Greenhouse vegetable substrate for plateau region and preparation method thereof

Abstract

The invention belongs to the technical field of vegetable substrates, and particularly relates to a greenhouse vegetable substrate for plateau regions and a preparation method thereof. The final mixing comprises the following steps: mixing the fermented sheep manure with nutrient soil, and adding a vermiculite mixture and a sodium carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution to obtain the vegetable substrate; a preparation method of the nutrient soil comprises the following steps: mixing urea, boric acid, EDTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated copper and ammonium molybdate, heating to 38-42 DEG C, spraying a kH550 silane coupling agent solution, stirring at 58-63 DEG C for 1.8-2.2 hours, adding into deionized water, heating to 40-43 DEG C, adding hydroxy propyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 80 and sorbitol, carrying out spray drying, mixing with charcoal and alfalfa meal, and uniformly stirring to obtain the nutrient soil. Nutrient soil is obtained; the prepared vegetable substrate is excellent in water absorption and water retention performance and good in ultraviolet radiation resistance, growth and development of vegetables are effectively promoted, the yield of the vegetables is increased, and the quality of the vegetables is improved.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The application belongs to the technical field of vegetable substrates, and particularly relates to a facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region and a preparation method thereof. BACKGROUND

[0002] Vegetable substrates play an important role in the planting process of vegetables. The vegetable substrate can provide a fixed support for the plant root system, provide a suitable root environment for the growth and development of vegetables, buffer the influence of external environmental changes on the root system, and provide nutrients for the growth and development of vegetables to meet the nutritional needs of vegetables. At the same time, the vegetable substrate can also regulate the balance of water and air to create good conditions for the growth of vegetable roots, promote the respiration, nutrient absorption and metabolic activity of vegetable roots, and thus promote the growth and development of vegetables, and improve the yield and quality of vegetables.

[0003] Vegetable substrates are an important factor in the development of facility agriculture and are widely used in facility agriculture. In the greenhouse cultivation mode, the vegetable substrate is suitable for the planting of various vegetables such as cucumbers, tomatoes, and peppers. It can not only realize the off-season planting of vegetables, but also can be used for vegetable planting in areas where land resources are limited or soil conditions are poor.

[0004] The altitude of the plain area is low, the climate is relatively mild, the diurnal temperature difference is small, the ultraviolet radiation is weak, the oxygen is sufficient, the air pressure is normal, and the organic matter content in the soil is high. Therefore, the vegetable substrate in the plain area mainly realizes the balanced supply of nutrients, good water retention and air permeability to adapt to the mild climate conditions and planting environment.

[0005] However, there are great differences in climate, soil, and light between the plateau region and the plain region. The plateau region has a unique climate, forming a unique ecological system. The high altitude results in a large diurnal temperature difference, low night temperature, strong ultraviolet radiation during the day, low air pressure, and thin air. Water evaporation is too fast. These special environmental conditions require that the vegetable substrate in the plateau region have specific properties. Specifically, the vegetable substrate must have super water retention capacity to adapt to the dry and fast water evaporation environment in the plateau region. It must also have excellent anti-UV aging performance to prevent the vegetable substrate from aging under long-term irradiation of strong ultraviolet light, thereby damaging the structure of the vegetable substrate and affecting the growth and development of vegetables. At the same time, the vegetable substrate must also have excellent heat retention performance to reduce the stress of low temperature on the roots of vegetables, maintain the normal physiological activities of the roots, and also need to provide sufficient nutrients for the growth of vegetables to avoid the reduction of vegetable yield and quality caused by insufficient soil organic matter and poor microbial activity.

[0006] CN116965309A discloses a water-retaining and fertilizer-retaining planting substrate for plateau regions. Specifically, the planting substrate includes soil, absorbent resin, perlite, vermiculite, a fiber carrier, and humus 1. The fiber carrier includes wood pulp, polyester fiber, and microcrystalline cellulose-modified chitosan fiber. The preparation method of the microcrystalline cellulose-modified chitosan fiber is as follows: chitosan is dissolved in isopropanol, and sodium hydroxide solution is added to obtain mixture I; zinc acetate is added to isopropanol to obtain mixture II; mixture II is added dropwise to mixture I, stirred at 70-75℃ for 2-2.5 hours, the lower aqueous phase is taken, water is added, and the mixture is stirred until homogeneous. The pH is adjusted to 7.2-7.5, centrifuged, and the upper clear liquid is taken; a silane coupling agent and microcrystalline cellulose are added to the upper clear liquid, and precipitation is carried out with anhydrous ethanol to obtain the microcrystalline cellulose-modified chitosan fiber. The planting substrate obtained by this method has excellent water and fertilizer retention properties, with a water absorption rate of 3718%, a water retention time of 91 hours, and an air permeability of 21.1%. It is evident that the planting substrate prepared by the above method mainly improves its water absorption and retention performance. However, its resistance to ultraviolet radiation in high-altitude areas is poor, and it cannot provide sufficient nutrients for the vegetable substrate, which will limit the growth of vegetables, reduce vegetable yield, and lower vegetable quality. Summary of the Invention

[0007] To address the technical problems of existing technologies, this invention provides a substrate for greenhouse vegetables in high-altitude areas and its preparation method. It has excellent water absorption and retention properties, good resistance to ultraviolet radiation, and can provide sufficient nutrients for vegetables, effectively promoting vegetable growth and development, and improving vegetable yield and quality.

[0008] To address the aforementioned technical problems, the present invention adopts the following technical solution: A method for preparing a substrate for greenhouse vegetables in high-altitude areas is as follows: 1. Fermentation of sheep manure Fresh sheep manure is crushed and passed through a 90-110 mesh sieve. Corn cob powder, soybean meal, and sodium lignosulfonate are added and mixed evenly. Ferrous sulfate and fermentation inoculants are then added and stirred evenly. The moisture content is adjusted to 63-67% for composting fermentation. Fermentation is carried out at 34-36℃ for 6.5-7.5 days, with ventilation every 23-25 ​​hours. Then, the temperature is increased to 48-52℃ for 9.5-10.5 days, with ventilation every 11.5-12.5 hours. The temperature is then increased to 59-62℃ for 4.5-5.5 days, with ventilation every 7.5-8.5 hours. After fermentation, the manure is naturally air-dried until the moisture content is 21-23 wt%, thus obtaining fermented sheep manure. The corn cob powder has a particle size of 3.5-4.5 mm, and the biochar has a particle size of 3.0-4.0 mm. The bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis are purchased from the market; The fermentation agent is a mixed bacteria of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis, and the mass ratio of the bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis is 3.3-3.7:2.4-2.8:1.4-1.7; The mass ratio of the fresh sheep manure, corn cob powder, soybean meal, sodium lignosulfonate, ferrous sulfate and fermentation agent is 98-103:18-22:10-13:1.4-1.6:0.4-0.6:1.8-2.2.

[0009] 2. Preparation of vermiculite mixture (1) Sodium metaaluminate treatment The vermiculite is dried at 100-120℃ for 1.8-2.2h, then put into the mixed solution, after stirring uniformly, the temperature is raised to 60-64℃, ultrasonic dispersion is carried out, the ultrasonic time is 38-42min, the ultrasonic power is 210-230W, the ultrasonic frequency is 37-42kHz, after the ultrasonic dispersion is finished, deionized water is used for washing, after drying to constant weight, it is added into the sodium metaaluminate solution, the temperature is raised to 73-78℃, and the temperature is kept for 4.8-5.2h with stirring, after washing and drying, it is put into the calcining furnace, and the temperature is raised to 670-686℃ at a rate of 4.8-5.2℃ / min, and kept for 2.8-3.2h, after the keeping is finished, it is naturally cooled to obtain the modified vermiculite; The particle size of the vermiculite is 1.8-2.2mm; The mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of the deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid is 100:4.8-5.2:2.1-2.5; The molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid is 2400-2600; The mass ratio of the vermiculite, mixed solution and sodium metaaluminate solution is 8-12:115-126:72-78; The mass concentration of the sodium metaaluminate solution is 6.8-7.2%; (2) Mixing Calcium acetate and sodium humate are added into deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a calcium source solution; phytic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added into deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a phosphorus source solution; Put the modified vermiculite into the hydrothermal reactor, add the calcium source solution and stir uniformly, then add the phosphorus source solution at 180-210 rpm, control the addition rate of the phosphorus source solution at 2.8-3.2 g / min, after the addition is completed, adjust the pH to 8.8-9.2, raise the temperature to 90-94℃, stir at 160-180 rpm for 3.4-3.6 h, age at room temperature for 23-25 h, centrifuge at 6400-6600 rpm for 1-15 min, take the solid and dry to obtain the vermiculite mixture; In the calcium source solution, the mass ratio of deionized water, calcium acetate and sodium humate is 1000:25.2-26.0:7.4-7.7; In the phosphorus source solution, the mass ratio of deionized water, phytic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 1000:12.2-12.7:13.5-13.8; The mass ratio of the modified vermiculite, the calcium source solution and the phosphorus source solution is 12-14:102.0-103.0:45-47.

[0010] 3. Final mixing Mix the fermented sheep manure with the nutrient soil, stir at 170-200 rpm for 13-18 min, then add the vermiculite mixture, continue to stir for 18-22 min, add the carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, stir uniformly, then naturally ventilate for 1.7-2.3 h, stand at 14-16℃ for 23-25 h to obtain the vegetable substrate; The mass ratio of the fermented sheep manure, the nutrient soil, the vermiculite mixture and the carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution is 92-98:500:375-383:740-760; The mass concentration of the carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution is 1.8-2.2%; The compound fertilizer is a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, wherein N:P2O5:K2O =15:15:15; The preparation method of the nutrient soil is as follows: mix urea, boric acid, EDTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated copper and ammonium molybdate, stir uniformly, then raise the temperature to 38-42℃, spray kH550 silane coupling agent solution, after the spraying is completed, stir at 58-63℃ for 1.8-2.2 h, dry to constant weight, add to deionized water, raise the temperature to 40-43℃, add hydroxypropyl cellulose, stir for 48-53 min, then add polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 80 and sorbitol, stir uniformly, then spray dry, and mix with biochar and alfalfa powder to obtain the nutrient soil; The mass ratio of the urea, boric acid, DTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated copper, ammonium molybdate, kH550 silane coupling agent solution, deionized water, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 80, sorbitol, biochar and alfalfa powder is 100:0.74-0.77:1.82-1.88:0.77-0.82:0.28-0.33:0.15-0.20:23-27:145-153:12-14:1.2-1.4:0.6-0.8:2.4-2.7:317-322:98-103; The iron content of the EDTA chelated iron is 13.3-13.6%; The zinc content of the EDTA chelated zinc is 15.0-15.3%; The copper content of the EDTA chelated copper is 10.3-10.6%; The molybdenum content in the ammonium molybdate is 54-57%; The kH550 silane coupling agent solution is a mixture of 4.5-5.3g kH550 silane coupling agent and 94.7-95.5g 47-53wt% ethanol solution; The alfalfa powder is obtained by drying fresh alfalfa at 58-62℃ to a moisture content of 10-12%, and crushing to a particle size of 0.4-0.6mm.

[0011] A facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region is prepared by the preparation method.

[0012] Compared with the prior art, the application has the following beneficial effects: 1. The application mainly uses fermented sheep manure, vermiculite mixture and nutrient soil to prepare a facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region. The fermented sheep manure is subjected to multi-stage fermentation, which promotes microbial activity, provides basic nutrients such as organic matter, and enhances the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the substrate to cope with drought and nutrient loss in the plateau region. In the preparation of the vermiculite mixture, the interlayer structure of the vermiculite is first stripped with acid to increase the specific surface area and improve the dispersibility. Then, the modified vermiculite is treated with sodium metaaluminate solution to improve the stability and ultraviolet radiation resistance, and to increase the cation exchange capacity. In the mixing step, hydroxyapatite is loaded on the surface of the modified vermiculite by generating hydroxyapatite in the alkaline environment of the calcium source and phosphorus source in the porous structure of the modified vermiculite, achieving slow release of phosphorus and calcium, and improving the permeability and water absorption performance of the substrate, adapting to the low oxygen environment of the plateau, and reducing the damage of low temperature to the plant roots, adapting to the low temperature environment. The nutrient soil is first modified by silane coupling agent on urea, trace elements and other components to enhance the compatibility with biochar, alfalfa powder and other components, then a film is formed on the surface of urea and trace elements by mutual cooperation of hydroxypropyl fiber and polyvinyl pyrrolidone to wrap them inside, so that the slow release of nutrients is realized, sorbitol mainly enhances the flexibility of the coating film, so as to enhance the low temperature resistance of the nutrient soil, the combination of biochar, alfalfa powder components promotes the growth of plant roots and sufficient nutrient demand, reduces the loss of nutrients, and the combination of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose in the final mixing step enhances the water holding capacity of the substrate, which serves as a binder to enhance the stability of the substrate, so that it can be better applied in plateau environment, enhances the water absorption and water retention, improves the ultraviolet radiation resistance and low temperature resistance, and can provide sufficient nutrients for plants, promote the growth and development of plants, and finally improve the yield and quality of vegetables; 2. The facility vegetable substrate prepared by the method has an organic matter content of 54.8-55.6%, an alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen content of 576.4-582.5 mg / kg, a readily available phosphorus content of 547.7-556.3 mg / kg, a 36h water retention rate of 85.6-87.2%, and a 96h water retention rate of 74.8-76.4%; 3. The facility vegetable substrate prepared by the method has a bulk density of 0.52-0.57 g / cm 3 , a total porosity of 88.6-89.5%, and an aeration porosity of 18.2-18.5%; 4. The facility vegetable substrate prepared by the method is covered with ordinary polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.10 mm, then subjected to ultraviolet irradiation by a UVA-340 lamp tube with an irradiation intensity of 30 W / m 2 , an ultraviolet center wavelength of 300 nm, and an irradiation time of 240 h, after the irradiation, the organic matter content is 52.4-53.7%, the 36h water retention rate is 80.7-83.0%, the 96h water retention rate is 70.3-72.4%, the bulk density is 0.55-0.61 g / cm 3 , the total porosity is 82.7-84.2%, and the aeration porosity is 17.1-17.5%; 5. The facility vegetable substrate prepared by the method is used for pepper seedling planting, during the growth of the pepper, the incidence of blight is 1.1-1.5%, the incidence of root rot is 1.8-2.3%, the incidence of brown scab is 1.4-1.8%, the yield per plant is 1255-1275 g, and the soluble sugar content is 4.92-5.30%. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0013] In order to more clearly understand the technical features, objectives and effects of the present application, the specific embodiments of the present application will be described.

[0014] Example 1 1. Sheep manure fermentation 98 kg of fresh sheep manure was crushed and passed through a 90 mesh sieve, 18 kg of corn cob powder, 10 kg of soybean meal and 1.4 kg of sodium lignosulfonate were added, and after being uniformly mixed, 0.4 kg of ferrous sulfate and 1.8 kg of fermentation inoculum were added and stirred uniformly, and the moisture content was adjusted to 63% for composting fermentation, and the fermentation was carried out at 34°C for 7.5 days, and the ventilation was carried out once every 23 hours, then the temperature was increased to 48°C for fermentation for 10.5 days, and the ventilation was carried out once every 11.5 hours, then the temperature was increased to 59°C for fermentation for 5.5 days, and the ventilation was carried out once every 7.5 hours, after the fermentation was completed, it was naturally dried to a moisture content of 21wt%, and the fermented sheep manure was prepared; The particle size of the corn cob powder is 3.5 mm, and the particle size of the biochar is 3.0 mm; The Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis are all purchased from the market; The fermentation inoculum is a mixed bacteria of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis, and the mass ratio of Bacillus subtilis, Aspergillus niger and Candida utilis is 3.3:2.4:1.4.

[0015] 2. Preparation of vermiculite mixture (1) Sodium metaaluminate treatment 8 g of vermiculite was dried at 100°C for 1.8 h, then added to 115 g of mixed solution, stirred uniformly, then the temperature was increased to 60°C, and ultrasonic dispersion was carried out, the ultrasonic time was 38 min, the ultrasonic power was 210 W, and the ultrasonic frequency was 37 kHz, after ultrasonic dispersion, deionized water was used for washing, dried to constant weight, then added to 72 g of 6.8wt% sodium metaaluminate solution, the temperature was increased to 73°C, and stirred for 4.8 h, after washing and drying, placed in a calcining furnace, and heated to 670°C at a rate of 4.8°C / min, and kept for 3.2 h, after the end of the heat preservation, after natural cooling, the modified vermiculite was obtained; The particle size of the vermiculite is 1.8 mm; The mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid is 100:4.8:2.1; The molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid is 2400; (2) Mixing 25.2 g of calcium acetate and 7.4 g of humic acid sodium were added to 1000 g of deionized water, and stirred uniformly to obtain a calcium source solution; 12.2 g of phytic acid and 13.5 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate were added to 1000 g of deionized water, and stirred uniformly to obtain a phosphorus source solution; Put 12 g modified vermiculite into a hydrothermal reactor, add 102.0 g calcium source solution and stir well, then add 45 g phosphorus source solution at 180 rpm, control the addition rate of the phosphorus source solution to be 2.8 g / min, after the addition is completed, adjust the pH to 8.8, increase the temperature to 90℃, stir at 160 rpm for 3.4 h, and then let it stand at room temperature for 23 h, centrifuge at 6400 rpm for 15 min, and dry the solid to obtain a vermiculite mixture.

[0016] 3. Final mixing Mix 92 g of fermented sheep manure with 500 g of nutrient soil, stir at 170 rpm for 18 min, then add 375 g of vermiculite mixture, continue stirring for 22 min, add 740 g of 1.8 wt% sodium carboxymethyl cellulose aqueous solution, stir well, then ventilate naturally for 2.3 h, and let it stand at 14℃ for 23 h to obtain a vegetable substrate. The compound fertilizer is a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, wherein N:P2O5:K2O = 15:15:15; The preparation method of the nutrient soil is as follows: mix 100 g of urea, 0.74 g of boric acid, 1.82 g of EDTA chelated iron, 0.77 g of EDTA chelated zinc, 0.28 g of EDTA chelated copper, and 0.15 g of ammonium molybdate, stir well, then increase the temperature to 38℃, spray 23 g of kH550 silane coupling agent solution, after spraying is completed, stir at 58℃ for 1.8 h, dry to constant weight, add to 145 g of deionized water, increase the temperature to 40℃, add 12 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, stir for 53 min, then add 1.2 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.6 g of Tween 80, and 2.4 g of sorbitol, stir well, then spray dry, and mix with 317 g of biochar and 98 g of alfalfa powder to obtain the nutrient soil. The iron content of the EDTA chelated iron is 13.3%; The zinc content of the EDTA chelated zinc is 15.0%; The copper content of the EDTA chelated copper is 10.3%; The molybdenum content of the ammonium molybdate is 54%; The kH550 silane coupling agent solution is a mixture of 4.5 g of kH550 silane coupling agent and 95.5 g of 47 wt% ethanol solution. The alfalfa powder is obtained by drying fresh alfalfa at 58℃ to a moisture content of 10%, and then crushing to a particle size of 0.4 mm.

[0017] Example 2 1. Sheep manure fermentation 103 kg of fresh sheep manure is crushed and passed through a 110 mesh sieve, 22 kg of corn cob powder, 13 kg of soybean meal and 1.6 kg of sodium lignosulfonate are added, mixed uniformly, 0.6 kg of ferrous sulfate and 2.2 kg of fermentation inoculum are added and stirred uniformly, the moisture content is adjusted to 67% for composting fermentation, fermented at 36℃ for 6.5d, ventilated once every 25h, then the temperature is increased to 52℃ for fermentation for 9.5d, ventilated once every 12.5h, then the temperature is increased to 62℃ for fermentation for 4.5d, ventilated once every 8.5h, after fermentation, it is naturally dried to a moisture content of 23wt%, and fermented sheep manure is prepared; The particle size of the corn cob powder is 4.5mm, and the particle size of the biochar is 4.0mm; The bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis are all purchased from the market; The fermentation inoculum is a mixture of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis, and the mass ratio of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis is 3.7:2.8:1.7.

[0018] 2. Preparation of vermiculite mixture (1) Sodium metaaluminate treatment 12g of vermiculite is dried at 120℃ for 2.2h, then added to 126g of mixed solution, stirred uniformly, the temperature is increased to 64℃, ultrasonic dispersion is carried out, the ultrasonic time is 42min, the ultrasonic power is 230W, the ultrasonic frequency is 42kHz, after ultrasonic dispersion, deionized water is used for washing, dried to constant weight, added to 78g of 7.2wt% sodium metaaluminate solution, the temperature is increased to 78℃, stirred for 5.2h, washed and dried, put into the calcining furnace, heated to 686℃ at a rate of 5.2℃ / min, kept for 2.8h, after natural cooling, modified vermiculite is obtained; The particle size of the vermiculite is 2.2mm; The mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid is 100:5.2:2.5; The molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid is 2600; (2) Mixing 26.0g of calcium acetate and 7.7g of sodium humate are added to 1000g of deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a calcium source solution; 12.7g of phytic acid and 13.8g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added to 1000g of deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a phosphorus source solution; Put 14 g modified vermiculite into a hydrothermal reactor, add 103.0 g calcium source solution and stir well, then add 47 g phosphorus source solution at 210 rpm, control the addition rate of the phosphorus source solution to be 3.2 g / min, after the addition is completed, adjust the pH to 9.2, increase the temperature to 94℃, stir at 180 rpm for 3.6 h, and then let it stand at room temperature for 25 h, centrifuge at 6600 rpm for 12 min, dry the solid, and obtain the vermiculite mixture.

[0019] 3. Final mixing Mix 98 g of fermented sheep manure with 500 g of nutrient soil, stir at 200 rpm for 13 min, then add 383 g of vermiculite mixture, continue stirring for 18 min, add 760 g of 2.2wt% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, stir well, then ventilate naturally for 1.7 h, and let it stand at 16℃ for 25 h to obtain the vegetable substrate. The compound fertilizer is a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, wherein N:P2O5:K2O = 15:15:15; The preparation method of the nutrient soil is as follows: mix 100 g of urea, 0.77 g of boric acid, 1.88 g of EDTA chelated iron, 0.82 g of EDTA chelated zinc, 0.33 g of EDTA chelated copper, and 0.20 g of ammonium molybdate, stir well, then increase the temperature to 42℃, spray 27 g of kH550 silane coupling agent solution, after spraying is completed, stir at 63℃ for 2.2 h, dry to constant weight, add to 153 g of deionized water, increase the temperature to 43℃, add 14 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, stir for 48 min, then add 1.4 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.8 g of Tween 80, and 2.7 g of sorbitol, stir well, then spray dry, and mix with 322 g of biochar and 103 g of alfalfa powder to obtain the nutrient soil. The iron content of the EDTA chelated iron is 13.6%; The zinc content of the EDTA chelated zinc is 15.3%; The copper content of the EDTA chelated copper is 10.6%; The molybdenum content of the ammonium molybdate is 57%; The kH550 silane coupling agent solution is a mixture of 5.3 g of kH550 silane coupling agent and 94.7 g of 53wt% ethanol solution. The alfalfa powder is obtained by drying fresh alfalfa at 62℃ to a moisture content of 12%, and then crushing to a particle size of 0.6 mm.

[0020] Example 3 1. Sheep manure fermentation 100 kg of fresh sheep manure is crushed and passed through a 100 mesh sieve, 20 kg of corn cob powder, 12 kg of soybean meal and 1.5 kg of sodium lignosulfonate are added, mixed uniformly, then 0.5 kg of ferrous sulfate and 2.0 kg of fermentation inoculum are stirred uniformly, the moisture content is adjusted to 65% for composting fermentation, fermented at 35℃ for 7d, ventilated once every 24h, then the temperature is increased to 50℃ for fermentation for 10d, ventilated once every 12h, then the temperature is increased to 60℃ for fermentation for 5d, ventilated once every 8h, after fermentation, naturally air-dried to a moisture content of 22wt%, to obtain fermented sheep manure; The particle size of the corn cob powder is 4.0mm, and the particle size of the biochar is 3.5mm; The bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis are all purchased from the market; The fermentation inoculum is a mixture of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis, and the mass ratio of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger and candida utilis is 3.5:2.6:1.5.

[0021] 2. Preparation of vermiculite mixture (1) Sodium metaaluminate treatment 10g of vermiculite is dried at 110℃ for 2.0h, then added to 120g of mixed solution, stirred uniformly, then the temperature is increased to 62℃, ultrasonic dispersion is carried out, the ultrasonic time is 40min, the ultrasonic power is 220W, the ultrasonic frequency is 40kHz, after ultrasonic dispersion, washed with deionized water, dried to constant weight, then added to 75g of 7.0wt% sodium metaaluminate solution, the temperature is increased to 75℃, stirred for 5.0h, washed and dried, then put into a calcining furnace, heated to 680℃ at a rate of 5.0℃ / min, kept for 3.0h, after the end of the heat preservation, cooled naturally to obtain modified vermiculite; The particle size of the vermiculite is 2.0mm; The mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid is 100:5.0:2.3; The molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid is 2500; (2) Mixing 25.7g of calcium acetate and 7.5g of sodium humate are added to 1000g of deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a calcium source solution; 12.4g of phytic acid and 13.6g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate are added to 1000g of deionized water, stirred uniformly to obtain a phosphorus source solution; Put 13 g modified vermiculite into a hydrothermal reactor, add 102.6 g calcium source solution and stir well, add 46 g phosphorus source solution at 200 rpm, control the addition rate of the phosphorus source solution to be 3.0 g / min, after the addition is completed, adjust the pH to 9.0, increase the temperature to 92℃, stir at 170 rpm for 3.5 h, age at room temperature for 24 h, centrifuge at 6500 rpm for 13 min, take the solid and dry to obtain a vermiculite mixture.

[0022] 3. Final mixing Mix 95 g of fermented sheep manure with 500 g of nutrient soil, stir at 180 rpm for 15 min, then add 380 g of vermiculite mixture, continue stirring for 20 min, add 750 g of 2.0 wt% carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, stir well, then naturally ventilate for 2.0 h, stand at 15℃ for 24 h, to obtain a vegetable substrate; The compound fertilizer is a nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer, wherein N:P2O5:K2O = 15:15:15; The preparation method of the nutrient soil is as follows: mix 100 g of urea, 0.75 g of boric acid, 1.85 g of EDTA chelated iron, 0.80 g of EDTA chelated zinc, 0.30 g of EDTA chelated copper, and 0.18 g of ammonium molybdate, stir well, then increase the temperature to 40℃, spray 25 g of kH550 silane coupling agent solution, after spraying is completed, stir at 60℃ for 2.0 h, dry to constant weight, add to 150 g of deionized water, increase the temperature to 42℃, add 13 g of hydroxypropyl cellulose, stir for 50 min, then add 1.3 g of polyvinylpyrrolidone, 0.7 g of Tween 80, and 2.6 g of sorbitol, stir well, then spray dry, mix with 320 g of biochar and 100 g of alfalfa powder to obtain the nutrient soil; The iron content of the EDTA chelated iron is 13.5%; The zinc content of the EDTA chelated zinc is 15.2%; The copper content of the EDTA chelated copper is 10.4%; The molybdenum content in the ammonium molybdate is 56%; The kH550 silane coupling agent solution is a mixture of 5.0 g of kH550 silane coupling agent and 95 g of 50 wt% ethanol solution; The alfalfa powder is obtained by drying fresh alfalfa at 60℃ to a moisture content of 11%, and then crushing to a particle size of 0.5 mm.

[0023] Comparative Example 3.1 On the basis of Example 3, the changes are as follows: (1) In the step of preparing the vermiculite mixture, the step of sodium metaaluminate treatment is omitted, and the modified vermiculite in the mixing step is replaced by the untreated vermiculite in equal amount; the vermiculite has a particle size of 2.0 mm; (2) The preparation method of the nutrient soil is as follows: 100 g of urea, 0.75 g of boric acid, 1.85 g of EDTA chelated iron, 0.80 g of EDTA chelated zinc, 0.30 g of EDTA chelated copper, and 0.18 g of ammonium molybdate are mixed and stirred uniformly to obtain the nutrient soil; The rest of the operations are exactly the same.

[0024] Comparative Example 3.2 On the basis of Example 3, the changes are as follows: The preparation method of the vermiculite mixture is as follows: 10 g of vermiculite is dried at 110°C for 2.0 h, then put into 120 g of mixed solution, stirred uniformly, then the temperature is raised to 62°C, ultrasonic dispersion is carried out, the ultrasonic time is 40 min, the ultrasonic power is 220 W, the ultrasonic frequency is 40 kHz, after ultrasonic dispersion, deionized water is used for washing, dried to constant weight to obtain modified vermiculite; 13 g of modified vermiculite is mixed with 1.6 g of hydroxyapatite, stirred uniformly to obtain the vermiculite mixture; The vermiculite has a particle size of 2.0 mm; The mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of the deionized water, 98wt% sulfuric acid and polyacrylic acid is 100:5.0:2.3; The molecular weight of the polyacrylic acid is 2500; The rest of the operations are exactly the same.

[0025] Performance test 1. Nutrient content and water retention The vegetable substrate prepared in Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 3.1 and Comparative Example 3.2 is tested for organic matter, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus content and water retention rate, as follows:

[0026] 2. Physical properties The vegetable substrate prepared in Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 3.1 and Comparative Example 3.2 is tested for bulk density, total porosity and aeration porosity. Specifically, the dried vegetable substrate is filled in a test beaker, weighed as W1, wherein the weight of the test beaker is W0 and the volume is V, the mouth of the beaker is sealed with gauze, the beaker is placed in a large container, deionized water is added to immerse the top of the beaker in water, and the beaker is soaked at room temperature for 24 hours, then the beaker is taken out in the saturated water state, weighed as W2, the mass of the wet gauze is weighed as W3, then the mouth of the beaker is tightly wrapped with the wet gauze and inverted, and after the water in the beaker is drained, the beaker is weighed again as W4; Bulk density g / cm 3 = (W1-W0) / V, total porosity % = (W2-W1) / V x 100, and aeration porosity % = (W2+W3-W4) / V x 100; The test results are as follows:

[0027] 3. Weather resistance The vegetable substrates prepared from Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 3.1 and Comparative Example 3.2 are covered with ordinary polyethylene film with a thickness of 0.10 mm, and then subjected to ultraviolet irradiation using a UVA-340 lamp tube with an irradiation intensity of 30 W / m 2 , an ultraviolet center wavelength of 300 nm, and an irradiation time of 240 h. After the irradiation, the organic matter content, water retention, bulk density and porosity are tested again, and the test results are as follows:

[0028] 4. Planting test Five greenhouse planting bases are selected in the Shigatse region, and each planting base is isolated from each other. The vegetable substrates prepared from Examples 1-3, Comparative Example 3.1 and Comparative Example 3.2 are filled in planting bags for planting test in the greenhouse planting bases. The length x width x height of the vegetable substrate in the planting bag is controlled to be 1.2 m x 0.4 m x 0.3 m, three drainage holes with a diameter of 1.0 cm are arranged at the bottom of the planting bag, and three-leafed one-centered pepper seedlings are planted in the substrate. The pepper variety is Hangpeijia No. 1, two seedlings are planted in each planting bag, the row spacing is 0.5 m, and other management is carried out according to the general method. No fertilization is carried out during the growth process. During the growth process of the pepper seedlings, the incidence rate is counted, and the yield per plant and the soluble sugar content are counted after the pepper is harvested. The details are as follows:

[0029] The present application mainly uses a mixture of fermented sheep manure and vermiculite and nutrient soil to prepare a facility vegetable substrate in a plateau region. The fermented sheep manure is subjected to multi-stage fermentation, promotes microbial activity, provides basic nutrients such as organic matter, and enhances the water and fertilizer retention capacity of the substrate to cope with drought and nutrient loss in the plateau region. The vermiculite mixture preparation step is to modify the vermiculite first, specifically to peel the interlayer structure of the vermiculite by acid, increase the specific surface area, and improve the dispersibility, and then treat the vermiculite with sodium metaaluminate solution to improve the stability and ultraviolet radiation resistance, and can improve the cation exchange capacity. In the mixing step, the calcium source and the phosphorus source generate hydroxyapatite in the porous structure of the modified vermiculite through the alkaline environment and are loaded on the surface of the modified vermiculite, realizing the slow release of phosphorus and calcium, and improving the permeability and water absorption performance of the substrate, adapting to the low oxygen environment of the plateau, and reducing the damage of low temperature to the plant roots, adapting to the low temperature environment. The nutrient soil is first modified by a silane coupling agent to urea, trace elements and other components to enhance the compatibility with biochar, alfalfa powder and other components, and then a hydroxypropyl fiber and polyvinylpyrrolidone are used to form a film on the surface of urea and trace elements to wrap them inside, realizing the slow release of nutrients. Sorbitol mainly enhances the flexibility of the coating film, thereby enhancing the low temperature resistance of the nutrient soil. In combination with biochar and alfalfa powder components, it promotes the growth of plant roots and the full nutritional needs of plants, reduces nutrient loss, and in the final mixing step, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium is added to enhance the water retention of the substrate. As a binder, it enhances the stability of the substrate, so it can be better applied to the plateau environment, enhancing the water absorption and water retention, improving the ultraviolet radiation resistance and low temperature resistance, and providing sufficient nutrients for plants, promoting plant growth and development, and ultimately improving the yield and quality of vegetables.

[0030] Comparative Example 3.1 omits the sodium metaaluminate treatment step of vermiculite, directly mixes vermiculite, which has strong tightness, few pores, high bulk density, poor air permeability, and no aluminum oxide formed on the surface, reducing the ultraviolet radiation resistance and stability. In the mixing step, the mixture is not uniform, affecting the homogeneity of the vermiculite mixture. In the process of preparing nutrient soil, the physical mixing of the components makes the nutrient components easy to lose. After irradiation, the substrate structure is easy to decompose, the stability is poor, and the growth of peppers is severely limited, the plant stress resistance is poor, the incidence is high, and the yield and quality are low. Comparative Example 3.2 only uses a mixing solution to treat vermiculite, but does not use sodium metaaluminate treatment, and no aluminum oxide protective layer is formed on the surface, reducing the ultraviolet radiation resistance. It is directly mixed with hydroxyapatite, has weak combination with vermiculite, poor dispersibility, weak adsorption capacity for organic matter, weak nitrogen fixation effect, fast phosphorus release, poor water retention, insufficient nutrient supply, and poor stability, ultimately limiting plant growth.

[0031] Unless otherwise specified, the percentages used in the present application are mass percentages.

[0032] Finally, it should be noted that the above only describes the preferred embodiments of the present application and is not intended to limit the present application. Although the present application has been described in detail with reference to the foregoing embodiments, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the technical solutions described in the foregoing embodiments can be modified or some technical features thereof can be replaced by equivalent ones. Any modification, equivalent replacement, improvement, etc. made within the spirit and principle of the present application shall be included in the protection scope of the present application.

Claims

1. A method for preparing a substrate for facility vegetables in highland areas, characterized by, The sheep manure fermentation, the preparation of the vermiculite mixture, and the final mixing step are included. The preparation of the vermiculite mixture includes a sodium metaaluminate treatment and a mixing step. The sodium metaaluminate treatment step is to put the vermiculite into a mixed solution, stir uniformly, raise the temperature to 60-64℃, perform ultrasonic dispersion, add to a sodium metaaluminate solution, stir at 73-78℃ for 4.8-5.2h, calcine, and obtain modified vermiculite. The mixing step is to add a calcium source solution to the modified vermiculite, add a phosphorus source solution at 180-210rpm, control the addition rate to be 2.8-3.2g / min, adjust the pH to 8.8-9.2, stir at 90-94℃ for 3.4-3.6h, age and centrifuge, and obtain a vermiculite mixture. The final mixing step is to mix the fermented sheep manure with nutrient soil, add the vermiculite mixture and a carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution, and obtain a vegetable substrate. The preparation method of the nutrient soil is to mix urea, boric acid, EDTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated copper, and ammonium molybdate, raise the temperature to 38-42℃, spray a kH550 silane coupling agent solution, stir at 58-63℃ for 1.8-2.2h, add to deionized water, raise the temperature to 40-43℃, add hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 80, and sorbitol, stir uniformly, spray dry, mix with biochar and alfalfa powder, and obtain the nutrient soil.

2. The preparation method of the facility vegetable substrate in the plateau region according to claim 1, characterized in that The sheep manure fermentation step is to crush fresh sheep manure, pass it through a 90-110 mesh sieve, add corn cob powder, soybean meal, and sodium lignosulfonate, mix uniformly, add ferrous sulfate and fermentation bacteria, stir uniformly, adjust the moisture content to 63-67% for compost fermentation, ferment at 34-36℃ for 6.5-7.5d, ventilate once every 23-25h, then raise the temperature to 48-52℃ for fermentation for 9.5-10.5d, ventilate once every 11.5-12.5h, then raise the temperature to 59-62℃ for fermentation for 4.5-5.5d, ventilate once every 7.5-8.5h, after the fermentation is completed, naturally air dry to a moisture content of 21-23wt%, and obtain fermented sheep manure.

3. The preparation method of the facility vegetable substrate in the plateau region according to claim 2, characterized in that The particle size of the corn cob powder is 3.5-4.5mm, and the particle size of the biochar is 3.0-4.0mm. The bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger, and candida utilis are all purchased from the market. The fermentation bacteria are a mixture of bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger, and candida utilis, and the mass ratio of the bacillus subtilis, aspergillus niger, and candida utilis is 3.3-3.7:2.4-2.8:1.4-1.

7. The mass ratio of the fresh sheep manure, corn cob powder, soybean meal, sodium lignosulfonate, ferrous sulfate, and fermentation bacteria is 98-103:18-22:10-13:1.4-1.6:0.4-0.6:1.8-2.

2. 4.The method of claim 1, wherein, in the sodium metaaluminate treatment step, the vermiculite has a particle size of 1.8-2.2 mm; the mixed solution is a mixture of deionized water, 98 wt% sulfuric acid, and polyacrylic acid, and the mass ratio of the deionized water, 98 wt% sulfuric acid, and polyacrylic acid is 100:4.8-5.2:2.1-2.5; the polyacrylic acid has a molecular weight of 2400-2600; the mass ratio of the vermiculite, mixed solution, and sodium metaaluminate solution is 8-12:115-126:72-78; and the mass concentration of the sodium metaaluminate solution is 6.8-7.2%. 5.The method of claim 1, wherein, in the mixing step, the mass ratio of the modified vermiculite, calcium source solution, and phosphorus source solution is 12-14:102.0-103.0:45-47; the calcium source solution is prepared by adding calcium acetate and sodium humate into deionized water and stirring uniformly; the phosphorus source solution is prepared by adding phytic acid and potassium dihydrogen phosphate into deionized water and stirring uniformly; in the calcium source solution, the mass ratio of deionized water, calcium acetate, and sodium humate is 1000:25.2-26.0:7.4-7.7; and in the phosphorus source solution, the mass ratio of deionized water, phytic acid, and potassium dihydrogen phosphate is 1000:12.2-12.7:13.5-13.

8. 6.The method of claim 1, wherein, in the final mixing step, the mass ratio of the fermented sheep manure, nutrient soil, vermiculite mixture, and carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution is 92-98:500:375-383:740-760; the mass concentration of the carboxymethyl cellulose sodium aqueous solution is 1.8-2.2%; and the compound fertilizer is a nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium compound fertilizer, and the mass ratio of N:P2O5:K2O is 15:15:

15. 7.The method of claim 1, wherein, in the preparation method of the nutrient soil, the mass ratio of urea, boric acid, DTA chelated iron, EDTA chelated zinc, EDTA chelated copper, ammonium molybdate, kH550 silane coupling agent solution, deionized water, hydroxypropyl cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, Tween 80, sorbitol, biochar, and alfalfa powder is 100:0.74-0.77:1.82-1.88:0.77-0.82:0.28-0.33:0.15-0.20:23-27:145-153:12-14:1.2-1.4:0.6-0.8:2.4-2.7:317-322:98-103. 8.The method of claim 7, wherein, in the preparation method of the nutrient soil, the iron content of the EDTA chelated iron is 13.3-13.6%; and the zinc content of the EDTA chelated zinc is 15.0-15.3%. ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ The copper content of the EDTA chelated copper is 10.3-10.6%; The molybdenum content of the ammonium molybdate is 54-57%; The kH550 silane coupling agent solution is a mixture of 4.5-5.3 g kH550 silane coupling agent and 94.7-95.5 g 47-53 wt% ethanol solution; The alfalfa powder is obtained by drying fresh alfalfa at 58-62 ℃ to a moisture content of 10-12%, and crushing to a particle size of 0.4-0.6 mm.

9. A highland area facility vegetable substrate prepared by the method of any one of claims 1-8.

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