SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and cooperative control method

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of solid oxide fuel cells, and discloses an SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and a cooperative control method, and the system comprises a fuel processing module, an SOFC power generation device, a gas turbine, a heat storage system and a heat pump. The invention further discloses a cooperative control method for the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system. The cooperative control method comprises the following steps that S1, a three-level cooperative control framework of a global optimization layer, an equipment control layer and an execution layer is established; s2, constructing an information interaction framework; s3, constructing a dynamic energy management strategy, and implementing waste heat hierarchical scheduling; s4, constructing an electric power-thermal power collaborative optimization regulation and control mode; s5, constructing an optimization objective function, optimizing the objective at fixed time, and performing rolling optimization; and S6, carrying out calibration of the weight coefficient of the optimization objective function and calibration of balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain. According to the invention, the effects of minimizing the operation cost, maximizing renewable energy consumption and prolonging the service life of equipment are realized.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention belongs to the technical field of solid oxide fuel cells, and in particular relates to a SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and a coordinated control method. Background Art

[0002] Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) combined heat and power (CHP) systems, as a highly efficient, low-carbon distributed energy technology, have garnered widespread attention in recent years across residential, commercial, and industrial sectors. Their core advantage lies in their ability to directly generate electricity through electrochemical reactions while simultaneously recovering high-temperature waste heat for heating, achieving an overall energy efficiency exceeding 85%. However, as energy systems evolve toward a low-carbon, intelligent, and multi-energy-compatibility-based system, traditional SOFC CHP systems are increasingly exposed to limitations in terms of energy flexibility, dynamic responsiveness, and adaptability across all scenarios. Early SOFC CHP systems primarily focused on static optimization of a single energy source. For example, Japan's ENE-FARM system achieves combined heating, cooling, and power for households through internal reforming of natural gas. However, its thermal management is limited to directly utilizing high-temperature waste heat for heating, while low-temperature waste heat (<300°C) is often wasted or inefficiently utilized. With increasing renewable energy penetration and increasing user-side load fluctuations, traditional systems are struggling to adapt to dynamic demand, necessitating the introduction of thermal storage and heat pump technologies to enhance flexibility.

[0003] Thermal storage systems, using phase change materials (PCMs), molten salt tanks, or sensible heat storage media, can store waste heat generated by SOFCs in a tiered manner, addressing the temporal and spatial mismatch between thermal power supply and demand. For example, high-temperature thermal storage (>600°C) can be used directly in industrial processes, medium- and low-temperature thermal storage (300-600°C) can be used for district heating, and low-temperature thermal storage (<300°C) must be combined with heat pumps to improve energy efficiency. However, the design of coupling thermal storage units with SOFCs faces multiple challenges, including heat loss, material compatibility, and control complexity.

[0004] Heat pumps (both absorption and compression types) can convert low-grade thermal energy into high-grade heat or cooling, significantly expanding the energy output of SOFC systems. For example, absorption heat pumps can utilize waste heat at 80-150°C to drive the refrigeration cycle, while compression heat pumps achieve thermal energy upgrade through electrical input. However, the introduction of heat pumps increases the complexity of energy interactions between system levels, particularly when switching between multiple operating modes, which can lead to efficiency drops.

[0005] To meet the above challenges, we should explore the combination of SOFC with heat storage systems and heat pump technologies to build an integrated energy system with multi-energy complementarity, so as to further improve energy utilization efficiency, balance supply and demand fluctuations and expand application scenarios. Summary of the Invention

[0006] In response to the shortcomings of the existing technology, the present invention provides a SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and a coordinated control method. By combining SOFC with a heat storage system and heat pump technology, and through a coordinated control method, the system can minimize operating costs, maximize renewable energy consumption, and extend equipment life.

[0007] To achieve the above-mentioned goals of minimizing operating costs, maximizing renewable energy consumption, and extending equipment life, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:

[0008] A SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system, comprising: a fuel processing module and a SOFC power generation device, wherein the outlet of the fuel processing module is connected to the fuel inlet of the SOFC power generation device; the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also comprises: a gas turbine connected to the anode gas outlet of the SOFC power generation device, a heat storage system and a heat pump, wherein the heat storage system is connected to the exhaust gas outlet of the gas turbine, and the heat pump is connected to the outlet of the heat medium of the heat storage system.

[0009] Furthermore, the heat storage system is a multi-heat storage medium heat storage system.

[0010] Furthermore, the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes: a power conversion module and a power storage system connected to the power output port of the SOFC power generation device; the power output port of the SOFC power generation device is connected to the heat pump.

[0011] To achieve efficient electricity-heat-cold conversion, dynamic supply-demand matching, and low-carbon operation in an integrated system of SOFC, heat storage system, and heat pump, the present invention provides the following technical solutions for the coordinated control of the integrated system of SOFC, heat storage system, and heat pump:

[0012] A collaborative control method for a SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system is provided. The collaborative control method is implemented based on the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and includes the following steps:

[0013] S1: Establish a three-level collaborative control architecture of global optimization layer, equipment control layer and execution layer;

[0014] S2: Build an information interaction framework;

[0015] S3: Build a dynamic energy management strategy and implement waste heat hierarchical scheduling;

[0016] S4: Constructing a coordinated optimization control mode of electricity and heat;

[0017] S5: Construct the optimization objective function, optimize the target regularly, and perform rolling optimization;

[0018] S6: Calibrate the weight coefficient of the optimization objective function and the balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain.

[0019] Preferably, the global optimization layer in step S1 is an hourly global optimization layer: a 24-hour energy scheduling plan is formulated based on load, electricity price, and weather forecast data; the device control layer is a minute-level device control layer: SOFC power, heat storage charge and discharge rate, and heat pump heating / cooling mode are adjusted in real time; and the execution layer is a second-level execution layer: precise adjustment of parameters such as stack temperature and heat pump compressor speed is achieved through PID or adaptive control.

[0020] Preferably, the information interaction framework in step S2 collects the stack efficiency, heat storage status, and key heat pump parameters in real time by deploying temperature, pressure, current, and gas composition sensors; and realizes data exchange among the SOFC controller, heat storage management system, and heat pump controller.

[0021] Preferably, the waste heat hierarchical scheduling strategy in step S3 is: high-temperature waste heat is preferentially used to drive the gas turbine to generate electricity; medium-temperature waste heat is stored in phase change materials; and low-temperature waste heat is input into an absorption heat pump and upgraded to high-grade heat energy or cooling capacity.

[0022] Preferably, the electricity-heat coordinated optimization control mode in step S4 includes: an electricity price-oriented mode and a renewable energy priority mode.

[0023] Preferably, the method for constructing the optimization objective function in step S5 is:

[0024] Step 1: Construction of target model, using empirical model to construct target module model,

[0025] 1) Fuel cost target model: C gas ·P SOFC , used to reflect the economic cost of SOFC fuel consumption;

[0026]

[0027] 2) Electricity purchase cost target model: C grid ·P grid ,

[0028] 3) Carbon cost target model: λ·CO2, used to quantify the environmental cost of system carbon emissions and promote low-carbon operation.

[0029] CO2(t)=P SOFC Carbon 燃料碳强度 +P grid Carbon 电网碳强度

[0030] 4) Equipment life loss cost target model: μ·ΔD(t), ΔD(t) is the life loss of the equipment in period t, and μ is the life cost coefficient.

[0031] 5) Renewable energy consumption incentive target model: -γ·P RE (t), P RE is the photovoltaic / wind power output, γ is the reward coefficient, which encourages the priority use of green electricity;

[0032] Step 2: The objective function of the rolling optimization is a weighted sum of multiple objective modules, aiming to minimize total cost, carbon emissions or maximize energy efficiency;

[0033]

[0034] Parameters in the formula:

[0035] t: time step is initially set to 15 minutes / step, N: prediction horizon is initially set to 24 hours, N=96;

[0036] P SOFC (t): power generation of SOFC in period t (kW);

[0037] P grid (t): Electricity purchased from the grid during period t (kW);

[0038] C gas : fuel price (yuan / kWh);

[0039] C grid : Grid time-of-use electricity price (yuan / kWh);

[0040] CO2(t): Carbon emissions in period t (kg);

[0041] λ: carbon price weight coefficient (yuan / kg);

[0042] Step 3: Set the constraints of the objective function. The objective function needs to be solved under physical and operational constraints. The constraints include:

[0043] SOFC power limit: 0.4P rated ≤P SOFC ≤0.9P rated , avoid low efficiency operation (<40%) or overload damage (>90%), P rated is the design power;

[0044] Thermal storage system load range: 20% ≤ SOC(t) ≤ 95%, to prevent overcharging / overdischarging of the thermal storage tank and causing material aging;

[0045] Heat pump start and stop times: δHP(t) is the start and stop flag variable of the heat pump, which reduces mechanical wear.

[0046] Preferably, the λ, μ, γ weight coefficients are calibrated by historical data regression or expert experience; and the balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain is calibrated by trial operation experience.

[0047] Compared with the existing technology, the present invention provides a SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system and coordinated control method, which has the following beneficial effects:

[0048] First, by using heat pumps to convert low-grade thermal energy into high-grade thermal energy or cooling, the efficiency of energy cascade utilization is improved, solving the problem of generally low utilization rate of low-temperature waste heat below 300°C in traditional solid oxide fuel cell cogeneration.

[0049] Second, multi-media heat storage is used to weaken the coupling between heat storage capacity and heat release power, avoiding the situation where the heat release rate of the heat storage tank is limited by the heat exchanger design and cannot respond to a sudden increase in heat load in a short period of time, forcing the SOFC to start and stop frequently to adjust the output, resulting in accelerated aging of the material.

[0050] Third, through collaborative control, the problem of existing heat storage systems operating independently and lacking dynamic coordination with heat pumps can be solved. The heat storage systems often charge and release heat at a fixed rate and cannot adjust the output temperature according to the real-time needs of the heat pump, resulting in heat quality mismatch and efficiency loss.

[0051] Fourth, with dynamic energy matching as the core, through hierarchical control architecture and intelligent control, efficient conversion and reliable supply of electricity, heat and cold can be achieved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0052] Figure 1 This is a diagram of the structure of the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system;

[0053] Figure 2 This is a step diagram of the coordinated control method for the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0054] The following will clearly and completely describe the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. Obviously, the described embodiments are only part of the embodiments of the present invention, not all of the embodiments. Based on the embodiments of the present invention, all other embodiments obtained by ordinary technicians in this field without making creative efforts are within the scope of protection of the present invention.

[0055] A multi-energy complementary SOFC-heat storage-heat pump system includes a fuel processing module and a SOFC power generation device. The outlet of the fuel processing module is connected to the fuel inlet of the SOFC power generation device for desulfurization and purification. Its main functions include: 1. Fuel purification: removing impurities such as sulfide (H2S) to prevent SOFC electrode poisoning; 2. Fuel reforming: converting hydrocarbon fuel into hydrogen-rich gas for use in SOFC electrochemical reactions; 3. Fuel adaptation: making the entire system compatible with multiple fuels (hydrogen, natural gas, biomass gas), improving system flexibility.

[0056] The SOFC power generation device is the core power generation unit, which is used to directly convert the chemical energy of the fuel into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions. At the same time, high-temperature waste heat (600-1000°C) is generated during the power generation process, providing a high-quality heat source for subsequent thermal utilization.

[0057] The SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes: a gas turbine connected to the anode gas outlet of the SOFC power generation device, and the gas turbine uses the high-temperature gas at the anode of the SOFC power generation device to perform secondary power generation, converting high-temperature waste heat into medium-temperature waste heat.

[0058] The SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes: a heat storage system, which is connected to the gas turbine exhaust outlet. The heat storage system stores the medium-temperature waste heat of the gas after gas turbine power generation in the heat storage system through a heat exchanger. The heat storage system is used for waste heat storage and buffering, thereby solving the problem of temporal and spatial mismatch between thermal power supply and demand.

[0059] Furthermore, the heat storage system uses multiple heat storage media to store heat, which is used to weaken the coupling between heat storage capacity and heat release power, avoiding the situation where the heat release rate of the heat storage tank is limited by the heat exchanger design, and is unable to respond to a sudden increase in heat load in a short period of time, forcing the SOFC to be frequently started and stopped to adjust the output, resulting in accelerated material aging.

[0060] The SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes a heat pump connected to the outlet of the heat storage system's heat carrier medium. The heat pump uses the stored heat in the heat storage system as a driving heat source via a heat exchanger. The heat pump converts low-temperature waste heat into high-quality heat (for heating) or cooling (for cooling), supporting dual heating and cooling modes, adapting to seasonal load fluctuations and expanding energy output options.

[0061] The SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes: a power conversion module connected to the power output port of the SOFC power generation device and a power storage system. The power conversion module is used to convert the direct current generated by the SOFC into alternating current to meet the needs of users or the power grid; the energy stored in the power storage system can be used as emergency energy, and can also be used to store energy when the gas turbine and SOFC load are low, and output energy when the gas turbine and SOFC load are high, for peak shaving and valley filling, and to reduce fluctuations in the gas turbine and SOFC.

[0062] The integrated system of SOFC, thermal storage system and heat pump aims to achieve efficient electricity-heat-cooling conversion, dynamic matching of supply and demand, and low-carbon operation through energy cascade utilization and multi-energy complementarity. The physical properties of the three differ significantly.

[0063] The present invention also provides a coordinated control method for a SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system, comprising the following steps:

[0064] S1: Establish a three-level collaborative control architecture consisting of a global optimization layer, a device control layer, and an execution layer. The hourly global optimization layer formulates a 24-hour energy scheduling plan based on load, electricity price, and weather forecast data. The minute-level device control layer adjusts SOFC power, heat storage charge and discharge rates, and heat pump mode (heating / cooling) in real time. The second-level execution layer uses PID or adaptive control to achieve precise adjustment of parameters such as stack temperature and heat pump compressor speed.

[0065] S2: Build an information interaction framework and deploy temperature, pressure, current, and gas composition sensors to collect real-time data on the stack efficiency, heat storage status, and key heat pump parameters; and enable data exchange between the SOFC controller, heat storage management system, and heat pump controller.

[0066] S3: Build a dynamic energy management strategy and implement waste heat hierarchical scheduling:

[0067] High-temperature waste heat (>600℃): prioritizes driving gas turbines for power generation;

[0068] Medium-temperature waste heat (300-600°C): stored in molten salt tanks or phase change materials and used during peak heat load periods;

[0069] Low-temperature waste heat (<300°C): Input into an absorption heat pump and upgraded to high-quality heat or cooling.

[0070] S4: Constructing a coordinated optimization control mode of electricity and heat:

[0071] Electricity price-oriented mode: During off-peak electricity price periods, grid electricity is used to drive compression heat pumps for heat storage, reducing daytime operating costs;

[0072] Renewable energy priority mode: When photovoltaic / wind power output is sufficient, the SOFC operates at reduced load, and the heat pump directly uses green electricity, reducing natural gas consumption.

[0073] S5: Construct the optimization objective function, optimize the target regularly, and perform rolling optimization:

[0074] Step 1: Construction of target model. The empirical model can be used to construct the target module model.

[0075] 1. Fuel cost target model: C gas ·P SOFC , used to reflect the economic cost of SOFC fuel consumption;

[0076]

[0077] 2. Electricity purchase cost target model: C grid ·P grid ;

[0078] 3. Carbon cost target model: λ·CO2, used to quantify the environmental cost of system carbon emissions and promote low-carbon operation;

[0079] CO2(t)=P SOFC Carbon 燃料碳强度 +P grid Carbon 电网碳强度

[0080] 4. Equipment life loss cost target model: μ·ΔD(t), ΔD(t) is the life loss of the equipment in period t, and μ is the life cost coefficient;

[0081] 5. Renewable energy consumption incentive target model: -γ·P RE (t), P RE is the photovoltaic / wind power output, γ is the reward coefficient, which encourages the priority use of green electricity;

[0082] Step 2: The objective function of the rolling optimization is a weighted sum of multiple objective modules, aiming to minimize total cost, carbon emissions or maximize energy efficiency;

[0083]

[0084] Parameters in the formula:

[0085] t: time step is initially set to 15 minutes / step, N: prediction horizon is initially set to 24 hours, N=96;

[0086] P SOFC (t): power generation of SOFC in period t (kW);

[0087] P grid(t): Electricity purchased from the grid during period t (kW);

[0088] C gas : fuel price (yuan / kWh);

[0089] C grid : Grid time-of-use electricity price (yuan / kWh);

[0090] CO2(t): Carbon emissions in period t (kg);

[0091] λ: carbon price weight coefficient (yuan / kg);

[0092] Step 3: Set the constraints of the objective function. The objective function needs to be solved under physical and operational constraints. The constraints include:

[0093] SOFC power limit: 0.4P rated ≤P SOFC ≤0.9P rated , avoid operation in the low-efficiency zone (<40%) or overload damage (>90%);

[0094] Thermal storage system SOC range: 20% ≤ SOC(t) ≤ 95%, to prevent overcharging / overdischarging of the thermal storage tank and causing material aging;

[0095] Heat pump start and stop times: δHP(t) is the start / stop flag variable of the heat pump, which reduces mechanical wear;

[0096] S6: Calibration of weight coefficients and calibration of the balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain:

[0097] The weight coefficients λ, μ, and γ are determined through historical data regression or expert experience. The carbon price weight λ can refer to the price in the regional carbon trading market. A prediction time domain that is too long may introduce large errors, while a prediction time domain that is too short may not cover the load cycle. The balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain needs to be calibrated through trial operation experience.

[0098] The rolling optimization objective function quantifies economic costs, environmental costs, and equipment lifespan loss, providing a globally optimal decision-making basis for the multi-energy complementary system. In practical applications, the function structure and weights must be dynamically adjusted based on specific scenarios (such as time-of-use electricity pricing), while strictly meeting equipment physical constraints to ensure efficient, reliable, and low-carbon system operation.

[0099] It should be noted that, in this document, relational terms such as first and second, etc., are used only to distinguish one entity or operation from another entity or operation, and do not necessarily require or imply the existence of any such actual relationship or order between these entities or operations. Moreover, the terms "comprises," "comprising," or any other variants thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, so that a process, method, article, or device comprising a series of elements includes not only those elements, but also other elements not explicitly listed, or elements inherent to such process, method, article, or device. In the absence of further limitations, an element defined by the phrase "comprising a ..." does not exclude the presence of other identical elements in the process, method, article, or device comprising the element.

[0100] While embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions, and variations may be made to these embodiments without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, and that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims and their equivalents.

Claims

1. A SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system, characterized by: The system includes: a fuel processing module and a SOFC power generation device, wherein the outlet of the fuel processing module is connected to the fuel inlet of the SOFC power generation device; the SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system also includes: a gas turbine connected to the anode gas outlet of the SOFC power generation device, a heat storage system and a heat pump, wherein the heat storage system is connected to the exhaust gas outlet of the gas turbine, and the heat pump is connected to the outlet of the heat medium of the heat storage system.

2. The SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heat storage system is a multi-heat storage medium heat storage system.

3. The SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 1, characterized in that: The SOFC-heat storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system further includes: a power conversion module connected to the power output port of the SOFC power generation device and a power storage system; the power output port of the SOFC power generation device is connected to the heat pump.

4. A coordinated control method for a SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system, the coordinated control method being implemented based on the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system of claim 4, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1: Establish a three-level collaborative control architecture of global optimization layer, equipment control layer and execution layer; S2: Build an information interaction framework; S3: Build a dynamic energy management strategy and implement waste heat hierarchical scheduling; S4: Constructing a coordinated optimization control mode of electricity and heat; S5: Construct the optimization objective function, optimize the target regularly, and perform rolling optimization; S6: Calibrate the weight coefficient of the optimization objective function and the balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain.

5. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The global optimization layer described in step S1 is an hourly global optimization layer: a 24-hour energy scheduling plan is formulated based on load, electricity price, and weather forecast data. The device control layer is a minute-level device control layer: SOFC power, heat storage charge and discharge rate, and heat pump heating / cooling mode are adjusted in real time; the execution layer is a second-level execution layer: precise adjustment of parameters such as stack temperature and heat pump compressor speed is achieved through PID or adaptive control.

6. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The information interaction framework in step S2 collects the stack efficiency, heat storage status, and key heat pump parameters in real time by deploying temperature, pressure, current, and gas flow rate sensors; and realizes data exchange between the SOFC controller, heat storage management system, and heat pump controller.

7. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The waste heat classification scheduling strategy in step S3 is: high-temperature waste heat is preferentially used to drive the gas turbine to generate electricity; medium-temperature waste heat is stored in phase change materials; and low-temperature waste heat is input into an absorption heat pump and upgraded to high-quality heat or cooling.

8. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The electricity-heat coordinated optimization control mode in step S4 includes: an electricity price-oriented mode and a renewable energy priority mode.

9. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 4, characterized in that: The method for constructing the optimization objective function in step S5 is: Step 1: Construction of target model, using empirical model to construct target module model, 1) Fuel cost target model: C gas ·P SOFC , used to reflect the economic cost of SOFC fuel consumption; 2) Electricity purchase cost target model: C grid ·P grid , 3) Carbon cost target model: λ·CO2, used to quantify the environmental cost of system carbon emissions and promote low-carbon operation. CO2(t)=P SOFC ·Carbon 燃料碳强度 +P grid ·Carbon 电网碳强度 4) Equipment life loss cost target model: μ·ΔD(t), ΔD(t) is the life loss of the equipment in period t, and μ is the life cost coefficient. 5) Renewable energy consumption incentive target model: -γ·P RE (t), P RE is the photovoltaic / wind power output, γ is the reward coefficient; Step 2: The objective function of the rolling optimization is a weighted sum of multiple objective modules, aiming to minimize total cost, carbon emissions or maximize energy efficiency. Parameters in the formula: t: time step is initially set to 15 minutes / step, N: prediction horizon is initially set to 24 hours, N=96; Step 3: Set the constraints of the objective function. The objective function needs to be solved under physical and operational constraints. The constraints include: SOFC power limit: 0.4P rated ≤P SOFC ≤0.9P rated , avoid operation in the low efficiency zone <40% or overload damage >90%; Thermal storage system load range: 20% ≤ SOC(t) ≤ 95%, to prevent overcharging / overdischarging of the thermal storage tank and causing material aging; Heat pump start and stop times: δHP(t) is the start and stop flag variable of the heat pump, which reduces mechanical wear.

10. The coordinated control method of the SOFC-thermal storage-heat pump multi-energy complementary system according to claim 9, characterized in that: The λ, μ, and γ weight coefficients are calibrated through historical data regression or expert experience; the balance between the prediction time domain and the control time domain is calibrated through trial operation experience.

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