Apparatus, system and method for enhancing ionized hydrogen peroxide purification

Abstract

By redesigning the following aspects, the double bond breaking effect of the cleaning solution is improved. The electrode posts in the applicator are lowered and the power supply of the arc is changed from an AC voltage to a DC voltage. The lowering of the electrode column places the arc discharge in a more efficient location for activating the cleaning solution prior to dispersion of the cleaning solution into the treatment area. Modifying the power supply of the arc from an AC voltage to a DC voltage may enhance the uniform charge characteristics of the droplets. This results in greater proportions of the droplets excluding each other and seeking equilibrium. And air ionization can be increased, so that charged liquid drops can be in contact with the surface more easily.

Description

[0001] Cross-references to related applications

[0002] This application claims priority to provisional application No. 63 / 492,905, filed March 29, 2023; provisional application No. 63 / 601,515, filed November 21, 2023; and provisional application No. 63 / 612,560, filed December 20, 2023, which are incorporated herein by reference. Technical Field

[0003] This application generally relates to multi-configuration systems for purifying items, enclosed spaces and unenclosed spaces, and more specifically to microbial purification in such locations. Background Technology

[0004] Microbial species are widely distributed in our environment. Most microbial species are not a particular concern because they do not harm other organisms. However, other microbial species can infect and harm humans or animals. The removal of microorganisms, as well as the decontamination of objects and spaces, has long been a focus of attention. Pharmaceuticals and medical devices are sterilized and packaged in sterile containers. Medical environments, such as operating rooms, wards, and examination rooms, are decontaminated through various cleaning procedures to prevent the transmission of microorganisms of concern from one patient to another.

[0005] Many existing technologies for controlling microorganisms are valuable in the context of biological warfare and bioterrorism. Furthermore, existing decontamination technologies have limited effectiveness in confined environments. Summary of the Invention

[0006] This application relates to methods, systems, and apparatuses for enhancing purification by lowering the position of the electrodes of the column that generates a cold plasma arc and using a DC voltage source to employ ionized hydrogen peroxide.

[0007] This application relates to a method for purifying articles or a generally enclosed space, comprising the steps of: shearing a cleaning liquid into a mist, the mist comprising aerosol droplets accumulating in a top chamber portion of a generally enclosed chamber, the chamber comprising a funnel-shaped top chamber portion, a bottom chamber portion, a side chamber portion, and an inner chamber portion, wherein the cleaning liquid is sheared by ultrasonic cavitation; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator to form plasma-activated ion particles, wherein the actuator has a column that generates a cold plasma arc; and contacting the article or generally enclosed space with the plasma-activated ion particles, enhancing purification by lowering the position of the electrodes of the column that generates the cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0008] This application pertains to a method for purifying articles, surfaces, or generally enclosed spaces, comprising the steps of: cavitating a cleaning liquid by using an ultrasonic cavitator immersed in a generally enclosed chamber comprising a cleaning liquid, shearing the cleaning liquid into a mist comprising aerosol droplets; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator in an outlet tube extending from an opening in a top chamber portion of the generally enclosed chamber, wherein the outlet tube comprises a hollow cavity having a distal opening above the top chamber portion for discharging aerosol droplets to form plasma-activated ion particles; and contacting the articles, surfaces, or generally enclosed spaces with the plasma-activated ion particles by lowering the position of the electrodes of a column generating a cold plasma arc and enhancing purification by using a DC voltage source.

[0009] This application relates to a method for purifying a small, enclosed space, comprising the following steps: inputting input parameters of the small, enclosed space into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of a cleaning liquid in a purification device, activating a purification cycle of the purification device, wherein the purification cycle comprises the following steps: providing a reservoir for the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; applying the generated very dry mist to purify a generally small, enclosed space, wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water, wherein the setting of the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid is accomplished by controlling an air valve, and the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column generating a cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0010] In some embodiments, the user manually operates the purification device. In some embodiments, the purification device is handheld for manual operation. In some embodiments, input parameters for the small enclosed space include: the size of the small enclosed space, the position of the purification device relative to the boundary of the small enclosed space, and the air temperature, pressure, and humidity of the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, setting the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid includes air pressure and liquid flow rate. In some embodiments, an air valve is controlled by programming a processing unit to control a potentiometer. In some embodiments, the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are adjusted by the size and shape of a tube located at the outlet of the cleaning liquid leaving the purification device. In some embodiments, the very dry mist includes particles with a diameter size in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by reducing the air pressure and liquid flow rate to below a predetermined standard air pressure and a predetermined standard liquid flow rate, respectively. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the purification device are determined by inputting the input parameters of the small enclosed space into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is further programmed based on the input parameters of the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, the very dry mist comprises particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are manually entered. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are measured by multiple sensors that are networked and communicate with the processing unit. In some embodiments, the processing unit and the purification device communicate wirelessly.

[0011] This application relates to a system for purifying a small, enclosed space, comprising a purification device and a computer processor, wherein the computer processor is networked and communicates with the purification device, wherein input parameters of the small, enclosed space are input into the computer processor, wherein the computer processor is programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of a cleaning liquid in the purification device, wherein the computer processor is also programmed to activate a purification cycle of the purification device, the purification cycle comprising the following steps: providing a reservoir of the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; applying the generated very dry mist to purify the generally enclosed space, wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water, wherein the setting of the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid is performed by controlling an air valve, and the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column generating a cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0012] In some embodiments, the purification device is manually operated. In other embodiments, the purification device is handheld for manual operation.

[0013] This application pertains to a method for purifying a space, comprising the steps of: inputting space input parameters into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the space containing the fresh produce to determine the liquid characteristics of a purification liquid in an ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purification liquid comprises hydrogen peroxide; activating a purification cycle in the ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purification cycle comprises the steps of: providing a reservoir for the purification liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the purification liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising the ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide of the purification liquid, wherein the ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide mist of the purification liquid passes through a cold plasma arc, wherein the mist is ionized by the cold plasma arc, such that the mist... The material includes ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range with an average diameter of 40.3 nm, a mode of 33.4 nm, and a standard deviation of 30.9 nm, as well as a very dry mist consisting of particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers. The generated very dry mist is applied to a surface within a space, where ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water on the surface. Furthermore, the ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range continue to exist in the space containing fresh produce 30 minutes after entering through a cold plasma arc, and the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrodes of the column generating the cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source. Attached Figure Description

[0014] Figure 1 A flowchart illustrating the overall method for using activated cleaning liquid mist for the deactivation of biochemical agents.

[0015] Figure 2 This is a schematic diagram of a first embodiment of a device for the deactivation of biological agents, wherein the activator is located near the end of the atomizer.

[0016] Figure 3 This is a schematic diagram of a second embodiment of a device for the deactivation of biological agents, wherein the activator is located away from the atomizer.

[0017] Figure 4 This is a schematic diagram of a third embodiment of a device for inactivating biological agents, which includes proximal and distal activators.

[0018] Figure 5 A flow cytometry purification device is shown.

[0019] Figure 6A chamber-based purification device is shown.

[0020] Figure 7 A purification device for purifying a room is shown.

[0021] Figure 8 A purification device for heating, ventilation and air conditioning duct systems is shown.

[0022] Figure 9 A purification device for human breathing air is shown.

[0023] Figure 10A This indicates the configuration of the device components, wherein the clean liquid source 40 and the atomizer 42 are connected by a drive unit 70 with an adjustable range of rotation up to 360 degrees. Figure 10B The configuration of the device components is shown, wherein the cleaning liquid source 40 is connected to the atomizer 42, and the atomizer 42 is connected to the atomizer delivery unit 72 via a drive 70 having an adjustable range of rotation of up to 360 degrees. Figure 10C This indicates the configuration of the device components, wherein the atomizer 42 is mounted on the drive unit 70, which has an adjustable range of rotation up to 360 degrees. Figure 10D This represents another configuration of the device components, in which the atomizer 42 delivers a mist into the mist delivery unit 72, which is mounted on a drive unit 70 with an adjustable range of rotation up to 360 degrees.

[0024] Figure 11A An embodiment is described in which at least an atomizer 42 and a voltage source 52 are housed within a portable housing. The atomizer is functionally connected to a mist delivery unit 72, which may be mounted on the housing or be a remote unit. Figure 11B The description includes an atomizer 42 and a voltage source 52 contained within a portable container, wherein the entire unit can be handheld, mounted on another device, or handheld / mounted by another machine or robot. Figure 11C An exemplary embodiment is described, wherein a vapor generator 42 and a voltage source 52 are included within a wearable container, such as a backpack.

[0025] Figure 12A A purification device is shown, which includes an ultrasonic chip 78 or an ultrasonic atomizer as an atomization generator. Figure 12B A system is shown in which a mobile / wireless / remote control device 84 is functionally connected to a purification device of this disclosure, such as an atomizer 82. Figure 12CAn embodiment of the system is illustrated, wherein the system includes multiple purification devices, such as atomizers, which are controlled by a control device 84 and also communicate with each other via wired or wireless means. Information from each atomizer 82 can be fed back to the control device 84 as a whole or individually. For example, the doses released by two different atomizers 82 can start or finish at different times, and the data can be reported independently.

[0026] Figures 13A to 13B It shows a single ( Figure 13A ) or multiple ( Figure 13B A similar system to the atomizer 42, which is controlled by a control device 84, which also provides data 94 about the area or surface treatment to an external source.

[0027] Figure 14 The system is shown, in which the atomizer 42, the cleaning liquid source 40, and the atomized material delivery unit 72 are also connected to the sensor 98.

[0028] Figure 15 An exemplary rectifier for forming free radicals is described, including a voltage source 52, at least one diode / capacitor 102, and the diode / capacitor interfaced with a non-thermal plasma driver 76.

[0029] Figure 16 An embodiment of an ionization / atomization and activation device 100 is described, which can be operated manually as a handheld device and can be programmed for automated operation.

[0030] Figure 17 An embodiment of a programmable clock 201 is described, which adjusts the liquid properties of a liquid applied by an ionization / aerosolization and activation device.

[0031] Figure 18 The image shows a close-up view (right) of the ionization / aerosolization and activation delivery device for introducing ionized / aerosolized H2O2 into a chamber containing tomatoes.

[0032] Figure 19 The droplet size distribution is shown after immediate introduction of ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into the chamber and after an additional 30 minutes of residence.

[0033] Figure 20 The application of the disinfection system via a backpack is shown.

[0034] Figure 21 An architecture representing the components of a disinfection system and their relationships.

[0035] Figure 22A flowchart of the disinfection system is shown.

[0036] Figure 24 The design of the applicator for purification in enclosed spaces is shown from an external perspective.

[0037] Figure 25A An applicator design for the same applicator is shown, with the internal arrangement illustrated.

[0038] Figure 25B The accessories are shown. Figure 27 The process of potting the fitting to reduce the inner diameter is shown.

[0039] Figure 26A A front view of the self-cleaning nozzle is shown.

[0040] Figure 26B A side view of the self-cleaning nozzle is shown.

[0041] Figure 27 The operation of the self-cleaning nozzle is shown.

[0042] Figure 28 An embodiment of the nozzle described herein is shown.

[0043] Figure 29 An embodiment of the nozzle described herein is shown, illustrating the positioning of the electrode post after lowering.

[0044] Throughout the accompanying drawings, unless otherwise stated, the same reference numerals and characters are used to denote the same features, elements, components, or portions of the illustrated embodiments. Furthermore, while this disclosure will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings, this is done in conjunction with illustrative embodiments and is not limited to the specific embodiments shown in the drawings and appended claims. Detailed Implementation

[0045] The following detailed description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to make and use the invention. Specific terminology is set forth for purposes of explanation to provide a thorough understanding of the invention. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that such specific details are not essential to practicing the invention. Reference will be made in detail to certain aspects and exemplary embodiments of this application, illustrated in the accompanying drawings and structures. Aspects of this application will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, including methods, materials, and examples. This description is non-limiting, and the scope of this application is intended to cover all equivalents, substitutions, and modifications generally known or incorporated herein. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this application pertains. One of those skilled in the art will recognize that many techniques and materials similar to or equivalent to those described herein can be used in the practice of aspects and embodiments of this application. The aspects and embodiments described in this application are not limited to the described methods and materials.

[0046] This application describes a method, system, and apparatus for disinfection using an automated robotic device that effectively applies a mist containing activated hydroxyl ions, wherein the aerosol droplets generate a surface area with a high concentration of activated hydroxyl ions. The advantage of this method is that no chemical residue is left on the disinfected surface because it begins with a small amount of hydrogen peroxide as the source solution, and then activates the hydroxyl ions, meaning that the dissociated activated substances recombine to form diatomic oxygen and water, which are harmless molecules.

[0047] In this application, effective disinfection using activated hydroxyl ions depends on the surface area of ​​the droplets applied to the surface. The smaller the droplets, the larger the surface area of ​​activated hydroxyl ions within the total cloud of the droplets, thus making the disinfection method more effective. In fact, immersing the surface for disinfection weakens the effectiveness of activated hydroxyl ions because once the surface is immersed, the activated ions do not come into contact with bacteria for disinfection.

[0048] The activation of a clean liquid to generate activated hydroxyl ions can occur through the liquid's channels, for example, by electric arc current, electromagnetic fields, or photon energy. The liquid can be generated as a spray by, for example, atomization, ultrasound, pneumatic spraying, or mechanical pressure. However, the method in this application does not use a blower to generate the spray because a blower would produce a powerful stream of large droplets that would utilize the liquid to soak the surface, both of which would weaken the effect of any activated hydroxyl ions.

[0049] The method described herein requires the generation of a very dry mist (such as very small diameter aerosol particles as described herein) that carries activated hydroxyl ions through space to reach a surface for decontamination. The activated hydroxyl ions contact pathogens before recombination to form harmless diatomic oxygen and water (an advantage of the method described herein is that no chemical residue remains on the disinfected surface). Preferred embodiments used in this application, such as a cleaning liquid comprising 0.3% to 9% hydrogen peroxide as the source of the active material, are used for the decontamination of articles or substantially enclosed spaces. The preferred aerosol droplets carrying the activated hydroxyl ions have a diameter of 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers, with a most preferred average diameter of 0.7 micrometers. Therefore, any automated system applying this method requires stringent performance parameters.

[0050] The applicant improved the effectiveness of its cleaning solution in breaking double bonds by redesigning the following aspects: lowering the electrode post in the applicator and changing the arc power supply from AC to DC voltage. Lowering the electrode post allows the arc discharge to be positioned more effectively to activate the cleaning fluid before it disperses into the treatment area. Changing the arc power supply from AC to DC voltage enhances the uniform charge characteristics of the droplets. This results in a greater proportion of droplets repelling each other and seeking equilibrium. It also increases air ionization, making it easier for charged droplets to contact the surface.

[0051] definition

[0052] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural references, unless otherwise expressly stated.

[0053] As used in this article, “decontaminating” or “decontamination” refers to the act of neutralizing or removing pathogens from an area or object.

[0054] As used herein, the terms “microorganism” or “pathogen” include, but are not limited to, bacteria, fungi, yeast, protozoa, viruses, or other microorganisms. The term “pathogen” also includes targeted bioterrorism agents.

[0055] As used herein, the term "bacteria" refers to a large group of single-celled microorganisms that possess a cell wall but lack organelles and an organized nucleus. Synonyms for bacteria may include "microorganism," "bacteria," "pathogen," "bacillus," and "prokaryote." Exemplary bacteria include, but are not limited to, species of the genus *Mycobacterium*, including *Mycobacterium tuberculosis*; species of the genus *Staphylococcus*, including *Staphylococcus epidermidis*, *Staphylococcus aureus*, and methicillin-resistant *Staphylococcus aureus*; species of the genus *Streptococcus*, including *Streptococcus pneumoniae*, *Streptococcus pyogenes*, *Streptococcus proteus*, *Streptococcus agalactiae*, *Streptococcus equi*, *Streptococcus canis*, *Streptococcus bovis*, *Streptococcus equi*, *Streptococcus pharyngitis*, *Streptococcus sanguinis*, *Streptococcus salivarius*, and *Streptococcus suis*; and other pathogenic streptococcal species, including *Enterococcus enterica*. Species of the genus *Cocci*, such as *Enterococcus faecalis* and *Enterococcus faecium*; species of the genus *Haemophilus influenzae* and *Pseudomonas*, including *Pseudomonas aeruginosa*, *Pseudomonas melioides*, and *Pseudomonas melioides*; species of the genus *Salmonella*, including *Salmonella enterocolitica*, *Salmonella typhimurium*, *Salmonella enteritidis*, *Salmonella bungei*, and *Salmonella choleraesuis*; species of the genus *Shigella*, including *Shigella flexneri*, *Shigella sonnei*, *Salmonella dysenteriae*, and *Shigella boydii*; species of the genus *Brucella*, including *Brucella mesenteriae*, *Brucella suis*, and *Brucella swine*. Brucella, Brucella abortus, and Brucella pertussis; Neisseria spp., including Neisseria meningitidis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae; Escherichia coli, including enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC); Vibrio cholerae, Helicobacter pylori, Bacillus thermophilus, Chlamydia trachomatis, Clostridium difficile, Cryptococcus neoformans, Moraxella spp., including Moraxella catarrhalis, Campylobacter spp., including Campylobacter jejuni; Corynebacterium spp., including Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Corynebacterium ulcerans, and Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis. * Corynebacterium pseudodiphtheriae*, *Corynebacterium urealyticum*, *Corynebacterium hemolyticum*, *Corynebacterium horseii*; *Listeria monocytogenes*, *Nocardia asteroides*, *Bacteroides*, *Actinomyces*, *Treponema pallidum*, *Leptospira*, *Klebsiella pneumoniae*; *Proteus*, including *Proteus vulgaris*; *Serratia*, *Acinetobacter*, *Yersinia*, including *Yersinia nobilis* and *Yersinia pseudotuberculosis*; *Francis tularensis*, *Enterobacter*, *Bacteroides*, *Legionella*, *Borrelia burgdorferi*, etc. The term "targeted bioterrorism agent" as used in this article includes, but is not limited to, anthrax (*Bacillus antracis*), plague (*Yersinia pestis*), and tularensis (*Franciscella tularensis*).

[0056] As used in this article, the term "virus" may include, but is not limited to, influenza virus, herpes virus, poliovirus, norovirus, and retrovirus. Examples of viruses include, but are not limited to, human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2), human T-cell lymphovirus types 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-II), hepatitis A virus, hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis D virus (HDV), hepatitis E virus (HEV), hepatitis G virus (HGV), parvovirus B19, hepatitis A virus, hepatitis G virus, hepatitis E virus, transfusion-transmitted virus (TTV), Epstein-Barr virus, human cytomegalovirus type 1 (HCMV-1), human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV-6), human herpesvirus type 7 (HHV-7), human herpesvirus type 8 (HHV-8), and influenza A virus (including H1N1 and H5N1). Subtypes), human metapneumoviruses, SARS coronaviruses, hantaviruses, and RNA viruses from the Arenaviridae (e.g., Lassa fever virus (LFV)), Pneumoviridae (e.g., human metapneumoviruses), and Filoviridae (e.g., Ebola virus (EBOV), Marburg virus (MBGV), and Zika virus); Bunyaviridae (e.g., Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), and hantaviruses); Flaviviridae (West Nile virus (WNV)). Dengue virus (DENV), yellow fever virus (YFV), GBV-C (formerly known as hepatitis G virus (HGV)); Rotaviruses (e.g., rotaviruses) and combinations thereof. In one embodiment, the subject was infected with HIV-1 or HIV-2. As used herein, the term “fungus” refers to any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that produce saprophytic and parasitic spores, typically filamentous, previously classified as chlorophyll-deficient plants, and includes molds, rust fungi, mildews, smut fungi, mushrooms, and yeasts.Exemplary fungi include, but are not limited to, species of the genera *Aspergillus*, *Dermatophytes*, *Blastomycetes*, and *Candida*, including *Candida albicans* and *Candida krusei*; *Malassezia furfur*, *Veravenella ventricosa*, *Trichophyton mentagrophytes*, etc. *Trichophyton floccosum*, *Pseudomonas borscherion*, *Madura greis*, *Histoplasma capsulatum*, *Sporothrix schenckii*, *Histoplasma capsulatum*, and species of the genus *Trichophyton*, including *Trichophyton versicolor*, *Trichophyton pedis*, *Onychophyton floccosum*, *Trichophyton mentagrophytes*, *Trichophyton rubrum*, *Trichophyton interdigitale*, *Trichophyton tonsurans*, *Trichophyton violaceum*, *Trichophyton yaunde*, *Trichophyton schoenleinii*, *Trichophyton mentagrophytes*, *Trichophyton sulphureus*, *Trichophyton equina*, *Trichophyton equina*, and *Trichophyton verrucosum*; Genital mycoplasma; and microsporidioides species, including *Microsporum audouinii*, *Microsporum ferrugineum*, *Microsporum canis*, *Microsporum nanonu*, *Microsporum tortuos*, *Microsporum gypseum*, and *Microsporum xanthosporum*.

[0057] Enveloped viruses can usually be inactivated through effective surface cleaning and disinfection. Enveloped viruses have an envelope composed of a lipid layer (a lipid-like substance insoluble in water), forming the outer shell. The viral envelope is essential for viral attachment to target cells. The lipid layer in the cell membrane is impermeable to most polar or charged solutes, but permeable to nonpolar compounds, such as the lipids that constitute the viral envelope. Individual enveloped viruses have different modes of transmission; however, the typical route of transmission is through indirect or direct bodily contact with infectious viral particles, such as through inhalation or contact with respiratory droplets carrying a viral load. Viruses can persist on surfaces for extended periods and remain infectious, thus requiring the decontamination of these surfaces.

[0058] Coronaviruses are enveloped viruses with a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome and a helical nucleocapsid. Coronavirus virions are generally considered to have an average diameter of 80 to 120 nm, but the size can range from 50 nm to 200 nm. Characteristic surface spikes or thin membrane projections, rod-shaped, pear-shaped, or petal-shaped, protrude from the virion surface by approximately 17 to 20 nm, with a thin base, expanding to approximately 10 nm wide at the distal end. In some coronaviruses, a second group of projections, 5 to 10 nm long, forms a lower vegetation layer beneath the main spikes.

[0059] Coronavirus infection begins with the binding of the virion to the host cell receptor. Infection eventually leads to the deposition of the nucleocapsid into the cytoplasm, where the viral genome becomes available for translation. The positive-strand genome essentially acts as the first mRNA for viral infection, translating into a large replicase polyprotein. The replicase then uses the genome as a template to synthesize a set of new viral genome and subgenomic mRNAs via negative-strand intermediates. The latter are translated into structural and accessory proteins. Membrane-bound structural proteins M, S, and E insert into the ER and are then transported from there to the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate region (ERGIC). The nucleocapsid is formed from the encapsulation of the progeny genome by N proteins, which bind to membrane-bound components and bud into the ERGIC to form the virion. Finally, the progeny virions are exported from the infected cell via transport to the plasma membrane within smooth-walled vesicles or Golgi vesicles, a process still under debate. In some coronaviruses, but not others, a portion of the S protein is not yet assembled into the virion that ultimately reaches the plasma membrane. On the cell surface, the S protein can cause infected cells to fuse with adjacent uninfected cells, leading to the formation of large multinucleated syncytia. This allows infection to spread independently of extracellular viral activity, thus providing a degree of protection against immune surveillance.

[0060] In some embodiments, the methods and combinations of this application are used to purify environments potentially infected by any coronaviruses of the Orthocoronavirus subfamily, including but not limited to those described herein. The genetically diverse Orthocoronavirus subfamily is divided into four broad groups (alpha, beta, gamma, and delta coronaviruses). Human CoVs are limited to the alpha and beta subgroups. Typical human CoVs include Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), HCoV-229E, HCoV-OC43, HCoV-NL63, and HCoV-HKU1.

[0061] Zoonotic CoVs have an inherent tendency to enter new host species and cause new diseases; the most recent and most common in humans are SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV (de Wit et al., 2016). Interestingly, all known human CoVs are thought to have originated from wild or domestic animals as zoonotic diseases.

[0062] Non-restricted examples of subgroups of alpha coronaviruses and their GenBank registry numbers include FCov.FIPV.79.1146. VR.2202 (NV_007025), Transmissible Gastroenteritis Virus (TGEV) (NC_002306;Q811789.2; DQ811786.2; DQ811788.1; DQ811785.1; X52157.1; AJ011482.1;KC962433.1; AJ271965.2; JQ693060.1; KC609371.1; JQ693060.1; JQ693059.1; JQ693058.1; JQ693057.1; JQ693052.1; JQ693051.1; JQ693050.1); Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) (NC 001961.1; DQ811787), and any of its subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other now-known subgroups of 1,1-la coronaviruses (e.g., those found in the GenBank® database) or coronaviruses subsequently identified in the GenBank® database.

[0063] Non-restrictive examples of subgroup 1b alpha coronavirus and its GenBank registry number include HCoV.NL63. Amsterdam.I (NC_005831), BtCoV.EKU2.HK.298.2006 (EF203066), BtCoV.HKU2.HK.33.2006 (EF203067), BtCoV.HKU2.HK.46.2006 (EF203065), BtCoV.HKU2.GD.430.2006 (EF203064), BtCoV.lA.AFCD62 (NC_010437), BtCoV.lB.AFCD307 (NC_010436), BtCov.HKU8.AFCD77 (NC_010438), BtCoV.512.2005 (DQ648858); Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (NC_003436, DQ355224.1, DQ355223.1, DQ355221.1, JN601062.1, JN601061.1, JN601060.1, JN601059.1, JN601 058.1, JN601057.1, JN601056.1, JN601055.1, JN601054.1, JN601053.1, JN601052 .1, JN400902.1, JN547395.1, FJ687473.1, FJ687472.1, FJ687471.1, FJ687470.1, FJ687469.1, FJ687468.1, FJ687467.1, FJ687466.1, FJ687465.1, FJ687464.1, FJ687463.1, FJ687462.1, FJ687461.1, FJ687460.1, FJ68 7459.1, FJ687458.1, FJ687457.1, FJ687456.1, FJ687455.1, FJ687454.1, FJ687453FJ687452.1, FJ687451.1, FJ687450.1, FJ687449.1, AF500215.1, KF476061.1, KF476060.1, KF476059.1, KF476058.1, KF476057.1, KF476056.1, KF476055.1, KF476054.1, KF476053.1, KF4 HCoV.229E (NC_002645), and any of its subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other subgroups of lb coronaviruses currently known (e.g., found in the GenBank® database) or subsequently identified in the GenBank® database.

[0064] Non-restrictive examples of subgroup 2a beta coronaviruses and their GenBank registry numbers include HCoV.HKUl.C.N5 (DQ339101), MHV.A59 (NC_001846), PHEV.VW572 (NC_007732), HCoV.OC43.ATCC.VR.759 (NC_005147), bovine enteric coronavirus (BCoV.ENT) (NC_003045), and any of their subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other subgroup 2a coronaviruses now known (e.g., found in the GenBank® database) or later identified in the GenBank® database.

[0065] Non-restricted examples of subgroup 2b beta coronaviruses and their GenBank registry numbers include human SARS-CoV-2 isolates, such as NC_045512.2, and any CoV-2 isolate containing a genomic sequence from a GenBank registry number, such as MT079851.1, MT470137.1, MT121215.1, MT438728.1, MT470115.1, MT358641.1, MT449678.1, MT438742.1, LC529905.1, MT438756.1, MT438751.1, MT460090.1, MT449643.1, and MT385425.1. MT019529.1, MT449638.1, MT374105.1, MT449644.1, MT385421.1, MT365031.1, MT385424.1, MT334529.1, MT466071.1, MT461669.1, MT449639.1, MT415321.1, MT385430.1, MT135041.1, MT470179.1, MT470167.1, MT470143.1, MT365029.1, MT114413.1, MT192772.1, MT135043.1, MT049951.1; human SARS CoV-1 isolates, such as SARS SARS-CoV.A022 (AY686863), SARS-CoV.CUHK-Wl (AY278554), SARS-CoV.GDOl (AY278489), SARS-CoV.HC.SZ.61.03 (AY515512), SARS-CoV.SZI6 (AY304488), SARS-CoV.Urbani (AY278741), SARS-CoV.civet010 (AY572035), SARS-CoV.MA.15 (DQ497008); Bat SARS CoV isolates, such as BtSARS.HKU3.1 (DQ022305), BtSARS.HKU3.2 (DQ084199), BtSARS.HKU3.3 (DQ084200), BtSARS.Rml (DQ412043), BtCoV.279.2005 (DQ648857), BtSARS.Rfl (DQ412042), BtCoV.273.2005 (DQ648856), and BtSARS.Rp3 (DQ071615), and any of its subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other subgroup 2b coronaviruses now known (e.g., those found in the GenBank® database) or later identified in the GenBank® database.

[0066] Non-restricted examples of subgroup 2c beta coronaviruses and their GenBank registry numbers include Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS) isolates such as Riyadh 22012 (KF600652.1), Al-Hasa_18_2013 (KF600651.1), Al-Hasa_17_2013 (KF600647.1), Al-Hasa_15_2013 (KF600645.1), Al-Hasa_16_2013 (KF600644.1), Al-Hasa_21_2013 (KF600634), Al-Hasa 19 2013 (KF600632), Buraidai_1_2013 (KF600630.1), and Haf-al-Batin_1_2013. (KF600628.1), Al-Hasa_122013 (KF600627.1), Bisha.ltoreq.1 2012 (KF600620.1), Riyadh_3_2013 (KF600613.1), Riyadh_l_2012 (KF600612.1), Al-Hasa_3_2013 (KF186565.1), Al-Hasa_l_2013 (KF186567.1), Al-Hasa_2_2013 (KF186566.1), Al-Hasa_4_2013 (KF186564.1); beta coronavirus England 1-N1 (NC_019843), SA-N1 (KC667074); Human beta coronavirus 2c Jordan-N3 / 2012 (KC776174.1); Human beta coronavirus 2c EMC / 2012 (JX869059.2); Any bat coronavirus subgroup 2c isolates, such as bat coronavirus Taper / CII_KSA_287 / Bisha / Saudi Arabia (KF493885.1), bat coronavirus Rhhar / CII KSA 003 / Bisha / Saudi Arabia / 2013 (KF493888.1), bat coronavirus Pikuh / CII_KSA_001 / Riyadh / Saudi Arabia / 2013 (KF493887.1), bat coronavirus Rhhar / CII KSA 002 / Bisha / Saudi Arabia / 2013 (KF493886.1), Bat Coronavirus Rhhar / CII_KSA_004 / Bisha / Saudi Arabia / 2013 (KF493884.1), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU4.2 (EF065506), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU4.1 (NC 009019), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU4.3 (EF065507), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU4.4 (EF065508), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV133.2005 (NC_008315), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU5.5 (EF065512), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU5.1 (NC 009020), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU5.2 (EF065510), Bat Coronavirus BtCoV.HKU5.3 (EF065511) And bat coronavirus HKU5 isolate (KC522089.1); any other subgroup 2c, such as KF192507.1, KF600656.1, KF600655.1, KF600654.1, KF600649.1, KF600648.1, KF600646.1, KF600643.1, KF600642. .1, KF600640.1, KF600639.1, KF600638.1, KF600637.1, KF600636.1, KF600635. 1. KF600631.1, KF600626.1, KF600625.1, KF600624.1, KF600623.1, KF600622.1, KF600621.1, KF600619.1, KF600618.1, KF600616.1, KF600615.1, KF600 614.1, KF600641.1, KF600633.1, KF600629.1, KF600617.1, KC869678.2; KC522088.1, KC522087.1, KC522086.1, KC522085.1, KC522084.1, KC522 083.1, KC522082.1, KC522081.1, KC522080.1, KC522079.1, KC522078.1, KC522077.1, KC522076.1, KC522075.1, KC522104.1, KC522104.1, KC522 103.1, KC522102.1, KC522101.1, KC522100.1, KC522099.1, KC522098.1, KC522097.1, KC522096.1, KC522095.1, KC522094.1, KC522093.1, KC522092.1, KC52 2091.1, KC522090.1, KC522119.1, KC522118.1, KC522117.1, KC522116.1, KC522115.1. KC522114.1, KC522113.1, KC522112.1, KC522111.1, KC522110.1, KC522109.1, KC522108.1, KC522107.1, KC522106.1, KC522105.1); *Pterygodon* coronavirus HKU4 isolates (KC522048.1, KC522047.1, KC522046, KC522045.1, KC522046, KC522045, KC522046, KC522047 ...7, KC522046, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047, KC522047 C522044.1, KC522043.1, KC522042.1, KC522041.1, KC522040.1, KC522039.1, KC522038.1, KC522037.1, KC522036.1, KC522048.1, KC522047.1, KC522046.1, KC522045.1, KC522044.1, KC522043.1, KC522042.1, KC522041.1, KC522040, 1, KC522039.1,KC522038.1, KC522037.1, KC522036.1, KC522061.1, KC522060.1, KC522059.1,KC522058.1, KC522057.1, KC522056.1, KC522055.1, KC522054.1, KC522053.1,KC522052.1, KC522051.1, KC522050.1, KC522049.1, KC522074.1, KC522073.1,KC522072.1, KC522071.1, KC522070.1, KC522069.1, KC522068.1, KC522067.1, KC522066.1, KC522065.1, KC522064.1, KC522063.1, KC522062.1), and any of their subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other subgroups of 2c coronaviruses now known (e.g., those found in the GenBank® database) or later identified in the GenBank® database.

[0067] Non-restrictive examples of subgroup 2d beta coronaviruses and their GenBank registry numbers include BtCoV.HKU9.2 (EF065514), BtCoV.HKU9.1 (NC_009021), BtCoV.HkU9.3 (EF065515), BtCoV.HKU9.4 (EF065516), and any of their subtypes, clades, or subclades, including any other subgroup 2d coronaviruses now known (e.g., found in the GenBank® database) or later identified in the GenBank® database.

[0068] Non-limiting examples of subgroup 3 gamma coronaviruses include IBV.Beaudette.IBV.p65 (DQ001339) or any other subgroup 3 coronaviruses now known (e.g., found in the GenBank® database) or later identified in the GenBank® database.

[0069] The methods and combinations described in this application can be used to purify coronaviruses from isolates or genomic sequences arbitrarily defined in the subgroups 1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c, 2d and 3 described above.

[0070] Following the outbreak of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), it was generally accepted that coronaviruses could cause respiratory and intestinal infections in humans. SARS was caused by SARS-CoV, followed by Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) caused by MERS-CoV. The COVID-19 outbreak was caused by a coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 (due to its similarity to SARS-CoV). SARS-CoV infects ciliated bronchial epithelial cells and type II alveolar cells via angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a receptor; the mechanism of action of SARS-CoV-2 is still under investigation.

[0071] It should be estimated that the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-2 can reach 3 hours in aerosolized air, 4 hours on copper, 24 hours on cardboard, and 2 to 3 days on plastic and stainless steel. These findings are similar to those obtained for the environmental stability of SARS-CoV-1.

[0072] SARS-CoV-2 was detected in environmental samples from a COVID-19-dedicated intensive care unit (ICU) in a hospital. Varying levels of environmental contamination were detected in the rooms of COVID-19 patients, with SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates ranging from 1 in 13 samples to 13 in 15 samples before cleaning. One sample collected from an exhaust vent was positive, indicating that viral particles may have been displaced by the air and deposited on surfaces, although no direct air samples tested positive. SARS-CoV-2 was also detected on objects such as self-printed test results used by patients, desktop keyboards, and doorknobs. The virus was most commonly found on gloves and even rarely on goggles. Evidence suggests the threat of SARS-CoV-2 contamination in the environments of COVID-19 patients, thus emphasizing the necessity of decontamination of these environments. The decontamination methods described in this article provide an effective solution.

[0073] As used herein, the term "protozoa" refers to any member of a different group of eukaryotes that are primarily unicellular, exist alone or in clusters, generally do not photosynthesize, and are often further grouped according to their locomotion and manner of movement, such as by pseudopodia, flagella, or cilia. Exemplary protozoa include, but are not limited to, Plasmodium species, including Plasmodium falciparum, Plasmodium vivax, Plasmodium ovale, and Plasmodium malariae; Leishmania species, including Leishmania macrophylla, Leishmania tropicalis, Leishmania donovali, Leishmania infantis, Leishmania chagassi, Leishmania megacephala, Leishmania panamaena, Leishmania brasiliensis, and Leishmania guiana; Cryptosporidium, Isosporidium baileyi, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichomonas vaginalis, and Cyclosporidium species.

[0074] As used herein, the term "article" means any solid article or object that may be susceptible to contamination by pathogens. As used herein, the term "generally enclosed space" means a room, tent, building, or any generally enclosed man-made structure that may be susceptible to contamination by pathogens. The term "generally enclosed space" is not limited to man-made structures (e.g., caves or natural tunnels are also generally enclosed spaces), although the embodiments shown herein may be preferably intended for the decontamination of such structures.

[0075] As used herein, the term "sensor" can refer to any type of sensor suitable for detecting contamination in a device, surface, or generally enclosed space. Examples of sensors include, but are not limited to, light sensors, current sensors, weight sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, or any type of biosensor.

[0076] As used herein, “enclosed space” means any chamber, container, or space that can be purified using the systems disclosed herein. Examples of enclosed spaces include, but are not limited to, any room, hygiene room (e.g., gynecological probe cabinet), biosafety cabinet, glove box, research hood, and clinical space routinely used for highly controlled research projects / spaces.

[0077] As used herein, “computer” can be a general-purpose computer or a special-purpose device built specifically for performing one or more particular purposes.

[0078] As used herein, an "applier" can be any form of device capable of performing a purification process. In a particular embodiment, the applier applies the purification process by spraying into a generally enclosed space.

[0079] As used herein, the term "article" means any solid article or object that may be susceptible to contamination by pathogens. As used herein, the term "generally enclosed space" means a room, tent, building, or any generally enclosed man-made structure that may be susceptible to contamination by pathogens. The term "generally enclosed space" is not limited to man-made structures, although the embodiments shown herein may be preferably intended for the decontamination of such structures.

[0080] As used herein, the term "sensor" can refer to any type of sensor suitable for detecting contamination in a device, surface, or generally enclosed space. Examples of sensors include, but are not limited to, light sensors, current sensors, weight sensors, humidity sensors, pressure sensors, or any type of biosensor.

[0081] As used herein, the term "shear" refers to the process of using force to break liquid particles into discrete groups, which move and flow as charged, independent subgroups of sheared particles until the groups of particles transform into a mist in the liquid phase. As used herein, the term "mist" refers to a cluster of aerosol droplets. As used herein, the term "aerosol" is a colloidal substance of fine droplets with a diameter of approximately 1 to approximately 20 micrometers.

[0082] As used herein, the term "cleaning liquid" or "purifying liquid" refers to the use of a source of active material to purify an article or a generally enclosed space. A preferred active material is a hydroxyl ion, and a preferred source is hydrogen peroxide. The source may be a more complex substance that generates hydroxyl ions upon reaction or decomposition. Examples of such more complex substances include peracetic acid (CH₂COO-OH H₂O), sodium percarbonate (2Na₂CO₃ 3H₂O₂), and glutaraldehyde (CH₈O₂). Cleaning liquids may also include promoters that assist the active material in its attack on microorganisms. Examples of such promoters include ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, isopropanol, enzymes, fatty acids, and acids. Cleaning liquids can be of any operable type. Cleaning liquids must contain an activatable substance. Preferred cleaning liquids include a source of hydroxyl ions (OH⁻) for subsequent activation. This source may be hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) or a precursor that generates hydroxyl ions. Other sources of hydroxyl ions may be used as needed. Examples of other operable sources of hydroxyl ions include peracetic acid (CH₂CO₃—OH H₂O), sodium percarbonate (2Na₂CO₃+3H₂O₂), and glutaraldehyde (CH₈O₂). Other activatable substances and sources of such other activatable substances may also be used.

[0083] Cleaning liquids may also contain promoters that are not themselves a source of activatable substances such as hydroxyl ions, but rather alter the cleansing reaction in a beneficial way. For example, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) can bind metal ions and allow activatable substances to more easily disrupt cell walls; alcohols such as isopropanol can improve the wettability of the mist to cells; enzymes can accelerate or enhance the redox reactions in which activatable substances attack cell walls; fatty acids can act as auxiliary antimicrobial agents and may combine with free radicals to produce residual antimicrobial activity; acids such as citric acid, lactic acid, or oxalic acid can accelerate or enhance redox reactions and may act as auxiliary antimicrobial agents for pH-sensitive organisms. Mixtures of various activatable substances and various promoters can also be used. The cleaning liquid is preferably an aqueous solution, but can also be an organic solution such as alcohol. The source of the cleaning liquid can be the cleaning liquid itself or a source of cleaning liquid precursors that undergo chemical reactions or decompositions to produce the cleaning liquid.

[0084] As used herein, the term "non-thermal plasma actuator" or "applier" refers to an actuator that activates a cleaning liquid to an activated state, such as an ionized, plasma, or radical state, which then returns to an inactivated state over time (a process known as "recombination"). To accomplish activation, the activator generates activation energy, such as electrical energy or photon energy. Photon energy can be generated by a laser. Examples of activators include AC electric fields, AC arcs, DC electric fields, pulsed DC electric fields, DC arcs, electron beams, ion beams, microwave beams, radio frequency beams, and ultraviolet beams. Activators may include tuners that adjust the amplitude, frequency, waveform, or other characteristics of the activation energy to achieve the desired, typically maximum, recombination time of the activated cleaning liquid mist. As used herein, the term "plasma-activated ion particles" refers to activated OH- ions.

[0085] This application relates to a multi-configuration system for purification, comprising: one or more sensors, one or more applicators, and a system controller, wherein when one or more sensors detect the presence of microorganisms, the system controller commands one or more applicators to initiate a purification process.

[0086] Method of use

[0087] This application relates to a method for controlling the purification of a generally enclosed space, comprising: detecting the presence of microorganisms in the generally enclosed space, wherein the presence of microorganisms is sensed by one or more sensors present in the generally enclosed space; alerting a system controller to the presence of microorganisms in the generally enclosed space, wherein the system controller is networked with one or more sensors; notifying an operator device of the presence of microorganisms in the generally enclosed space, wherein the operator device is networked with the system controller; initiating a purification process to remove the presence of microorganisms in the generally enclosed space, wherein the purification process is applied by one or more applicators networked with the system controller, and wherein one or more applicators are present in the generally enclosed space; and wherein the system controller initiates the purification process via one or more applicators after the following steps: (1) commanding the initiation of the purification process from the operator device; or (2) commanding the initiation of the purification process via an event subsystem, wherein the event subsystem is a non-transitory, touchable, computer-readable medium including instructions to purify the generally enclosed space.

[0088] In some embodiments, the control system uses a general-purpose computer to execute instructions for a purification cycle of a repetitive purification device, the instructions including: sensing the presence of a pathogen in a generally enclosed space; communicating the presence of the pathogen to a computer database; identifying the pathogen sensed in the generally enclosed space using the computer database; selecting a procedure for the purification cycle from the computer database based on the identity of the pathogen; communicating the selected procedure to the purification device, wherein the purification device is networked to automatically follow the procedure; and executing the purification cycle according to the procedure.

[0089] Some examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method of this disclosure include shipping containers. For example, a shipping container may be equipped with a purification system capable of sensing pathogen load inside or on the surface of the container. Exemplary systems can provide information about the pathogen load to parties equipped to receive data. In some embodiments, the system can print or record the data.

[0090] Other examples of embodiments using the purification apparatus, system, or method of this disclosure include import / export, travel quarantine zones, or checkpoints. In some embodiments, the system includes a pedestrian space or tunnel, a conveyor system, a moving walkway, or any other suitable means for allowing moving persons or objects to pass through a mist generated by the purification system.

[0091] Other examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method using this disclosure include vehicles. In some embodiments, a vehicle is an automobile, truck, bus, train, airplane, or any other form of transport intended for the movement of goods or passengers. In a further embodiment, the vehicle is an autonomous vehicle.

[0092] Other examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method using this disclosure include space travel, space isolation, or structures that do not exist on Earth.

[0093] Some examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method using the present disclosure include food processing / preparation systems. In some embodiments, the system includes sensors, such as photodetectors, to activate the apparatus. In some embodiments, the system includes sensors for detecting pathogen load.

[0094] Other examples of embodiments using the purification apparatus, system, or method of this disclosure include autonomous robots wirelessly networked with a custom-engineered system. For example, an autonomous robot equipped with a purification system can move around a space or facility, detect contamination using one or more sensors of the same or different types, and respond to instructions received from the custom-engineered system. An autonomous robot equipped with a purification system and networked with the custom-engineered system can treat contaminated surfaces or spaces until the bioburden in the target area is reduced.

[0095] Other examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method using this disclosure include an emergency biocontamination rapid deployment chamber.

[0096] Other examples of embodiments using the purification apparatus, system, or method of this disclosure include farms, ranches, livestock facilities, or slaughterhouses. As a non-limiting example, purification apparatus or systems may be installed in poultry facilities such as chicken coops or dairy collection facilities.

[0097] Other examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, gyms, studios, training facilities, or bathrooms.

[0098] Other examples of embodiments of the purification apparatus, system, or method of this disclosure include buildings having purification systems integrated into building systems for purifying the entire building or specific areas of a building. In some embodiments, the system is integrated into a new building. In other embodiments, the system is integrated into an existing building's automation or ventilation system. In some embodiments, the purification system or apparatus of this disclosure is programmable or automated.

[0099] In this application, effective disinfection using activated hydroxyl ions depends on the surface area of ​​the droplets applied to the surface; that is, the smaller the droplets, the larger the surface area of ​​activated hydroxyl ions across the entire droplet cloud, and therefore the more effective the disinfection method. In fact, immersing the surface for disinfection weakens the effectiveness of activated hydroxyl ions because once the surface is immersed, the activated ions no longer come into contact with bacteria for disinfection.

[0100] The activation of a cleaning liquid to generate activated hydroxyl ions can occur through the liquid's channels, such as by electric arc current, electromagnetic fields, or photon energy. The liquid can be generated as a spray, for example, by atomization, ultrasound, pneumatic spraying, or mechanical pressure. However, the method in this application does not use a blower to generate the spray because a blower would produce a powerful stream of large droplets that would utilize the liquid to penetrate the surface, both of which would weaken the effect of any activated hydroxyl ions.

[0101] The method described herein requires the generation of a very dry mist (such as very small diameter aerosol particles as described herein) that carries activated hydroxyl ions through space to reach a surface for decontamination. Before recombination, the activated hydroxyl ions contact pathogens to form harmless diatomic oxygen and water (an advantage of the method described herein is that no chemical residue remains on the disinfected surface). Preferred embodiments used in this application, for example, include a cleaning liquid comprising 0.3% to 9% hydrogen peroxide as the source of the active material for the decontamination of articles or substantially enclosed spaces. The preferred aerosol droplets carrying the activated hydroxyl ions have a diameter of 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers, with a most preferred average diameter of 0.7 micrometers. Therefore, any automated system applying this method requires stringent performance parameters.

[0102] U.S. Patent No. 10,391,188 discusses preferred methods and techniques suitable for purification processes, which are incorporated herein by reference. Activation of a purification liquid mist produces an activated purification liquid mist. Activation involves generating activated substances of the purification liquid material within the mist, such as purification liquid material in an ionized, plasma, or radical state. At least a portion of the activatable material is activated, and in some cases, some of the promoting substances (if any) are activated. To improve the efficiency of the purification process, a high yield of activated material is required, but it is not necessary for all or even most of the activatable material to achieve an activated state. Any operable activator can be used. The activation field or beam can be an electric field or an optical field. Examples include AC electric fields, AC arcs, DC electric fields, DC arcs, electron beams, ion beams, microwave beams, radio frequency beams, and ultraviolet beams generated by lasers or other sources. The activator excites at least some of the activatable substances of the purification liquid in the purification liquid mist into an ionized, plasma, or radical state, thereby achieving "activation". These activated substances undergo redox reactions with the cell walls of microorganisms, thereby damaging the cells or at least preventing their reproduction and growth. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, at least some of the H₂O₂ molecules decompose to produce activated substances containing hydroxyl (OH⁻) and monatomic oxygen (O⁻) ions. These activated substances remain in a dissociated state for a period of time, typically a few seconds or longer, during which time they attack and destroy the biological microorganisms. The activator is preferably adjustable in terms of the frequency, waveform, amplitude, or other characteristics of the activation field or beam to optimize it for maximum recombination time for action on the biological microorganisms. In the case of hydrogen peroxide, the dissociated activated substances recombine to form diatomic oxygen and water, i.e., harmless molecules.

[0103] The exemplary purification device / system of this disclosure includes an applicator with a cold plasma arc that splits a hydrogen peroxide-based solution into reactive oxygen species, including hydroxyl radicals, which seek out, kill, and inactivate pathogens. The activated particles generated by the applicator kill or inactivate a variety of pathogens and are safe for sensitive equipment. Overall, the purification device / system of this disclosure allows for the effective treatment of an exemplary space of 104 square meters in approximately 75 minutes, including application time, contact time, and ventilation time. The purification device / system of this disclosure is scalable and configurable to be effective in any size or volume of space / room / chamber / container. Scalability can be achieved through the size of the device, through manual control of the purification liquid, or through programming the device's air pressure and the resulting liquid flow rate as a function of input space / room / chamber / container parameters.

[0104] Traditional purification methods are less effective in purifying enclosed spaces. This application discloses a method for purifying enclosed spaces using a very dry mist containing ionized hydrogen peroxide, providing unexpectedly high kill rates against pathogens (including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, or viruses) such as Candida auris in small enclosed spaces, semi-enclosed spaces, and enclosed areas (small enclosed space refers to an area of ​​12" x 12" x 12" or smaller; semi-enclosed space refers to a small enclosed space partially open to other areas; enclosed area refers to a small enclosed space where no part is open to other areas).

[0105] The very dry mist consists of particles with particle diameters ranging from approximately 0.1 to 0.2 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.3 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.4 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.5 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.6 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.8 micrometers, 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers, 0.1 to 1 micrometers, 1 to 1.1 micrometers, 1 to 1.2 micrometers, 1 to 1.3 micrometers, 1 to 1.4 micrometers, 1 to 1.5 micrometers, 1 to 1.6 micrometers, 1 to 1.7 micrometers, 1 to 1.8 micrometers, 1 to 1.9 micrometers, 1 to 2 micrometers, 0.5 to 0.6 micrometers, 0.5 to 0.7 micrometers, 0.5 to 0.8 micrometers, 0.5 to 0.9 micrometers, 0.5 to 1 micrometer, 0.5 micrometers. A mist with a range of 1.1 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.2 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.3 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.4 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.6 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.7 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.8 micrometers, 0.5 to 1.9 micrometers, 0.5 to 2 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.1 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.2 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.3 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.4 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.5 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.6 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.7 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.8 micrometers, 0.5 to 2.9 micrometers, 0.5 to 3 micrometers, 0.5 to 3.1 micrometers, 0.5 to 3.2 micrometers, 0.5 to 3.3 micrometers, 0.5 to 3.4 micrometers, or 0.5 to 3.5 micrometers. In some embodiments, the very dry mist has particles with a diameter ranging from about 0.5 to 3 micrometers, preferably averaging 0.7 micrometers.

[0106] In some embodiments, the custom-engineered system described herein monitors the size of the generated aerosol droplets, causing the aerosol droplets carrying activated hydroxyl ions to form the very dry mist described herein. In a preferred embodiment, at least 80%, 90%, 95%, and 100% of the aerosol droplet population has a diameter in the size range of 0.3 to 1.0 micrometers. In a specific embodiment, the size of the aerosol droplets is monitored by using laser scanning of the aerosol droplet size. Optical measurements can be performed using a sensor or particle detector placed in a detection zone after the activation point of the hydroxyl ions on the aerosol droplets; the sensor can be an optical particle counter (OPC), a laser particle counter (LPC), or a coalesced particle counter (CPC). An OPC or LPC can detect particle sizes larger than 0.1 micrometers. The custom-engineered system is equipped with the computer processor described herein, which receives data on the size range of the aerosol droplets carrying activated hydroxyl ions. The custom-engineered system is programmed to adjust control parameters controlling the particle size in the very dry mist to maintain the number of aerosol droplet sizes within the desired range.

[0107] The customized engineering system includes a programmable clock and provides pressure and liquid flow control via the use of one or more potentiometers. The programmable clock can provide the ability to automate purification cycles within small, enclosed spaces. A purification cycle controlled by the programmable clock can include, for example, spraying a very dry mist for thirty seconds, stopping spraying for ten seconds, and then restarting spraying for thirty seconds, repeating such cycles within fixed time intervals. The programmable clock can be manually set by the user, remotely controlled by the user wirelessly, or controlled by a computer processor using pre-programmed purification cycles, which can be transmitted to the device for deployment.

[0108] In some embodiments, the time period during spraying can be 10 to 1800 seconds, 10 to 1200 seconds, 10 to 900 seconds, 10 to 600 seconds, 10 to 300 seconds, 10 to 180 seconds, 10 to 150 seconds, 10 to 120 seconds, 10 to 90 seconds, 10 to 60 seconds, 10 to 45 seconds, 10 to 30 seconds, 30 to 1800 seconds, 30 to 1200 seconds, 30 to 900 seconds, 30 to 600 seconds, 30 to 300 seconds, 30 to 180 seconds, 30 to 150 seconds, 30 to 120 seconds, 30 to 90 seconds, 30 to 60 seconds, 30 to 45 seconds, 60 to 1800 seconds, 60 to 1200 seconds, 60 to 900 seconds, 60 to 600 seconds, 60 to 300 seconds, 60 to 180 seconds. 60 to 150 seconds, 60 to 120 seconds, 60 to 90 seconds, 90 to 1800 seconds, 90 to 1200 seconds, 90 to 900 seconds, 90 to 600 seconds, 90 to 300 seconds, 90 to 180 seconds, 90 to 150 seconds, 90 to 120 seconds, 120 to 1800 seconds, 120 to 1200 seconds, 120 to 900 seconds, 120 to 600 seconds, 120 to 300 seconds, 120 to 180 seconds, 120 to 150 seconds, 150 to 1800 seconds, 150 to 1200 seconds, 150 to 900 seconds, 150 to 600 seconds. 150 to 300 seconds, 150 to 180 seconds, 180 to 1800 seconds, 180 to 1200 seconds, 180 to 900 seconds, 180 to 600 seconds, 180 to 300 seconds, 300 to 1800 seconds, 300 to 1200 seconds, 300 to 900 seconds, 300 to 600 seconds, 600 to 1800 seconds, 600 to 1200 seconds, 600 to 900 seconds, 900 to 1800 seconds, 900 to 1200 seconds, or 1200 to 1800 seconds.

[0109] In some embodiments, the time interval between two consecutive sprays can be 1 to 600 seconds, 1 to 300 seconds, 1 to 180 seconds, 1 to 150 seconds, 1 to 120 seconds, 1 to 90 seconds, 1 to 60 seconds, 1 to 45 seconds, 1 to 30 seconds, 1 to 15 seconds, 10 to 600 seconds, 10 to 300 seconds, 10 to 180 seconds, 10 to 150 seconds, 10 to 120 seconds, 10 to 90 seconds, 10 to 60 seconds, 10 to 45 seconds, 10 to 30 seconds, 30 to 600 seconds, 30 to 300 seconds, 30 to 180 seconds, 30 to 150 seconds, 30 to 120 seconds. 30 to 90 seconds, 30 to 60 seconds, 30 to 45 seconds, 60 to 600 seconds, 60 to 300 seconds, 60 to 180 seconds, 60 to 150 seconds, 60 to 120 seconds, 60 to 90 seconds, 90 to 600 seconds, 90 to 300 seconds, 90 to 180 seconds, 90 to 150 seconds, 90 to 120 seconds, 120 to 600 seconds, 120 to 300 seconds, 120 to 180 seconds, 120 to 150 seconds, 150 to 600 seconds, 150 to 300 seconds, 150 to 180 seconds, 180 to 600 seconds, 180 to 300 seconds, or 300 to 600 seconds. In one example, the time interval between two consecutive sprays is 60 seconds.

[0110] In some cases, the spraying time is 90 seconds, and the interval between sprays is 60 seconds. In some embodiments, the spraying cycle includes spraying time and interruption time, and the complete purification process includes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or 10 spraying cycles. (Spraying cycle = number of sprays + intervals to the total number of cycles.)

[0111] In some embodiments, the custom-engineered system will have a computer processor that can calculate appropriate settings (e.g., flow rate, gas pressure, number and length of purification cycles) to produce a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide, thereby effectively purifying enclosed spaces. In such embodiments, the user can manually input parameters for a small enclosed space into the device or remotely via a wireless connection. The system can operate fully automatically, completely remotely controlled, or semi-automatically (e.g., using purification cycles executed automatically based on manually input parameters).

[0112] A common problem with conventional technologies is that excessively reducing air pressure results in mist particles that are too large to achieve the desired mist / fog profile. Simultaneously, enclosed spaces often require significantly reduced air pressure. These opposing limitations of purification systems are addressed by certain embodiments of this disclosure. Specifically, by programming a processor to control a potentiometer based on input parameters from a small enclosed space, the user can adjust the liquid flow rate in sync with the air pressure. Therefore, reducing the liquid flow rate while simultaneously reducing the air pressure keeps the mist / fog particle size small, while limiting the distance the spray can reach. In this way, the mist sprayed by the custom-engineered system remains within the boundaries of the enclosed space without creating an overly wet and dense mist. Thus, the programmable balance between air pressure and liquid flow rate prevents surface saturation opposite the sprayer, increased moisture buildup due to condensation, false negatives in verification results, or increased ventilation time in the enclosed space.

[0113] Backpack for purifying items

[0114] This application relates to a backpack for purifying items or a generally enclosed space, comprising the following features: a spray applicator; shearing a cleaning liquid into a mist comprising aerosol droplets accumulating in a top chamber portion of a generally enclosed chamber, the generally enclosed chamber comprising a funnel-shaped top chamber portion, a bottom chamber portion, side chamber portions, and an inner chamber portion, wherein the cleaning liquid is sheared by ultrasonic cavitation; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator to form plasma-activated ion particles, wherein the actuator has a column that generates a cold plasma arc; and contacting the item or generally enclosed space with the plasma-activated ion particles by lowering the position of the electrodes of the column that generates the cold plasma arc and enhancing purification by using a DC voltage source.

[0115] This application relates to a backpack for purifying articles, surfaces, or generally enclosed spaces, comprising: a spray applicator; cavitation of the cleaning liquid by using an ultrasonic cavitator immersed in a generally enclosed chamber comprising a cleaning liquid, shearing the cleaning liquid into a mist comprising aerosol droplets; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator in an outlet tube extending from an opening in a top chamber portion of the generally enclosed chamber, wherein the outlet tube comprises a hollow cavity having a distal opening above the top chamber portion for discharging aerosol droplets to form plasma-activated ionic particles; and contacting the article, surface, or generally enclosed space with the plasma-activated ionic particles by lowering the position of the electrodes of a column generating a cold plasma arc and enhancing purification by using a DC voltage source.

[0116] This application relates to a backpack for purifying small enclosed spaces, comprising the following features: an applicator for targeted spraying; input parameters of the small enclosed space are input into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the small enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of a cleaning liquid in the backpack, activating a purification cycle of the backpack, wherein the purification cycle comprises the following features: providing a reservoir for the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; applying the generated very dry mist to purify a generally small enclosed space; wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water; wherein the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by controlling an air valve; and wherein the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the electrode position of the column generating a cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0117] This application relates to a system for purifying a small, enclosed space, comprising a backpack; a spray applicator; and a computer processor, wherein the computer processor is networked and communicates with the backpack, wherein input parameters of the small, enclosed space are input to the computer processor, wherein the computer processor is programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of a cleaning liquid in the backpack, wherein the computer processor is also programmed to activate a purification cycle of the backpack, the purification cycle comprising: providing a reservoir for the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; applying the generated very dry mist to purify a generally small, enclosed space, wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water, wherein the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by controlling an air valve, and the purification of the ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column that generates a cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0118] In some embodiments, the user is manually operating the backpack. In some embodiments, the backpack is handheld for manual operation. In some embodiments, input parameters for the small enclosed space include: the size of the small enclosed space, the position of the backpack relative to the boundary of the small enclosed space, and the air temperature, pressure, and humidity of the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, setting the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid includes air pressure and liquid flow rate. In some embodiments, an air valve is controlled by a programmed processing unit to control a potentiometer. In some embodiments, the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are adjusted by the size and shape of the tube located at the outlet where the cleaning liquid leaves the backpack. In some embodiments, the very dry mist includes particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by reducing the air pressure and liquid flow rate to below a predetermined standard air pressure and a predetermined standard liquid flow rate, respectively. In some embodiments, the user inputs the input parameters of the small enclosed space into the processing unit, wherein the processing unit is further programmed based on the input parameters of the small enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the backpack. In some embodiments, the very dry mist comprises particles with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are manually entered. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are measured by multiple sensors that are networked and communicate with the processing unit. In some embodiments, the processing unit and the backpack communicate wirelessly.

[0119] Low-flow nozzle body for purifying items

[0120] This application relates to a low-flow nozzle body for purifying articles or generally enclosed spaces, comprising the following features: a general-purpose applicator; shearing a cleaning liquid into a mist comprising aerosol droplets accumulating in a top chamber portion of a generally enclosed chamber, the chamber comprising a funnel-shaped top chamber portion, a bottom chamber portion, a side chamber portion, and an inner chamber portion, wherein the cleaning liquid is sheared by ultrasonic cavitation; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator to form plasma-activated ion particles, wherein the actuator has a column that generates a cold plasma arc; and contacting the article or generally enclosed space with the plasma-activated ion particles by lowering the electrode position of the column that generates the cold plasma arc and enhancing the purification of ionized hydrogen peroxide by using a DC voltage source.

[0121] This application relates to a low-flow nozzle body for purifying articles, surfaces, or generally enclosed spaces, comprising the following features: a general-purpose applicator; cavitation of the cleaning liquid by using an ultrasonic cavitator immersed in a generally enclosed chamber comprising a cleaning liquid, shearing the cleaning liquid into a mist comprising aerosol droplets; subjecting the mist to a non-thermal plasma actuator in an outlet tube extending from an opening in a top chamber portion of the generally enclosed chamber, wherein the outlet tube comprises a hollow cavity having a distal opening above the top chamber portion for discharging aerosol droplets to form plasma-activated ion particles; and contacting the article, surface, or generally enclosed space with the plasma-activated ion particles by lowering the position of the electrodes of a column generating a cold plasma arc and enhancing purification by using a DC voltage source.

[0122] This application relates to a low-flow nozzle body for purifying small, enclosed spaces, comprising the following features: a 90-degree applicator; input parameters of the small, enclosed space are input into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the low-flow nozzle body, activating a purification cycle of the low-flow nozzle body, wherein the purification cycle comprises the following features: providing a reservoir for the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid, dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers, wherein the generated very dry mist is applied to purify a generally small, enclosed space, wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water, wherein the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by controlling an air valve, and the purification of the ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column generating the cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0123] This application relates to a system for purifying a small, enclosed space, comprising a low-flow nozzle body; a general-purpose applicator; and a computer processor, wherein the computer processor is networked and communicates with the low-flow nozzle body, wherein input parameters of the small, enclosed space are input to the computer processor, wherein the computer processor is programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of a cleaning liquid in the low-flow nozzle body, wherein the computer processor is also programmed to activate a purification cycle of the low-flow nozzle body, the purification cycle comprising: providing a reservoir of cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist has particles with a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; applying the generated very dry mist to purify a generally small, enclosed space; wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water; wherein the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by controlling an air valve; and wherein the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column that generates a cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0124] This application relates to a low-flow nozzle body for purifying a space, the low-flow nozzle body comprising: a general-purpose applicator; input parameters of the space to a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the space containing the fresh produce to determine the liquid characteristics of a purifying liquid in an ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purifying liquid comprises hydrogen peroxide; activating a purification cycle of the ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purification cycle comprises: providing a reservoir for the purifying liquid; setting the determined liquid characteristics of the purifying liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide of the purifying liquid, wherein the ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide mist of the purifying liquid passes through a cold plasma arc, wherein the mist is ionized by the cold plasma arc such that the mist comprises an average straight... Ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range with a diameter of 40.3 nm, a mode of 33.4 nm, and a standard deviation of 30.9 nm, and very dry mist with particle diameters in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; the generated very dry mist is applied to the surface of the space, where ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water on the surface, and where, 30 minutes after entering the space containing fresh produce via a cold plasma arc, the ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range continue to exist in the space containing fresh produce, the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by lowering the position of the electrode of the column generating the cold plasma arc and by using a DC voltage source.

[0125] In some embodiments, the user manually operates the low-flow nozzle body. In some embodiments, the low-flow nozzle body is handheld for manual operation.

[0126] In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space include: the size of the small enclosed space, the position of the low-flow nozzle body relative to the boundary of the small enclosed space, and the air temperature, pressure, and humidity of the small enclosed space.

[0127] In some embodiments, the user manually operates the low-flow nozzle body. In some embodiments, the low-flow nozzle body is handheld for manual operation. In some embodiments, input parameters for the small enclosed space include: the size of the small enclosed space, the position of the low-flow nozzle body relative to the boundary of the small enclosed space, and the air temperature, pressure, and humidity of the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, setting the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid includes air pressure and liquid flow rate. In some embodiments, an air valve is controlled by a programmed processing unit to control a potentiometer. In some embodiments, the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are adjusted by the size and shape of a tube located at the cleaning liquid outlet away from the low-flow nozzle body. In some embodiments, the very dry mist includes particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by reducing the air pressure and liquid flow rate to below a predetermined standard air pressure and a predetermined standard liquid flow rate, respectively. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the low-flow nozzle body are determined by inputting the input parameters of the small enclosed space into a processing unit, wherein the processing unit is further programmed based on the input parameters of the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, the very dry mist comprises particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are manually entered. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are measured by multiple sensors networked with the processing unit. In some embodiments, setting the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid includes air pressure and liquid flow rate. In some embodiments, the processing unit is programmed to control a potentiometer, thereby controlling an air valve. In some embodiments, the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are adjusted by the size and shape of a tube located at the cleaning liquid outlet exiting the low-flow nozzle body. In some embodiments, the very dry mist comprises particles with a diameter ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by reducing the air pressure and liquid flow rate to below predetermined standard air pressure and predetermined standard liquid flow rate, respectively. In some embodiments, the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the low-flow nozzle body are determined by inputting the input parameters for the small enclosed space into the processing unit, wherein the processing unit is further programmed based on the input parameters for the small enclosed space. In some embodiments, the very dry mist comprises particles with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are entered manually. In some embodiments, the input parameters for the small enclosed space are measured by multiple sensors networked and communicating with the processing unit.

[0128] The present application is further illustrated by the following embodiments, but these embodiments should not be construed as limiting. All references, patents and published patent applications, as well as the contents of drawings and tables cited in this application are incorporated herein by reference.

[0129] Example

[0130] Example 1.

[0131] In the first test series, the same Serratia marcescens cultures were prepared by inoculation onto filter paper. One sample was incubated in air at 30°C for 24 hours as a control. Significant growth of the bacterial culture was observed. A second sample was exposed to a 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide slurry (unactivated) for 60 seconds in air at one atmosphere, followed by incubation in air at 30°C for 24 hours. Significant growth of the bacterial culture was observed. A third sample was exposed to a 3% aqueous hydrogen peroxide slurry activated by a 10.5 kV AC arc, placed in air at one atmosphere for 60 seconds, and then incubated in air at 30°C for 24 hours. This sample did not show bacterial growth because the bacterial culture had been killed by the treatment. After demonstrating that activation treatment inhibited growth with 3% hydrogen peroxide mist, additional corresponding samples were tested using hydrogen peroxide mists at concentrations of 1.5%, 0.75%, 0.3%, and 0% ("activated" water vapor only), exposed to air at one atmosphere for 60 seconds, and incubated as described. Samples exposed to 1.5% and 0.75% hydrogen peroxide mist showed no growth. Samples exposed to 0.3% hydrogen peroxide mist showed very slight growth. Samples exposed to 0% hydrogen peroxide mist showed significant growth of bacterial cultures.

[0132] Example 2.

[0133] For the second and third test series, a pipe simulation structure was constructed. The pipe simulation structure consisted of a vertically positioned pipe approximately 10 inches in diameter and 10 feet long. Atomizers and activators were located at the top of the pipe, while a fan operating at an airflow of approximately 350 to 400 cubic feet per minute was located at the bottom of the pipe to induce airflow downwards. Test ports were located 1, 2, 4, and 6 feet from the top of the pipe, and the samples to be tested were inserted into each port.

[0134] In the second test series, bacterial spore strips (each approximately 3 / 4 inch long and 1 / 4 inch wide) were placed in each test port of the pipe-simulated structure, each strip containing approximately 106 thermophilic bacillus spores. After testing, the samples were incubated at 50°C for seven days. In the first test series, only air (without hydrogen peroxide) flowed over the sample for 15 seconds. Significant growth of bacterial cultures was observed at all test ports after incubation. In the second series, a 6% (v / v) hydrogen peroxide mist was generated but not activated and flowed over the sample for 15 seconds. Similar to the first series, significant growth of bacterial cultures was observed at all test ports. In the third series, this process was repeated, but the 6% hydrogen peroxide mist was activated by a 15 kV AC arc. No growth of bacterial cultures was observed at any test port. These results regarding Bacillus stearothermophilus are significant because this bacterium is known to be resistant to growth control using conventional low-percentage, inactive hydrogen peroxide treatment.

[0135] Example 3.

[0136] In the third test series, bacterial spore strips similar to those described above were used, except that the bacteria were *Bacillus subtilis* var. *niger*. *Bacillus subtilis* var. *niger* is a recognized alternative to *Bacillus anthracis*, both belonging to the same genus and causing anthrax. Because of its similarity to *Bacillus anthracis*, *Bacillus subtilis* var. *niger* was used in laboratory testing to study the growth and control of anthrax without the risk of infection or transmission. In the first test series, only air (without hydrogen peroxide) flowed through the sample for 15 seconds. Significant growth of bacterial cultures was observed after incubation of samples from all ports. In the second series, a 6% (v / v) hydrogen peroxide mist was produced but not activated and flowed over the sample for 15 seconds. As with the first test series, significant growth of the same bacterial cultures was observed at all ports. In the third series, this process was repeated, but the 6% hydrogen peroxide mist was activated by a 15 kV AC arc. No growth of bacterial cultures was observed at any port. This test confirms that this method can control the growth of anthrax surrogate in a pipeline simulation structure.

[0137] Example 4.

[0138] In further testing, the ultrasonic cavitation of the cleaning liquid produced a low-pressure, low-flow mist, thus achieving a better killing effect.

[0139] To conduct this test, a 16x16x16 inch box was constructed, with the nozzle of the purification device passing through the bottom of the box, which is located in the center of the bottom panel.

[0140] Place the 6-log biological (Bacillus thermophilus) and chemical (iodine H2O2) indicators in the center of all vertical panels. Also place the biological and chemical indicators on the bottom panel of the box, next to the nozzles.

[0141] Inject the activated mist into the box for one minute and allow it to remain for five minutes.

[0142] The biological indicator was then removed from the box and incubated for 7 days. After incubation, the biological indicator was examined, and the results showed a bacterial kill rate of 6 logs.

[0143] Although specific embodiments have been described in detail for illustrative purposes, various modifications and enhancements can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of this application. Therefore, this application is not limited to the described embodiments.

[0144] Example 5.

[0145] In efficacy testing, the purification device / system of this disclosure was tested against a variety of bacterial spores and Gram-negative bacteria (including many drug-resistant bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, fungi, and viruses). Using the steps described in this disclosure, the log10 reduction in organisms was determined in the table below:

[0146]

[0147] The results in the table demonstrate that the purification device / system of this disclosure is an effective broad-spectrum surface and air disinfectant / purifier. It is effective against bacterial spores, Gram-negative bacteria, Gram-positive bacteria, multidrug-resistant bacteria, molds, and viruses. The purification device / system is effective in mitigating, repairing, and eliminating bacteria and viruses.

[0148] The purification cycle discussed in this article involves the conversion of hydrogen peroxide solution into ionized hydrogen peroxide after passing through an atmospheric cold plasma arc. Ionized hydrogen peroxide contains a high concentration of reactive oxides, primarily composed of hydroxyl radicals. These reactive oxides damage pathogenic organisms through the oxidation of proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. This leads to cellular damage and / or dysfunction, and allows for disinfection / purification of target areas, including large spaces.

[0149] In some embodiments used for direct application to surfaces, the ionized hydrogen peroxide has a particle size of 0.5 to 3 micrometers, a flow rate of 50 ml / min, a dosage of 1 ml / sq.m., an application time of 5 seconds / sq.m., and a contact time of 7 minutes to disinfect / purify high-contact surfaces. In specific embodiments, the solution used is formulated to be free of silver, chloride, and peracetic acid, thereby maximizing the compatibility of the material with rubber, metal, and other surfaces. In other embodiments, effective whole-room treatment can be achieved within 45 minutes for rooms exceeding 3500 cubic feet. In such embodiments, the flow rate can be 25 ml / min per applicator (depending on room size), and the dosage is 0.5 ml / sq.m. Once the hydrogen peroxide concentration is below 0.2 ppm, the room can be safely entered. Treatment time, dosage, residence time, etc., can be adjusted according to the user's desired purification goals.

[0150] Example 6.

[0151] In one example of direct application to a surface, a small, enclosed space was purified. The small container used for treatment measures 12” x 12” x 12”. One objective of this example is to maintain a sufficiently small particle size (e.g., 0.5 to 3 micrometers) for the purification mist / fume to avoid excessively dense mist leading to moisture buildup and increased aeration time, which could result in false negative validation results. In this example, four injections were performed, with a 60-second interval between each consecutive injection, and a pulsed program running for approximately 90 seconds during each injection. Due to the reduced container size, the pressure within the purification device was reduced to well below the standard pressure range (e.g., 25 to 50 psi) to 15 psi. To prevent the pressure reduction from producing undesirable large mist / mist particles, the liquid flow rate was also reduced to well below the standard range (e.g., 25 to 50 ml / min) to 10 to 12 ml / min. Treatment time, dosage, residence time, etc., can be adjusted according to the user's desired purification goals. This very dry mist unexpectedly improved the kill rate of pathogens on the surface of the small, enclosed space.

[0152] Example 7.

[0153] The applicant improved the effectiveness of its cleaning solution in breaking double bonds by redesigning the following aspects: lowering the electrode post in the applicator and changing the arc power supply from AC to DC voltage. Lowering the electrode post allows the arc discharge to be positioned more effectively to activate the cleaning fluid before it disperses into the treatment area. Changing the arc power supply from AC to DC voltage enhances the uniform charge characteristics of the droplets. This results in a greater proportion of droplets repelling each other and seeking equilibrium. It also increases air ionization, making it easier for charged droplets to contact the surface.

[0154] Lowering the electrode post position allows the electrode to be closer to the cleaning liquid solution. As the cleaning liquid solution flows out of the nozzle in the form of a stream, it becomes a mist in the atmosphere and forms a fan shape before the stream fully combines with the air. In one embodiment, a user allows a mist of a cleaning liquid solution to flow through a funnel in a nozzle body, wherein the nozzle body includes a funnel; a first region A, a second region B, and a third region C, wherein the first region A has the same inner diameter as the funnel at its narrowest point; wherein region B follows region A and has a solid wall thicker than region A (creating an external step pattern between region A and region B and optionally between region B and region C), wherein the mist flows from region A through region B, and wherein the inner diameter of region B through which the mist flows is the same as the inner diameter of region A; wherein region C receives the mist from region B, wherein the initial inner diameter of region C is the same as the inner diameter of region B, and wherein the final inner diameter of region C is larger than the inner diameter of region B; and wherein an electrode post is located within region B and near the boundary between region A and region B, and wherein there is a gap between the location of the electrode post and the starting point of region C (see [reference]). Figure 28 and Figure 29 Lowering the electrode column, combined with the use of a DC voltage transformer to generate a cold plasma arc, has been shown to convert more of the cleaning liquid solution into hydroxyl radicals and reactant oxides by measuring the PPM level of residual H2O2 content in the cleaning liquid solution during aeration. Under the same conditions, multiple cycles of injecting the same volume of cleaning liquid solution into the same space with the same cubic volume consistently showed unexpected improvements within a + / -5% error range of the system.

[0155] Example 8.

[0156] The backpack format offers ionized hydrogen peroxide (iHP) technology in the most compact form. Designed with custom backpack features for ultimate comfort, direct and battery-powered operation, and smaller cartridge size, it's designed for ease of use in all work environments, from disinfection facility surfaces to quarantine sites. Features include comfortable, height-adjustable padded shoulder straps, a compact 32-ounce BIT solution cartridge, a rechargeable battery, and a simplified interface including simple analog switches for turning the power on and off and selecting start-up or spraying modes.

[0157] As with each purification unit, iHP technology ionizes the BIT solution by passing it through a cold plasma arc, mimicking natural disinfection by generating a mist of 360° microparticles that kill upon contact, thus achieving rapid six-log surface purification.

[0158] The backpack format reduces microbial numbers by six logarithms or more, producing particles with diameters between submicron and three microns, applied at a rate of five seconds per square foot. The backpack operates on 110 to 230V or 12V batteries, offering 75 minutes of runtime, and features a separate applicator integrated into the backpack. The cartridge capacity is 32 ounces, the total weight is approximately 16.2 pounds, and the backpack measures 20.5 x 15 x 6.5 inches with a four-foot cable.

[0159] Example 9.

[0160] A custom-designed enclosed space was created for the 90-degree applicator (see...). Figure 23 The housing includes a Keyence flow meter. Keyence flow meters have a wider range. Typical McMillian flow meters can only reduce flow rates down to 13 ml / min, while Keyence flow meters can reach as low as 2 ml / min.

[0161] When injecting into a small space, a low flow rate is required. With earlier nozzle bodies, intermediate pulsations were observed at low flow rates due to cavities within the nozzle and nozzle body. To address this, these cavities must be eliminated so that the liquid flows directly into the nozzle. Eliminating all cavities except those through which very dry mist flows allows for a stable flow rate as low as 2 ml / min.

[0162] These lower flow rates within the system are achieved using a Diener pump. This also allows for a reduction in gas pressure, thus maintaining a neutral pressure within the enclosed space. Compared to the KNF pump, the Diener pump offers a greater reduction range, as low as 2 ml / min, while the KNF pump offers an even greater reduction range.

[0163] Early nozzle bodies used "1 / 4" tubing / fittings, while self-cleaning nozzle body fittings are now 1 / 8". The smaller size allows for stable liquid flow at low flow rates. This improvement facilitates low-flow applications by eliminating cavities, thereby improving spray consistency when flow rates are reduced to 2-3 ml / min. Previous tubing sizes were designed for higher flow rates, with an average flow rate of 25 ml / min. Another change to the nozzle body is the potting of the fittings to reduce their inner diameter (see...). Figure 25A The modification method involves encapsulating the fitting and tubing together with epoxy resin (see...). Figure 25B To further improve efficiency, a smaller droplet size is achieved by using a 1050 or 850 nozzle instead of a 1450 nozzle. Previously, the 1050 (pm) or 850 nozzles were unsuitable for this application due to clogging issues. To address this problem, a self-cleaning nozzle was adopted. The threaded bore of the self-cleaning nozzle was changed to .0625 (see...). Figure 26A and Figure 26B At the end of the injection cycle, turn off the pump, close the valve of the isolation nozzle, and then inject air into the line to purge any residual solution (see [link]). Figure 27 This allows the nozzle to self-clean and eliminate any clogging that may occur in nozzles of sizes 1050 and even 850. The inner diameter of the barbed liquid fittings for the base nozzle body and 1450 nozzle has been adjusted from 1 / 4 inch to 1 / 16 inch to address pulsation issues that occurred during low flow settings in the past. With these improvements, a stable spray can be maintained even at flow rates as low as 3 ml / min or lower.

[0164] Example 10.

[0165] The application employs a small-pulse jet technology, allowing the mist to diffuse freely and reliably contact the surface at non-nominal temperatures. For cold-region applications, a 1050 nozzle (droplet size may range from 30 to 60 micrometers in diameter depending on air pressure) is used with a flow rate of 9 ml / min or lower and an air pressure ranging from 25 to 35 psi. The spray is delivered in three cycles, each lasting between 30 and 45 seconds, with a one-minute interval between each spray to allow the mist to disperse onto the surface. Temperatures in cold regions range from 5°C to 20°C.

[0166] The foregoing description is intended to teach those skilled in the art how to practice the invention and is not intended to enumerate all obvious modifications and variations that a person skilled in the art would understand upon reading this description. However, all such obvious modifications and variations should be included within the scope of the invention, which is defined by the following claims. The claims are intended to cover any sequence of components and steps that effectively achieve their intended purpose, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.

Claims

1. A method for purifying an object or a substantially enclosed space, comprising the following steps: The cleaning liquid is sheared into a mist, the mist comprising aerosol droplets accumulating in the top chamber portion of a generally enclosed chamber, the chamber comprising a funnel-shaped top chamber portion, a bottom chamber portion, a side chamber portion, and an inner chamber portion, wherein the cleaning liquid is sheared by ultrasonic cavitation; The mist is placed in a non-thermal plasma actuator to form plasma-activated ion particles, wherein the actuator has a column that generates a cold plasma arc; and The article or substantially enclosed space is brought into contact with the plasma-activated ion particles. The position of the electrode of the column that generates the cold plasma arc is built into the nozzle body and the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by using a DC voltage source.

2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The cleaning liquid is pumped into the nozzle body; Stop the pump injection of the cleaning fluid; The nozzle body is isolated by the use of a valve; wherein closing the valve prevents the cleaning liquid from entering the nozzle body. Air is injected into the nozzle body through a conduit that passes through the nozzle body; any residual cleaning liquid is discharged from the nozzle body.

3. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: The atomized material is passed through a funnel in a nozzle body, wherein the nozzle body includes the funnel, a first region A, a second region B, and a third region C; wherein the first region A has the same inner diameter as the funnel at its narrowest inner diameter; wherein region B follows region A and has a solid wall thicker than region A, wherein the atomized material flows from region A through region B, and wherein the inner diameter of region B through which the atomized material flows is the same as the inner diameter of region A; wherein region C receives the atomized material from region B, wherein the initial inner diameter of region C is the same as the inner diameter of region B, and wherein the final inner diameter of region C is greater than the inner diameter of region B; and wherein an electrode post is located within region B and adjacent to the boundary between region A and region B, and wherein there is a gap between the location of the electrode post and the starting point of region C.

4. The method according to claims 1 to 3 further includes manually operating the purification device.

5. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the purification device is handheld for manual operation.

6. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the input parameters for the small enclosed space include: The dimensions of the small enclosed space, the position of the purification device relative to the boundary of the small enclosed space, and the air temperature, pressure, and humidity of the small enclosed space.

7. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid include air pressure and liquid flow rate.

8. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the air valve is controlled by programming the processing unit to control the potentiometer.

9. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein, The determined liquid properties of the cleaning liquid are adjusted by the size and shape of the pipe located at the outlet of the cleaning liquid leaving the purification device.

10. The method according to claims 1 to 3, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles with a diameter size in the range of 0.1-0.7 micrometers.

11. The method according to claims 1 to 10, wherein the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by reducing the air pressure and the liquid flow rate to below a predetermined standard air pressure and a predetermined standard liquid flow rate, respectively.

12. The method according to claims 1 to 10, further comprising: Input parameters from a small, enclosed space are input into a processing unit, which is further programmed based on the input parameters of the small, enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the purification device.

13. The method according to claims 1 to 10, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles with a diameter size in the range of 0.1 to 0.7 micrometers.

14. The method according to claims 1 to 13, wherein the input parameters for the small enclosed space are manually input.

15. The method according to claims 1 to 14, wherein the input parameters of the small enclosed space are measured by a plurality of sensors in network communication with the processing unit.

16. The method according to claims 11 to 15, wherein the processing unit and the purification device are wirelessly connected.

17. A system for purifying small, enclosed spaces, the system comprising a purification device and a computer processor, wherein, The computer processor communicates with the purification device via a network. Specifically, the input parameters of the small enclosed space are input into the computer processor. The computer processor is programmed based on the input parameters of the small enclosed space to determine the liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid in the purification device. The computer processor is further programmed to activate a purification cycle of the purification device, the purification cycle comprising the following steps: providing a reservoir for the cleaning liquid; setting the determined liquid properties of the cleaning liquid; generating a very dry mist comprising ionized hydrogen peroxide of the cleaning liquid; and dispersing the very dry mist by high-pressure drive, wherein the very dry mist comprises particles having a particle size in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers. The application of the generated very dry mist purifies the small, enclosed space, wherein the ionized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water. Specifically, the determined liquid characteristics of the cleaning liquid are set by controlling the air valve. The purification process using ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by embedding the electrode of the column that generates the cold plasma arc within the nozzle body and using a DC voltage source.

18. The system of claim 17, wherein the purification device is manually operated.

19. The system of claim 18, wherein the purification device is handheld for manual operation.

20. A method for purifying a space, the method comprising the following steps: Input parameters of the space are input to the processing unit, wherein the processing unit is programmed based on the input parameters of the space containing the fresh agricultural products to determine the liquid characteristics of the purified liquid in the ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purified liquid includes hydrogen peroxide. Activate the purification cycle of the ionization / aerosolization and activation device, wherein the purification cycle includes the following steps: Provide a storage container for the purified liquid; The liquid properties of the purified liquid are set as determined; A very dry mist comprising ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide of the purified liquid is generated, wherein the ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide mist of the purified liquid is passed through a cold plasma arc, wherein the mist is ionized by the cold plasma arc, such that the mist comprises ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range with an average diameter of 40.3 nm, a mode of 33.4 nm, and a standard deviation of 30.9 nm. as well as The very dry mist is a mist having particles with a particle size diameter in the range of 0.1 to 0.9 micrometers; The resulting very dry mist is applied to the surface within the space, wherein the ionized / aerosolized hydrogen peroxide decomposes to form diatomic oxygen and water on the surface, and Thirty minutes after the cold plasma arc enters the space containing fresh agricultural products, the ionized / aerosolized particles in the nanoscale range continue to exist in the space containing the fresh agricultural products. The position of the electrode of the column that generates the cold plasma arc is built into the nozzle body and the purification by ionized hydrogen peroxide is enhanced by using a DC voltage source.

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