Observation device for monitoring symbiosis of masson pine root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi in real time

Abstract

The invention relates to the technical field of masson pine monitoring, and discloses an observation device for monitoring symbiosis of masson pine root systems and ectomycorrhizal fungi in real time, the observation device comprises a light-transmitting outer cylinder and a light-shielding ring fixed at the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder, the inner side of the light-transmitting outer cylinder is provided with a light-transmitting middle cylinder, the inner side of the light-transmitting middle cylinder is provided with a light-transmitting inner cylinder, and the light-transmitting inner cylinder is provided with a light-shielding ring fixed at the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder. And an adjustable monitoring mechanism is mounted at the upper end of the interior of the light-transmitting inner cylinder in a penetrating manner. The shading liquid in the annular water tank is injected into the first cavity to form a shading layer, and light can be effectively prevented from interfering with natural growth of masson pine roots; a second cavity used for storing water and fertilizer is formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder and the light-transmitting inner cylinder. Temperature and humidity at different heights in soil are collected through the temperature and humidity sensor, pH values at different heights in the soil are collected through the pH value sensor, and then the roots of the pinus massoniana are accurately watered and fertilized through the seepage pipe, so that the growth conditions of the roots of the pinus massoniana under different water and fertilizer conditions can be conveniently observed.

Description

TECHNICAL FIELD

[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of Pinus massoniana monitoring, in particular to a device for observing symbiosis of Pinus massoniana root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi. BACKGROUND

[0002] Pinus massoniana is an important tree species in the process of ecological restoration of infertile mountain, and is also an important tree species for afforestation in mountainous and hilly areas of China. Ectomycorrhiza is a symbiotic root formed by ectomycorrhizal fungi and plant roots, which has important functions in improving the adaptability of Pinus massoniana to heavy metal stress, drought stress and enhancing the absorption of nutrients, and plays a huge role in maintaining the stability and balance of Pinus massoniana plantation forest ecosystem and material and energy circulation. In addition, the edible ectomycorrhizal fungi can provide rare mycorrhizal edible fungi with rich nutrition and high economic value. In order to understand the symbiosis of Pinus massoniana root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi, it is necessary to monitor it. The traditional root system research relies on excavation method, which is destructive and difficult to realize long-term dynamic monitoring.

[0003] A monitoring device for the growth state of potato root system (publication number CN203672770U) is disclosed in Chinese patent, which comprises a transparent shell and a fixed plate, an annular groove one is formed on the upper end surface of the transparent shell, the fixed plate has an annular protrusion one inserted into the annular groove one, and a rubber ring is arranged between the annular protrusion one and the annular groove one. The monitoring device further comprises a motor, a driving gear, a driven gear, a multi-stage cylinder and a rotating disc. The motor can drive the multi-stage cylinder to rotate through the driving gear and the driven gear. The lower end of the piston rod of the multi-stage cylinder has an annular protrusion two. The device further comprises a fixed seat, an annular groove two capable of being clamped with the annular protrusion two is formed on the fixed seat, a rubber layer is fixed on the side wall and the groove bottom of the annular groove two, and a CCD camera is fixed on the fixed seat. The device solves the technical problems of low measurement accuracy of the existing monitoring device.

[0004] However, it is not convenient to monitor the growth of root system under different water and fertilizer conditions, and it cannot well realize light-proof monitoring, which may affect the growth of plant roots. SUMMARY

[0005] The present application aims to provide a device for observing symbiosis of Pinus massoniana root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi, so as to solve the problems in the background art.

[0006] To achieve the above-mentioned purpose, the present application provides the following technical scheme:

[0007] The device for observing the symbiosis of pinus massoniana root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi in real time comprises a light-transmitting outer cylinder, a light-proof ring fixed at the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder, a light-proof cover fixedly connected to the outside of the joint of the light-transmitting outer cylinder and the light-proof ring for shading the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder, a conductive ring installed at the upper end of the light-proof cover for preventing the electric wire from being interfered by rotation, a control display connected to the upper end of the conductive ring through a wire, a light-transmitting middle cylinder arranged at the inside of the light-transmitting outer cylinder, a light-transmitting inner cylinder arranged at the inside of the light-transmitting middle cylinder, an adjustable monitoring mechanism installed at the upper end of the inside of the light-transmitting inner cylinder, a cavity one for storing shading liquid formed between the light-transmitting outer cylinder and the light-transmitting middle cylinder, and a cavity two for storing water and fertilizer formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder and the light-transmitting inner cylinder.

[0008] As a further scheme of the present application, the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder is provided with a feeding pipe connected with the cavity two, and the feeding pipe penetrates the inside of the light-proof cover and the protective cover in sequence.

[0009] As a further scheme of the present application, a plurality of liquid-permeating pipes are installed at different heights between the light-transmitting outer cylinder and the light-transmitting middle cylinder, an electromagnetic valve is installed at one end of the liquid-permeating pipe in the cavity two, and the outlet of the liquid-permeating pipe is located outside the light-transmitting outer cylinder.

[0010] As a further scheme of the present application, a strip-shaped groove is formed in the vertical direction on the outside of the light-transmitting outer cylinder, a vacuum support rod is installed in the strip-shaped groove and penetrates the light-proof ring, and a plurality of groups of temperature and humidity sensors and pH sensors are installed at different heights on the vacuum support rod.

[0011] As a further scheme of the present application, the adjustable monitoring mechanism comprises an industrial camera, an inner tube shell is fixedly connected to the upper end of the industrial camera, a camera lens and a fill light are installed on the outside of the industrial camera, an outer tube shell is slidingly connected to the outside of the inner tube shell, a hollow screw is connected to the upper end of the inside of the inner tube shell through a nut pair, and a hollow tube shaft is fixedly connected to the upper end of the hollow screw and penetrates the inside of the outer tube shell.

[0012] As a further scheme of the present application, two bearings two are installed on the outside of the outer tube shell, the two bearings two are respectively embedded and installed at the center positions of the light-transmitting outer cylinder and the light-proof cover, and a bearing one is installed at the joint of the outer tube shell and the hollow tube shaft.

[0013] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the outer side of the outer shell near the upper end of the bearing two is connected to a motor one via a pulley set, and the motor one is fixedly mounted on the light shield.

[0014] As a further embodiment of the present invention: a vertical strip-shaped limiting groove is provided on the outer side wall of the inner tube shell, and a strip-shaped limiting slider is provided on the inner side wall of the outer tube shell located inside the strip-shaped limiting groove.

[0015] As a further embodiment of the present invention: the outer wall of the nut assembly is provided with an annular limiting slider, and the inner wall of the inner tube shell is provided with an annular limiting groove located inside the annular limiting slider.

[0016] As a further embodiment of the present invention: a driven gear is installed on the outer side of the hollow tube shaft at the upper end of the bearing, a driving gear is meshed on the outer side of the driven gear, and a motor is fixedly connected to the upper end of the driving gear.

[0017] Compared with the prior art, the beneficial effects of the present invention are as follows:

[0018] This invention creates a cavity 1 between a light-transmitting outer cylinder and a light-transmitting middle cylinder for storing a light-shielding liquid. By injecting the light-shielding liquid from the annular water tank into the cavity 1, a light-shielding layer is formed, which can effectively prevent light from interfering with the natural growth of the Masson pine root system. When it is necessary to monitor the symbiosis between the Masson pine root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi through an adjustable monitoring mechanism, the light-shielding liquid in the cavity 1 can be pumped into the annular water tank by a circulation pump, making the cavity 1 transparent.

[0019] A cavity for storing water and fertilizer is formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder and the light-transmitting inner cylinder; temperature and humidity are collected at different heights in the soil by temperature and humidity sensors, and pH is collected at different heights in the soil by pH sensors. Then, water and fertilizer are precisely applied to the roots of Masson pine through the seepage pipe, so as to facilitate the observation of the growth of Masson pine roots under different water and fertilizer conditions.

[0020] Motor 1 and the pulley assembly allow the outer tube and inner shell to rotate together, which in turn causes the industrial camera, camera lens, and supplementary light to rotate, enabling 360° observation of the Masson pine root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Motor 2, the drive gear, and the driven gear allow the hollow tube shaft and hollow screw to rotate together, causing the inner shell to move up and down with the nut assembly, thereby adjusting the height of the industrial camera, camera lens, and supplementary light, and enabling observation of the symbiotic relationship between the Masson pine root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi at different heights. Attached Figure Description

[0021] Figure 1 A schematic diagram of the observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiosis between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi;

[0022] Figure 2 A schematic diagram of the dissected structure of an observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiosis between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi;

[0023] Figure 3 A schematic cross-sectional view of the light-shielding cover in an observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiosis between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi.

[0024] Figure 4 for Figure 3 A magnified structural diagram of section C;

[0025] Figure 5 for Figure 1 A magnified structural diagram of part A in the middle;

[0026] Figure 6 for Figure 2 A magnified structural diagram of part B in the middle section;

[0027] Figure 7 A partial exploded view of the adjustable monitoring mechanism in an observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiosis between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi.

[0028] Figure 8 A schematic diagram of the partial disintegration structure of the inner shell in an observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiosis between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi.

[0029] In the diagram: 1. Control display; 2. Wire; 3. Protective cover; 31. Conductive ring; 4. Light-shielding ring; 5. Light-transmitting outer cylinder; 6. Light-shielding cover; 7. Vacuum support rod; 8. Temperature and humidity sensor; 9. pH sensor; 10. Strip groove; 11. Light-transmitting middle cylinder; 12. Light-transmitting inner cylinder; 13. Solenoid valve; 14. Adjustable monitoring mechanism; 141. Industrial camera; 142. Camera lens; 143. Fill light; 144. Strip-shaped limit slider; 145. Inner tube shell; 146. Strip-shaped limit slider 147. Outer tube shell; 148. Bearing 1; 149. Hollow tube shaft; 150. Bearing 2; 151. Hollow screw; 152. Nut pair; 153. Annular limiting slider; 154. Annular limiting slide groove; 15. Leakage pipe; 16. Motor 1; 17. Pulley assembly; 18. Driven gear; 19. Driven gear; 20. Motor 2; 21. Annular water tank; 22. Feeding pipe; 23. Discharge pipe; 24. Connecting pipe; 25. Solenoid valve 2; 26. Suction pipe; 27. Circulating pump. Detailed Implementation

[0030] Please see Figures 1 to 8In this embodiment of the invention, the observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the roots of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi includes a light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and a light-shielding ring 4 fixed to the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5. A light-shielding cover 6 for shading the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 is fixedly connected to the outer side of the junction of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-shielding ring 4. A conductive ring 31 for preventing interference from the rotating wires is installed on the upper end of the light-shielding cover 6. The upper end of the conductive ring 31 is connected to a control display 1 through a wire 2. A light-transmitting middle cylinder 11 is provided inside the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5. A light-transmitting inner cylinder 12 is provided inside the inner side of the 11. An adjustable monitoring mechanism 14 is installed through the upper end of the inner cylinder 12. A hole is drilled next to the roots of the Masson pine, and then the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 is buried in the hole and covered on top of the hole to ensure that the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 is in a dark ring. The adjustable monitoring mechanism 14 monitors the symbiotic relationship between the Masson pine roots and ectomycorrhizal fungi near the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 in the soil in real time through the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12, the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11, and the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5. The display 1 can be directly controlled. The system displays the symbiotic relationship between the roots of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi. A cavity one for storing shading liquid is formed between the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11, and a cavity two for storing water and fertilizer is formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11 and the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12. An annular water tank 21 is installed at the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 inside the light-shielding cover 6. One end of the annular water tank 21 is connected to a suction pipe 26 leading into the cavity one. A solenoid valve 25 is installed on the suction pipe 26, and a connecting pipe 24 connects the annular water tank 21 to the suction pipe 26 at one end of the annular water tank 21. A circulation pump 27 is provided, and the output end of the circulation pump 27 is provided with a liquid outlet pipe 23 embedded in the lower end of the cavity 1. A light-blocking liquid, i.e. a liquid that cannot transmit light, is added to the annular water tank 21. After the solenoid valve 25 is opened, the light-blocking liquid in the annular water tank 21 flows through the liquid extraction pipe 26 into the cavity 1 between the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11. This keeps the cavity 1 in a dark state, which can effectively prevent light from passing through the cavity 2 or the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12. Due to the phototropism of plants, this can effectively prevent light from interfering with the natural growth of the Masson pine root system.

[0031] like Figure 3 and Figure 4 As shown, the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 is provided with a feeding pipe 22 connected to the cavity 2. The feeding pipe 22 passes through the inner side of the light shield 6 and the protective cover 3 in sequence, and connects the feeding pipe 22 to the external water and fertilizer tank. Water and fertilizer can be added into the cavity 2 formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11 and the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12 through the water and fertilizer tank.

[0032] like Figure 2 , Figure 5 and Figure 6As shown, several seepage pipes 15 are installed at different heights between the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11. One end of the seepage pipe 15 is located inside the cavity 2 and is equipped with a solenoid valve 13. The outlet of the seepage pipe 15 is located outside the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5. After the solenoid valve 13 is opened, the water and fertilizer in the cavity 2 can seep into the soil outside the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 through the seepage pipe 15, realizing precise watering and fertilization of the roots of the Masson pine, so as to facilitate the observation of the root growth of Masson pine under different water and fertilizer conditions. The wire electrically connected to the solenoid valve 13 passes through the top of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and passes through the light shield 6 to connect with the conductive ring 31. A strip groove 10 is opened vertically on the outer side of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5. A vacuum support rod 7 is installed through the strip groove 10 towards the light shield 4. Vacuum support rods 7 are installed at different heights. Several sets of temperature and humidity sensors 8 and pH sensors 9 are installed on the upper part of the tube. After the light-transmitting outer tube 5 is buried underground, the temperature and humidity sensors 8 and pH sensors 9 at different heights are also buried at different locations underground. The temperature and humidity sensors 8 collect the temperature and humidity at different heights in the soil so as to accurately water the soil. That is, in a high-temperature and dry environment, water is added to the cavity 2 through the feeding pipe 22. The pH sensors 9 collect the pH at different heights in the soil so as to accurately fertilize the soil. That is, water and fertilizer of different components are added to the cavity 2 through the feeding pipe 22 to adjust the pH of the soil and promote the growth of Masson pine. The wires connecting the temperature and humidity sensors 8 and pH sensors 9 can pass through the outside of the vacuum support rod 7, then pass out through the light-shielding ring 4, and are connected to the external power supply.

[0033] like Figure 7 and Figure 8 As shown, the adjustable monitoring mechanism 14 includes an industrial camera 141. An inner tube shell 145 is fixedly connected to the upper end of the industrial camera 141. A camera lens 142 and a supplementary light 143 are respectively installed on the outside of the industrial camera 141. The light-transmitting outer cylinder 5, the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11, and the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12 are all made of transparent materials, such as fiberglass, transparent acrylic materials, etc. After the surrounding environment is illuminated by the supplementary light 143, the light-blocking liquid in the first cavity is pumped into the annular water tank 21. After the water and fertilizer in the second cavity have been infiltrated into the soil, the camera lens 142 monitors the symbiotic relationship between the roots of the Masson pine and the ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soil near the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 in real time through the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12, the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11, and the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5.

[0034] An outer shell 147 is slidably connected to the outer side of the inner shell 145, and a hollow screw 151 is connected to the upper end of the inner side of the inner shell 145 through a nut pair 152. The upper end of the hollow screw 151 passes through the inner side of the outer shell 147 and is fixedly connected to a hollow tube shaft 149. The wires that are electrically connected to the camera lens 142 and the fill light 143 pass through the inner side of the inner shell 145, the hollow screw 151 and the hollow tube shaft 149 in sequence, and are electrically connected to the wire 2 through the conductive ring 31.

[0035] like Figure 3 , Figure 7 and Figure 8 As shown, two bearings 150 are installed on the outer side of the outer shell 147. The two bearings 150 are respectively embedded in the center of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-shielding cover 6, thus ensuring the smooth rotation of the outer shell 147. A bearing 148 is installed at the junction of the outer shell 147 and the hollow tube shaft 149, which allows the hollow tube shaft 149 to rotate smoothly. A motor 16 is connected to the outer side of the outer shell 147 near the upper end of the bearings 150 via a pulley set 17. The motor 16 is fixedly installed on the light-shielding cover 6. A vertical strip-shaped limiting groove 146 is opened on the outer side wall of the inner shell 145. A strip-shaped limiting slider 144 is set on the inner side wall of the outer shell 147 inside the strip-shaped limiting groove 146. The motor 16 drives the pulley set 17 to rotate. The pulley assembly 17 drives the outer tube shell 147 to rotate inside the bearing 150. The outer tube shell 147 drives the inner tube shell 145 to rotate through the strip-shaped limiting slider 144. The inner tube shell 145 drives the industrial camera 141, camera lens 142 and fill light 143 to rotate together. The camera lens 142 can observe the root system of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi in 360°. The outer wall of the nut pair 152 is provided with an annular limiting slider 153. The inner wall of the inner tube shell 145 is provided with an annular limiting groove 154 inside the annular limiting slider 153. When the inner tube shell 145 rotates together with the outer tube shell 147, the annular limiting groove 154 rotates inside the annular limiting slider 153, while the nut pair 152, hollow screw 151 and hollow tube shaft 149 remain stationary.

[0036] like Figure 3 , Figure 7 and Figure 8As shown, a driven gear 18 is mounted on the outer side of the hollow tube shaft 149, above the bearing 148. A driving gear 19 is meshed with the outer side of the driven gear 18. A motor 20 is fixedly connected to the upper end of the driving gear 19. The motor 20 is fixedly mounted on the light shield 6. The motor 20 drives the driving gear 19 to rotate. The driving gear 19 meshes with the driven gear 18, thereby driving the hollow tube shaft 149 and the hollow screw 151 to rotate inside the bearing 148, while the outer tube shell 147 remains stationary. The inner tube shell 145 is limited by the strip-shaped limiting slider 144. This causes the nut assembly 152 to move up and down along the hollow screw 151. The nut assembly 152, through the limiting action of the annular limiting slider 153 and the annular limiting groove 154, causes the inner tube shell 145 to move up and down together with the nut assembly 152. At this time, the strip limiting groove 146 slides up and down along the strip limiting slider 144, thereby making the inner tube shell 145 slide smoothly. Then, the inner tube shell 145 drives the industrial camera 141, camera lens 142 and fill light 143 to move up and down together. The camera lens 142 is used to observe the root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi of Masson pine at different heights.

[0037] Case Study: Monitoring the Response of Masson Pine Root-Ectomycorrhizal Symbiosis to Water and Fertilizer Stress in Barren Mountainous Areas;

[0038] Application scenarios;

[0039] In response to the barren red soil mountainous areas in southern my country, where soil fertility is low and seasonal drought is significant, it is necessary to clarify the symbiotic compatibility between the root system of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi under different water and fertilizer conditions, so as to provide a basis for water and fertilizer management in the afforestation of Masson pine in mountainous areas.

[0040] Sample site selection and equipment installation

[0041] Three standard plots with an area of ​​20m×20m were selected. Five healthy Masson Pinus trees with a diameter at breast height of 5-8cm were selected in each plot as monitoring targets to avoid damage to the main root.

[0042] Drill holes in the root distribution area of ​​each Masson pine tree, 1.5-2m away from the trunk. The hole diameter should match the outer diameter of the light-transmitting outer tube 5, with a diameter of 30cm and a depth of 80cm. Vertically bury the light-transmitting outer tube 5 into the hole, ensuring that the top of the light-transmitting outer tube 5 is flush with the ground surface. The light-blocking ring 4 should be in contact with the ground surface, and the light-blocking cover 6 should completely block the upper part of the light-transmitting outer tube 5 to prevent interference from natural light.

[0043] Inject black light-blocking liquid and 0.5% carbon black aqueous solution into the cavity one formed by the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 and the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11 to ensure complete light protection; pre-store basic nutrient solution (NPK=10-5-15, concentration 0.1%) into the cavity two formed by the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11 and the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12.

[0044] Sensor and monitoring agency commissioning;

[0045] Three sets of temperature and humidity sensors 8 and pH sensors 9 are installed vertically on the vacuum support rod 7, located at 20cm (top soil), 50cm (middle soil), and 80cm (deep soil) underground, respectively. The sensor probes are in close contact with the outer wall of the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 to ensure accurate data. The sensors are connected to the control display 1 through wires, and the data acquisition frequency is set to 1 time / 2h.

[0046] Adjustable monitoring mechanism 14 debugging: Industrial camera 141 is selected as a 20-megapixel microscopic industrial camera, and the supplementary light 143 adopts a 560nm wavelength warm light LED (to avoid light stress on the root system); the speed of motor 16 is set to 5r / min to achieve 360° circular shooting; motor 20 controls the rotation of hollow screw 151, so that industrial camera 141 can move within a height range of 20-80cm, with each 20cm being a monitoring height, and the shooting interval is 1 time / 4h;

[0047] Experimental design and data acquisition;

[0048] Water and fertilizer stress treatment:

[0049] Three treatment groups were set up, with three replicates per group, corresponding to three sample plots:

[0050] Control group (CK): Basic nutrient solution was continuously supplied in cavity 2, and the soil moisture content was maintained at 18-20% and 60% of field capacity through the infiltration pipe 15. The solenoid valve 13 was opened once every 24 hours for 30 minutes each time.

[0051] Drought stress group (D): The nutrient solution supply in cavity II was halved, and the infiltration tube 15 was opened once every 48 hours to maintain the soil moisture content at 8-10%;

[0052] Nutrient stress group (N): Nitrogen-free nutrient solution was supplied in cavity 2, PK=5-15, concentration 0.1%, and the frequency of opening of the infiltration tube 15 was the same as that of the control group, maintaining the soil moisture content at 18-20%;

[0053] Data collection content;

[0054] Basic environmental data: The temperature and humidity and pH changes of soil in different treatment groups are recorded by temperature and humidity sensor 8 and pH sensor 9. The data is transmitted to the control display 1 and stored in real time.

[0055] Symbiotic morphology data: Images of the root system of Pinus massoniana at different heights and directions were captured using an industrial camera 141. The root diameter, root hair density, and the thickness of the mycelium and the length of the extended hyphae of the ectomycorrhizal fungi were recorded. The images were quantified using image analysis software, and a symbiotic morphology report was generated once a week.

[0056] Functional index correlation: Soil samples were collected every 2 weeks from around the light-transmitting outer tube 5 to determine the content of available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in the soil. Combined with sensor data and root-mycorrhizal morphology data, the promoting effect of ectomycorrhizae on nutrient absorption under different water and fertilizer stress was analyzed.

[0057] Through six months of continuous monitoring, the study clarified the changes in the symbiotic structure between the roots and ectomycorrhizal fungi of Masson pine in barren mountainous areas under drought and nutrient stress, such as whether the thickness of the fungal cover increases under drought stress. The study also proposed the optimal water and fertilizer management scheme for Masson pine plantations in this region, such as supplementing nutrient solution once every 36 hours during the dry season and increasing the application of organic nitrogen under nutrient stress.

[0058] Working principle: When it is necessary to monitor the symbiotic relationship between the roots of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi in real time, firstly, drill holes in the roots of Masson pine, taking care not to damage the main root of Masson pine, then bury the light-transmitting outer tube 5 into the hole, and cover the top of the hole with the light-transmitting outer tube 5.

[0059] After the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 is buried underground, temperature and humidity sensors 8 and pH sensors 9 at different heights are also buried in different locations underground. The protective cover 3 is connected to the external water and fertilizer tank. The temperature and humidity sensors 8 collect the temperature and humidity of the soil, and the pH sensors 9 collect the pH of the soil, which is then displayed on the control display 1.

[0060] When the soil environment is short of water or has an imbalance of acidity and alkalinity, add water and fertilizer to the water and fertilizer tank. The water and fertilizer flow into the cavity two from the feeding pipe 22. After opening the solenoid valve 13, the water and fertilizer in the cavity two can seep into the soil outside the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 through the seepage pipe 15, so as to achieve precise watering and fertilization of the roots of Masson pine and promote the growth of Masson pine.

[0061] At regular intervals, such as 4 h, 8 h, 16 h, 24 h, the circulation pump 27 is started. The circulation pump 27 generates negative pressure and draws the light-shielding liquid in cavity one into the annular water tank 21 from the liquid outlet pipe 23, making cavity one transparent. After the water and fertilizer in cavity two have completely infiltrated into the soil, cavity two also becomes transparent. At this time, the camera lens 142 monitors the symbiotic relationship between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi in the soil near the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5 through the light-transmitting inner cylinder 12, the light-transmitting middle cylinder 11, and the light-transmitting outer cylinder 5, and displays the results on the control display 1.

[0062] When it is necessary to observe the symbiotic relationship between the roots of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi in different directions, the motor 16 drives the pulley group 17 to rotate. The pulley group 17 drives the outer shell 147 to rotate inside the bearing 150. The outer shell 147 drives the inner shell 145 to rotate through the strip-shaped limiting slider 144. The inner shell 145 drives the industrial camera 141, camera lens 142 and supplementary light 143 to rotate together. The camera lens 142 can be used to observe the roots of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi in 360°.

[0063] When it is necessary to observe the symbiotic relationship between the roots of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi at different heights, the motor 20 drives the drive gear 19 to rotate. The drive gear 19 meshes with the driven gear 18, thereby driving the hollow tube shaft 149 and the hollow screw 151 to rotate inside the bearing 148. This causes the nut pair 152 and the inner tube shell 145 to move up and down along the hollow screw 151. Then, the inner tube shell 145 drives the industrial camera 141, camera lens 142 and fill light 143 to move up and down together. The camera lens 142 is used to observe the roots of Masson pine and ectomycorrhizal fungi at different heights.

[0064] This invention creates a cavity one for storing a light-blocking liquid between a light-transmitting outer cylinder and a light-transmitting middle cylinder. By injecting the light-blocking liquid from an annular water tank into this cavity one, a light-blocking layer is formed, effectively preventing light interference with the natural growth of the Masson pine root system. When monitoring the symbiotic relationship between the Masson pine root system and ectomycorrhizal fungi via an adjustable monitoring mechanism is required, the light-blocking liquid in cavity one is pumped into the annular water tank using a circulating pump, making cavity one transparent. A second cavity is created between the light-transmitting middle cylinder and the light-transmitting inner cylinder for storing water and fertilizer. Temperature and humidity sensors collect data at different depths within the soil, and pH sensors collect data at different depths within the soil. The system then precisely waters and fertilizes the roots of the Masson pine through an exudate pipe to facilitate observation of root growth under different water and fertilizer conditions. Motor 1 and its pulley assembly allow the outer and inner tubes to rotate together, which in turn rotates the industrial camera, camera lens, and supplementary light, enabling 360° observation of the Masson pine roots and ectomycorrhizal fungi. Motor 2, its drive and driven gears, allow the hollow tube shaft and hollow screw to rotate together, causing the inner tube to move up and down with the nut assembly, thus adjusting the height of the industrial camera, camera lens, and supplementary light to observe the symbiotic relationship between the Masson pine roots and ectomycorrhizal fungi at different heights.

[0065] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention, but the scope of protection of the present invention is not limited thereto. Any equivalent substitutions or modifications made by those skilled in the art within the scope of the technology disclosed in the present invention, based on the technical solution and inventive concept of the present invention, should be covered within the scope of protection of the present invention.

Claims

1. A real-time monitoring device for the symbiotic relationship between the roots of Pinus massoniana and ectomycorrhizal fungi, comprising a light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) and a light-shielding ring (4) fixed to the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5), wherein a light-shielding cover (6) for shading the upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) is fixedly connected to the outer side of the junction of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) and the light-shielding ring (4), wherein a conductive ring (31) for preventing interference from the rotating wire is installed at the upper end of the light-shielding cover (6), and a control display (1) is connected to the upper end of the conductive ring (31) via a wire (2), characterized in that, The inner side of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) is provided with a light-transmitting middle cylinder (11), and the inner side of the light-transmitting middle cylinder (11) is provided with a light-transmitting inner cylinder (12). An adjustable monitoring mechanism (14) is installed through the upper end of the interior of the light-transmitting inner cylinder (12), and a cavity one for storing the light-blocking liquid is formed between the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) and the light-transmitting middle cylinder (11), and a cavity two for storing the water and fertilizer is formed between the light-transmitting middle cylinder (11) and the light-transmitting inner cylinder (12). The upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) is located inside the light-shielding cover (6) and an annular water tank (21) is installed. One end of the annular water tank (21) is connected to the interior of the cavity one via a liquid extraction pipe (26). A solenoid valve two (25) is installed on the liquid extraction pipe (26), and a circulation pump (27) is connected to one end of the annular water tank (21) near the liquid extraction pipe (26) via a connecting pipe (24). The output end of the circulation pump (27) is provided with an outlet pipe (23) embedded in the lower end of the interior of the cavity one.

2. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The upper end of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) is provided with a feeding pipe (22) connected to the cavity. The feeding pipe (22) passes through the inner side of the light shield (6) and the protective cover (3) in sequence.

3. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi as described in claim 1, characterized in that, Several seepage pipes (15) are installed at different heights between the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) and the light-transmitting middle cylinder (11). One end of the seepage pipe (15) is located inside the cavity and is equipped with a solenoid valve (13). The outlet of the seepage pipe (15) is located outside the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5).

4. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi as described in claim 1, characterized in that, The outer side of the light-transmitting outer cylinder (5) has a vertical groove (10). A vacuum support rod (7) is installed through the strip groove (10) in the direction of the light shielding ring (4); Several sets of temperature and humidity sensors (8) and pH sensors (9) are installed at different heights on the vacuum support rod (7).

5. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 1, characterized in that, The adjustable monitoring mechanism (14) includes an industrial camera (141), with an inner tube shell (145) fixedly connected to the upper end of the industrial camera (141), and a camera lens (142) and a fill light (143) respectively installed on the outside of the industrial camera (141). The outer shell (147) is slidably connected to the outer side of the inner shell (145), and a hollow screw (151) is connected to the upper end of the inner side of the inner shell (145) through a nut pair (152). The upper end of the hollow screw (151) is fixedly connected to the hollow tube shaft (149) through the inner side of the outer tube shell (147).

6. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 5, characterized in that, Two bearings (150) are installed on the outside of the outer tube shell (147), and the two bearings (150) are respectively embedded in the center of the light-transmitting outer tube (5) and the light shield (6); A bearing (148) is installed at the junction of the outer shell (147) and the hollow tube shaft (149).

7. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 6, characterized in that, The outer shell (147) is connected to the upper end of the bearing (150) via a pulley group (17) via a motor (16). The motor (16) is fixedly mounted on the light shield (6).

8. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 6, characterized in that, The outer wall of the inner tube shell (145) is provided with a vertical strip-shaped limiting groove (146). The inner wall of the outer shell (147) is provided with a strip-shaped limiting slider (144) located inside the strip-shaped limiting groove (146).

9. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 5, characterized in that, The outer wall of the nut assembly (152) is provided with an annular limiting slider (153). The inner wall of the inner tube shell (145) is provided with an annular limiting groove (154) located inside the annular limiting slider (153).

10. The observation device for real-time monitoring of the symbiotic relationship between the root system of *Pinus massoniana* and ectomycorrhizal fungi according to claim 5, characterized in that, A driven gear (18) is installed on the outer side of the hollow tube shaft (149) at the upper end of the bearing (148). A driving gear (19) is meshed on the outer side of the driven gear (18). A motor (20) is fixedly connected to the upper end of the driving gear (19).

Images