Multifunctional physical experiment device

Abstract

The invention discloses a multifunctional physical experiment device which comprises an experiment box and a box cover which can be connected in an opening and closing mode, and an ion generation piece and an ion detection piece located on an ion emission path of the ion generation piece are arranged in the experiment box; an air inlet, an air outlet and a vacuum degree monitoring piece are arranged on the experiment box; when the box cover and the air inlet are closed, air in the experiment box is pumped out through the air outlet so as to form a vacuum experiment chamber, and ions emitted by the ion generation part can move in the experiment chamber and are captured by the ion detection part; according to the invention, a closed vacuum experiment environment can be conveniently constructed, so that an integrated small experiment platform is formed; wherein an ion generating piece and an ion detecting piece are integrated in the experiment box in advance, and development of various types of ion related experiments can be directly supported; multiple sets of experiment equipment do not need to be additionally and independently configured, so that the experiment cost is greatly reduced, and the operation convenience is remarkably improved.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] This invention relates to the technical field of physical experimental equipment, and in particular to a multifunctional physical experimental device. Background Technology

[0002] In the field of physics teaching, experimental demonstrations are a core means to help students intuitively perceive physical phenomena and deeply understand physical principles. Since the formation mechanisms and presentation conditions of different physical phenomena are different, the existing teaching model requires the design of experimental schemes and the construction of experimental systems for each specific physical phenomenon in order to achieve a clear demonstration effect.

[0003] In teaching experiments involving ion-related physical phenomena such as ion generation, movement, and interaction, existing technologies have significant limitations: On the one hand, experiments rely on various specialized instrument components (such as ion generating devices, ion trajectory observation components, and ion concentration detection components), each with a single function and requiring individual debugging, resulting in complex experimental system setup and high operational barriers; on the other hand, to avoid interference from air molecules on ion trajectories and to ensure the accuracy and repeatability of experimental results, such experiments typically need to be conducted in a specific vacuum environment, requiring dedicated vacuum laboratories, which not only significantly increases the cost of experimental site and equipment procurement but also limits the scenarios in which experiments can be conducted; existing ion-related physics teaching experiment schemes are costly and lack universality due to their high instrument dependence and strict vacuum environment requirements, making it difficult to meet the actual needs of physics teaching at all levels of colleges and universities. Summary of the Invention

[0004] The purpose of this invention is to provide a multifunctional physical experiment device that can construct a sealed vacuum experimental environment without the need for additional separate configuration of multiple sets of experimental equipment, thereby reducing experimental costs.

[0005] The objective of this invention is achieved through the following technical solution:

[0006] A multifunctional physics experimental device includes an experimental chamber and a lid that can be opened and closed. An ion generator and an ion detector located on the ion emission path of the ion generator are arranged inside the experimental chamber. An air inlet, an air outlet, and a vacuum monitoring device are provided on the experimental chamber. When the lid and the air inlet are closed, the air inside the experimental chamber is extracted through the air outlet to form a vacuum experimental chamber. Ions emitted by the ion generator can move in the experimental chamber and be captured by the ion detector.

[0007] Based on the above technical solution, the present invention can be improved as follows:

[0008] Furthermore, the ion generator includes a mounting base and an ion smoke sensor. The mounting base is fixedly installed inside the experimental chamber, and an ion channel is formed inside the mounting base. One end of the ion channel is connected to one side of the mounting base and forms a first port, and the other end of the ion channel is connected to the other side of the mounting base and forms a second port. The mounting base is provided with a mounting groove for mounting the ion smoke sensor at the first port.

[0009] Furthermore, the wall of the mounting groove is provided with a stop near the first port; when the ion smoke sensor is installed in the mounting groove, the ion smoke sensor and the ion channel in the mounting base are arranged coaxially, and the stop abuts against the bottom surface of the housing of the ion smoke sensor to restrict the axial movement of the ion smoke sensor.

[0010] Furthermore, the mounting base has a collimator embedded inside the ion channel, and a collimation gap is formed on the collimator; when the ion smoke sensor is working, the ions generated move in a directional manner along the ion channel, are collimated through the collimation gap on the collimator, and then flow out from the second port of the mounting base.

[0011] Furthermore, the collimator is a collimating plate, which has a collimating end and a force-applying end located at the top of the collimating end; the collimating plate has a collimating slit at its center, and the collimating slit is arranged vertically; force is applied to the force-applying end of the collimating plate, so that the collimating end of the collimating plate is vertically inserted into the mounting base, and the collimating slit on the collimating plate is located within the ion channel; when the collimating plate is inserted into place, the force-applying end of the collimating plate is exposed outside the mounting base.

[0012] Furthermore, the ion detector includes a movable connecting mechanism that can be movably installed inside the experimental chamber, and an ion detector that is fixedly installed on the movable connecting mechanism; the movable connecting mechanism includes a support plate, on which a movable plate is provided, and a guide groove is provided on the support plate, the guide groove being parallel to the X-axis direction. By locking bolts into the guide groove, the movable plate is connected to the support plate. When the bolts are loosened, the movable plate can be slid along the guide groove to adjust the position of the ion detector in the X-axis direction, and after the position is adjusted, the bolts are tightened to fix the support plate.

[0013] Furthermore, the movable plate is provided with a guide rail and an electric lead screw, both of which are parallel to the Y-axis direction. A movable seat is slidably connected to the guide rail, and the movable seat forms a receiving chamber inside. On the side of the movable seat opposite to the ionization smoke sensor, an installation port communicating with the receiving chamber is formed. A connecting part is provided on one side of the movable seat, and the connecting part is connected to the lead screw nut of the electric lead screw. When the electric lead screw rotates, it drives the movable seat to move along the guide rail, thereby driving the scintillator detector to adjust its position in the Y-axis direction. A guide block is provided at the bottom of the movable seat, and the guide block can slide with the guide groove.

[0014] Furthermore, the experimental chamber is also equipped with a magnetic field generator, which is located between the ion generator and the ion detector. The magnetic field generator includes a detachably connected base and a cover, and two magnetic blocks with opposite polarities are arranged inside the base. The two magnetic blocks are spaced apart to form a magnetic channel. One end of the magnetic channel forms a first channel opening, and the other end forms a second channel opening. The first channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the second port of the mounting base, and the second channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the ion detector on the movable base.

[0015] Furthermore, the base has an internal mounting chamber for accommodating two magnetic blocks. A cover is placed on the top of the base and presses the two magnetic blocks firmly in place. The base has slots on opposite sides that connect to the mounting chamber, and inserts are inserted into the slots. Each insert has a mating part and an isolating part, with the isolating part located in the middle of the mating part. When the insert is inserted into the slot, the mating part of the insert and the slot cooperate with each other, and the isolating part of the insert extends into the mounting chamber inside the base and is inserted between the two magnetic blocks, so that the two magnetic blocks are arranged vertically in the mounting chamber.

[0016] Furthermore, a heating element is provided on the side wall of the experimental chamber, and the experimental box is also provided with two terminals on the back plate for electrically connecting the two ends of the heating element respectively.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following advantages:

[0018] This invention enables the convenient construction of a sealed vacuum experimental environment through an openable and closable experimental chamber and lid, thereby forming an integrated small experimental platform. The experimental chamber is pre-integrated with ion generators and ion detectors, which can directly support various types of ion-related experiments. There is no need to configure multiple sets of experimental equipment separately, which not only significantly reduces experimental costs but also significantly improves operational convenience. Its compact and integrated characteristics precisely match the actual needs of teaching experimental scenarios for equipment practicality and economy. Attached Figure Description

[0019] The present invention will be further described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings and specific embodiments.

[0020] Figure 1 This is a schematic diagram of the front structure of the multifunctional physical experiment device in the embodiment;

[0021] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of the rear structure of the multifunctional physical experiment device in the embodiment;

[0022] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of the multifunctional physical experiment device after the experimental box has been removed in the embodiment.

[0023] Figure 4This is a cross-sectional view of the multifunctional physical experiment device after the experimental box has been removed in the embodiment.

[0024] Figure 5 This is a disassembly and assembly diagram of the multifunctional physical experiment device after the experimental box has been removed in the embodiment;

[0025] Figure 6 This is a schematic diagram of the structure of the movable seat in the embodiment;

[0026] Figure 7 This is a schematic diagram of the base structure in the embodiment.

[0027] The markings on the attached diagram are as follows: 1. Experimental chamber; 2. Chamber lid; 3. Air inlet; 4. Air outlet; 5. First terminal block; 6. Second terminal block; 7. Cable interface; 8. Tungsten filament; 9. Vacuum gauge; 10. Snap-fit ​​part; 11. Mounting base; 12. Ionization smoke sensor; 13. Mounting groove; 14. Stop part; 15. Collimator; 16. Scintillator detector; 17. Support plate; 18. Moving plate; 19. Guide groove; 20. Guide rail; 21. Electric lead screw; 22. Movable seat; 23. Connecting part; 24. Base; 25. Seat cover; 26. Slot; 27. Insert block; 28. First magnetic block; 29. ​​Second magnetic block; 30. First limiting post; 31. Second limiting post; 32. Guide block. Detailed Implementation

[0028] The specific embodiments of the present invention will be further described below with reference to the accompanying drawings. These descriptions are intended to aid in understanding the present invention but do not constitute a limitation thereof. Furthermore, the technical features involved in the various embodiments of the present invention described below can be combined with each other as long as they do not conflict with each other.

[0029] See Figures 1 to 7 This embodiment relates to a multifunctional physical experiment device, including an experimental chamber 1 and an openable and closable cover 2 on the experimental chamber 1; the experimental chamber 1 is equipped with a heating element, an ion generator, a magnetic field generator, and an ion detector; the experimental chamber 1 has an air inlet 3, an air outlet 4, a first terminal block 5, and a second terminal block 6; both the air inlet 3 and the air outlet 4 are equipped with switching valves, wherein the air outlet 4 is used to connect to an external vacuum pumping component; the experimental chamber 1 is equipped with a vacuum monitoring component; the heating element has two ends, and the first terminal block 5 and the second terminal block 6 are used to electrically connect the two ends of the heating element to an external power supply component.

[0030] In practice, the switch valves at the cover 2 and the air inlet 3 are closed; the vacuum pumping unit is activated to evacuate the inside of the experimental chamber 1 to create a vacuum state inside the experimental chamber 1. At the same time, the vacuum degree monitoring component monitors and acquires the vacuum degree data inside the experimental chamber 1 in real time; by selecting heating elements, ion generating elements, magnetic field generating elements, and ion detection elements respectively, multiple different types of experiments can be carried out.

[0031] Specifically, experimental chamber 1 is a rectangular transparent box structure made of transparent acrylic sheet, allowing researchers to directly observe the interior of experimental chamber 1 during experiments. Depending on actual needs, other transparent materials can also be used instead. Experimental chamber 1 includes a bottom plate, a top plate, a back plate, and two side plates. The bottom and top plates are vertically opposite each other, and the two side plates are horizontally opposite each other. An opening is formed on the front side of experimental chamber 1, opposite to the back plate. A lid 2 is rotatably connected to the opening of experimental chamber 1. An experimental chamber is formed inside experimental chamber 1 to accommodate heating elements, ion generators, magnetic field generators, and ion detectors. An air inlet 3 communicating with the experimental chamber is provided on one of the side plates of experimental chamber 1. The experimental chamber 1 has an exhaust port 4 and an installation hole on its top plate that connects to the experimental chamber for installing a vacuum monitoring device. The experimental chamber 1 also has two terminal holes on its back plate that connect to the experimental chamber. A first terminal 5 and a second terminal 6 are located on the outer surface of the back plate of the experimental chamber 1 and are sealed to the two terminal holes, allowing the two poles of the heating element to be electrically connected to the first terminal 5 and the second terminal 6, respectively. The experimental chamber 1 also has a cable interface 7 on its back plate. The cable interface 7 is used to connect the ion generator inside the experimental chamber 1 via a cable, and to connect an external power supply and ammeter outside the experimental chamber 1 via a cable, so as to supply power to the ion generator and monitor the current of the ion generator.

[0032] The lid 2 is a rectangular plate structure made of transparent acrylic sheet, so that the experimenters can directly observe the inside of the experimental chamber 1 during the experiment. One side of the lid 2 is connected to the experimental chamber 1 by a hinge. When the lid 2 is closed, the other side of the lid 2 is fixed to the experimental chamber 1 by a latch (not shown in the figure). The inner side of the lid 2 is provided with a sealing strip (not shown in the figure) to seal the gap between the lid 2 and the experimental chamber 1.

[0033] The first terminal 5 and the second terminal 6 are both existing terminals. The terminal includes a conductive post. One end of the conductive post is threaded to the terminal hole of the experimental box 1 and extends into the experimental box 1 to connect to the heating element. The other end of the conductive post extends outside the experimental box 1 and is fitted with an insulating sleeve. The conductive post is provided with a socket to facilitate the insertion of the input and output terminals of the external power supply component.

[0034] In this embodiment, the heating element is a tungsten wire 8 as described in the prior art. One end of the tungsten wire 8 is connected to the first terminal 5, and the other end is connected to the second terminal 6. A thermocouple is attached tightly to the tungsten wire 8. In this embodiment, the thermocouple is made of a nickel-chromium and copper composite material. In this embodiment, the power supply component is a thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit as described in the prior art. The thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit has a built-in amplifier circuit, a constant current source, and a signal processing module. In this embodiment, the vacuum degree monitoring component is a vacuum gauge 9 as described in the prior art. The probe of the vacuum gauge 9 extends into the experimental chamber from the mounting hole of the experimental box 1. In this embodiment, the vacuum pumping component is a vacuum pump.

[0035] The following experiment illustrates the acquisition and measurement of vacuum, and the steps of this experiment include:

[0036] A1. Connect the input and output terminals of the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit to the first terminal 5 and the second terminal 6 of the experimental box 1, respectively.

[0037] A2. Close the lid 2 of the experimental chamber 1 and lock it with the latch to ensure a seal; close the switch valve at the air inlet 3 and open the switch valve at the air outlet 4; start the vacuum pump and record the vacuum reading displayed on the vacuum gauge 9 after the system stabilizes.

[0038] A3. Apply a constant current to the tungsten wire 8 through the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit; slowly open the switch valve at the air inlet 3 and adjust the valve opening to change the vacuum level in the experimental chamber 1; under different vacuum conditions, obtain the corresponding tungsten wire temperature by measuring the amplified voltage of the thermocouple and record it, and calibrate the correspondence between the temperature of the tungsten wire 8 and the vacuum level accordingly.

[0039] A4. Adjust the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit to apply a constant voltage to the tungsten wire 8; repeat the above operation of adjusting the opening of the inlet 3 switch valve to change the vacuum level in the experimental chamber 1; under different vacuum levels, record the current through the tungsten wire 8 measured on the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit, and calibrate the correspondence between the current of the tungsten wire 8 and the vacuum level accordingly.

[0040] A5. Adjust the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit to the constant temperature working mode of tungsten wire 8 to maintain the constant resistance of tungsten wire 8; adjust the opening of the air inlet 3 switch valve again to change the vacuum degree, and record the voltage across the tungsten wire 8 measured on the thermocouple vacuum gauge main unit under different vacuum degrees, and calibrate the correspondence between the voltage of tungsten wire 8 and the vacuum degree accordingly.

[0041] A6. Organize and compare the data obtained in the above steps (corresponding values ​​of voltage, current, temperature and vacuum degree), analyze the sealing performance of the vacuum acquisition process, the operating status of the vacuum pump, and the influencing factors of sensitivity and response speed during vacuum measurement.

[0042] The ion generator includes a mounting base 11 and an ion smoke sensor 12. The mounting base 11 is fixedly installed inside the experimental chamber 1. An ion channel is formed inside the mounting base 11. One end of the ion channel is connected to one side of the mounting base 11 and forms a first port. The other end of the ion channel is connected to the other side of the mounting base 11 and forms a second port. The mounting base 11 is provided with a mounting groove 13 at the first port to facilitate the installation of the ion smoke sensor 12.

[0043] In this embodiment, the ionization smoke sensor 12 continuously releases alpha particles when not activated. These particles possess a certain kinetic energy. When the ionization smoke sensor 12 is activated, air ions are generated. These air ions can only move and be collected under an external electric field. Alpha particles can only be released from the ion channel in the mounting base 11 under vacuum conditions. Since these particles are positively charged, they are referred to as ions below.

[0044] The outer shell of the ionization smoke sensor 12 is a conical shell. Correspondingly, the mounting groove 13 in the mounting base 11 is a conical groove with a diameter that gradually decreases from the first port to the second port. A stop portion 14 is provided on the groove wall of the mounting groove 13 near the first port. When the ionization smoke sensor 12 is installed in the mounting groove 13, the ionization smoke sensor 12 and the ion channel in the mounting base 11 are arranged coaxially. The stop portion 14 abuts against the bottom surface of the outer shell of the ionization smoke sensor 12 to restrict the axial movement of the ionization smoke sensor. In this embodiment, two stop portions 14 are provided. The stop portions 14 are arranged at equal intervals around the axis on the groove wall of the mounting groove 13 to prevent the ionization smoke sensor 12 from moving axially. Two force points are formed on the bottom surface of the shell, so that the ion smoke sensor 12 is evenly stressed. In this embodiment, the stop part 14 is a wedge-shaped block protruding from the wall of the mounting groove 13. The wedge-shaped block has a wedge-shaped surface that gradually slopes from the first port of the mounting base 11 toward the second port toward the axis of the ion channel, and a stop surface perpendicular to the axis of the ion channel. During installation, the ion smoke sensor 12 slides into the mounting groove 13 along the wedge-shaped surface of the wedge-shaped block. When the outer wall of the shell of the ion smoke sensor 12 and the wall of the mounting groove 13 are in contact with each other, the stop surface of the wedge-shaped block is in contact with the bottom surface of the shell of the ion smoke sensor 12, thereby achieving axial positioning of the ion smoke sensor 12.

[0045] The following PM2.5 concentration measurement experiment illustrates the procedure, which includes:

[0046] B1. Connect the external DC power supply and the high-precision ammeter (range adapted to the ionization current of the sensor, usually in the nanoampere range) to the cable interface 7 on the experimental box 1 through a dedicated shielded cable; after the connection is completed, power on the equipment and preheat it for 10-15 minutes until the power output is stable and the ammeter reading returns to zero.

[0047] B2. Open the valve at the air inlet 3 of the experimental chamber 1, and securely connect the external particulate matter generator (such as a PM2.5 smoke box with a controllable release rate) to the air inlet 3 through a sealing joint to prevent particulate matter leakage; at the same time, close the valve at the air outlet 4 of the experimental chamber 1, so that the particulate matter slowly enters the experimental chamber inside the experimental chamber 1 under the action of the pressure difference of the device, and let it stand for 5 to 8 minutes to ensure that the PM2.5 concentration distribution in the experimental chamber is uniform.

[0048] B3. Start the ion smoke sensor 12 in the experimental chamber 1. After the sensor ionization module has been working stably (requires 2-3 minutes), record the initial ionization current value displayed by the high-precision ammeter. Then record the current data once every 1 minute, collect 10 sets continuously, and take the average value as the sensor current reference value at this PM2.5 concentration.

[0049] B4. By adjusting the release rate of the particulate matter generator, the concentration of PM2.5 in the experimental chamber is changed. Steps B2 and B3 are repeated to obtain the ionization current values ​​corresponding to different PM2.5 concentrations. Finally, a relationship curve is plotted with PM2.5 concentration as the abscissa and ionization current value as the ordinate. The linear or nonlinear correlation between the two is analyzed to clarify the correspondence between current change and PM2.5 concentration.

[0050] The following airflow velocity measurement experiment based on the ionization smoke sensor 12 will illustrate the procedure:

[0051] C1. Connect the external DC power supply and high-precision nanoampere ammeter to the cable interface 7 on the experimental box 1 via cables. After connection, power on the power supply, ammeter and ion smoke sensor 12 for 10-15 minutes to preheat. During this period, observe the status of the equipment: when the power supply output voltage fluctuation is less than or equal to ±0.1V, the ammeter reading is stable and returns to zero, and the ion smoke sensor 12 has no abnormal error, confirm that the equipment has entered the experimental ready state.

[0052] C2. Open the valves at the air inlet 3 and air outlet 4 of the experimental chamber 1. In the initial state, adjust the opening of both to 50% to form a smooth airflow circulation channel. At the same time, check the sealing of the connection between the air inlet 3, air outlet 4 and the experimental chamber 1 (you can apply a small amount of soapy water to check for bubbles) to avoid deviation in airflow velocity measurement due to air leakage at the interface.

[0053] C3. Start the vacuum pump to allow ambient air to enter the experimental chamber 1 through the air inlet 3 and then flow out through the air outlet 4 to form a stable airflow. After starting the vacuum pump, keep the equipment running unloaded for 3-5 minutes until the airflow in the experimental chamber stabilizes before proceeding to the subsequent data acquisition stage.

[0054] C4. Start the ion smoke sensor 12 and record the ionization current using the multiple sampling and averaging method: read the ammeter data once every 30 seconds, collect 5 sets of data continuously, filter out abnormal data that deviate from the mean by more than 5%, and calculate the average value of the remaining data as the reference value of the ionization current under the current airflow velocity.

[0055] C5. Keep the vacuum pump running unchanged, and change the air flow rate in the experimental chamber by synchronously adjusting the opening of the switch valves at the inlet 3 and outlet 4. After each adjustment, let it stand for 2 minutes until the air flow rate and ionization current are stable, and then repeat the operation of step C4 and record the ionization current value at the corresponding opening.

[0056] C6. Plot the relationship curve between the valve opening value on the x-axis and the difference between the current ionization current and the initial ionization current of the ionization smoke sensor 12 on the y-axis. Analyze the trend of the curve (e.g., whether the current change is linear or nonlinear when the opening increases), and explain the change law in combination with the principle of the ionization smoke sensor 12 (airflow velocity affects ion migration efficiency). To improve the reliability of the results, repeat the above experiment 3 times, take the average data of the 3 experiments to plot the final relationship curve, screen out the outliers with large deviations in a single experiment, and clarify the quantitative correlation between the valve opening and the change of the ionization current of the ionization smoke sensor 12.

[0057] In this embodiment, the ion smoke sensor 12 continuously releases alpha particles when not activated. These particles possess a certain kinetic energy. When the ion smoke sensor 12 is activated, air ions are generated. Air ions can only move and be collected under an external electric field. Alpha particles, which are positively charged, can only be called ions under vacuum conditions. The ion beam flows continuously along the channel and eventually flows out from the second port of the mounting base 11. This effectively avoids ion loss caused by the random diffusion of ions within the channel, ensuring that more effective ions participate in subsequent migration and detection, and improving ion utilization.

[0058] In this embodiment, the collimator is a collimating plate 15, which is a plate structure. The collimating plate 15 has a collimating end and a force-applying end located at the top of the collimating end. The collimating plate 15 has a collimating slit at its center, which is arranged vertically. Force is applied to the force-applying end of the collimating plate 15, causing the collimating end of the collimating plate 15 to be vertically inserted into the mounting base 11, and the collimating slit on the collimating plate 15 to be within the ion channel. After the collimating plate 15 is inserted into place, the force-applying end of the collimating plate 15 is exposed outside the mounting base 11, so as to facilitate quick disassembly and replacement of collimators with different specifications of collimating slits according to actual collimation needs. In this embodiment, two collimating plates 15 are provided. One collimating plate 15 is inserted into the mounting base 11 near the mounting groove 13, and the other collimating plate 15 is inserted into the mounting base 11 near the second port. The collimation of ions is improved by using two collimating plates 15.

[0059] The ion detector includes a movable connecting mechanism that can be movably installed inside the experimental chamber 1, and an ion detector that is fixedly installed on the movable connecting mechanism. The position between the ion detector and the ion smoke sensor 12 is adjusted by moving the movable connecting mechanism to meet the needs of capturing ions generated by the ion smoke sensor 12 at predetermined positions corresponding to different experiments. In this embodiment, the ion detector is a scintillator detector 16 in the prior art.

[0060] The following experiment verifies the Poisson distribution, and the steps of the experiment are as follows:

[0061] D1. By moving the movable connecting mechanism, the scintillator detector 16 is adjusted to a preset position so that the distance between the scintillator detector 16 and the ion smoke sensor 12 is about 2cm.

[0062] D2. Close the cover 2 of experimental chamber 1, close the switch valve at the air inlet 3 of experimental chamber 1, and open the switch valve at the air outlet 4 at the same time to establish an air flow channel.

[0063] D3. Start the vacuum pump and monitor the vacuum level in experimental chamber 1 using vacuum gauge 9. When the vacuum level stabilizes at 50 Pa, turn off the vacuum pump and the switch valve at outlet 4 in sequence to maintain the vacuum environment inside the chamber.

[0064] D4. Ions generated by the ionization smoke sensor 12 are collimated by the collimator 15 and captured by the scintillator detector 16. After capturing ions, the scintillator detector 16 generates a pulse signal. Change the position of the detector in the Y-axis direction, observe the detector count value, and select the position of the maximum count rate corresponding to the Y-axis.

[0065] D5. Change the measurement time and measure 10 times respectively. Calculate the standard deviation and relative error of a single measurement. Observe the relationship between the relative error and the count value. Take more than 4 measurement time values ​​so that the count value varies in the range of 100-5000. If the count value is difficult to meet, the distance between the scintillator detector 16 and the ion smoke sensor 12 needs to be readjusted.

[0066] D6. Measure more than 1000 data points to verify the Gaussian distribution characteristics;

[0067] It should be noted that after completing the Gaussian distribution verification experiment, the box cover 2 can be opened, and the scintillator detector 16 can be adjusted again so that the distance between the scintillator detector 16 and the ion smoke sensor 12 is about 10cm; steps D2-D5 can be executed again, but the count value should vary within the range of 10-40, and the Poisson distribution verification experiment can be completed.

[0068] The movable connection mechanism includes a support plate 17, on which a movable plate 18 is mounted. A guide groove 19 is formed on the support plate 17, parallel to the X-axis direction (i.e., parallel to the length direction of the experimental chamber 1). By locking bolts into the guide groove 19, the movable plate 18 is connected to the support plate 17. When the bolts are loosened, the movable plate 18 can slide along the guide groove 19 to adjust the position of the scintillator detector 16 in the X-axis direction. After position adjustment, the bolts are tightened to fix the support plate 17. A guide rail 20 and an electric lead screw 21 are mounted on the movable plate 18, both parallel to the Y-axis direction (i.e., parallel to the width of the experimental chamber 1). A movable seat 22 is slidably connected to the guide rail 20. The movable seat 22 has a receiving chamber inside. On the side of the movable seat 22 opposite to the ion smoke sensor 12, there is an installation port that communicates with the receiving chamber, so as to install the scintillator detector 16 in the movable seat 22. A connecting part 23 is provided on one side of the movable seat 22, and the connecting part 23 is connected to the screw nut of the electric screw 21. When the electric screw 21 rotates, it drives the movable seat 22 to move along the guide rail 20, thereby driving the scintillator detector 16 to adjust its position in the Y-axis direction. A guide block 32 is provided at the bottom of the movable seat 22, and the guide block 32 can slide and cooperate with the guide groove 19.

[0069] A scale (not shown in the figure) parallel to the X-axis is provided on the tray 17, and the scale is located between the ion smoke sensor 12 and the scintillator detector 16.

[0070] The following ion range experiment illustrates this, and the steps of the experiment include:

[0071] E1. Confirm that the experimental chamber 1 is completely closed and locked. Close the valve at the air inlet 3 and open the valve at the air outlet 4 to establish an air path for subsequent vacuuming.

[0072] E2. Start the vacuum pump and continue pumping for 5 minutes, then turn off the vacuum pump. The vacuum level inside the experimental chamber 1 is maintained at 50Pa. This vacuum condition can significantly reduce the density of gas molecules inside the experimental chamber 1 and reduce collision losses during ion movement.

[0073] E3. After the ions generated by the sensor are collimated by the collimator 15, they are captured by the scintillator detector 16. E4. Start the electric lead screw 21 to drive the scintillator detector 16 to move smoothly along the Y-axis. In the experiment, multiple sets of different vacuum levels need to be adjusted and maintained, and the count rate of the scintillator detector 16 under different Y coordinates is recorded to analyze the distribution characteristics of ion range with spatial position.

[0074] The magnetic field generator includes a detachably connected base 24 and a cover 25, and two magnetic blocks with opposite polarities are disposed inside the base 24. The two magnetic blocks are spaced apart to form a magnetic channel. One end of the magnetic channel forms a first channel opening, and the other end of the magnetic channel forms a second channel opening. The first channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the second port of the mounting base 11, and the second channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the scintillator detector 16 on the movable base 22.

[0075] Ions generated by the ion generator are collimated by the collimator 15 and enter the magnetic channel from the first channel opening. After being deflected by the Lorentz force in the magnetic channel, they are captured by the scintillator detector at the second channel opening to complete the ion deflection experiment.

[0076] In this embodiment, the base 24 is a trapezoidal body that is narrow at the top and wide at the bottom. The base 24 forms an accommodating installation chamber, and the base 24 has a seat opening at the top. Two magnetic blocks are accommodated in the installation chamber through the seat opening in a vertically opposite manner. The seat cover 25 is placed on the seat opening at the top of the base 24 and presses and fixes the two magnetic blocks. The base 24 has slots 26 on opposite sides that connect to the installation chamber. Inserts 27 are inserted into the slots 26. The inserts 27 have an integrally formed mating part and an isolation part, with the isolation part located in the middle of the mating part. When the inserts 27 are inserted into the slots 26, the mating part of the inserts 27 and the slots 26 cooperate with each other. The isolation part of the inserts 27 extends into the installation chamber inside the base 24 and is inserted between the two magnetic blocks, so that the two magnetic blocks are arranged vertically in the installation chamber to form a magnetic channel. Since the polarities of the two magnetic blocks are opposite, the two magnetic blocks can magnetically attract each other and clamp the isolation part of the inserts 27 to prevent the inserts 27 from loosening and falling out of the slots 26 on the base 24.

[0077] In this embodiment, both magnetic blocks are rectangular permanent magnets with identical structures. The two ends of the magnetic blocks extend beyond the base 24 along their length. The base 24 has clearance openings to allow the magnetic blocks to extend beyond its boundaries. A positioning hole is provided in the middle of each magnetic block. For ease of description, the two magnetic blocks are named the first magnetic block 28 and the second magnetic block 29, respectively. The base 24 has a first limiting post 30 on the bottom wall of the mounting chamber, and the cover 25 has a second limiting post 31 on its bottom surface. The first limiting post 30 engages with the positioning hole on the first magnetic block 28 to confine the first magnetic block 28 within the mounting chamber of the base 24. The second limiting post 31 engages with the positioning hole on the second magnetic block 29 to confine the second magnetic block 29 within the mounting chamber of the base 24. This ensures that the two magnetic blocks are positioned vertically relative to each other and restricts their translation relative to the base.

[0078] The base 24 has two opposing snap-fit ​​parts 10 on its bottom surface, forming a slot between the two snap-fit ​​parts 10. The two snap-fit ​​parts 10 engage with the side snap-fit ​​of the support plate 17, and the support plate 17 fits into the slot, so that the base 24 can be detachably installed on the support plate 17, which is convenient for quick assembly and disassembly according to actual experimental needs.

[0079] The following ion deflection experiment illustrates this process, which includes the following steps:

[0080] F1. Remove the magnetic field generator, close the cover 2 of the experimental chamber 1, close the switch valve at the air inlet 3, and open the switch valve at the air outlet 4.

[0081] F2. Start the vacuum pump to evacuate the inside of experimental chamber 1. After evacuating for 5 minutes, turn off the vacuum pump. At this time, the experimental chamber 1 will maintain a stable low vacuum environment of 50 Pa. This environment can effectively reduce the interference of air molecules on the movement of ions and ensure that the movement trajectory of ions in the magnetic channel conforms to the theoretical model.

[0082] F3. The ions generated by the sensor are calibrated by the collimator 15 to form a directional ion beam.

[0083] F4. Drive the scintillator detector 16 via the electric lead screw 21 to move it in an orderly manner along the Y-axis. During the movement, measure the count rate of the scintillator detector 16 at different Y coordinates point by point to obtain multiple sets of key data on the ion deflection trajectory. The relative standard deviation of the count rate measurement should not exceed 5%.

[0084] F5. Open box cover 2, place the magnetic field generator into experimental box 1, and repeat steps F1-F2;

[0085] F6. After the ions generated by the sensor are calibrated by the collimator 15, they form a directional ion beam that accurately enters the interior of the magnetic channel from the first channel opening. Under the action of the magnetic field in the magnetic channel, the ions are deflected by the Lorentz force and exit from the second channel opening and are captured by the scintillator detector 16. At this time, the initial count of the scintillator detector 16 is recorded, and this data will serve as a benchmark reference for subsequent comparative analysis.

[0086] F7. Drive the scintillator detector 16 via the electric lead screw 21 to move it in an orderly manner along the Y-axis. During the movement, measure the count rate of the scintillator detector 16 at different Y coordinates point by point to obtain multiple sets of key data on the ion deflection trajectory. The relative standard deviation of the count rate measurement should not exceed 5%.

[0087] F8. Analyze the measured Y-coordinate and count rate data of the scintillator detector 16. Based on the coordinate difference corresponding to the peak count rate, calculate the particle deflection distance Δd. Then, combine this with known parameters such as magnetic field strength and ion velocity to determine the particle deflection radius R. Finally, substitute these parameters into the charge-to-mass ratio calculation formula (e.g., q / m=2E). k / (B 2 R 2 ), where the kinetic energy of the ions is E k =1 / 2mv 2 Then, the experimentally measured ion charge-to-mass ratio is calculated. The experimentally calculated value is compared with the theoretical charge-to-mass ratio to analyze possible errors that may occur during the experiment (such as ion scattering due to insufficient vacuum, detector positioning deviation, magnetic field inhomogeneity, etc.), and to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of the experimental results.

[0088] In this embodiment, the experimental chamber 1 and the lid 2 can form a closed vacuum environment, which can serve as a small experimental platform. The experimental chamber 1 is equipped with a heating element, an ion generator, a magnetic field generator, and an ion detector. By selecting these separately, multiple different types of experiments can be carried out without the need to configure multiple experimental devices separately, effectively reducing experimental costs and improving ease of use. Moreover, in this embodiment, an ion smoke sensor 12 is used instead of the ion source in the prior art. The radiation dose is far below the safety limit, effectively avoiding harm to the human body, and reducing experimental costs, which meets the actual needs of teaching experiments.

[0089] The above embodiments of the present invention are not intended to limit the scope of protection of the present invention. The implementation of the present invention is not limited thereto. All other modifications, substitutions or alterations made to the above structure of the present invention based on the above content of the present invention, in accordance with ordinary technical knowledge and common practice in the field, without departing from the basic technical idea of ​​the present invention, shall fall within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A multifunctional physical experiment apparatus, characterized in that, The experimental chamber includes an openable and closable experimental box and a lid. The experimental box contains an ion generator and an ion detector located in the ion emission path of the ion generator. The experimental box is equipped with an air inlet, an air outlet, and a vacuum monitoring device. When the lid and the air inlet are closed, the air inside the experimental box is extracted through the air outlet to form a vacuum experimental chamber. Ions emitted by the ion generator can move in the experimental chamber and be captured by the ion detector.

2. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that, The ion generator includes a mounting base and an ion smoke sensor. The mounting base is fixedly installed inside the experimental chamber. An ion channel is formed inside the mounting base. One end of the ion channel is connected to one side of the mounting base and forms a first port. The other end of the ion channel is connected to the other side of the mounting base and forms a second port. The mounting base is provided with a mounting groove for mounting the ion smoke sensor at the first port.

3. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 2, characterized in that, The wall of the mounting groove is provided with a stop near the first port; when the ion smoke sensor is installed in the mounting groove, the ion smoke sensor and the ion channel in the mounting base are arranged coaxially, and the stop abuts against the bottom surface of the housing of the ion smoke sensor to restrict the axial movement of the ion smoke sensor.

4. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 3, characterized in that, The mounting base has a collimator embedded inside the ion channel, and a collimation gap is formed on the collimator. When the ion smoke sensor is working, the ions generated move in a directional manner along the ion channel, are collimated through the collimation gap on the collimator, and then flow out from the second port of the mounting base.

5. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 4, characterized in that, The collimator is a collimator plate, which has a collimating end and a force-applying end located at the top of the collimating end; the collimator plate has a collimating slit at its center, and the collimating slit is arranged vertically; force is applied to the force-applying end of the collimator plate, so that the collimating end of the collimator plate is inserted vertically into the mounting base, and the collimating slit on the collimator plate is located within the ion channel; when the collimator plate is inserted into place, the force-applying end of the collimator plate is exposed outside the mounting base.

6. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 5, characterized in that, The ion detector includes a movable connecting mechanism that can be movably installed inside the experimental chamber, and an ion detector that is fixedly installed on the movable connecting mechanism. The movable connecting mechanism includes a support plate with a movable plate on it. A guide groove is provided on the support plate, which is parallel to the X-axis direction. By locking bolts into the guide groove, the movable plate is connected to the support plate. When the bolts are loosened, the movable plate can be slid along the guide groove to adjust the position of the ion detector in the X-axis direction. After the position is adjusted, the bolts are tightened to fix the support plate.

7. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that: The movable plate is equipped with a guide rail and an electric lead screw, both of which are parallel to the Y-axis. A movable seat is slidably connected to the guide rail, and the movable seat forms a receiving chamber inside. On the side of the movable seat opposite to the ionization smoke sensor, there is an installation port communicating with the receiving chamber. A connecting part is provided on one side of the movable seat, which is connected to the lead screw nut of the electric lead screw. When the electric lead screw rotates, it drives the movable seat to move along the guide rail, thereby adjusting the position of the scintillator detector in the Y-axis direction. A guide block is provided at the bottom of the movable seat, and the guide block can slide with the guide groove.

8. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 7, characterized in that: The experimental chamber is also equipped with a magnetic field generator, which is located between the ion generator and the ion detector. The magnetic field generator includes a detachably connected base and a cover, and two magnetic blocks with opposite polarities are arranged inside the base. The two magnetic blocks are spaced apart to form a magnetic channel. One end of the magnetic channel forms a first channel opening, and the other end forms a second channel opening. The first channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the second port of the mounting base, and the second channel opening of the magnetic channel is opposite to the ion detector on the movable base.

9. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that: The base has an internal mounting chamber for accommodating two magnetic blocks. A cover is placed on the top of the base and presses the two magnetic blocks firmly in place. The base has slots on opposite sides that connect to the mounting chamber. Inserts are inserted into the slots. Each insert has a mating part and an isolating part, with the isolating part located in the middle of the mating part. When the insert is inserted into the slot, the mating part of the insert and the slot cooperate with each other, and the isolating part of the insert extends into the mounting chamber inside the base and is inserted between the two magnetic blocks, so that the two magnetic blocks are arranged vertically in the mounting chamber.

10. The multifunctional physical experiment apparatus according to any one of claims 1-9, characterized in that: Heating elements are provided on the side wall of the experimental chamber, and the experimental box is also provided with two terminals on the back plate for electrically connecting the two ends of the heating elements respectively.

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