level isolation protection mechanism is triggered.

10. The hydrogen-cooled superconducting flywheel composite energy storage system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heat sink balance equation for cold energy recovery is: Q recycle =η*(Q He -Q Li *T crit / T amb ) Among them, η is the heat transfer efficiency coefficient (0.6-0.8), Q He Release cold energy for liquid hydrogen system, Q Li The heat generated by the lithium battery, T amb is the ambient temperature, T crit is the critical temperature threshold.

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