A system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum production to increase yield and quality for applications in the food industry

Abstract

A system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry, consisting of: (a) a seed processing unit configured to mechanically dehull and grind Cassia tora seeds to separate the endosperm; b) a defatting unit configured to remove fats from coarsely ground endosperm powder using hexane; (c) a hydration unit configured to hydrate the defatted endosperm powder in distilled water with continuous stirring to obtain a viscous suspension; (d) a filter unit configured to filter the mixture through a muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues; (e) a mucus extraction unit configured to subject the filtered residues to boiling in water for improved mucus extraction; (f) a protein precipitation unit configured to treat combined viscous extracts with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins; g) a solvent treatment unit configured to introduce a solvent selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol and acetone to induce mucus coagulation; (h) a drying unit configured to vacuum dry the coagulated mass at 40 °C; (i) a grinding unit configured to finely grind the resulting rubber, wherein the powdered rubber has been sieved and stored in an airtight container; and j) a Taguchi optimization controller configured to optimize extraction parameters such as CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and mucus-to-solvent ratio using the orthogonal L9 array design.

Description

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0001] The present disclosure relates to a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry. More specifically, the present invention relates to a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum (CTG) extraction using the Taguchi DOE technique to maximize gum yield and quality for potential applications in the food industry. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0002] Legumes of the Fabaceae family are important sources of natural gums, polysaccharides with diverse applications in the food and industrial sectors. Cassia Tora (Senna Tora), an annual herbaceous plant growing 1 to 2 meters tall, produces seeds containing valuable gum called "Panwar Gum"—a neutral heteropolysaccharide composed of galactose and mannose. The seeds have high nutritional value and contain 48.3% soluble fiber, making the extracted gum particularly suitable for food use.

[0003] Natural gums are important ingredients in the food industry. They serve as thickeners, emulsifiers, and stabilizers, improving the texture, stability, and shelf life of various products. Their ability to improve mouthfeel, prevent ingredient separation, and retain moisture makes them indispensable in processed foods, while also meeting consumer demand for natural ingredients.

[0004] However, conventional extraction systems for Cassia Tora gum often lack systematic optimization approaches, resulting in suboptimal yields and inconsistent quality. Existing extraction methods are typically based on trial and error without comprehensive parameter optimization, resulting in inefficient use of raw materials and variable product properties.

[0005] There is a need for an integrated system that systematically optimizes extraction parameters such as powder-to-water ratio, solvent selection, and mucilage-to-solvent ratio to maximize the yield and quality of Cassia Tora gum. Such a system would enable efficient extraction while preserving the gum's functional properties, supporting sustainable practices through optimal use of agricultural resources, and meeting industrial requirements for consistently high-quality natural gum products for the food industry. Summary of the invention

[0006] The present disclosure relates to a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry. The present invention provides a comprehensive Cassia Tora gum extraction optimization system that integrates multiple processing units using the Taguchi method of design of experiments. The system includes units for seed preparation, defatting, hydration, filtration, mucilage extraction, protein precipitation, solvent treatment, drying, and milling, all coordinated by a Taguchi optimization controller. This controller systematically evaluates the extraction parameters using the orthogonal L9 array design to maximize yield and quality for applications in the food industry.

[0007] The present disclosure relates to providing a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry. The system comprises: a seed processing unit for mechanically dehulling and grinding Cassia Tora seeds to separate the endosperm; a defatting unit for removing fats from coarsely ground endosperm powder using hexane; a hydration unit for hydrating the defatted endosperm powder in distilled water with continuous stirring to obtain a viscous suspension; a filtration unit for filtering the mixture through muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues; a mucilage extraction unit for boiling the filtered residues in water for improved mucilage extraction; a protein precipitation unit for treating combined viscous extracts with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate protein.a solvent treatment unit for introducing a solvent selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone to induce mucus coagulation; a drying unit configured to vacuum dry the coagulated mass at 40°C; a grinding unit configured to finely grind the resulting gum, wherein the powdered gum was sieved and stored in an airtight container; and a Taguchi optimization controller configured to optimize extraction parameters, including the CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and mucus-to-solvent ratio, using the L9 orthogonal array design.

[0008] An object of the present disclosure is to provide a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry.

[0009] Another object of the present disclosure is to provide an integrated system that optimizes the extraction parameters of Cassia Tora gum, including the CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and mucilage-to-solvent ratio, using the Taguchi method to achieve a maximum yield of 25.56% with improved quality characteristics suitable for applications in the food industry.

[0010] Another objective of the present disclosure is to evaluate multiple extraction variables simultaneously through an orthogonal L9 array design, thereby enabling efficient parameter optimization while minimizing experimental trials and ensuring consistent product quality.

[0011] Another objective of the present disclosure is to perform characterization to analyze the extracted rubber properties, including rheological, functional, thermal and structural characteristics, and thereby ensure quality control and validation of the optimized extraction parameters.

[0012] To further clarify the advantages and features of the present disclosure, the invention will be explained in more detail with reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the accompanying drawings. These drawings illustrate only typical embodiments of the invention and are therefore not to be considered as limiting its scope. The invention will be described and explained in more detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. SHORT DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE

[0013] These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present disclosure will be better understood when the following detailed description is read with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which like characters represent like parts throughout. Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a system for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for food industry applications according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 2 shows a table of experimental design stages for an efficient Cassia Tora gum extraction process according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. Fig. 3 illustrates a table showing the experimental design for optimizing the extraction of Cassia Tora gum using Taguchi DOE for L9 Orthogonal Array 3 Factors 3 Levels according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0014] Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that the elements in the drawings are shown for convenience and are not necessarily to scale. For example, the flowcharts illustrate the method by key steps to enhance understanding of aspects of the present disclosure. Furthermore, with respect to device construction, one or more components of the device may be represented in the drawings by conventional symbols. The drawings may show only the specific details relevant to understanding embodiments of the present disclosure in order not to clutter the drawings with details that would be readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the present description. DETAILED DESCRIPTION:

[0015] To facilitate understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and will be clearly described. However, the scope of the invention is not limited thereby. Changes and further modifications to the illustrated system, as well as further applications of the principles of the invention, are possible, as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention pertains.

[0016] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof.

[0017] References in this specification to "one aspect," "another aspect," or similar expressions mean that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present disclosure. Therefore, the occurrences of the terms "in one embodiment," "in another embodiment," and similar expressions throughout this specification may or may not all refer to the same embodiment.

[0018] The terms "comprises," "comprising," or other variations thereof are intended to cover non-exclusive inclusion, such that a process or method comprising a list of steps may include not only those steps, but also additional steps not expressly listed or inherent in that process or method. Likewise, the statement "comprises" for one or more devices, subsystems, elements, structures, or components does not exclude, without further limitation, the existence of other devices, subsystems, elements, structures, components, or additional devices, subsystems, elements, structures, or components.

[0019] Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which the invention pertains. The systems, methods, and examples provided herein are for illustrative purposes only and should not be considered limiting.

[0020] Embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0021] Fig. 1 shows a block diagram of a system (100) for optimizing Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0022] Referring to Fig. 1, the system (100) comprises: a) a seed processing unit (102) that mechanically dehulls and grinds Cassia tora seeds to separate the endosperm; b) a defatting unit (104) that removes fats from coarsely ground endosperm powder using hexane; c) a hydrogenation unit (106) that hydrates the defatted endosperm powder in distilled water with constant stirring to obtain a viscous suspension; d) a filtration unit (108) that filters the mixture through a muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues; e) a mucilage extraction unit (110) that boils the filtered residues in water for improved mucilage extraction; f) a protein precipitation unit (112) that treats combined viscous extracts with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins;g) a solvent treatment unit (114) configured to introduce a solvent selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol, and acetone to induce coagulation of the mucus; h) a drying unit (116) configured to vacuum dry the coagulated mass at 40°C; i) a milling unit (118) configured to finely grind the resulting gum, wherein the powdered gum has been sieved and stored in an airtight container; and j) a Taguchi optimization controller (120) configured to optimize extraction parameters such as the CT powder-to-water ratio, the solvent type, and the mucus-to-solvent ratio using an orthogonal L9 array design.

[0023] In one embodiment, the Taguchi optimization controller (120) is configured to evaluate the CT powder to water ratio at levels selected from the group consisting of 1:50, 1:100, and 1:150.

[0024] In one embodiment, the Taguchi optimization controller (120) is configured to evaluate the mucus-solvent ratio at levels selected from the group consisting of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 1.5:1.

[0025] In one embodiment, the solvent treatment unit (114) is configured to use acetone as the optimal solvent to achieve maximum extraction efficiency with a yield of 25.56% and an S / N ratio of 28.1512.

[0026] In one embodiment, the system is configured to achieve optimal extraction conditions at a CT powder-to-water ratio of 1:150 and a mucilage-to-solvent ratio of 1:1.

[0027] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises a characterization unit (122) configured to analyze the extracted rubber properties, including pH, solubility, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, turbidity, carbonyl content, carboxyl content, water holding capacity, and contact angle.

[0028] In one embodiment, the system (100) further comprises an analysis unit (124) configured to perform thermal stability analysis by TGA, polysaccharide composition analysis by FTIR revealing hydroxyl and glycoside bonds, and structural analysis by XRD indicating a predominantly amorphous nature of the extracted Cassia Tora gum.

[0029] The present invention relates to a sophisticated system for optimizing the extraction of Cassia Tora gum using advanced statistical methods and comprehensive processing capabilities. The system integrates several specialized units to achieve maximum extraction efficiency while maintaining the highest product quality for the food industry. The system comprises a seed processing unit that mechanically dehulls and grinds Cassia Tora seeds to separate the endosperm. A defatting unit then removes the fat from the coarsely ground endosperm powder using hexane. The defatted material is then passed through a hydration unit, which hydrates the endosperm powder in distilled water under continuous stirring to obtain a viscous suspension.This suspension is then passed through a filtration unit, which filters the mixture through a muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues. The core extraction process includes a mucus extraction unit, which boils the filtered residues in water to enhance mucus extraction. The protein precipitation unit is then employed to treat the combined viscous extracts with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins. The system also includes a solvent treatment unit, which introduces solvents such as isopropanol, ethanol, or acetone to induce mucus coagulation, with acetone identified as the optimal solvent for maximum extraction efficiency.The extracted material is processed through a drying unit that vacuum dries the coagulated mass at 40 °C, followed by a milling unit that finely grinds the resulting rubber. The rubber powder is sieved and stored in airtight containers. The entire system is coordinated by a Taguchi optimization controller, which systematically evaluates the extraction parameters using an orthogonal L9 array design to determine optimal conditions. The system demonstrates exceptional performance, achieving optimal extraction conditions at a CT powder-to-water ratio of 1:150 and a mucilage-to-solvent ratio of 1:1, resulting in a maximum yield of 25.56% with a S / N ratio of 28.1512.The system also offers comprehensive characterization capabilities through a characterization unit that analyzes the properties of the extracted gum, including pH, solubility, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, turbidity, carbonyl content, carboxyl content, water-holding capacity, and contact angle. Furthermore, the system includes an analysis unit that performs thermal stability analysis using TGA, polysaccharide composition analysis using FTIR (revealing hydroxyl and glycoside bonds), and structural analysis using XRD, which confirms the predominantly amorphous nature of the extracted Cassia Tora gum. This comprehensive analysis capability ensures quality control and enables detailed characterization of the final product for various applications in the food industry.

[0030] The present invention relates to a system configured to optimize the extraction of Cassia Tora Gum (CTG) using the Taguchi DOE method to maximize the yield and quality of the gum for potential applications in the food industry, where the extraction involves three key factors: CT powder-water ratio (1:50, 1:100, 1:150), type of solvent (isopropanol, ethanol, acetone) and mucilage-solvent ratio (0.5:1, 1:1, 1.5:1).

[0031] In one embodiment, the system comprises an extraction module for extracting Cassia Tora gum. The extraction module is configured for mechanically dehulling and grinding the seeds to separate the endosperm. The coarsely ground endosperm was defatted with hexane in a preparatory step. The defatted endosperm powder was then hydrated in distilled water for one hour with continuous stirring to obtain a viscous suspension. This mixture was filtered through a muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues and then boiled in water for one hour to enhance mucilage extraction. The pomace was subjected to successive aqueous extractions with increasingly reduced amounts of water to ensure complete mucilage recovery. The combined viscous extracts were treated with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins, followed by centrifugation to separate the supernatant.A solvent was added to the supernatant to induce mucus coagulation. The curdled mass was vacuum-dried at 40 °C, and the resulting gum was finely ground using a mini-mill. The gum powder was sieved and stored in airtight containers for further analysis.

[0032] In one embodiment, the system comprises a computing unit configured to apply the Taguchi extraction optimization technique to achieve high-quality results in the extraction of Cassia Tora gum while reducing the number of experimental runs, wherein the computing unit utilizes the mixed-stage design of the orthogonal Taguchi array.

[0033] Fig. 2 illustrates a table of experimental design stages for an efficient extraction process of Cassia Tora gum according to one embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0034] With reference to Fig. 2, the control factors presented in the table included different levels of the CT powder to water ratio, solvent types, and the ratio of solvent to CTG mucus to solvent during the extraction process. There are 9 experimental runs, L9 (3 3) , with three factors, each at three levels, generated using a computing unit configured to determine the optimal conditions for maximum yield.

[0035] In one implementation, the statistical approach offers three different signal-to-noise (S / N) ratios: (1) smaller is better, (2) nominal is best, and (3) larger is better, depending on the desired output quality characteristics. In this study, which focused on maximizing yield in the extraction of Cassia Tora gum, the S / N ratio was evaluated for the "larger is better" criterion. This approach emphasizes that a higher S / N ratio indicates a more favorable extraction process, leading to improved yield quality by ensuring that the signal of the extracted substance significantly exceeds the background noise present during the extraction process. The signal-to-noise ratio is given as Equation (1): SN=−10 log(1N∑i=1n(1 / y2i))

[0036] In equation (1) given above, n denotes the total number of replicates for each test run, while Yi represents the amount of response observed in the replication, that is, experiments performed under the same experimental conditions for each test run.

[0037] In one implementation, the optimal values ​​of the process parameters were determined and calculated based on the selected values ​​of the strong effects of significant factors to predict the optimal signal-to-noise ratio (S / N) (ηf) performance. The estimated equation for the S / N ratio (ηf) was expressed as follows in Equation 2. nƒ=n¯+∑i=1u(ni+n⇀)

[0038] Here, n -represents the overall mean signal-to-noise ratio (S / N), while ηi indicates the S / N ratio used to select the optimal process parameters and their respective levels. Additionally, α denotes the number of process parameters that significantly influence the optimal conditions in the Cassia Tora gum extraction process.

[0039] In Fig. Figure 2 shows an experimental design for optimizing Cassia tora (CTG) extraction, taking into account three key factors: CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and CTG mucilage-to-solvent ratio, each evaluated at three different levels. This structured approach allows for the systematic investigation of the influence of these variables on extraction efficiency and facilitates the determination of optimal processing conditions.

[0040] Fig. 3 illustrates a table showing the experimental design for optimizing the extraction of Cassia Tora gum using Taguchi DOE for L9 Orthogonal Array 3 Factors 3 Levels according to an embodiment of the present disclosure.

[0041] Fig. Figure 3 shows the experimental design for optimizing Cassia Tora resin extraction. It is based on a Taguchi Design of Experiments (DOE) model with an orthogonal L9 array. This design considers three factors: CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and CTG mucilage-to-solvent ratio—each at three different levels. The combination of these factors results in nine unique sets of experiments, allowing researchers to systematically evaluate how variations in these parameters affect the yield of resin extracted from Cassia Tora seeds.

[0042] In one embodiment, the system uses the Taguchi technique to improve experimental efficiency by reducing the number of experiments while maintaining analytical accuracy. This approach focused on maximizing gum yield and enabled the identification of optimal extraction conditions, improving both process efficiency and product quality. The experimental data obtained were crucial in determining the most effective operating parameters for ultrasonic-assisted extraction, a technique that demonstrated superior performance compared to conventional methods. Ultimately, this optimization process proved crucial for advancing the application of Cassia Tora gum in various industries, particularly in food manufacturing, where natural gums are highly valued for their functional properties.

[0043] In one embodiment, the yield of the extracted gum is calculated. The extraction yield of Cassia Tora seed gum using various extraction methods was determined by weighing the dried extracted gums and calculating the wet-based yield. The brightness values ​​(L*) were measured using a Hunter color laboratory instrument to determine the color of the extracted Cassia Tora gum sample. This analysis included determining the L* values ​​to quantify variations in color properties. Additionally, the influence of different extraction methods on the color properties of these gums is determined to demonstrate their potential applications in various industries. The pH of the 1% Cassia Tora gum solution was measured using a digital pH meter. The solubility of the gum sample was investigated. A 0.1% (w / v) gum solution was prepared with water and allowed to stand for two hours at room temperature (25 ± 2°C).The insoluble gum was then extracted from the mixture by centrifuging it for 30 minutes at 6000 rpm and 25°C. The resulting supernatant was then dried in a hot air oven at 105°C for 24 hours to remove the soluble solids. A turbidity meter was used to determine turbidity. The contact angle of the Cassia Tora gum pellets was measured using a digital goniometer. The intrinsic viscosities of the Cassia Tora gum were measured using an Ostwald viscometer at 45°C. A 0.2% (w / v) gum solution was homogenized, centrifuged, and the clarified supernatant (20 ml) was analyzed. Accurate viscosity determination was ensured by removing insoluble particles and maintaining constant temperature conditions. The Mark-Houwink equation was used to determine the molecular weight of both untreated and microwave-modified Cassia Tora gum.The Mark-Houwink equation relates the molecular weight of a polymer to its intrinsic viscosity in solution. The carbonyl content of Cassia Tora gum (CTG) was determined by dissolving 1 g of gum in distilled water, adjusting the pH to 3.2 with HCl, and reacting it with hydroxylamine chloride for 4 hours at 38 °C. The excess hydroxylamine was back-titrated with 0.1 M HCl, and the carbonyl groups per 100 glucose units (CO / 100 GU) were calculated. The carboxyl content (COO / 100 GU) was determined by dissolving 0.5 g of CTG, heating it to 90 °C, and titrating it to pH 8.2 with 0.01 M NaOH. The carboxyl groups per 100 GU (COO / 100 GU) were calculated.

[0044] In one implementation, the extracted Cassia Tora seed gum is subjected to characterization. The thermal properties of untreated Cassia Tora gum were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) using a TA Instruments SDT Q600 instrument calibrated with indium for temperature and heat flow measurements. Approximately 3 mg samples were sealed in aluminum pans and heated from 30 °C to 220 °C at a rate of 100 °C / min under a nitrogen atmosphere to identify endothermic and exothermic transitions. The data were analyzed using TA Instruments DSC Q20 software to determine melting points and thermal stability. Thermogravimetric analysis of native Cassia Tora gum was performed using an SDT Q600 analyzer in an argon environment. The sample was heated from room temperature to 600 °C at a rate of 10 °C / min to investigate the weight loss trends associated with decomposition.Derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) curves were generated to accurately determine degradation temperatures and evaluate thermal stability. The functional groups present in untreated Cassia Tora gum were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy (Bruker Multi-RAM) at 25 °C. The spectra were recorded in the range of 4000 to 400 cm-1. -1 recorded to identify important vibrational modes of polysaccharides and other components. The functional groups in untreated Cassia Tora gum were analyzed using FTIR spectroscopy (Bruker Multi-RAM) at a temperature of 25 °C. The spectra were recorded in the range of 4000 to 400 cm -1recorded to detect important vibrational modes of polysaccharides and other components. All reported results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) from at least three experiments. All data were analyzed using ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance). Statistical data were determined using Minitab 16 software. A hypothetical value of p < 0.05 was considered.

[0045] The results showed that acetone consistently provided the highest extraction efficiency under optimal conditions at a powder-to-water ratio of 1:150 °C and a mucilage-to-solvent ratio of 1:1. This resulted in a maximum yield of 25.56% and a S / N ratio of 28.15 kDa. The extracted gum had a slightly acidic pH (6.87 ± 0.06), and the yield was 25.57 ± 0.03%. The gum had a solubility of 36.43 ± 0.12% and a molecular weight of 222.66 ± 1.15 kDa. The most important rheological and functional properties included an intrinsic viscosity of 1.79 ± 0.02 dL / g, a turbidity of 235.67 :L 1.5 NTU, and carbonyl and carboxyl contents of 0.37 ± 0.02 and 0.42 ± 0.02 per 100 GU, respectively. Furthermore, the gum exhibited a water holding capacity of 5.50 ± 0.03 g / g and a contact angle of 79.05 ± 0.15°, indicating its hydrophilic nature. Color analysis revealed a moderate brightness (L* = 57.66 ± 0.02).11) with slightly yellow (b* = 15.56 ± 0.08) and red (a* = 5.39 ± 0.03) hues. The study confirmed the thermal stability of Cassia Tora gum through TGA analysis, while FTIR revealed its polysaccharide composition, including hydroxyl and glycoside bonds. XRD results indicated its predominantly amorphous nature. These findings underscore the potential of CTG as a functional hydrocolloid in food applications.

[0046] The results showed that acetone consistently achieved the highest extraction efficiency under optimal conditions at a CT powder-to-water ratio of 1:150 and a mucus-to-solvent ratio of 1:1. This resulted in a maximum yield of 25.56% and a S / N ratio of 28.1512. ANOVA results showed that the solvent type had the greatest influence (68.30%) on the extraction process. The CT powder-to-water ratio contributed 18.85%, while the mucus-to-solvent ratio had only a minimal effect at 8.82%. A confirmatory experiment confirmed these optimized conditions. The study also detailed the physicochemical properties of the extracted CTG. The gum exhibited a slightly acidic pH of 6.87 ± 0.06, a yield of 25.57 ± 0.03%, and a solubility of 36.43 ± 0.12%. The molecular weight was measured at 222.66 ± 1.15 K Daltons, with an intrinsic viscosity of 1.79 ± 0.02 dl / g and a turbidity of 235.67 ± 1.5 NTU. The carbonyl and carboxyl contents were 0.37 ± 0.02 and 0.42 ± 0.02 per 100 GU, respectively. The water-holding capacity of the gum was 5.50 ± 0.03 g / g at a contact angle of 79.05 ± 0.15°. Color measurements revealed a moderately light sample (L* value = 57.66 ± 0.11) with a striking yellow color (b* value = 15.56 ± 0.08) and a slight reddish hue (a* value = 5.39 ± 0.03). TGA, FTIR, and XRD results confirmed the thermal stability, the polysaccharide composition with hydroxyl and glycoside bonds, and the predominantly amorphous properties of Cassia Tora gum. This optimized extraction process increases CTG yield and preserves its functional properties, highlighting its potential as a natural food additive.

[0047] The drawings and the foregoing description illustrate examples of embodiments. Those skilled in the art will recognize that one or more of the described elements may well be combined into a single functional element. Alternatively, certain elements may be separated into multiple functional elements. Elements of one embodiment may be added to another embodiment. For example, the order of the processes described herein may be changed and is not limited to the manner described herein. Furthermore, the actions of a flowchart need not be performed in the order shown; nor do all actions need to be performed. Also, actions that are not dependent on other actions may be performed in parallel with the other actions. The scope of the embodiments is in no way limited by these specific examples.Numerous variations, whether explicitly stated in the specification or not, such as differences in structure, dimensions, and use of materials, are possible. The scope of the embodiments is at least as broad as indicated in the following claims.

[0048] Advantages, further benefits, and solutions to problems have been described above with reference to specific embodiments. However, the advantages, advantages, solutions to problems, and any components that may result in an advantage, advantage, or solution occurring or becoming more apparent are not to be construed as critical, required, or essential features or components of any or all of the claims. REFERENCES 100 A system for optimizing the production of Cassia Tora gum to increase yield and quality for applications in the food industry. 102 Seed processing unit 104 Degreasing unit 106 Drinking system 108 filter system 110 Mucus extraction unit 112 Protein precipitation unit 114 Solvent treatment plant 116 Drying unit 118 Grinding unit 120 Taguchi optimization controllers 122 Characterization unit 124 Analysis Unit

Claims

[1] A system for optimising Cassia Tora gum extraction to improve yield and quality for applications in the food industry, comprising: (a) a seed processing unit configured to mechanically dehull and grind Cassia tora seeds to separate the endosperm; b) a defatting unit configured to remove fats from coarsely ground endosperm powder using hexane; (c) a hydration unit configured to hydrate the defatted endosperm powder in distilled water with continuous stirring to obtain a viscous suspension; (d) a filter unit configured to filter the mixture through a muslin cloth to remove insoluble residues; (e) a mucus extraction unit configured to subject the filtered residues to boiling in water for improved mucus extraction; (f) a protein precipitation unit configured to treat combined viscous extracts with 10% trichloroacetic acid to precipitate proteins; g) a solvent treatment unit configured to introduce a solvent selected from the group consisting of isopropanol, ethanol and acetone to induce mucus coagulation; (h) a drying unit configured to vacuum dry the coagulated mass at 40 °C; (i) a grinding unit configured to finely grind the resulting rubber, wherein the powdered rubber has been sieved and stored in an airtight container; and j) a Taguchi optimization controller configured to optimize extraction parameters such as CT powder-to-water ratio, solvent type, and mucus-to-solvent ratio using the orthogonal L9 array design. [2] The system of claim 1, wherein the Taguchi optimization controller is configured to evaluate the CT powder to water ratio at levels selected from the group consisting of 1:50, 1:100, and 1:

150. [3] The system of claim 1, wherein the Taguchi optimization controller is configured to evaluate the mucus-solvent ratio at levels selected from the group consisting of 0.5:1, 1:1, and 1.5:

1. [4] The system of claim 1, wherein the solvent treatment unit is configured to use acetone as the optimal solvent to achieve maximum extraction efficiency with a yield of 25.56% and an S / N ratio of 28.1512. [5] The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configured to achieve optimal extraction conditions at a CT powder to water ratio of 1:150 and a mucilage to solvent ratio of 1:

1. [6] The system of claim 1, further comprising a characterization unit configured to analyze the properties of the extracted gum, including pH, solubility, molecular weight, intrinsic viscosity, turbidity, carbonyl content, carboxyl content, water holding capacity, and contact angle. [7] The system of claim 1, further comprising an analysis unit configured to perform thermal stability analysis by TGA, polysaccharide composition analysis by FTIR revealing hydroxyl and glycoside bonds, and structural analysis by XRD indicating the predominantly amorphous nature of the extracted Cassia Tora gum.

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