Method for producing heat by composting waste substrates in ganoderma lucidum basswood planting

Abstract

The invention belongs to the field of microbial agents, and particularly relates to a compost heat production method of a ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate, which comprises the following steps: mixing the ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate with chicken manure to obtain a fermentation raw material; paving the fermentation raw materials in a fermentation container layer by layer; a complex microbial inoculant is uniformly sprayed on the surface of each layer of fermentation raw material; the complex microbial inoculant is prepared from the following strains in percentage by weight: 10 to 25 percent of bacillus cereus, 5 to 10 percent of bacillus smith, 5 to 10 percent of geobacillus thermodenitrificans, 20 to 40 percent of bacillus licheniformis, 5 to 24 percent of ureibacillus thermophilus and the balance of actinomyces thermophilus; the oxygen content is controlled to be 5-15%; the 50-60 DEG C high-temperature period is maintained for 180-210 days, the heat exchange pipe located between the two layers of fermentation raw materials is connected to a heating system in the high-temperature period, and the system is suitable for agricultural circular economy and distributed energy supply scenes.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the field of microbial agents, and particularly relates to a method for composting and generating heat from waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum and basswood planting. Background Art

[0002] Waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum basswood cultivation refers to the residual basswood left after mycelial decomposition and fruiting body growth during the Ganoderma lucidum cultivation process. Its primary components are lignocellulose (cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin), along with small amounts of unutilized organic matter (such as proteins and polysaccharides) and minerals (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium). Research shows that high-quality Ganoderma lucidum substrate (such as oak basswood) completely decays after mycelial decomposition, indicating efficient nutrient absorption. The composition of the waste substrate provides both water-retention and breathability, providing a foundation for subsequent resource utilization.

[0003] Incineration is a simple method to operate but produces greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CO. Landfilling may lead to resource waste and soil occupation due to the slow degradation of lignin. Random disposal can easily cause environmental pollution and disrupt the ecological balance. The organic fertilizer conversion method utilizes resources and improves the soil. Through crushing and fermentation processes, waste wood segments are converted into organic fertilizers rich in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, significantly improving soil fertility, but it requires technical investment and equipment support. For example, Changzhikang Pharmaceutical uses microbial fermentation technology to recycle waste substrates. The soil covering and reuse treatment method is low-cost and eco-friendly. Some cultivation techniques directly bury waste mushroom materials in the soil and use their residual nutrients to promote the growth of subsequent crops, but their scope of application is limited. The Ganoderma lucidum mycelium remaining in the waste substrate can be used to extract triterpenoid compounds for the development of medicines or health products. Ganoderma lucidum residue can be processed into a planting substrate for Dendrobium officinale, solving the problem of soil desertification caused by traditional sand and gravel cultivation and forming a circular agricultural model.

[0004] The waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum and basswood cultivation is both an environmental burden and a potential treasure trove of resources. It can be converted into organic fertilizer, high-value-added biological products or new cultivation substrates. However, the existing microbial agents have insufficient synergistic effects on high-temperature lignin-degrading bacteria, severe heat loss from the pile, and low energy utilization rate (usually <40%). Therefore, a win-win situation of economic and ecological benefits has not yet been achieved. Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention provides a method for generating heat by composting waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting. In particular, the method optimizes the synergistic effect of composite microbial agents by regulating the mixing ratio of the waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting and specific auxiliary materials, accurately regulates the pile structure and the spatial distribution of the composite microbial agents, and constructs an efficient and stable aerobic fermentation system. This provides a new approach for the resourceful treatment of similar wastes, is suitable for the efficient degradation and heat recovery of waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting, and provides technical support for the recycling of waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting.

[0006] The purpose of the present invention is achieved through the following technical solutions: A method for generating heat by composting waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting, characterized by comprising the following steps: Step 1: mixing the crushed Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate with mildew-free and antibiotic-free chicken manure in a mass ratio of 1:2-5 to obtain a fermentation raw material, wherein the C / N ratio of the fermentation raw material is 25-30:1; Step 2: Layer the fermentation raw materials in a fermentation container, adjust the moisture content of each layer to 30%-50% after layering, and compact the layers layer by layer to a porosity of 40%-45%; evenly spread the composite bacterial agent on the surface of each layer of fermentation raw materials, with the mass ratio of the composite bacterial agent to the fermentation raw materials being 6:1000; the bacterial species and weight percentages contained in the composite bacterial agent are as follows: Bacillus cereus 10-25%, Bacillus smithii 5-10%, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans 5-10%, Bacillus licheniformis 20-40%, Ureabacillus thermophilus 5-24%, Actinomyces thermophilus is the balance; Step 3: The oxygen content detector is located at the center of the bottom of the fermentation container. When the oxygen content is lower than 5%, start the blower to introduce air through the air pipe. The air outlet is located at the bottom of the fermentation container 30 cm from the edge. Stop when the oxygen content is higher than 15%; Step 4: Raise the temperature to 60-65°C within 48 hours and maintain a high temperature period of 50-60°C for 180-210 days. During the high temperature period, connect the heat exchange pipe between the two layers of fermentation raw materials to the heating system.

[0007] As a more optimal technical solution of the present invention: the composite bacterial agent contains the following bacterial species and weight percentages: 16% of Bacillus cereus, 8% of Bacillus smithii, 8% of Geobacillus thermodenitrificans, 24% of Bacillus licheniformis, 16% of Ureabacillus thermophilus and 28% of Actinomyces thermophilus.

[0008] As a more optimal technical solution of the present invention: the particle size of the Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste matrix is ​​less than 5 mm, the lignin content is 30-50%, and the mycelium residue is 3-8% of the dry weight.

[0009] As a more optimal technical solution of the present invention: the heat exchange tube is a spiral stainless steel tube with a tube diameter of 20-30 mm, and the distance between the two heat exchange tubes is 30-50 cm.

[0010] As a more optimal technical solution of the present invention: the fermentation container is a quadrangular pyramid with a height of 1.2-1.8m and a volume of 12-18m³. The fermentation container is covered with 0.2mm polyethylene and lined with a 0.1mm aluminum foil reflective layer to reduce heat loss.

[0011] The beneficial effects are as follows: The present invention achieves efficient heat production through directional strengthening of composite microbial agents, layered heat exchange structure design and dynamic oxygen supply control. Spiral heat exchange tubes are embedded in the layered pile body, and combined with the quadrangular pyramid structure to improve oxygen diffusion efficiency; dynamic oxygen supply is used to maintain microbial activity during the high temperature period, a C / N ratio of 25-30:1 balances carbon and nitrogen metabolism, a lignin degradation rate of more than 85%, and a composting period extended to more than 180 days. The high temperature period of existing composting is usually within 90 days; the heat production is greater than 3600MJ / ton of raw materials, and the organic matter content is more than 60%. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0012] The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to specific embodiments.

[0013] The present invention is further described below in conjunction with specific examples. Unless otherwise specified, the following raw materials are commercially available. The Bacillus cereus was purchased from Shanghai Xige Biotechnology Co., Ltd., and Bacillus smithii was purchased from Shanghai Lianzu Biotechnology Co., Ltd. Thermodenzanische Bacillus was purchased from Beijing Yuwei Technology Co., Ltd., Bacillus licheniformis was purchased from Hubei Siweitu New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., and Thermomyces urea was purchased from Lianshige (Wuhan) Life Science Technology Co., Ltd. Thermomyces actinomycetes was purchased from Henan Nanhua Qianmu Biotechnology Co., Ltd.

[0014] Compost was prepared according to Examples 1 to 14, with the following specific steps: A waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum basswood cultivation with a particle size of 3-5 mm and a lignin content of 38% was mixed with chicken manure to obtain a fermentation raw material. The mass ratio of the substrate to the chicken manure was 1:3, the C / N of the fermentation raw material was 28:1, and the moisture content of each layer was adjusted to 40%; a composite bacterial agent was added at a mass ratio of 6:1000, the composite bacterial agent consisting of freeze-dried powders of various strains, and the weight ratios were shown in Table 1. The pile was laid in layers, and the pile was a quadrangular pyramid with a height of 1.5 m and a volume of 15 m³. A spiral heat exchange tube with a diameter of 25 mm was embedded in each layer. The oxygen concentration was controlled to 10%. The temperature was raised to 60° C. within 48 hours and maintained at 55° C. for 180 days. The heat exchange tubes of Examples 1 to 14 were connected to a greenhouse for heating.

[0015] Table 1

[0016] The test results of Examples 1-14 and Comparative Examples 1-3 are as follows.

[0017] Example 1 The heat output reaches 4220 MJ / ton of raw material, and the organic matter content is 66%.

[0018] Example 2 produces 3850 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 61%.

[0019] Example 3 produces 3678 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and has an organic matter content of 58%.

[0020] Example 4 produces 3900 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and has an organic matter content of 62%.

[0021] Example 5 produces 3889 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and has an organic matter content of 60%.

[0022] Example 6 produces 3920 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 62%.

[0023] Example 7 produces 4210 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 65%.

[0024] Example 8 produces 4114 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and has an organic matter content of 64%.

[0025] Example 9 produces 3890 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 60%.

[0026] Example 10 produces 4026 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 62%.

[0027] Example 11 produces 4100 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and has an organic matter content of 63%.

[0028] Example 12 produces 4102 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 63%.

[0029] Example 13 produces 3990 MJ / ton of raw material and has an organic matter content of 63%.

[0030] Comparative Example 1 has a heat output of 2315 MJ / ton of raw material and an organic matter content of 34%.

[0031] Comparative Example 2 produced 2487 MJ of heat per ton of raw material, and had an organic matter content of 36%.

[0032] Comparative Example 3 has a heat output of 2090 MJ / ton of raw material and an organic matter content of 30%.

[0033] In this invention, cumulative heat supply (MJ / ton raw material) refers to the total heat energy released by unit raw material during the energy conversion process, and the calculation method is as follows:

[0034] The complete oxidation of each kilogram of organic carbon releases 17.6 MJ of heat. and are the initial and post-compost organic carbon contents (g / kg dry basis), respectively.

[0035] The method for determining the organic matter content of compost fermentation in the present invention is as follows: weigh 0.5 g of fermented compost sample, add 50 ml of potassium dichromate solution and 50 ml of concentrated sulfuric acid, heat in a boiling water bath for 30 minutes, cool, transfer to a volumetric flask, and adjust to volume. Take 50 ml of the filtrate, add o-phenanthroline indicator, and titrate with ferrous sulfate standard solution to a brick-red endpoint. Simultaneously, perform a silica blank test. The calculation formula is:

[0036] in The volume of ferrous sulfate consumed for blank is V is the sample consumption volume, C is the concentration of ferrous sulfate, m For sample quality.

[0037] Among the above examples, Example 1 achieved the best organic matter content and heat production, with a Bacillus cereus powder: Thermophilic Urea Bacillus powder ratio of 1:1, and a Bacillus smithii powder: Thermodenitrificial Geobacillus powder ratio of 1:1; a Bacillus cereus powder: Thermophilic Urea Bacillus smithii powder ratio of 2:1, and a Bacillus smithii powder: Thermodenitrificial Geobacillus licheniformis ratio of 1:3. Comparative Example 1 lacked Thermophilic Urea Bacillus smithii, Comparative Example 2 lacked Bacillus smithii, and Comparative Example 3 lacked Geobacillus thermodenitrificialis. The Thermophilic Urea Bacillus in the composite inoculum decomposes protein to provide a nitrogen source, sustaining microbial growth; Geobacillus thermodenitrificialis is resistant to temperatures of 70°C and leads the oxidative depolymerization of lignin; and Bacillus smithii synergistically degrades hemicellulose, releasing carbon sources to support bacterial metabolism. The absence of key bacteria prevented the compost from maintaining microbial activity during the high-temperature period, causing the temperature to drop rapidly from its peak of 60°C and reducing heat production by over 40%. In Comparative Example 1, Bacillus cereus accounted for 30%, and its overgrowth inhibited the activity of other bacterial species. Bacillus cereus primarily degrades proteins, but the lignin content of the Ganoderma lucidum matrix is ​​as high as 30-50%, and the ammonia accumulation generated by protein degradation actually inhibited the cellulase activity of the thermophilic actinomycetes. The organic matter content in Comparative Example 1 was only 34%, indicating that the lignocellulose degradation rate was less than 50%.

Claims

1. A method for generating heat by composting waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: Step 1: mixing the crushed Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste substrate with chicken manure in a mass ratio of 1:2-5 to obtain a fermentation raw material, wherein the C / N ratio of the fermentation raw material is 25-30:1; Step 2: Layer the fermentation raw materials in a fermentation container, adjust the moisture content of each layer to 30%-50% after layering, and compact the layers layer by layer to a porosity of 40%-45%; evenly spread the composite bacterial agent on the surface of each layer of fermentation raw materials, with the mass ratio of the composite bacterial agent to the fermentation raw materials being 6:1000; the bacterial species and weight percentages contained in the composite bacterial agent are as follows: Bacillus cereus 10-25%, Bacillus smithii 5-10%, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans 5-10%, Bacillus licheniformis 20-40%, Ureabacillus thermophilus 5-24%, Actinomyces thermophilus is the balance; Step 3: The oxygen content detector is located at the center of the bottom of the fermentation container. When the oxygen content is lower than 5%, start the blower to introduce air through the air pipe. The air outlet is located at the bottom of the fermentation container 30 cm from the edge. Stop when the oxygen content is higher than 15%; Step 4: Raise the temperature to 60-65°C within 48 hours and maintain a high temperature period of 50-60°C for 180-210 days. During the high temperature period, connect the heat exchange pipe between the two layers of fermentation raw materials to the heating system.

2. The heat generation method of composting waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bacterial species and weight percentages contained in the composite bacterial agent are as follows: Bacillus cereus 16%, Bacillus smithii 8%, Geobacillus thermodenitrificans 8%, Bacillus licheniformis 24%, Ureabacillus thermophilus 16% and Actinomyces thermophilus 28%.

3. The heat generation method of composting waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The particle size of the Ganoderma lucidum basswood planting waste matrix is ​​less than 5 mm, the lignin content is 30-50%, and the mycelium residue is 3-8% of the dry weight.

4. The method for generating heat by composting waste substrates from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The heat exchange tube is a spiral stainless steel tube with a diameter of 20-30 mm. The distance between the two heat exchange tubes is 30-50 cm.

5. The method for generating heat by composting waste substrate from Ganoderma lucidum and Basswood planting according to claim 1, characterized in that: The fermentation container is a quadrangular pyramid with a height of 1.2-1.8m and a volume of 12-18m³. The fermentation container is coated with 0.2mm polyethylene and lined with a 0.1mm aluminum foil reflective layer.

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