Forging method of fine grain copper ingot
By employing a three-stage forging process followed by a single radial precision forging process, combined with temperature control and advanced equipment, the problems of uneven internal structure and coarse grains in copper ingots were solved, enabling the preparation of fine-grained copper ingots and improving their mechanical properties.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- CN202511775426.9
- Authority / Receiving Office
- CN · China
- Patent Type
- Applications(China)
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2025-11-28
- Publication Date
- 2026-01-23
AI Technical Summary
Existing copper ingot forging methods result in uneven internal structure and coarse grains, making it difficult to obtain fine grain structure through deformation, which affects mechanical properties.
The process employs a combination of three-stage forging and one-stage radial precision forging, controlling the heating temperature and holding time to perform multiple forgings at different temperatures. By combining a 50MN high-speed forging hydraulic press and a radial precision forging unit, the deformation amount of a single forging is controlled to be between 45% and 55%.
A copper ingot with uniform internal structure and fine grains was obtained, which improved the mechanical properties of the copper ingot.
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Figure CN121373263A_ABST
Abstract
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present application relates to the technical field of copper ingot forging, in particular to a fine-grained copper ingot forging method. BACKGROUND
[0002] Fine-grained ingots or forged ingots have better mechanical properties than coarse-grained ingots, but the internal structure of ingots obtained by melting is generally coarse and has a large proportion of columnar crystal structure. Coarse crystal structure is not conducive to the processing and use of metal materials in the later stage, and has a great impact on mechanical properties.
[0003] Copper material does not have allotropes, and cannot use annealing, quenching and other phase change methods commonly used in steel heat treatment to obtain fine grains. Deformation methods such as forging or rolling must be used to break up the grains and obtain finer internal grain structure. The conventional forging method for copper ingots is to heat and directly process into the required specification using a hydraulic machine or an electro-hydraulic hammer, or to process into the required specification after upsetting and drawing. However, the internal structure of the copper ingot obtained by the current forging method is not uniform and the grain is coarse, and the grain breaking effect is not ideal, which needs to be improved. SUMMARY
[0004] To solve at least one of the above technical defects, the present application provides the following technical solutions: The present application discloses a fine-grained copper ingot forging method, comprising the following steps: First, heat the copper ingot to 550-650℃ and keep it ready for use; Second, reverse upset and draw the ingot kept ready for use in the first step, single upset and draw deformation amount: 45-55%, final forging temperature: 400-500℃, cool to room temperature and keep ready for use; Third, heat the ingot kept ready for use in the second step to 450-550℃ and keep it ready for use; Fourth, reverse upset and draw the ingot kept ready for use in the third step, single upset and draw deformation amount: 45-55%, final forging temperature: 350-400℃, cool to room temperature and keep ready for use; Fifth, heat the ingot kept ready for use in the fourth step to 350-420℃ and keep it ready for use; Sixth, upset and draw the ingot kept ready for use in the fifth step, single upset and draw deformation amount: 45-55%, final forging temperature: 300-360℃; Seventh, radially forge the ingot after the sixth step of forging, final forging temperature: 300-350℃, cool to room temperature.
[0005] Further, the relationship between the holding time and the diameter of the ingot is 0.8-1.3h / 100mm.
[0006] Further, the first step, the third step and the fifth step are all kept for 5.5-6 hours.
[0007] Further, in the first step, the copper ingot is loaded after preheating to 300±20℃, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 260-320℃ / h; in the third step, the ingot is loaded after preheating to 300±20℃, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 160-200℃ / h; in the fifth step, the ingot is loaded after preheating to 300±20℃, and then the temperature is raised at a rate of 60-100℃ / h; in the second step, the fourth step and the seventh step, the cooling is performed by water cooling to room temperature.
[0008] Further, in the second step, three times of cross upsetting and piercing forging are performed, in the fourth step, three times of cross upsetting and piercing forging are performed, and in the sixth step, three times of piercing forging are performed.
[0009] Further, in the second step, the fourth step and the sixth step, the forging is performed by using a 50MN quick forging hydraulic machine set, and in the seventh step, the forging is performed by using a radial precision forging machine set.
[0010] Further, in the first step, the diameter of the ingot is 580mm and the length is 1.8 to 2.2 times of the diameter, in the second step, the square billet with a width and a height of 520mm is obtained by forging, in the fourth step, the square billet with a width and a height of 520mm is obtained by forging, in the sixth step, the octagonal billet with a width and a height of 400mm is obtained by forging, and in the seventh step, the copper ingot round billet with a diameter of 250mm and a length of 6240mm is obtained by forging. Compared with the prior art, the present application has the beneficial effects that: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0011] In order to more clearly illustrate the technical solutions in the embodiments of the present application, the following will briefly introduce the drawings needed to be used in the embodiment description. Obviously, the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present application, and other drawings can also be obtained by those skilled in the art without any creative effort based on these drawings.
[0012] Figure 1 is the grain detection table of the copper ingot prepared in Example 1; Figure 2 is the morphology diagram of the copper ingot prepared in Example 1; Figure 3 is the morphology diagram of the copper ingot prepared in Example 1; Figure 4 is the overall diagram of the copper ingot prepared in Example 1; Figure 5is a topographic map of a copper ingot in an initial state; Figure 6 is a grain detection table of the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 1; Figure 7 is a whole map of the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 2; Figure 8 is a whole map of the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 3; Figure 9 is a grain detection table of the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0013] The present application will be further described below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and specific examples.
[0014] The components of the copper ingot in the following preparation example are: high-purity copper with a purity of 99.999% (by mass). The initial size of the copper ingot is 580 mm in diameter and 1160 mm in height, as shown in FIG. 1. Figure 5 .
[0015] Example 1 A method for casting a fine-grained copper ingot, comprising the following steps: First, preheat the electric furnace to 300°C, load the copper ingot into the furnace, raise the temperature to 600°C in 1 h, and keep the temperature for 5.6 h for standby.
[0016] Second, perform three times of cross-direction upset forging on the ingot standby in the first step with a 50 MN quick forging hydraulic unit, with a single upset deformation of 50%, and the final forging temperature is 450°C, to obtain a copper ingot square billet with a width and height of 520 mm, which is water-cooled to room temperature for standby.
[0017] Third, preheat the electric furnace to 300°C, load the ingot standby cooled in the second step into the furnace, raise the temperature to 480°C in 1 h, and keep the temperature for 5.8 h for standby.
[0018] Fourth, perform three times of cross-direction upset forging on the ingot standby in the third step with a 50 MN quick forging hydraulic unit, with a single upset deformation of 50%, and the final forging temperature is 360°C, to obtain a copper ingot square billet with a width and height of 520 mm, which is water-cooled to room temperature for standby.
[0019] Fifth, preheat the electric furnace to 300°C, load the ingot standby cooled in the fourth step into the furnace, raise the temperature to 380°C in 1 h, and keep the temperature for 5.8 h for standby.
[0020] Sixth, perform three times of upset forging on the ingot standby in the fifth step, with a single upset deformation of 50%, and the final forging temperature is 320°C, to obtain a copper ingot octagonal billet with a width and height of 400 mm.
[0021] Seventh, the copper ingot after the forging of the sixth step is radially forged by a radial precision forging unit, the hammer head hitting frequency is 700 times / min, the copper ingot rotating speed is 125 r / min, the axial feeding speed is 1.5 m / min, the radial reduction per pass is 10%, the final forging temperature is 330℃, and a copper ingot round billet with a diameter of 250 mm and a length of about 6240 mm is obtained, which is water-cooled to room temperature.
[0022] Example 2 A fine-grained copper ingot casting method, comprising the following steps: First, the electric furnace is preheated to 300℃, the copper cast ingot is loaded into the furnace, the temperature is raised to 600℃ for 1h, and the temperature is kept for 5.6h for standby.
[0023] Second, the cast ingot standby after the temperature keeping in the first step is subjected to three times of reversing upset forging by a 50MN rapid forging hydraulic unit, the single upset deformation is 45%, the final forging temperature is 450℃, a copper ingot square billet with a width and height of 520mm is obtained, which is water-cooled to room temperature for standby.
[0024] Third, the electric furnace is preheated to 300℃, the cast ingot standby after the cooling in the second step is loaded into the furnace, the temperature is raised to 480℃ for 1h, and the temperature is kept for 5.8h for standby.
[0025] Fourth, the cast ingot standby after the temperature keeping in the third step is subjected to three times of reversing upset forging by a 50MN rapid forging hydraulic unit, the single upset deformation is 45%, the final forging temperature is 360℃, a copper ingot square billet with a width and height of 520mm is obtained, which is water-cooled to room temperature for standby.
[0026] Fifth, the electric furnace is preheated to 300℃, the copper ingot standby after the cooling in the fourth step is loaded into the furnace, the temperature is raised to 380℃ for 1h, and the temperature is kept for 5.8h for standby.
[0027] Sixth, the copper ingot standby after the temperature keeping in the fifth step is subjected to three times of upset forging, the single upset deformation is 45%, the final forging temperature is 320℃, and a copper ingot octagonal billet with a width and height of 400mm is obtained.
[0028] Seventh, the copper ingot after the forging of the sixth step is radially forged by a radial precision forging unit, the hammer head hitting frequency is 700 times / min, the copper ingot rotating speed is 125 r / min, the axial feeding speed is 1.5 m / min, the radial reduction per pass is 10%, the final forging temperature is 330℃, and a copper ingot round billet with a diameter of 250 mm and a length of about 6240 mm is obtained, which is water-cooled to room temperature.
[0029] Comparative Example 1 Compared with Example 1, the difference is that the temperature is raised to 380℃ in the third step for low-temperature upsetting.
[0030] Comparative Example 2 Compared with Example 1, the difference is that the second step uses conventional pier removal instead of directional pier removal.
[0031] Comparative Example 3 The difference compared to Example 1 is that the temperature is raised to 800°C in the first step for high-temperature pulling.
[0032] The copper ingots prepared above were cut into four equal parts along the axial direction and the grain size was measured. The grain size of the copper ingots prepared in Example 1 is as follows: Figure 1 As shown, the grain fragmentation effect is ideal, with an average grain diameter of <50μm. See the crystal phase diagram. Figure 2 , Figure 3 The final copper ingot is shown in [reference]. Figure 4 The copper ingots prepared in Example 2 exhibited the same characteristics as those prepared in Example 1 in terms of grain size and other aspects.
[0033] The grain size of the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 1 is shown in Appendix. Figure 6 Its grain fragmentation effect is poor, and the grain size difference is large. (See Appendix for the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 2.) Figure 7 It can be clearly seen that the grain fragmentation effect is poor and the grain size difference is large. See Appendix for the copper ingot prepared in Comparative Example 3. Figure 8 It can be clearly seen that the grain fragmentation effect is also poor, as can be seen from the attached... Figure 9 Grain size testing reveals significant differences in grain size.
[0034] The above are merely preferred embodiments of the present invention. The scope of protection of the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments. All technical solutions falling within the scope of the present invention's concept are within the scope of protection of the present invention. It should be noted that for those skilled in the art, any improvements and modifications made without departing from the principle of the present invention should also be considered within the scope of protection of the present invention.
Claims
1. A method of forging a fine-grained copper ingot, characterized by, Includes the following steps: First, heat the copper ingots to 550-650℃ and keep them warm for later use; Second, the ingots that were kept in heat in the first step are subjected to reverse upsetting forging. The deformation amount of a single upsetting is 45-55%, the final forging temperature is 400-500℃, and then cooled to room temperature for later use. Third, heat the ingots that were cooled and prepared in the second step to 450-550℃ and keep them at that temperature for later use. Fourth, the ingots that were kept warm in the third step are subjected to reverse upsetting forging. The deformation amount of a single upsetting is 45-55%, the final forging temperature is 350-400℃, and then cooled to room temperature for use. Fifth, heat the ingots that were cooled and prepared in step four to 350-420℃ and keep them at that temperature for later use; Sixth, the ingots that were kept warm in the fifth step are then forged by upsetting and drawing. The deformation amount in a single upsetting and drawing is 45-55%, and the final forging temperature is 300-360℃. Seventh, perform radial forging on the ingot after the forging in step six, with a final forging temperature of 300-350℃, and cool to room temperature.
2. A method of forging a fine-grained copper ingot as claimed in claim 1, characterized in that: The relationship between heat preservation time and ingot diameter is: 0.8-1.3h / 100mm.
3. A method of forging a fine-grained copper ingot as claimed in claim 2, characterized in that: The first, third, and fifth steps all involve keeping the product warm for 5.5-6 hours.
4. The method of claim 1, wherein the fine-grained copper ingot is forged by: In the first step, the copper ingot is preheated to 300±20℃ and then loaded into the container, followed by a heating rate of 260-320℃ / h. In the third step, the ingot is preheated to 300±20℃ and then loaded into the container, followed by a heating rate of 160-200℃ / h. In the fifth step, the ingot is preheated to 300±20℃ and then loaded into the container, followed by a heating rate of 60-100℃ / h. In the second, fourth, and seventh steps, the container is cooled to room temperature by water cooling.
5. The method of claim 1, wherein the fine-grained copper ingot is forged by: The second step involves three reversing forging processes, the fourth step involves three reversing forging processes, and the sixth step involves three forging processes.
6. The method of claim 1, wherein the fine-grained copper ingot is forged by: The second, fourth, and sixth steps all use a 50MN high-speed forging hydraulic press for forging, while the seventh step uses a radial precision forging press.
7. The forging method for a fine-grained copper ingot as described in claim 1, characterized in that: In the first step, the ingot diameter is 580mm and the length is 1.8 to 2.2 times the diameter. In the second step, a square billet with a width and height of 520mm is forged. In the fourth step, a square billet with a width and height of 520mm is forged. In the sixth step, an octagonal billet with a width and height of 400mm is forged. In the seventh step, a round copper ingot billet with a diameter of 250mm and a length of 6240mm is forged.