Processing technology of feed for intermediate culture of sea cucumbers

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture feed processing, and particularly relates to a processing technology of a sea cucumber intermediate culture feed. The sea cucumber intermediate breeding feed comprises fish meal, soybean protein isolate, seaweed meal, fermented soybean meal, multivitamins, a multivitamin premix and mineral salt. The processing technology comprises the following steps: firstly carrying out crushing pretreatment on the raw materials, then mixing the crushed raw materials, carrying out hardening and tempering, then carrying out twin-screw extrusion puffing to form carrier particles, carrying out low-temperature drying, then carrying out high-pressure atomization spraying technology to load the fish oil phospholipid complex, carrying out three-stage variable-temperature drying treatment, and finally carrying out cooling screening. The sea cucumber intermediate breeding feed processed by the method can be used for breeding in a transition stage from young sea cucumbers to young sea cucumbers, the survival rate of the young sea cucumbers in the breeding process is increased, and the sea cucumber intermediate breeding feed has the advantages of high nutrient retention rate and slow dissolution loss characteristic; in addition, the invention has the advantage of improving the order of micropores in the particles and the compactness of the surface layer so as to improve the physical stability of the sea cucumber intermediate culture feed.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The invention belongs to the technical field of aquaculture feed processing, and in particular relates to a processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed. Background Art

[0002] Sea cucumber intermediate feed refers to a specialized feed used during the transition from juvenile to young sea cucumbers. Its core function is to support morphological development and immune system development during this critical growth period, directly impacting survival rates and finished product specifications. During this stage, sea cucumbers have immature digestive tracts and are sensitive to the aquatic environment, requiring a feed with high nutrient retention, slow dissolution, and feeding activity.

[0003] The traditional processing technology uses single-screw extrusion and puffing combined with high-temperature drying. Due to uneven mechanical shearing and uncontrolled thermal process, the internal micropore structure of the feed particles is disordered and the surface density is insufficient. This structural defect causes the particles to quickly disintegrate after entering the water, resulting in the premature release of functional substances, loss of fat-soluble nutrients and attenuation of feeding signals, which cannot meet the requirements for physical stability of the feed during the intermediate cultivation period. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of the present invention is to provide a processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed to solve the problems raised in the above background technology.

[0005] The technical solutions provided by the present invention are as follows: A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1. Raw material pretreatment: Grind the fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, fermented soybean meal and multivitamin premix into a particle size of 80-120 mesh, and grind the multivitamin premix and mineral salt into a particle size of 160-200 mesh; S2, mixing: put 25-35 parts of fish meal, 15-25 parts of soy protein isolate, 10-20 parts of seaweed powder, 10-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-3 parts of multivitamin premix, 2-5 parts of mineral salt, and 0.5-1.5 parts of compound probiotics into a three-dimensional mixer, pass through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve before mixing, and mix at a speed of 30-50 rpm for 25-40 minutes; S3, conditioning: add 15%-25% of the total weight of pure water to the mixture, and pass 85-95℃ steam for 45-90 seconds to condition the material to 28%-32% water content; S4. Extrusion and puffing: The tempered material is fed into a twin-screw extruder, and the temperature of zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 are controlled at 60-75°C, 100-115°C, and 120-135°C, the screw speed is 180-250 rpm, and the die hole diameter is 1.5-2.5 mm. S5. Low temperature drying: Place the expanded granules in a fluidized bed dryer and dry them with hot air at 40-50°C until the moisture content reaches 8%-10%. S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil, and attractant in a ratio of (4-6): (2-4): (0.8-1.2) and heat to 50-60°C; S7. Cooling and screening: After cooling to room temperature with cold air, pass through a 14-18 mesh sieve for classification.

[0006] By adopting the above technical solution, the comprehensive effects of balanced feed nutrition, high digestibility, good stability, strong palatability and high breeding efficiency are achieved through precise control of key steps such as raw material pretreatment, mixing, tempering, extrusion, drying, oil spraying and screening.

[0007] Preferably, in step S2, the seaweed powder comprises brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder in a ratio of (3-5): (2-4): (2-4), and the raw material is Sargassum enzymatic hydrolysis treated with cellulase to prepare the powder.

[0008] By adopting the above-mentioned technical solution, the process design of compounding seaweed powder and enzymatic hydrolysis of Sargassum can effectively improve the nutritional value and functionality of the feed, provide sea cucumbers with more comprehensive and high-quality nutrition, and promote their healthy and rapid growth.

[0009] Preferably, in step S3, 0.1%-0.3% of the total weight of the mixture is added with a thermostable α-amylase during the conditioning process, and the mixture is stirred and mixed at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank.

[0010] By adopting the above technical solution and adding an appropriate amount of high-temperature resistant α-amylase during the conditioning process, not only the nutritional value and digestion and absorption rate of the feed can be improved, but also the processing performance and use effect of the feed can be improved, providing sea cucumbers with a higher quality and more efficient source of nutrition.

[0011] Preferably, in step S4, the aspect ratio of the twin-screw extruder is 18:1-22:1, and the die pressure is 3.5-4.5 MPa.

[0012] By adopting the above technical solution and rationally designing the aspect ratio and die pressure of the twin-screw extruder, the degree of maturation, digestion and absorption rate, and stability in water of the feed can be effectively improved, providing a higher quality and more efficient source of nutrition for sea cucumbers.

[0013] Preferably, in step S6, the particles are preheated to 35-45° C. before spraying the grease, and are dispersed by 35-45 kHz ultrasonic vibration for 10-15 minutes after spraying.

[0014] By adopting the above technical solution and the process design of preheating particles and ultrasonic vibration dispersion, the effect of oil spraying and the efficiency of oil utilization can be effectively improved, the flavor of feed and breeding effect can be improved, and a better quality and more efficient source of nutrition can be provided for sea cucumbers.

[0015] Preferably, in step S2, the composite probiotics are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici in a ratio of (0.8-1.2): (0.8-1.2): (1.8-2.2) of viable bacteria, and the total viable bacteria count is ≥ 2×10¹ 0 CFU / g.

[0016] By adopting the above technical solution, through the rational combination of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici, and ensuring a high number of viable bacteria, the nutritional value and biological efficacy of the feed can be effectively improved, the intestinal health and growth and development of sea cucumbers can be promoted, and the breeding effect can be improved.

[0017] Preferably, the composite probiotics are embedded by the following steps: mixing the bacterial solution with a 2% sodium alginate solution, dropping a 0.5 mol / L CaCl2 solution into the solution for solidification for 20 minutes, and then immersing the solution in a 0.8% chitosan acetic acid solution for 10 minutes. The microcapsule particle size is 150-300 μm.

[0018] By adopting the above technical solution and the embedding treatment process of the composite probiotics, the stability and bioavailability of the probiotics can be effectively improved, providing a more stable and effective source of probiotics for sea cucumbers and improving the breeding effect.

[0019] Preferably, in step S2, the mineral salt comprises calcium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc in a weight ratio of (4-6): (1.5-2.5): (0.8-1.2): (0.08-0.12).

[0020] By adopting the above technical solution, this mineral salt compounding method can provide sea cucumbers with comprehensive and balanced mineral nutrition, help improve the nutritional value of feed and breeding effects, and promote the healthy growth of sea cucumbers.

[0021] Preferably, in step S5, the low-temperature drying adopts three-stage temperature control: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 20-30 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 40-50 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 20-30 minutes.

[0022] By adopting the above technical solution, this three-stage variable temperature controlled low-temperature drying process can effectively protect the nutritional components of the feed, improve drying efficiency and feed quality, extend the shelf life of the feed, and provide sea cucumbers with higher quality and more stable feed.

[0023] Preferably, in step S6, the grease is evenly sprayed onto the surface of the particles through a high-pressure nozzle at a pressure of 0.15-0.25 MPa, and the spraying amount is 6%-10% of the total weight of the particles.

[0024] By adopting the above technical solution, the nutritional value and palatability of the feed can be effectively improved by precisely controlling the spraying pressure and amount of the oil, while protecting the nutrients in the oil, providing a higher quality and more efficient source of nutrition for sea cucumbers.

[0025] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: 1. The present invention adopts a twin-screw extrusion process that combines zoned temperature control with mechanical energy. Under the screw speed range of 180 to 250 rpm and three-gradient temperature control, the mechanical shear force and thermal field coupling act on the material, resulting in the formation of a uniform porous network structure inside the feed pellets, a moderate bulk density, and a dense surface morphology, significantly optimizing the physical structural integrity of the pellets and their stability in water.

[0026] 2. The present invention sprays the oil mixture heated to 50 to 60°C through a high-pressure nozzle in a pressure range of 0.15 to 0.25 MPa, thereby atomizing the oil droplets to form a uniform dispersed phase. The fish oil phospholipid oil and the attractant in the oil mixture form a stable system in proportion, so that the oil is evenly coated on the surface of the particles and the penetration depth is controllable, ensuring the consistency of the spatial distribution of key fat-soluble substances and attractant factors and their biological availability.

[0027] 3. The present invention adopts a three-stage gradient temperature-controlled drying process, which gradually controls the hot air temperature to match the moisture migration rate inside the material, achieves a dynamic balance between moisture gradient removal and heat conduction, maintains the activity of probiotics and the stability of heat-sensitive nutritional components, and ultimately obtains dry particles with a moisture content of 8% to 10%, and the surface structural integrity of the particles remains good. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0028] The present invention is further described in detail below with reference to the examples.

[0029] A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed 1. Pretreatment of fine raw materials: By crushing the raw materials into appropriate particle size, the uniformity and digestibility of the feed can be improved.

[0030] 2. Accurate nutritional ratio: According to the nutritional needs of sea cucumbers, various raw materials are accurately proportioned to ensure nutritional balance.

[0031] 3. Tempering and extrusion puffing technology: Improve the digestibility and taste of feed through tempering and extrusion puffing technology.

[0032] 4. Low temperature drying technology: Use low temperature drying technology to reduce nutritional loss and improve feed stability.

[0033] 5. Grease spraying technology: evenly spray grease and attractants to improve the palatability and nutritional value of feed.

[0034] 6. Cooling and screening process: Through cooling and screening, ensure the uniformity of feed particles and appropriate particle size.

[0035] Through these technical means, this technical solution aims to provide a sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed with balanced nutrition, high digestibility, good stability and strong palatability, so as to improve breeding efficiency and economic benefits.

[0036] Preparation of a multivitamin premix: According to the nutritional requirements of sea cucumbers, a multivitamin containing vitamins A, D, E, K and B vitamins is selected; the above vitamins are mixed in a certain proportion and evenly mixed with an appropriate amount of a carrier, wherein the carrier can be stone powder or defatted rice bran; the mixed material is crushed by a 160-200 mesh crusher to obtain a multivitamin premix.

[0037] Preparation of mineral salts: Select mineral elements suitable for sea cucumber growth, such as calcium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate and chelated zinc; mix them according to a specific weight ratio; and grind the mixed mineral salt raw materials through a 160-200 mesh grinder to obtain fine powdered mineral salts.

[0038] Through the above preparation, the particle size and uniformity of the multivitamin premix and mineral salts can be ensured, providing high-quality raw materials and intermediates for subsequent feed processing technology.

[0039] The following describes in detail a processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed provided by an embodiment of the present invention.

[0040] A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1. Raw material pretreatment: Grind the fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, fermented soybean meal and multivitamin premix into a particle size of 80-120 mesh, and grind the multivitamin premix and mineral salt into a particle size of 160-200 mesh; S2, mixing: put 25-35 parts of fish meal, 15-25 parts of soy protein isolate, 10-20 parts of seaweed powder, 10-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-3 parts of multivitamin premix, 2-5 parts of mineral salt, and 0.5-1.5 parts of compound probiotics into a three-dimensional mixer, pass through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve before mixing, and mix at a speed of 30-50 rpm for 25-40 minutes; S3, conditioning: add 15%-25% of the total weight of pure water to the mixture, and pass 85-95℃ steam for 45-90 seconds to condition the material to 28%-32% water content; S4. Extrusion and puffing: The tempered material is fed into a twin-screw extruder, and the temperature of zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 are controlled at 60-75°C, 100-115°C, and 120-135°C, the screw speed is 180-250 rpm, and the die hole diameter is 1.5-2.5 mm. S5. Low temperature drying: Place the expanded granules in a fluidized bed dryer and dry them with hot air at 40-50°C until the moisture content reaches 8%-10%. S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil, and attractant in a ratio of (4-6): (2-4): (0.8-1.2) and heat to 50-60°C; S7. Cooling and screening: After cooling to room temperature with cold air, pass through a 14-18 mesh sieve for classification.

[0041] Specifically, by pre-treating the raw materials, the particle size of the raw materials is refined, thereby improving the mixing uniformity and subsequent processing efficiency; by fully mixing the raw materials, the uniform distribution of the nutrients in the feed is ensured; by conditioning, the moisture and temperature of the materials are adjusted, thereby optimizing the extrusion and puffing effect and improving the molding quality of the feed; by extrusion and puffing, the materials are subjected to high temperature and high pressure treatment, thereby expanding the feed particles and improving their digestion and absorption characteristics; by low-temperature drying, excess moisture in the feed is removed, the shelf life of the feed is extended, the quality of the feed is maintained, and the storage is convenient; by evenly spraying oil on the surface of the feed particles, the nutritional value and appetizing of the feed are improved; by cooling and screening, the temperature of the feed is lowered and unqualified particles are removed, thereby ensuring the uniformity of the quality of the finished feed and facilitating subsequent packaging and use.

[0042] In step S2, the seaweed powder includes brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder, which are compounded in the ratio of (3-5): (2-4): (2-4), and the raw material is Sargassum that is enzymatically hydrolyzed with cellulase to prepare the powder.

[0043] Specifically, brown algae powder is rich in brown algae polysaccharides, iodine and other ingredients, which have the function of enhancing the immunity of sea cucumbers and promoting growth and development; green algae powder is rich in protein and multiple vitamins, which contributes to the metabolism and energy supply of sea cucumbers; red algae powder contains a variety of trace elements and natural pigments, which are beneficial to the pigment deposition and healthy color formation of sea cucumbers. Through this compounding method, the complementary advantages of different seaweeds can be fully utilized to provide sea cucumbers with comprehensive and balanced nutrition; after the Sargassum is enzymatically hydrolyzed by cellulase, its cell wall structure is destroyed, releasing more nutrients and improving the digestion and absorption rate of the feed. This enzymatic pretreatment method can not only improve the utilization efficiency of raw materials, but also increase the content of functional ingredients in the feed, such as polysaccharides, proteins, etc., so as to better meet the growth and development needs of sea cucumbers.

[0044] In step S3, 0.1%-0.3% of the total weight of the mixture is added to the heat-resistant α-amylase during the conditioning process, and the mixture is stirred and mixed at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank.

[0045] Specifically, the high-temperature resistant α-amylase can maintain its activity in a high-temperature conditioning environment of 85-95°C, effectively breaking down the starch in the mixture and converting it into small molecular sugars such as maltose and glucose. This process not only reduces the burden on sea cucumbers during digestion, but also improves the rapid release and utilization efficiency of energy in the feed, thereby promoting the growth and development of sea cucumbers.

[0046] In step S4, the aspect ratio of the twin-screw extruder is 18:1-22:1, and the die pressure is 3.5-4.5 MPa.

[0047] Specifically, the longer barrel and screw provide a longer material processing path, allowing the material to stay in the high-temperature and high-pressure environment for a longer time, thereby more fully undergoing heat treatment and water evaporation, which helps to improve the degree of maturation of the feed, fully gelatinize the starch, and fully denature the protein, while killing possible pathogenic microorganisms and improving the safety of the feed.

[0048] In step S6, the particles are preheated to 35-45° C. before spraying the grease, and are dispersed using 35-45 kHz ultrasonic vibration for 10-15 minutes after spraying.

[0049] Specifically, preheating the particles can increase the temperature of the particle surface, reduce the temperature difference between the grease and the particles, thereby increasing the fluidity and permeability of the grease, helping the grease to be more evenly distributed on the particle surface, improving the uniformity and adhesion rate of spraying, and reducing grease dripping and waste.

[0050] In step S2, the composite probiotics are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici in a ratio of (0.8-1.2): (0.8-1.2): (1.8-2.2) of viable bacteria, and the total viable bacteria count is ≥ 2×10¹0 CFU / g.

[0051] Specifically, Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis, as Bacillus species, have strong stress resistance and environmental adaptability, can remain active during feed processing and storage, and provide a stable source of probiotics for sea cucumbers; they can produce a variety of enzymes and metabolites to help sea cucumbers decompose complex organic matter and improve the digestion and absorption rate of feed; Pediococcus acidilactici, as a lactic acid bacterium, can produce lactic acid and other organic acids, lower the pH value of the intestine, inhibit the growth of harmful bacteria, and maintain the balance of intestinal microecology; at the same time, Pediococcus acidilactici can also enhance the immunity of sea cucumbers and improve their resistance to pathogenic microorganisms.

[0052] The composite probiotics were encapsulated by the following steps: the bacterial solution was mixed with 2% sodium alginate solution, 0.5 mol / L CaCl2 solution was dropped into it for solidification for 20 min, and then immersed in 0.8% chitosan acetic acid solution for 10 min. The microcapsule particle size was 150-300 μm.

[0053] Specifically, sodium alginate, as a natural polysaccharide, can form a stable gel with calcium ions, providing a stable microenvironment for probiotics and protecting them from adverse external factors, such as high temperature and acid-base environment during feed processing; chitosan, as a cationic polysaccharide, can form an additional protective film on the surface of the microcapsule, further improving the stability of the microcapsule and preventing the inactivation of probiotics during feed storage and transportation.

[0054] In step S2, the mineral salt comprises calcium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc in a weight ratio of (4-6): (1.5-2.5): (0.8-1.2): (0.08-0.12).

[0055] Specifically, monocalcium phosphate is an important source of calcium and phosphorus, crucial for the formation of sea cucumber bones and cell structure; potassium chloride is the main supplementary source of potassium, which plays an important role in maintaining electrolyte balance inside and outside sea cucumber cells and heart function; magnesium sulfate is a supplementary source of magnesium, which is very important for sea cucumber protein synthesis, muscle function, and nervous system health; chelated zinc provides zinc, which is a component of various enzymes and plays an important role in the sea cucumber's immune system, wound healing, and reproductive function. By precisely controlling the ratio of various mineral salts, we can ensure the balance of mineral elements in the feed and avoid the impact of excessive or insufficient amounts of certain elements on sea cucumber health.

[0056] In step S5, low-temperature drying adopts three-stage temperature control: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 20-30 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 40-50 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 20-30 minutes.

[0057] Specifically, the high temperature of 50°C in the first stage helps to quickly remove moisture from the surface of the feed, shorten the drying time, and avoid the damage of heat-sensitive components in the feed caused by excessive temperature; the drying time of 20-30 minutes can ensure the rapid evaporation of moisture on the surface of the feed, laying the foundation for the subsequent low-temperature drying stage; the temperature in the second stage is reduced to 45°C, which helps to further remove moisture from the inside of the feed while maintaining the nutritional components and flavor of the feed; the drying time of 40-50 minutes can ensure the sufficient evaporation of moisture inside the feed, reduce the moisture content of the feed, and improve the shelf life and stability of the feed; the temperature in the third stage is further reduced to 40°C, which helps to complete the final drying of the feed at a lower temperature and reduce the loss of heat-sensitive components; the drying time of 20-30 minutes can ensure that the feed reaches the required moisture content while maintaining the quality and nutritional value of the feed.

[0058] In step S6, grease is evenly sprayed onto the surface of the particles through a high-pressure nozzle at a pressure of 0.15-0.25 MPa, and the spraying amount is 6%-10% of the total weight of the particles.

[0059] Specifically, the high-pressure nozzle can produce fine and uniform oil atomized particles, which helps to distribute the oil more evenly on the surface of the feed particles, improving the adhesion rate and distribution uniformity of the oil; controlling the spraying amount to 6%-10% of the total weight of the particles can ensure that the amount of oil added is neither too much to cause oil waste or affect the structural integrity of the feed particles, nor too little to meet the nutritional needs of sea cucumbers; through uniform spraying, the agglomeration and precipitation of oil in the feed can be reduced, the utilization rate and bioavailability of oil can be improved, and thus energy and essential fatty acids can be more effectively provided to sea cucumbers.

[0060] Example 1 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1. Raw material pretreatment: grind fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, and fermented soybean meal into 100 mesh; grind multivitamin premix and mineral salt into 180 mesh.

[0061] S2. Mixing: Take 35 parts of fish meal, 25 parts of soy protein isolate, 20 parts of seaweed powder, of which brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder are compounded at a mass ratio of 5:4:4, 18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 3 parts of multivitamin premix, 5 parts of mineral salts, of which monocalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc are compounded at a weight ratio of 6:2.5:1.2:0.12, and 1.5 parts of compound probiotics, of which Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici are compounded at a viable bacterial count ratio of 1.2:1.2:2.2, and the total viable bacterial count is ≥2×10¹ 0 CFU / g, passed through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve, and mixed at 50 rpm for 40 minutes.

[0062] S3. Conditioning: Add 25% of the total weight of the mixture into purified water, add 0.2% of high-temperature resistant α-amylase, pass 95°C steam for 90 seconds, and stir at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank to make the water content reach 32%.

[0063] S4. Extrusion and puffing: feed into a twin-screw extruder with a length-to-diameter ratio of 22:1, control the temperature of zone 1 at 75°C, zone 2 at 115°C, zone 3 at 135°C, screw speed at 250 rpm, die hole diameter at 2.5 mm, and die head pressure at 4.5 MPa.

[0064] S5. Low temperature drying: Three stages of drying are carried out in a fluidized bed: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 25 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 45 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 25 minutes, so that the moisture content reaches 9%.

[0065] S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil and attractant in a mass ratio of 6:4:1.2 and heat to 60°C. Preheat the particles to 40°C and spray at a pressure of 0.25 MPa. The spraying amount is 10% of the total weight of the particles, and then vibrate at 45kHz ultrasound for 15 minutes.

[0066] S7. Cooling and screening: Cool to room temperature with cold air and pass through 18-mesh sieve for classification.

[0067] Example 2 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1. Raw material pretreatment: grind fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, and fermented soybean meal into 100 mesh; grind multivitamin premix and mineral salt into 180 mesh.

[0068] S2. Mixing: Take 30 parts of fish meal, 20 parts of soy protein isolate, 15 parts of seaweed powder, of which brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder are compounded at a mass ratio of 4:3:3, 14 parts of fermented soybean meal, 2 parts of multivitamin premix, 3.5 parts of mineral salts, of which monocalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc are compounded at a weight ratio of 5:2.0:1.0:0.10, and 1.0 part of compound probiotics, of which Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici are compounded at a viable bacterial count ratio of 1.0:1.0:2.0, and the total viable bacterial count is ≥2×10¹ 0 CFU / g, passed through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve, and mixed at 40 rpm for 32 minutes.

[0069] S3. Conditioning: Add 20% of the total weight of the mixture into purified water, add 0.2% of high-temperature resistant α-amylase, pass 90°C steam for 68 seconds, and stir at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank to make the water content reach 30%.

[0070] S4. Extrusion and puffing: feed into a twin-screw extruder with a length-to-diameter ratio of 20:1, control the temperature of zone 1 at 68°C, zone 2 at 108°C, zone 3 at 128°C, screw speed at 215 rpm, die hole diameter at 2.0 mm, and die head pressure at 4.0 MPa.

[0071] S5. Low temperature drying: Three stages of drying are carried out in a fluidized bed: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 25 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 45 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 25 minutes, so that the moisture content reaches 9%.

[0072] S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil and attractant in a mass ratio of 5:3:1.0 and heat to 55°C. Preheat the particles to 40°C and spray at a pressure of 0.20 MPa. The spraying amount is 8% of the total weight of the particles, and then vibrate at 40kHz ultrasound for 13 minutes.

[0073] S7. Cooling and screening: Cool to room temperature with cold air and pass through a 16-mesh sieve for classification.

[0074] Example 3 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1. Raw material pretreatment: grind fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, and fermented soybean meal into 120 mesh; grind multivitamin premix and mineral salt into 200 mesh.

[0075] S2. Mixing: Take 25 parts of fish meal, 15 parts of soy protein isolate, 10 parts of seaweed powder, of which brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder are compounded at a mass ratio of 3:2:2, 10 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1 part of multivitamin premix, 2 parts of mineral salts, of which monocalcium phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc are compounded at a weight ratio of 4:1.5:0.8:0.08, 0.5 parts of compound probiotics, of which Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici are compounded at a viable bacterial count ratio of 0.8:0.8:1.8, and the total viable bacterial count is ≥2×10¹ 0 CFU / g, after passing through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve, the mixture was mixed at 30 rpm for 25 minutes.

[0076] S3. Conditioning: Add 15% of the total weight of the mixture into purified water, add 0.1% of high-temperature resistant α-amylase, pass 85°C steam for 45 seconds, and stir at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank to make the water content reach 28%.

[0077] S4. Extrusion and puffing: feed into a twin-screw extruder with a length-to-diameter ratio of 18:1, control the temperature of zone 1 at 60°C, zone 2 at 100°C, zone 3 at 120°C, screw speed at 180 rpm, die hole diameter at 1.5 mm, and die head pressure at 3.5 MPa.

[0078] S5. Low temperature drying: Three stages of drying are carried out in a fluidized bed: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 20 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 40 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 20 minutes, so that the moisture content reaches 8%.

[0079] S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil and attractant in a mass ratio of 4:2:0.8 and heat to 50°C. Preheat the particles to 35°C and spray at a pressure of 0.15 MPa. The spraying amount is 6% of the total weight of the particles, and then vibrate at 35kHz ultrasound for 10 minutes.

[0080] S7. Cooling and screening: Cool to room temperature with cold air and pass through a 14-mesh sieve for classification.

[0081] The physical properties of the examples are shown in Table 1.

[0082] Table 1

[0083] The nutrient component retention rates of Examples 1 to 3 are shown in Table 2.

[0084] Table 2

[0085] The sea cucumber feeding effect tests of Examples 1 to 3 are as follows: Young ginseng weighing 5±0.5g was selected and temporarily raised for 15 days. During this period, sick and weak individuals were strictly eliminated to ensure the quality of the ginseng used in the experiment. Then, three replicate groups were set up with the feeds of Examples 1 to 3, and 300 young ginsengs were put into each group to ensure the reliability and stability of the test data. A cement pool with a size of 180cm×120cm×80cm was used, and a 100-mesh nylon cage was hung in the pool. The water salinity was accurately controlled to 30‰, and the water temperature was maintained at 16±1°C to create a suitable growth environment for the growth of sea cucumbers.

[0086] The dissolved oxygen in the water is always maintained at ≥6.5mg / L; the pH value is strictly controlled in the range of 7.8-8.2; the ammonia nitrogen content is ensured to be lower than 0.1mg / L; 30% water is exchanged daily, and the replaced seawater is pre-aerated to ensure that the salinity and temperature are consistent with the water in the pool.

[0087] Feeding is done at 7:00 and 18:00 daily. This schedule simulates the tidal feeding rhythm and aligns with the natural feeding habits of sea cucumbers. The feed is spread quantitatively at the bottom of the cage. After half an hour of feeding, the remaining bait is sucked out by siphoning. The remaining bait is collected by siphoning, dried at 105°C to a constant weight, and accurately weighed to 0.01g to accurately assess feed intake.

[0088] The 60-day growth performance results of the sea cucumbers of Examples 1 to 3 are shown in Table 3.

[0089] Table 3

[0090] The feed coefficient of the feed processed by the process of Example 2 is significantly lower than that of the feed processed by Example 1 and Example 3. At the same time, the specific growth rate is increased by 28% compared with Example 1 and 46% compared with Example 3. The survival rate is 96.2%±1.5%, which is significantly better than 83.5%±2.8% of Example 1 and 79.3%±3.1% of Example 2, indicating that the feed processed by Example 2 is more capable of promoting the growth and development of sea cucumbers.

[0091] Comparative Example 1 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1, raw material pretreatment: same as in Example 2; S2, mixing: same as in Example 2; S3. Conditioning: Add 20% of the total weight of the mixture into purified water, without adding α-amylase, and pass 85°C steam for 45 seconds. Stir at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank until the water content reaches 30%.

[0092] S4. Extrusion and puffing: feed into a single-screw extruder, control the whole zone constant temperature at 120°C, screw speed at 160 rpm, die hole diameter at 2.0 mm, and die head pressure at 3.0 MPa.

[0093] S5, low temperature drying: same as in Example 2; S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil and attractant in a mass ratio of 5:3:1.0 and heat to 55°C. Preheat the particles to 40°C and spray at a pressure of 0.20 MPa with a spraying amount of 8%. Use a mechanical stirrer to mix for 5 minutes without ultrasonic treatment.

[0094] S7, cooling and screening: same as in Example 2.

[0095] Comparative Example 2 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1-S5: Same as in Example 2; S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil and attractant in a mass ratio of 5:3:1.0 and heat to 55°C. Preheat the particles to 40°C and spray at a pressure of 0.20 MPa with a spraying amount of 8%. Only let it stand to cool without any shaking treatment.

[0096] S7, cooling and screening: same as in Example 2.

[0097] Comparative Example 3 A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, comprising the following steps: S1-S4: Same as in Example 2; S5. Drying: Dry at a constant temperature of 65°C in a fluidized bed for 90 minutes to reduce the moisture content to 9%.

[0098] S6 and S7: Same as in Example 2.

[0099] The physical properties of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Example 2 are shown in Table 4.

[0100] Table 4

[0101] The nutrient component retention rates of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Example 2 are shown in Table 5.

[0102] Table 5

[0103] The sea cucumber feeding effect tests of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Example 2 are as follows: Healthy young ginseng weighing 5.0±0.5g were selected as test subjects. The young ginseng were placed in a specific environment for temporary care for 15 days. During this period, they were strictly screened and sick and weak individuals were eliminated. The water temperature for temporary care was precisely controlled at 16±0.5℃ and the salinity was maintained at 30‰ to ensure that the young ginseng adapted to the test environment, thereby improving the accuracy and reliability of subsequent tests.

[0104] A total of 4 groups of experiments were set up, specifically grouped as follows: feeding the feed processed by the process of Example 2, feeding the feed processed by the process of Comparative Example 1, feeding the feed processed by the process of Comparative Example 2, and feeding the feed processed by the process of Comparative Example 3; each group had 3 replicates, and 300 sea cucumbers were accurately placed in each cage; A 180cm×120cm×80cm cement pool is used, and a 100-mesh nylon cage is hung in the pool to provide a suitable growth space for sea cucumbers; the salinity is strictly controlled at 30±0.5‰, and is regularly calibrated with an optical salinometer to ensure salinity stability; the water temperature is precisely controlled at 16±1℃, and is monitored in real time with the help of a digital temperature controller to ensure the water temperature is suitable; the dissolved oxygen is always maintained at ≥6.5mg / L, and is continuously monitored using a dissolved oxygen meter, and oxygen is added when necessary; the pH value is strictly maintained in the range of 7.8-8.2 and is regularly measured with a pH meter; the ammonia nitrogen content is ensured to be lower than 0.1mg / L, and is detected by spectrophotometry, and abnormalities are dealt with in a timely manner; 30% of the water is replaced regularly every day, and the replaced seawater is pre-aerated to ensure that the salinity and temperature are consistent with those in the pool and maintain good water quality.

[0105] Feeding was carried out at 7:00 and 18:00 every day to simulate the tidal rhythm, conform to the natural feeding habits of sea cucumbers, and promote their feeding and digestion; the feeding amount was accurately calculated based on the group average weight, and the daily feeding amount was group average weight × 3%. The weighing equipment was recalibrated before feeding every day to ensure the accuracy of the feeding amount; 30 minutes after feeding, the residual bait was recovered by siphoning, and the operation was gentle and slow to avoid disturbing the sea cucumbers; after collecting the residual bait, it was placed in an environment of 105℃ and dried to constant weight to ensure the weighing accuracy of 0.01g.

[0106] The residual bait rate was calculated based on the formula “residual bait rate (%) = (dry weight of residual bait / dry weight of feed) × 100%” to evaluate the feed intake rate.

[0107] Accurately weigh the initial and final weights, record the dead individuals in detail, accurately calculate the survival rate, and comprehensively evaluate the growth status of sea cucumbers.

[0108] Weight gain rate (%) = (final weight - initial weight) / initial weight × 100; Specific growth rate (%) = 100 × (ln final weight - ln initial weight) / number of experimental days.

[0109] Feed coefficient = total feed dry weight / (final weight - initial weight), which measures the rate at which feed is converted into sea cucumber body weight.

[0110] The 60-day growth performance results of the sea cucumbers of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 and Example 2 are shown in Table 6.

[0111] Table 6

[0112] Combining Example 2 with Comparative Example 1 and Tables 4-6, it can be seen that the single-screw low-temperature, short-time extrusion process damaged the feed structure, reducing the pellet bulk density to 387 g / L, a 23% decrease compared to Example 2. This resulted in a significant decrease in the stability of the feed in water, making the pellet feed extremely easy to disintegrate upon contact with water, causing the loss of nutrients and ultimately reducing the survival rate to 73.5%.

[0113] From Example 2, Comparative Example 2 and Tables 4-6, it can be seen that the static spraying process causes uneven distribution of oil and fat, resulting in hidden efficiency problems. Since the oil and fat are not subjected to ultrasonic dispersion treatment, the oil droplets aggregate and wrap the attractant, resulting in a decrease in the feeding enthusiasm of sea cucumbers and insufficient effective intake, which affects the growth performance of sea cucumbers and the utilization rate of feed.

[0114] Combining Example 2 and Comparative Example 3 and Tables 4-6, it can be seen that the 65°C constant temperature drying process caused serious loss of probiotics and heat-sensitive nutrients. The lysozyme activity of the body cavity fluid of young sea cucumbers was reduced to 19.8U / mL, while the value in Example 2 was 35.6U / mL, indicating that the immunity of sea cucumbers was seriously affected. At the same time, the intestinal flora of sea cucumbers was out of balance, the feed utilization rate dropped significantly, the feed coefficient was as high as 2.45, and the survival rate was only 78.4%. Compared with Example 2, the number of deaths increased by 3.8 times, resulting in the inhibition of the growth of sea cucumbers.

[0115] This specific embodiment is merely an explanation of the present invention and is not intended to limit the present invention. After reading this specification, those skilled in the art may make non-creative modifications to this embodiment as needed. However, as long as such modifications are within the scope of the claims of the present invention, they are protected by patent law.

Claims

1. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed, characterized in that: The following steps are involved: S1. Raw material pretreatment: Grind the fish meal, soy protein isolate, seaweed powder, fermented soybean meal and multivitamin premix into a particle size of 80-120 mesh, and grind the multivitamin premix and mineral salt into a particle size of 160-200 mesh; S2, mixing: put 25-35 parts of fish meal, 15-25 parts of soy protein isolate, 10-20 parts of seaweed powder, 10-18 parts of fermented soybean meal, 1-3 parts of multivitamin premix, 2-5 parts of mineral salt, and 0.5-1.5 parts of compound probiotics into a three-dimensional mixer, pass through an 80-mesh vibrating sieve before mixing, and mix at a speed of 30-50 rpm for 25-40 minutes; S3, conditioning: add 15%-25% of the total weight of pure water to the mixture, and pass 85-95℃ steam for 45-90 seconds to condition the material to 28%-32% water content; S4. Extrusion and puffing: The tempered material is fed into a twin-screw extruder, and the temperature of zone 1, zone 2, and zone 3 are controlled at 60-75°C, 100-115°C, and 120-135°C, the screw speed is 180-250 rpm, and the die hole diameter is 1.5-2.5 mm. S5. Low temperature drying: Place the expanded granules in a fluidized bed dryer and dry them with hot air at 40-50°C until the moisture content reaches 8%-10%. S6. Grease spraying: Mix fish oil, phospholipid oil, and attractant in a ratio of (4-6): (2-4): (0.8-1.2) and heat to 50-60°C; S7. Cooling and screening: After cooling to room temperature with cold air, pass through a 14-18 mesh sieve for classification.

2. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the seaweed powder includes brown algae powder, green algae powder, and red algae powder, which are compounded in the ratio of (3-5): (2-4): (2-4), and the raw material is Sargassum, which is enzymatically hydrolyzed with cellulase to prepare the powder.

3. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S3, 0.1%-0.3% of the total weight of the mixture is added to the heat-resistant α-amylase during the conditioning process, and the mixture is stirred and mixed at 60 rpm in the conditioning tank.

4. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S4, the aspect ratio of the twin-screw extruder is 18:1-22:1, and the die pressure is 3.5-4.5 MPa.

5. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S6, the particles are preheated to 35-45° C. before spraying the grease, and are dispersed by 35-45 kHz ultrasonic vibration for 10-15 minutes after spraying.

6. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the composite probiotics are Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis, and Pediococcus acidilactici in a ratio of (0.8-1.2): (0.8-1.2): (1.8-2.2), and the total viable count is ≥ 2×10¹ 0 CFU / g.

7. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 6, characterized in that: The composite probiotics were embedded by the following steps: the bacterial solution was mixed with a 2% sodium alginate solution, 0.5 mol / L CaCl2 solution was added dropwise for solidification for 20 minutes, and then immersed in a 0.8% chitosan acetic acid solution for 10 minutes. The microcapsule particle size was 150-300 μm.

8. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S2, the mineral salt comprises calcium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium chloride, magnesium sulfate, and chelated zinc in a weight ratio of (4-6): (1.5-2.5): (0.8-1.2): (0.08-0.12).

9. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S5, the low-temperature drying adopts three-stage temperature control: the first stage is drying at 50°C for 20-30 minutes, the second stage is drying at 45°C for 40-50 minutes, and the third stage is drying at 40°C for 20-30 minutes.

10. A processing technology for sea cucumber intermediate cultivation feed according to claim 1, characterized in that: In step S6, grease is evenly sprayed onto the surface of the particles through a high-pressure nozzle at a pressure of 0.15-0.25 MPa, and the spraying amount is 6%-10% of the total weight of the particles.

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